720:, the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy. Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain. Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it." The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles "
1435:, pp. 38–39: "Al referirnos a fascismo español lo hacemos a dos organizaciones diferentes. En primer lugar al partido fascista Falange Española de las JONS, que existió entre 1934 y el 19 de abril de 1937; y en segundo, al partido único del régimen franquista, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, creado el último día citado y subsistente durante toda la vigencia del Franquismo -ni más ni menos que hasta abril de 1977, aunque en 1958 trocó su denominación por la de Movimiento Nacional. Existieron así dos organizaciones fascistas diferentes, aunque la segunda nació en parte de la primera y la integró."
1265:
277:
834:
242:
1143:
300:
254:
1052:
56:
51:
927:
648:
of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising. Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime. With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the
Falange expanded rapidly. By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals.
762:
668:
disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the
Falange. Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated", and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal. Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist
121:
1331:
In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of
Francoism. Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.
266:
1210:
602:
2909:
699:
1237:" – for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries – the Nationals used to refer to
1410:
compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism, in this case, with unambiguous military and Church support. As
Preston indicates, Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco, that is, until the mid-1940s, thereafter to be shunned into the sidings of Spanish political life.";
1275:
the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The
Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government, and hailed the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as 'martyrs of the faith'. The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic included high-ranking officers of the
730:, and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power. The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader
2962:
1298:
Forsaken by the
Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended on Soviet military assistance; this played into the hands of the portrayal in Francoist propaganda of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the Holy See used its
995:
The Army of Africa would be the most decorated unit in the May 1939 victory brigade by the
Nationalists; it has been estimated that one in five of its members were killed during the war, a casualty rate twice as high as that of the peninsular forces within the Spanish Nationalist faction. For several
1330:
by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them. It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one-sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us.
1295:
Catholics labelled the secular
Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities such as shutting down Catholic schools and the desecration of religious buildings, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by frenzied mobs.
1274:
Among many influential
Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative traditionalists and people belonging to pro-monarchic groups, the religious persecution was squarely, and based on evidence probably rightly, mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after
647:
Initially, the
Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution. The Falange committed acts of violence before the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state
1190:
as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faupel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain. Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans
1078:
supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups. Italy justified its intervention as an
1409:
tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right, radical fascism, in the form of the Falange (fused from 1934 with the JONS), was weak until 1936 began to expand rapidly, not least through the recruitment of disillusioned JAP-ists. The product, like the Italian Fascist regime, was a
525:
The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the
1428:
and Italy had become stronger since the Spanish Civil War. Mussolini saw the Spanish party as the main vehicle capable of transforming Spain into a fully fascist country. Similarly, FET-jons also regarded Mussolini's Italy as its main reference point. They even asked the authorities in Rome for
1294:
Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish
1087:
who were fighting for the Republicans. Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange. Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time.
667:
Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally." After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists"
1179:. Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War).
991:
planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines.
1420:, p. 54: "It was the FET-JONS, the main actor in Spain, which wanted the full fascistization of the country and which was most active during the period in trying to achieve it through the so-called 'syndicalist revolution'. This should not come as a surprise;
734:. Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General
1233:'s forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources. Despite its discreet direct military involvement – restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force, the so-called "
879:
state. Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic.
631:
and anti-monarchist. As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy. In 1934, the Falange merged with the pro-Nazi
712:. The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism. With the advent of the rise of the
578:
Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations, such as the conservative CEDA, Falangists, Catholics and pro-monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas (among whom were the Requetés).
785:. The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist. The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialist tendencies. The Carlists were led by
814:
reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000. The Carlists contributed some of the Nationalists' most effective shock troops during the war.
1241:
as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the
664:. Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their revolution being indefinitely postponed.
1119:
volunteers. Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war. In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending
897:, which was nearing completion. He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military.
655:
sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction. In 1937, Franco announced a
1010:
Approximately 47% of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard defected to the rebels during the onset of the civil war. With the highest authority of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard, Inspector General
651:
Falange Española de las JONS was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists. After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera,
884:(who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of the CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic.
891:, the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser
793:. The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic. The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to Spanish
475:
on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany's help to the Spanish rebel military. The leaders of the rebel faction, who had already been denominated as '
871:
to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising. From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader
2845:
702:
693:
996:
years after the war, Franco would have a squadron of Moorish troops act as his escort at public ceremonies as a reminder of the Army's importance in the Nationalist victory.
1307:, for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized. The Holy See was one of the first states to officially recognize Franco's Spanish State, having done so by 1938.
1299:
influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the
853:
in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the
3095:
1246:. Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's
1014:, remaining loyal to the republican government, the rebel units of the Civil Guard were placed under direct command of the Nationalist army until after the war ended.
505:
of that faction. Throughout the civil war the term 'National' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction, while its opponents used the terms
2990:
2874:
708:
The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism. The CEDA was led by
624:
405:
1041:
2916:
2697:
1137:
2741:
3070:
2952:
1341:
1229:
regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it. Portugal played a critical role in supplying
2892:
881:
709:
3047:
2746:
633:
3042:
805:. The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions.
1108:
2928:
2763:
1363:
1326:
part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the
1062:
393:
291:
1112:
2813:
2427:
2193:
2051:
1578:
1548:
2837:
2801:
2670:
2817:
2796:
2721:
802:
480:
627:. The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding. Upon being formed, the Falange was officially
2940:
2653:
2555:
2513:
2467:
660:, particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership, under the name
1519:
1163:
and provided offensive operations against Republican forces. Nationalist forces were supplied with tanks and aircraft, including the
2736:
2731:
1649:
1626:
2404:
1067:
1350:, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals. Only two British women
3075:
2904:
2822:
2410:
1311:
888:
657:
427:
2995:
2690:
2213:
2063:
Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War."
1368:
739:
641:
620:
592:
401:
3090:
3037:
2806:
1605:
1115:("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers; the other three of
778:
1220:
1055:
875:
spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian,
2985:
2957:
1540:
1175:. The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the
1083:
in Spain. Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the
859:, a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army.
2776:
1104:
777:
The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender
681:
570:
where the local society still followed older traditional patterns and was yet comparably untouched by "modern" thought.
141:
3085:
742:(JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and the JAP ceased to exist as a political organisation in 1937.
2140:. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 91.
2114:. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 35.
3017:
2683:
2609:
1264:
276:
154:
1182:
Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from
3080:
2726:
1668:. Paperback ed. Hampshire, UK / London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 36.
385:
322:
2240:. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 157.
855:
828:
416:
2827:
2786:
2256:. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 97.
2127:. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 93.
1288:
893:
833:
770:
423:
2597:
2392:
Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War. pp. vi, viii.
1917:
Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed.. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. pp. 8–9.
1124:
to Spain to urge Franco to unite the various political movements of the Nationalist faction into one fascist "
3007:
2933:
2781:
2035:
1276:
1096:
850:
389:
304:
1903:
Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 10.
1462:, who mostly aligned with the Republican faction. This can lead to confusion when translating from Spanish.
2980:
2887:
1931:
Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 9.
1429:
advice about carrying out the fascistization process of the Francoist regime as effectively as possible.";
1225:
1213:
959:
930:
917:
906:
559:
501:(Reds) to refer to the loyalists – is considered by some authors as a term linked with the
271:
189:
50:
2771:
1351:
1327:
1142:
1092:
846:
1424:
did not need the fascistization process since it was already fully fascist. Further, relations between
1310:
Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the
2046:
directed by Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares. Vol. 8, Barcelona: 2007, Crítica/Marcial Pons Publishers.
1051:
468:
55:
3030:
2593:
2094:
1593:
1259:
1168:
1023:
872:
731:
669:
637:
527:
526:
rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the
483:
327:
158:
1446:
The term "Nationalists" is the most often used in English-language media, while the Spanish term is
1187:
926:
3012:
2225:
2221:
2209:
1459:
1005:
786:
612:
439:
225:
209:
146:
115:
1159:
German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to
3025:
3001:
1455:
1284:
1176:
864:
838:
213:
204:
1347:
1011:
2501:
Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe
2459:
Transnational Fascism in the Twentieth Century: Spain, Italy and the Global Neo-Fascist Network
863:
did not, however, manage to become a mass political movement. In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by
2706:
2649:
2623:
2551:
2509:
2463:
2423:
2189:
2047:
1645:
1622:
1601:
1574:
1544:
1534:
1125:
1121:
798:
661:
596:
431:
377:
317:
165:
2545:
2499:
2457:
2613:
2415:
1482:
1230:
1160:
1155:
provided the Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the
1075:
955:
868:
628:
435:
369:
357:
106:
93:
89:
83:
761:
2897:
2487:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997.
2217:
1280:
1183:
1071:
969:
947:
937:
555:
464:
443:
342:
150:
397:
2077:
Muñoz-Bolaños, Roberto (2000), "Fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad en España (1900–1945)",
1172:
652:
120:
3064:
2921:
2349:
1566:
1156:
988:
782:
381:
259:
684:
declaring that Falange's national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism.
17:
1402:
1304:
1268:
1243:
1192:
1152:
1146:
1100:
1084:
1028:
980:
717:
247:
174:
2437:
2643:
2183:
2675:
1323:
1116:
876:
810:
735:
563:
531:
102:
2419:
1498:
1209:
1342:
Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War § Support for the Nationalists
1080:
943:
794:
766:
713:
677:
601:
502:
409:
2645:
Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes and Effects of 20th-Century Wars
2627:
2185:
Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes and Effects of 20th-Century Wars
2882:
2860:
2850:
2505:
2377:
1401:
radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945, and studied here by
984:
964:
921:
824:
605:
588:
567:
476:
413:
194:
179:
2531:
Besieged: an encyclopedia of great sieges from ancient times to the present
983:
of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000
2618:
1941:
1405: – is a useful example. Notwithstanding the aforementioned
2945:
2855:
1300:
1234:
1204:
1164:
673:
547:
535:
472:
467:
following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain
280:
1319:
951:
790:
756:
616:
539:
510:
420:
184:
2405:"Ellis, (Esyllt) Priscilla [Pip] Scott – (1916–1983), diarist"
2172:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 200.
1874:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 45, 69.
1752:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006, p. 94.
698:
1997:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 92–93.
1887:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 88–89.
1397:, pp. 10–11: "The Franco regime-the only European regime with a
1303:
allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the
1238:
551:
490:
for their campaign – immediately took a liking to it.
2368:. Madison, WI / London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. p. 156.
2327:. Madison, WI / London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. p. 201.
2301:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427.
2671:
Los historiadores, contra Margallo por negarse a abrir los archivos
2026:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 209.
1703:. 6th ed. Oxford, England; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 8.
1858:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 64.
1781:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 214.
1690:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 70.
543:
2010:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 99.
1984:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 69.
1913:
1911:
1909:
1845:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 62.
1723:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 89.
1561:
1559:
845:
The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of
2791:
2598:"La Alemania nazi y el fascismo español durante la Guerra Civil"
2208:
Evidenced in a January 1937 speech prior to the outcry over the
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1866:
1864:
1499:"The Extreme Right in Spain – Surviving in the Shadow of Franco"
726:
2679:
2224:. Hitler speech to Reichstag 30 January 1937 available via the
1927:
1925:
1923:
2248:
2246:
1960:
1958:
1660:
1658:
1219:
Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister
968:, infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of
2264:
2262:
2018:
2016:
1773:
1771:
1260:
White Terror (Spain) § Cooperation of the Spanish Church
1976:
1974:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1223:
almost immediately supported the National forces. Salazar's
882:
Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents
2414:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2152:
Una historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a gustar a nadie
1598:
Una Historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a Gustar a Nadie
1450:, "nationals". In Spanish-language discussion of the war,
434:. After the death of the faction's early leaders, General
2587:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
2540:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1983.
2170:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
2024:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
2008:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
1982:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
1843:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
1812:. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. pp. 280–281.
1779:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
1750:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
1721:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
1688:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge
738:. Subsequently, supporters of the CEDA's youth movement,
658:
decree of unification of the National political movements
2648:(2nd ed.). Hodder Education Group. pp. 90–93.
2280:
2278:
2156:
A History Of The Spanish Civil War That No-one Will Like
1995:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Reveng
2272:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983. p. 86.
1885:
The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge
1872:
The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge
1856:
The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge
1488:
Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1987 p. 101, note 27.
1322:' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a
2492:
The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
2312:
The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
2299:
The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
27:
Major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939
2638:. 6th ed.. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005.
2589:. 3rd ed.. New York: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007.
2354:
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
867:, along with the Carlists, met with Italian dictator
694:
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups
2485:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
2254:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
2238:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
2138:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
2125:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
2112:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1942:"Chapter 26: A History of Spain and Portugal vol. 2"
1825:. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 281.
1799:. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 272.
1765:. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 268.
1736:. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 242.
1666:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
2973:
2873:
2836:
2762:
2755:
2714:
313:
287:
234:
219:
203:
140:
130:
75:
34:
2403:
438:, one of the members of the 1936 coup, headed the
2533:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2001.
2382:, 6/5/2007, «Otros "mártires" de la Guerra Civil»
1318:The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National
380:of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of
2314:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. pp. 116, 198.
1520:"Un estado totalitario armonizará en España el…"
1103:. The contingent was made up of four divisions:
2150:Eslava Galan, Juan. "Penne Nere (Pena Negra)".
1316:
676:. Franco's Falange also abandoned hostility to
442:throughout most of the war, and emerged as the
1417:
1413:
1346:1,000–2,000 English, Irish, French, Filipino,
662:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
2691:
1099:, were in Spain under the command of General
797:, stemming back to 1833 when they launched a
458:
8:
2582:. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999.
2538:Portugal: a twentieth-century interpretation
2456:Albanese, Matteo; Hierro, Pablo del (2016).
2270:Portugal: a twentieth-century interpretation
1744:
1742:
1042:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
672:, though it continued to criticize Catholic
2340:. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 139.
2288:. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. p. 96.
1968:. London; New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 10.
1791:
1789:
1787:
1354:and Gabriel Herbert volunteered as nurses.
1138:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
808:During the war, the Carlists' militia, the
2759:
2698:
2684:
2676:
1617:Ángel Bahamonde & Javier Cervera Gil,
31:
2617:
2544:Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew (2004).
1394:
972:and with Spanish officers as commanders.
931:Flag of the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate
849:as monarch following the founding of the
486: – and also used the term
2550:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 82–83.
2188:(2nd ed.). Hodder Education Group.
1263:
1208:
1141:
1050:
925:
832:
760:
697:
634:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
600:
3096:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
2411:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1642:La educación y el nacional-catolicismo.
1475:
1385:
1186:. The Nazi regime sent retired General
1079:action intended to prevent the rise of
789:and held their main base of support in
517:(sectarians) to refer to this faction.
172:
1432:
1364:Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)
1063:Italian military intervention in Spain
1636:
1634:
7:
2575:. London; New York: Routledge, 2001.
2099:Historia de la Guerra Civil Española
566:and many dispersed pockets in rural
384:political groups that supported the
2526:. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
1250:and not Mussolini's Fascist Italy.
623:, son of the former Spanish leader
497: – much as the term
2524:The Spanish Republic and Civil War
2494:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006.
2402:Pottle, Mark (23 September 2004).
2338:The Spanish Republic and Civil War
2182:Dailey, Andy; Webb, Sarah (2015).
1644:Univ de Castilla La Mancha, 1993.
803:María Cristina de las dos Sicilias
25:
3071:Politics of the Spanish Civil War
2642:Daily, Andy; Webb, Sarah (2015).
801:against the reformist regency of
2573:Franco and the Spanish Civil War
2286:Franco and the Spanish Civil War
1619:Así terminó la Guerra de España,
1312:University of the Basque Country
710:José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones
298:
275:
264:
252:
240:
119:
54:
49:
2602:Cuadernos de Historia de España
1536:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
1369:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
1291:who opposed the rebel faction.
954:– under the command of General
2636:The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39
1701:The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39
1:
2571:De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro .
1541:University of Wisconsin Press
376:) was a major faction in the
2547:Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'
2438:UK public library membership
2366:The Franco regime, 1936–1975
2325:The Franco regime, 1936–1975
2220:, known by the Luftwaffe as
2158:] (in Spanish). Planeta.
1508:. Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014.
1486:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975
987:troops were airlifted on 20
740:Juventudes de Acción Popular
642:Falange Española de las JONS
621:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
2610:Universidad de Buenos Aires
2580:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
2284:Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses.
2065:Bulletin of Spanish Studies
1823:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
1810:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
1797:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
1763:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
1734:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
1621:Marcial Pons, Madrid 1999,
1221:António de Oliveira Salazar
619:political party founded by
136:17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939
3112:
2498:Blinkhorn, Martin (2003).
2226:German Propaganda Archive.
2067:93, no. 6 (2016): 965–988.
1640:Navarro García, Clotilde.
1533:Payne, Stanley G. (1995),
1418:Albanese & Hierro 2016
1414:Griffin & Feldman 2004
1339:
1287:, as well as the Catholic
1257:
1202:
1135:
1060:
1039:
1003:
935:
915:
904:
822:
779:Francisco Javier de Borbón
754:
691:
586:
530:, including almost all of
428:all the groups were merged
155:Authoritarian conservatism
3008:Government during the war
2462:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2040:República y Guerra Civil.
1314:commented on 6 May 2007:
942:The Army of Africa was a
682:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
615:was originally a Spanish
446:until his death in 1975.
386:Spanish Coup of July 1936
335:
323:Spanish coup of July 1936
48:
40:
39:
1095:of 35,000 Italians, the
887:When the war broke out,
424:Traditionalist Communion
3076:Anti-communism in Spain
2756:Political organizations
1097:Corpo Truppe Volontarie
851:Spanish Second Republic
390:Second Spanish Republic
305:Second Spanish Republic
205:Political position
2991:Evacuation of children
2888:International Brigades
2420:10.1093/ref:odnb/76869
2101:, Ed. Grijalbo, p. 254
1333:
1271:
1216:
1191:had access to Spain's
1149:
1126:Spanish National Party
1058:
960:Spanish Foreign Legion
958:. It consisted of the
933:
907:Spanish Military Union
842:
774:
705:
680:, with Falange member
625:Miguel Primo de Rivera
608:
459:
373:
361:
190:Anti-Catalan sentiment
3091:Antisemitism in Spain
2619:10.34096/che.n87.9047
1966:The Spanish Civil War
1600:, Ed. Planeta. 2005.
1352:Priscilla Scott-Ellis
1328:Historical Memory Law
1267:
1212:
1145:
1054:
1018:Other military forces
929:
847:Alfonso XIII of Spain
836:
764:
724:", the equivalent of
701:
604:
396:and sought to depose
2608:(87). Buenos Aires:
1571:The Battle for Spain
1460:Catalan nationalists
1169:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1091:By January 1937, an
670:National Catholicism
638:Ramiro Ledesma Ramos
484:Enrique Pla y Deniel
159:National Catholicism
18:Nationalists (Spain)
2986:Concentration camps
2875:Foreign involvement
2634:Turnbull, Patrick.
2044:Historia de España,
1289:Basque nationalists
1279:such as republican
1214:Portuguese Republic
1093:expeditionary force
1006:Civil Guard (Spain)
861:Renovación Española
856:Renovación Española
839:Renovación Española
829:Renovación Española
481:Bishop of Salamanca
417:Renovación Española
354:Nationalist faction
226:Movimiento Nacional
147:Spanish nationalism
116:Manuel Goded Llopis
35:Nationalist faction
3086:Far-right politics
3018:Spanish Revolution
2594:Thomàs, Joan Maria
2578:Payne, Stanley G.
2522:Casanova, Juliàn.
2364:Stanley G. Payne.
2323:Stanley G. Payne.
1821:Stanley G. Payne.
1808:Stanley G. Payne.
1795:Stanley G. Payne.
1761:Stanley G. Payne.
1732:Stanley G. Payne.
1699:Patrick Turnbull.
1416:, pp. 82–83;
1285:Vicente Rojo Lluch
1272:
1217:
1177:German re-armament
1150:
1111:("God Wills it"),
1059:
950:– a legacy of the
934:
865:Antonio Goicoechea
843:
799:six-year civil war
775:
706:
609:
394:Republican faction
292:Republican faction
132:Dates of operation
3058:
3057:
2869:
2868:
2707:Spanish Civil War
2483:Alpert, Michael.
2436:(Subscription or
2429:978-0-19-861412-8
2378:Manuel Montero a
2336:Juliàn Casanova.
2195:978-1-4718-4134-7
2052:978-84-8432-878-0
1594:Juan Eslava Galán
1580:978-0-7538-2165-7
1550:978-0-299-14874-4
1122:Roberto Farinacci
1024:Aviación Nacional
873:José Calvo Sotelo
732:José Calvo Sotelo
597:FET y de las JONS
444:dictator of Spain
432:FET y de las JONS
378:Spanish Civil War
350:
349:
339:Succeeded by
318:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
3103:
3081:Fascism in Spain
2966:
2913:
2893:Non-intervention
2760:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2659:
2631:
2621:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2536:Gallagher, Tom.
2519:
2490:Beevor, Antony.
2480:
2478:
2476:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2252:Michael Alpert.
2250:
2241:
2236:Michael Alpert.
2234:
2228:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2141:
2136:Michael Alpert.
2134:
2128:
2123:Michael Alpert.
2121:
2115:
2110:Michael Alpert.
2108:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1964:Andrew Forrest.
1962:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1664:Michael Alpert.
1662:
1653:
1638:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1608:. pp. 9–12.
1591:
1585:
1584:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1463:
1454:can be used for
1444:
1438:
1390:
1336:Other supporters
1161:Peninsular Spain
1076:Benito Mussolini
1031:(rebel factions)
979:operated as the
956:Francisco Franco
869:Benito Mussolini
787:Manuel Fal Condé
613:Falange Española
574:Political groups
546:, the area near
469:Francisco Arranz
463:) was coined by
462:
436:Francisco Franco
408:, and two rival
400:, including the
314:Battles and wars
307:
303:
302:
301:
283:
279:
270:
268:
267:
258:
256:
255:
246:
244:
243:
230:
133:
123:
111:
98:
84:Francisco Franco
63:Flag until 1938
58:
53:
44:
32:
21:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
2969:
2960:
2907:
2898:Nyon Conference
2865:
2832:
2751:
2747:List of battles
2710:
2704:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2641:
2592:
2585:Preston, Paul.
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2529:Davis, Paul K.
2516:
2497:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2310:Antony Beevor.
2309:
2305:
2297:Antony Beevor.
2296:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2268:Tom Gallagher.
2267:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2222:Operation Rügen
2207:
2203:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2036:Julián Casanova
2034:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1639:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1543:, p. 255,
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1445:
1441:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1360:
1344:
1338:
1262:
1256:
1207:
1201:
1184:Spanish Morocco
1140:
1134:
1065:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:Foreign support
1020:
1012:Sebastián Pozas
1008:
1002:
970:Spanish Morocco
948:Spanish Morocco
940:
938:Mohamed Meziane
924:
916:Main articles:
914:
909:
903:
831:
823:Main articles:
821:
759:
753:
748:
696:
690:
599:
587:Main articles:
585:
576:
528:Northern Meseta
523:
471:requesting war
465:Joseph Goebbels
412:claimants: the
374:Bando sublevado
346:
345:
343:Francoist Spain
341:
299:
297:
296:
274:
265:
263:
262:
253:
251:
250:
241:
239:
238:
223:
199:
171:
170:
157:
153:
151:Totalitarianism
149:
131:
126:
107:
94:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Army of Africa
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2665:External links
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:978-1471841347
2654:
2639:
2632:
2604:(in Spanish).
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2557:978-0415290197
2556:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2515:978-1134997121
2514:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2469:978-1472532008
2468:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2428:
2394:
2385:
2370:
2357:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2274:
2258:
2242:
2229:
2201:
2194:
2174:
2168:Paul Preston.
2161:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2087:
2069:
2056:
2028:
2022:Paul Preston.
2012:
2006:Paul Preston.
1999:
1993:Paul Preston.
1986:
1980:Paul Preston.
1970:
1954:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1889:
1883:Paul Preston.
1876:
1870:Paul Preston.
1860:
1854:Paul Preston.
1847:
1841:Paul Preston.
1827:
1814:
1801:
1783:
1777:Paul Preston.
1767:
1754:
1748:Paul Preston.
1738:
1725:
1719:Paul Preston.
1705:
1692:
1686:Paul Preston.
1670:
1654:
1630:
1610:
1586:
1579:
1567:Beevor, Antony
1555:
1549:
1525:
1511:
1490:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1411:
1395:Blinkhorn 2003
1384:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1348:White Russians
1337:
1334:
1255:
1252:
1203:Main article:
1200:
1197:
1188:Wilhelm Faupel
1173:Heinkel He 111
1136:Main article:
1133:
1130:
1074:leadership of
1061:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
946:garrisoned in
918:Army of Africa
913:
912:Army of Africa
910:
902:
899:
820:
817:
755:Main article:
752:
749:
747:
744:
692:Main article:
689:
686:
653:Manuel Hedilla
640:, to form the
593:FE de las JONS
584:
581:
575:
572:
522:
519:
495:Bando nacional
362:Bando nacional
348:
347:
337:
336:
333:
332:
331:
330:
325:
315:
311:
310:
309:
308:
289:
285:
284:
236:
232:
231:
221:
217:
216:
207:
201:
200:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
163:
162:
161:
144:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
125:
124:
113:
100:
87:
79:
77:
73:
72:
70:Flag from 1938
59:
46:
45:
42:Bando nacional
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:Condor Legion
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:Popular Front
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:Antony Beevor
2346:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:84-88255-21-7
1647:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:84-95379-00-7
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Condor Legion
1154:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1056:Fascist Italy
1053:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1007:
999:
997:
993:
990:
989:Junkers Ju 52
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
932:
928:
923:
919:
911:
908:
900:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
841:
840:
835:
830:
826:
818:
816:
813:
812:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:King of Spain
780:
773:
772:
768:
763:
758:
750:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
700:
695:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
654:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
629:anti-clerical
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:, as well as
533:
529:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:right-leaning
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Rebel faction
363:
359:
355:
344:
340:
334:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
312:
306:
295:
294:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
261:
249:
237:
233:
228:
227:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
206:
202:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
169:
167:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
129:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
104:
101:
99:
97:
91:
90:José Sanjurjo
88:
86:
85:
81:
80:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3031:White Terror
3000:
2974:Other topics
2644:
2635:
2605:
2601:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2561:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:Bibliography
2448:
2447:
2409:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2269:
2253:
2237:
2232:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1965:
1945:. Retrieved
1936:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1778:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1665:
1641:
1618:
1613:
1597:
1589:
1570:
1535:
1528:
1514:
1505:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1452:nacionalista
1451:
1447:
1442:
1425:
1421:
1406:
1403:Paul Preston
1398:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1345:
1317:
1309:
1305:Vatican flag
1297:
1293:
1277:Popular Army
1273:
1269:Vatican City
1247:
1244:Iberian Pact
1224:
1218:
1193:gold reserve
1181:
1153:Nazi Germany
1151:
1147:Nazi Germany
1109:Dio lo Vuole
1101:Mario Roatta
1090:
1085:Soviet Union
1066:
1029:Spanish Navy
1009:
994:
981:shock troops
976:
974:
963:
941:
892:
889:Infante Juan
886:
860:
854:
844:
837:
809:
807:
776:
765:
725:
721:
716:to power in
707:
666:
650:
646:
610:
577:
524:
521:Belligerents
514:
506:
498:
494:
492:
487:
454:
451:Nationalists
450:
448:
440:Nationalists
398:Manuel Azaña
388:against the
365:
353:
351:
338:
328:White Terror
224:
175:Para-fascism
164:
108:
95:
82:
67:
64:
60:
41:
29:
3013:Moscow gold
2961: [
2908: [
2838:Nationalist
2709:(1936–1939)
2095:Hugh Thomas
1652:, pp. 36–37
1539:, Madison:
1433:Thomàs 2020
1324:belligerent
1248:Estado Novo
1226:Estado Novo
1113:Fiamme Nere
1000:Civil Guard
877:corporatist
746:Monarchists
736:Emilio Mola
564:Extremadura
558:, parts of
532:Old Castile
426:. In 1937,
229:(from 1937)
103:Emilio Mola
3065:Categories
3026:Red Terror
2861:Alfonsists
2851:Falangists
2764:Republican
2722:Background
2715:Chronology
2440:required.)
1606:8408058835
1506:core.ac.uk
1448:nacionales
1375:References
1340:See also:
1258:See also:
1117:Blackshirt
1081:Bolshevism
1070:under the
944:field army
936:See also:
905:See also:
819:Alfonsists
795:liberalism
714:Nazi Party
678:capitalism
554:, most of
503:propaganda
460:nacionales
410:monarchist
210:Right-wing
2883:Comintern
2742:1938–1939
2628:0325-1195
2506:Routledge
1573:. Orion.
1569:(2006) .
1483:Payne, SG
1470:Citations
1407:fascisant
977:Regulares
965:Regulares
922:Regulares
825:Alfonsism
589:Falangism
568:Andalusia
515:facciosos
507:fascistas
493:The term
477:Crusaders
455:Nationals
449:The term
430:into the
414:Alfonsist
288:Opponents
214:far-right
195:Alfonsism
180:Falangism
3022:Terrors
3002:Guernica
2946:Viriatos
2941:Portugal
2856:Carlists
2596:(2020).
2218:Guernica
2216:city of
2097:(1976);
2054:, p. 278
1358:See also
1301:Holy See
1283:general
1281:Catholic
1254:Holy See
1235:Viriatos
1205:Viriatos
1199:Portugal
1165:Panzer I
1105:Littorio
985:Moroccan
962:and the
901:Military
894:Balaeres
811:Requetés
767:Requetés
751:Carlists
674:pacifism
548:Zaragoza
536:La Rioja
511:fascists
473:materiel
419:and the
281:Holy See
272:Portugal
166:Factions
142:Ideology
3048:sidebar
2958:Belarus
2953:Ireland
2917:Germany
2380:El País
2212:of the
2210:bombing
1426:Falange
1422:Falange
1320:Crusade
1132:Germany
1072:Fascist
952:Rif War
791:Navarre
757:Carlism
718:Germany
617:fascist
606:Falange
583:Falange
560:Cáceres
556:Galicia
540:Navarre
488:Cruzada
421:Carlist
402:Falange
370:Spanish
358:Spanish
248:Germany
220:Part of
185:Carlism
109:†
96:†
3043:navbox
2652:
2626:
2612:: 38.
2563:5 July
2554:
2512:
2475:5 July
2466:
2434:
2426:
2214:Basque
2192:
2050:
1648:
1625:
1604:
1577:
1547:
1456:Basque
1239:Lisbon
1231:Franco
595:, and
552:Aragon
404:, the
269:
257:
245:
235:Allies
118:
105:
92:
76:Leader
68:Right:
3038:Women
2996:Films
2965:]
2929:Italy
2912:]
2154:[
2079:Serga
1947:8 May
1502:(PDF)
1399:major
1380:Notes
1068:Italy
1047:Italy
544:Alava
513:) or
499:rojos
479:' by
364:) or
260:Italy
61:Left:
2905:USSR
2846:CEDA
2802:PSUC
2797:PSOE
2792:POUM
2737:1937
2732:1936
2727:Coup
2650:ISBN
2624:ISSN
2565:2020
2552:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2477:2020
2464:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1949:2015
1646:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1458:and
1171:and
975:The
920:and
827:and
727:Duce
722:Jefe
703:CEDA
688:CEDA
611:The
406:CEDA
392:and
352:The
2934:CTV
2828:PNV
2823:UGT
2818:FAI
2814:CNT
2787:PCE
2777:ERC
2614:doi
2416:doi
2042:in
1128:".
781:as
636:of
562:in
550:in
453:or
212:to
3067::
2963:be
2910:ru
2807:UR
2782:IR
2622:.
2606:87
2600:.
2508:.
2504:.
2422:.
2408:.
2352:,
2277:^
2261:^
2245:^
2081:,
2038:,
2015:^
1973:^
1957:^
1922:^
1908:^
1892:^
1863:^
1830:^
1786:^
1770:^
1741:^
1708:^
1673:^
1657:^
1633:^
1596:,
1558:^
1504:.
1195:.
1167:,
1107:,
771:CT
644:.
591:,
542:,
538:,
372::
360::
2816:/
2699:e
2692:t
2685:v
2658:.
2630:.
2616::
2567:.
2518:.
2479:.
2432:.
2418::
2198:.
2083:2
1951:.
1583:.
1522:.
769:/
509:(
457:(
368:(
356:(
168::
65:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.