165:
40:
22:
206:
or re-established woodlands can also be natural; it is just a matter of whether a given forest type is able to sustain and replace itself on its own - i.e. if the climatic and geological conditions for a given forest type are present or not. These conditions can be objectively determined, and do not
62:
Beech is a valued timber, but most beech woods require human intervention to replace old trees, since the young trees are not able to survive at all, or at a rate that sustains the beech population over time. There can be various reasons for this condition. Heavy
176:
Agricultural practices can often change the original soil-compositions so much, that the specific natural woodland type once associated with the local area, will change too. This change is almost irreversible. This condition has now affected most of Europe.
225:
243:
164:
67:
coverage of other plants in the spring, shadowing the young beech-shoots, is a common cause. Abundance of nutrient-rich soils will also be difficult to handle for beech woods in the long run.
256:
70:
A natural beech wood has beech trees of all ages, including fallen and dead trees. Other tree species might be mixed in, but not to a degree that threatens the dominant beech.
180:
Local or global climate changes can also have a profound effect on what kind of natural woodland can grow and survive in a specific area.
85:
274:
148:
210:
The term "semi-natural" is sometimes used to describe any natural woodland, that is not strictly primeval in origin.
128:
244:
Natural regeneration of Beech forests in Europe - UK: Approaches, Problems, Recent advances and
Recommendations
306:
39:
187:
73:
The term is also used for other tree species, such as 'natural oak wood', 'natural birch wood', etc..
95:
45:
Natural forests has trees from all stages of the life cycle, including dead and decaying trees.
311:
262:
301:
230:
219:
203:
202:
that still exist, are indeed natural. Natural woodlands do not have to be primeval per se.
199:
183:
132:
268:
186:
is usually more susceptible to climatic changes than soil-composition and the current
295:
105:
28:
64:
226:
Primeval Beech
Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany
190:
are found to affect the geographical distribution of natural beech wood habitats.
21:
198:
The term "Natural" is often confusingly used as a synonym for "Primeval". While
253:
Department of Plant
Taxonomy and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University (May 2003).
138:
250:
275:
Ancient Semi-Natural
Woodland (including PAWS and RNWAS) Habitat Definition
142:
251:
A review on natural stand dynamics in beechwoods of east central Europe
152:
122:
109:
99:
27:
Example of a natural beech wood. The forest floor allows beech-seeds (
280:
169:
89:
56:
116:
59:
wood, that is able to replenish and sustain itself on its own.
246:
Oxford
Forestry Institute, March 2003, Nat-Man project (D22)
31:) to take root and replenish the beech wood naturally.
81:Some examples of natural beech wood forests are:
145:, one of Europes last primeval beech forests.
8:
207:depend on the "test of time" exclusively.
242:Edward P. Mountford and Peter S. Savill;
163:
7:
263:Policy Paper: Semi-natural Woodland
86:Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve
14:
125:National Park in central Germany.
194:Misunderstandings and confusions
38:
20:
277:Durham Biodiversity Action Plan
265:The Society of Irish Foresters
1:
257:Ancient semi-natural woodland
149:Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
328:
269:Ancient & semi natural
249:Standovár & Kenderes;
119:range in northern Germany.
77:Natural beech wood forests
222:, the 'Charcoal Forest'.
271:Royal Forestry Society
173:
188:global climate change
167:
96:Marselisborg Forests
200:primeval woodlands
174:
129:Voděrady Beechwood
115:The slopes of the
53:Natural beech wood
319:
231:Ancient woodland
220:Silva Carbonaria
151:in southwestern
42:
24:
327:
326:
322:
321:
320:
318:
317:
316:
292:
291:
290:
239:
216:
196:
162:
79:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
43:
34:
33:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
325:
323:
315:
314:
309:
307:Forest ecology
304:
294:
293:
289:
288:External links
286:
285:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
259:Woodland Trust
254:
247:
238:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
215:
212:
195:
192:
184:European beech
168:Beech wood in
161:
158:
157:
156:
146:
136:
133:Czech Republic
126:
120:
113:
108:in North-east
103:
93:
78:
75:
44:
37:
36:
35:
26:
19:
18:
17:
16:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
324:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
297:
287:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
240:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
213:
211:
208:
205:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
178:
171:
166:
159:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
106:Serrahn Hills
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
88:in southeast
87:
84:
83:
82:
76:
74:
71:
68:
66:
60:
58:
54:
41:
30:
23:
209:
197:
182:
179:
175:
80:
72:
69:
65:forest floor
61:
52:
51:
296:Categories
204:Secondary
312:Forestry
281:Woodland
214:See also
143:Slovakia
302:Forests
237:Sources
160:Threats
153:Ukraine
139:Stužica
123:Hainich
110:Germany
100:Denmark
170:Serbia
90:Wales
57:beech
55:is a
283:JNCC
117:Harz
29:mast
141:in
131:in
98:in
298::
172:.
155:.
135:.
112:.
102:.
92:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
