117:
the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry.
145:', wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $ 10, then $ 30 from the butchers, and then $ 60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $ 60, not the sum of all those numbers, $ 100. The
364:
produced (therefore included in
Product), but not yet sold (therefore not yet included in Expenditure). Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced (Product) and the payments to the factors that produced the goods (Income), particularly if inputs are purchased on credit, and also because wages are collected often after a period of production.
353:"Product" is the general term, often used when any of the three approaches was actually used. Sometimes the word "Product" is used and then some additional symbol or phrase to indicate the methodology; so, for instance, we get "Gross Domestic Product by income", "GDP (income)", "GDP(I)", and similar constructions.
551:
GDP is the mean (average) wealth rather than median (middle-point) wealth. Countries with a skewed income distribution may have a relatively high per-capita GDP while the majority of its citizens have a relatively low level of income, due to concentration of wealth in the hands of a small fraction of
536:
GDP takes no account of the inputs used to produce the output. For example, if everyone worked for twice the number of hours, then GDP might roughly double, but this does not necessarily mean that workers are better off as they would have less leisure time. Similarly, the impact of economic activity
176:
The expenditure approach is basically an output accounting method. It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spent. This is acceptable to economists, because, like income, the total value of all goods is equal to the total amount of money spent on goods.
124:
The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary. Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprietor's incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income.
58:
and by various sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and it is also defined as the total income of the nation and also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding
532:
Measures of GDP typically exclude unpaid economic activity, most importantly domestic work such as childcare. This leads to distortions; for example, a paid nanny's income contributes to GDP, but an unpaid parent's time spent caring for children will not, even though they are both carrying out the
363:
All three counting methods should in theory give the same final figure. However, in practice, minor differences are obtained from the three methods for several reasons, including changes in inventory levels and errors in the statistics. One problem for instance is that goods in inventory have been
116:
Three strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, and the income method. The product method looks at the economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of
112:
In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured
547:
GDP does not measure factors that affect quality of life, such as the quality of the environment (as distinct from the input value) and security from crime. This leads to distortions - for example, spending on cleaning up an oil spill is included in GDP, but the negative impact of the spill on
120:
The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore, we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually, expenditures by private
77:
Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of
334:"Net" means "Gross" minus the amount that must be used to offset depreciation – ie., wear-and-tear or obsolescence of the nation's fixed capital assets. "Net" gives an indication of how much product is actually available for consumption or new investment.
121:
individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary.
326:
The names of the measures consist of one of the words "Gross" or "Net", followed by one of the words "National" or "Domestic", followed by one of the words "Product", "Income", or "Expenditure". All of these terms can be explained separately.
98:, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible.
342:"National" means the boundary is defined by citizenship (nationality). We count all goods and services produced by the nationals of the country (or businesses owned by them) regardless of where that production physically takes place.
248:
141:
Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output. This avoids an issue often called '
350:"Product", "Income", and "Expenditure" refer to the three counting methodologies explained earlier: the product, income, and expenditure approaches. However, the terms are used loosely.
385:
Gross national product (GNP) is defined as "the market value of all goods and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the residents of a country."
149:
at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $ 10, $ 20, and $ 30. Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output.
746:
177:
The basic formula for domestic output takes all the different areas in which money is spent within the region, and then combines them to find the total output.
1988:
1944:
631:
167:
NDP at factor cost = compensation of employees + net interest + rental & royalty income + profit of incorporated and unincorporated NDP at factor cost
834:
728:
651:
138:
The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces.
839:, 2000. This fairly large document has a wealth of information on the meaning of the national income and output measures and how they are obtained.
339:"Domestic" means the boundary is geographical: we are counting all goods and services produced within the country's borders, regardless of by whom.
345:
The output of a French-owned cotton factory in
Senegal counts as part of the Domestic figures for Senegal, but the National figures of France.
565:
849:
661:
54:– also called as NNI at factor cost). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within the
992:
915:
183:
272:
788:
2013:
887:
1426:
540:
Comparison of GDP from one country to another may be distorted by movements in exchange rates. Measuring national income at
718:, Chap. 4, "Economic concepts and the national accounts", "Production", "The production boundary". Retrieved November 2015.
1607:
1396:
1386:
1079:
1546:
1519:
382:
Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as "the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in 1 year".
142:
743:
1973:
1954:
1531:
1376:
1342:
1327:
1306:
1301:
687:
605:
577:
268:
2018:
1948:
1524:
1214:
1204:
569:
874:
Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical national accounts and statistics for different countries and regions
484:: Net domestic product is defined as "gross domestic product (GDP) minus depreciation of capital", similar to NNP.
1094:
600:
1978:
1924:
1667:
1622:
1461:
1332:
1209:
646:
625:
573:
544:
may overcome this problem at the risk of overvaluing basic goods and services, for example subsistence farming.
157:
1682:
863:
162:
NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price - net indirect taxes - depreciation + net factor income from abroad
1632:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1174:
1164:
1124:
1114:
987:
908:
561:
541:
259:
641:
1802:
1647:
1507:
1450:
1406:
1369:
1119:
1059:
1034:
1004:
977:
615:
610:
517:
491:
39:
1617:
1934:
1592:
1577:
1551:
1490:
1169:
1109:
1089:
1084:
620:
595:
524:. Countries with higher GDP may be more likely to also score high on other measures of welfare, such as
501:
43:
1983:
1687:
1431:
1401:
1354:
1317:
1243:
1194:
1159:
1099:
1064:
999:
982:
666:
1913:
1722:
1582:
1541:
1441:
1421:
1381:
1337:
1322:
1278:
1219:
1144:
1134:
1104:
1027:
280:
95:
47:
1968:
1939:
1897:
1702:
1411:
1391:
1359:
1273:
1268:
1248:
1199:
1139:
1129:
1074:
1069:
901:
812:
England, R. W. (1998). Measurement of social well-being: alternatives to gross domestic product.
87:
51:
878:
1832:
1807:
1757:
1717:
1597:
1485:
1288:
1224:
1189:
1179:
1049:
656:
590:
79:
72:
1882:
1827:
1812:
1797:
1782:
1762:
1712:
1692:
1672:
1627:
1234:
1184:
1154:
1149:
1039:
965:
883:
727:
E.g., William Petty (1665), Gregory King (1688); and, in France, Boisguillebert and Vauban.
681:
676:
553:
298:
289:
91:
528:. However, there are serious limitations to the usefulness of GDP as a measure of welfare:
388:
As an example, the table below shows some GDP and GNP, and NNI data for the United States:
1993:
1887:
1852:
1817:
1752:
1677:
1662:
1556:
1512:
1349:
1283:
1258:
1253:
1229:
960:
945:
750:
525:
521:
17:
733:, 2000. Chapter 1; heading: Brief history of economic accounts (retrieved November 2009).
1907:
1892:
1857:
1842:
1822:
1792:
1642:
1612:
1263:
972:
940:
792:
2007:
1872:
1862:
1837:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1747:
1737:
1707:
1697:
1602:
1502:
1475:
1239:
83:
1902:
1847:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1652:
1497:
1022:
950:
636:
331:"Gross" means total product, regardless of the use to which it is subsequently put.
107:
1877:
1867:
1657:
1536:
1480:
955:
505:
146:
1787:
1587:
1364:
775:
671:
59:
bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by
1637:
1567:
1014:
932:
924:
35:
113:– assuming the use-value to be any different from its market value.
1416:
359:"Expenditure" specifically means that the expenditure approach was used.
262:(Household consumption expenditures / Personal consumption expenditures)
55:
873:
38:
to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including
693:
82:, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the
520:
per capita (per person) is often used as a measure of a person's
243:{\displaystyle \mathrm {GDP} =C+G+I+\left(\mathrm {X} -M\right)}
897:
377:
373:
356:"Income" specifically means that the income approach was used.
50:(NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural
893:
730:
Australia's
National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods
836:
Australian
National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods
494:
per capita is the average market value rendered per person.
415: Net U.S. income receipts from rest of the world
548:
well-being (e.g. loss of clean beaches) is not measured.
283:(Government consumption / Gross investment expenditures)
90:. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the
560:
Because of this, other measures of welfare such as the
504:
per capita is related to average income per person and
156:
GDP at market price = value of output in the economy -
879:
537:
on the environment is not measured in calculating GDP.
27:
Overview of the measures of national income and output
186:
1923:
1565:
1299:
1048:
1013:
931:
890:- data available in CSV, Excel, JSON or XML formats
455: Government consumption of fixed capital
242:
368:Gross domestic product and gross national product
447: Private consumption of fixed capital
393:National income and output (billions of dollars)
431: U.S. income payments
423: U.S. income receipts
909:
8:
742:Australian Council of Trade Unions, APHEDA,
632:Gross national income in the European Union
916:
902:
894:
652:List of countries by GNI per capita growth
224:
187:
185:
390:
707:
301:(Gross imports of goods and services)
32:measures of national income and output
566:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
292:(Gross exports of goods and services)
7:
662:National Income and Product Accounts
129:Methods of measuring national income
993:Agent-based computational economics
762:United States, of the United States
463: Statistical discrepancy
778:appears to be dead as of late 2009
225:
194:
191:
188:
25:
833:Australian Bureau of Statistics,
714:Australian Bureau of Statistics,
273:Gross private domestic investment
1451:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
764:], p 5; retrieved November 2009.
323:, both stand for "net exports"
1:
1387:Critique of political economy
716:Concepts, Sources and Methods
688:System of National Accounts
606:European System of Accounts
578:sustainable national income
513:National income and welfare
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
269:Investment (macroeconomics)
2035:
1525:Real business-cycle theory
570:Genuine Progress Indicator
371:
105:
70:
63:monetary values to them.
18:National income accounting
1965:
864:Resources in your library
753:, accessed November 2009.
601:Compensation of employees
398:
647:Intermediate consumption
626:Gross national happiness
574:gross national happiness
158:intermediate consumption
1165:Industrial organization
988:Computational economics
562:Human Development Index
542:purchasing power parity
533:same economic activity.
260:Consumption (economics)
2014:Gross domestic product
1370:Modern monetary theory
1035:Experimental economics
1005:Pluralism in economics
978:Mathematical economics
616:Gross domestic product
611:Green national product
492:Gross domestic product
439:Gross domestic product
407:Gross national product
312:) is often written as
251:
244:
40:gross domestic product
789:"Penn State Glossary"
774:U.S Federal Reserve,
621:Gross national income
596:Chained volume series
502:Gross national income
245:
179:
44:Gross national income
1244:Social choice theory
1000:Behavioral economics
983:Complexity economics
814:Ecological Economics
667:Net economic welfare
552:the population. See
319:or less commonly as
184:
1328:American (National)
1028:Economic statistics
395:
281:Government spending
96:Keynesian economics
48:net national income
749:2008-04-15 at the
642:Input–output model
391:
240:
152:Key formulae are:
88:European countries
52:resource depletion
2019:National accounts
2001:
2000:
1532:New institutional
850:Library resources
657:National accounts
591:Capital formation
478:
477:
80:national accounts
73:National accounts
67:National accounts
16:(Redirected from
2026:
1205:Natural resource
1040:Economic history
966:Mechanism design
918:
911:
904:
895:
821:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
791:. Archived from
785:
779:
772:
766:
760:
754:
740:
734:
725:
719:
712:
682:Savings identity
677:Penn World Table
580:(SNI) are used.
554:Gini coefficient
396:
249:
247:
246:
241:
239:
235:
228:
197:
94:and the rise of
92:Great Depression
21:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:Business portal
1961:
1960:
1959:
1919:
1683:von Böhm-Bawerk
1571:
1570:
1561:
1333:Ancient thought
1311:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1044:
1009:
961:Contract theory
946:Decision theory
927:
922:
870:
869:
868:
858:
857:
855:National income
853:
846:
830:
825:
824:
811:
807:
798:
796:
787:
786:
782:
773:
769:
761:
757:
751:Wayback Machine
741:
737:
726:
722:
713:
709:
704:
699:
686:United Nations
586:
526:life expectancy
515:
471:National income
380:
372:Main articles:
370:
317:
293:
284:
275:
263:
254:
223:
219:
182:
181:
174:
169:
164:
143:double counting
136:
131:
110:
104:
75:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Disequilibrium
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:Organizational
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
985:
980:
975:
973:Macroeconomics
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
941:Microeconomics
937:
935:
929:
928:
923:
921:
920:
913:
906:
898:
892:
891:
888:GDP by country
881:
876:
867:
866:
860:
859:
848:
847:
845:
844:External links
842:
841:
840:
829:
826:
823:
822:
805:
780:
767:
755:
735:
720:
706:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:
691:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
585:
582:
558:
557:
549:
545:
538:
534:
514:
511:
510:
509:
498:GNI per capita
495:
488:GDP per capita
485:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
404:
403:
400:
369:
366:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
315:
238:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
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170:
165:
154:
135:
132:
130:
127:
106:Main article:
103:
100:
71:Main article:
68:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
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1932:
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1922:
1916:
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1911:
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1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:de Mandeville
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:New classical
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Malthusianism
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Institutional
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:Public choice
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Participation
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Institutional
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Expeditionary
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Environmental
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
990:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
899:
896:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
865:
862:
861:
856:
851:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
827:
819:
815:
809:
806:
795:on 2008-05-06
794:
790:
784:
781:
777:
771:
768:
765:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
739:
736:
732:
731:
724:
721:
717:
711:
708:
701:
695:
692:
689:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
529:
527:
523:
519:
512:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
470:
469:
462:
461:
454:
453:
446:
445:
438:
437:
430:
429:
422:
421:
414:
413:
406:
405:
401:
399:Period ending
397:
394:
389:
386:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
329:
328:
324:
322:
318:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
250:
236:
232:
229:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
178:
171:
168:
163:
160:
159:
153:
150:
148:
144:
139:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:United States
81:
74:
66:
64:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:A variety of
19:
1989:Publications
1945:Publications
1912:
1508:Neoclassical
1498:Mercantilism
1407:Evolutionary
1269:Sociological
1242: /
1140:Geographical
1120:Evolutionary
1095:Digitization
1060:Agricultural
1023:Econometrics
951:Price theory
854:
835:
828:Bibliography
820:(1), 89-103.
817:
813:
808:
797:. Retrieved
793:the original
783:
770:
763:
758:
738:
729:
723:
715:
710:
637:Gross output
559:
516:
497:
487:
481:
392:
387:
384:
381:
362:
325:
320:
313:
309:
305:
303:
294:
285:
276:
264:
255:
252:
180:
175:
166:
161:
155:
151:
147:values added
140:
137:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:Market value
102:Market value
76:
60:
34:are used in
31:
29:
1783:von Neumann
1552:Supply-side
1537:Physiocracy
1481:Marginalism
1170:Information
1110:Engineering
1090:Development
1085:Demographic
956:Game theory
933:Theoretical
696:(economics)
576:(GNH), and
506:mean income
172:Expenditure
2008:Categories
1940:Economists
1813:Schumacher
1718:Schumpeter
1688:von Wieser
1608:von ThĂĽnen
1568:Economists
1467:Circuitism
1432:Humanistic
1427:Historical
1402:Ecological
1392:Democratic
1365:Chartalism
1355:Behavioral
1318:Mainstream
1279:Statistics
1274:Solidarity
1195:Managerial
1160:Humanistic
1155:Historical
1100:Ecological
1065:Behavioral
799:2008-03-11
702:References
672:Net output
1858:Greenspan
1823:Samuelson
1803:Galbraith
1773:Tinbergen
1713:von Mises
1708:Heckscher
1668:Edgeworth
1547:Stockholm
1542:Socialist
1442:Keynesian
1422:Happiness
1382:Classical
1343:Mutualism
1338:Anarchist
1323:Heterodox
1220:Personnel
1180:Knowledge
1145:Happiness
1135:Financial
1105:Education
1080:Democracy
1015:Empirical
925:Economics
442:11,008.1
410:11,063.3
230:−
86:and some
36:economics
1969:Category
1949:journals
1935:Glossary
1888:Stiglitz
1853:Rothbard
1833:Buchanan
1818:Friedman
1808:Koopmans
1798:Leontief
1778:Robinson
1663:Marshall
1513:Lausanne
1417:Georgism
1412:Feminist
1360:Buddhist
1350:Austrian
1249:Regional
1225:Planning
1200:Monetary
1130:Feminist
1075:Cultural
1070:Business
776:the link
747:Archived
744:Glossary
584:See also
568:(ISEW),
474:9,679.7
450:1,135.9
61:imputing
1984:Outline
1955:Schools
1947: (
1908:Piketty
1903:Krugman
1768:Kuznets
1758:Kalecki
1733:Polanyi
1623:Cournot
1618:Bastiat
1603:Ricardo
1593:Malthus
1583:Quesnay
1486:Marxian
1377:Chicago
1307:history
1302:Schools
1289:Welfare
1259:Service
1050:Applied
690:(UNSNA)
572:(GPI),
564:(HDI),
522:welfare
434:-273.9
304:Note: (
299:Imports
290:Exports
56:economy
46:(GNI),
42:(GDP),
1893:Thaler
1873:Ostrom
1868:Becker
1863:Sowell
1843:Baumol
1748:Myrdal
1743:Sraffa
1738:Frisch
1728:Knight
1723:Keynes
1698:Fisher
1693:Veblen
1678:Pareto
1658:Menger
1653:George
1648:Jevons
1643:Walras
1633:Gossen
1557:Thermo
1235:Public
1230:Policy
1185:Labour
1150:Health
884:Quandl
852:about
694:Wealth
458:218.1
426:329.1
253:where:
134:Output
1979:Lists
1974:Index
1925:Lists
1898:Hoppe
1883:Lucas
1848:Solow
1838:Arrow
1828:Simon
1793:Lange
1788:Hicks
1763:Röpke
1753:Hayek
1703:Pigou
1673:Clark
1588:Smith
1503:Mixed
1462:Post-
1284:Urban
1264:Socio
1254:Rural
628:(GNH)
466:25.6
418:55.2
402:2003
1914:more
1638:Marx
1628:Mill
1613:List
1491:Neo-
1447:Neo-
376:and
1878:Sen
1598:Say
1457:New
1190:Law
518:GDP
482:NDP
378:GNP
374:GDP
2010::
886:-
818:25
816:,
500::
490::
321:NX
308:-
297:=
288:=
279:=
271:/
267:=
258:=
1951:)
1453:)
1449:(
1309:)
1305:(
917:e
910:t
903:v
802:.
556:.
508:.
316:N
314:X
310:M
306:X
295:M
286:X
277:G
265:I
256:C
237:)
233:M
226:X
221:(
217:+
214:I
211:+
208:G
205:+
202:C
199:=
195:P
192:D
189:G
20:)
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