Natural gas - Knowledge (XXG)

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resulted. Frequently, the blast is powerful enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In these cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries. Occasionally, the gas can collect in high enough quantities to cause a deadly explosion, destroying one or more buildings in the process. Many building codes now forbid the installation of gas pipes inside cavity walls or below floor boards to mitigate against this risk. Gas usually dissipates readily outdoors, but can sometimes collect in dangerous quantities if

816: 2114: 1802: 2224:, involves drilling a borehole vertically until it reaches a lateral shale rock formation, at which point the drill turns to follow the rock for hundreds or thousands of feet horizontally. In contrast, conventional oil and gas sources are characterized by higher rock permeability, which naturally enables the flow of oil or gas into the wellbore with less intensive hydraulic fracturing techniques than the production of tight gas has required. The decades in development of drilling technology for conventional and 306: 1097: 2292: 2491: 2365: 947: 1388: 934: 2483: 42: 396: 2040:, no new residential gas accounts have been allowed since 2018, and all homes in the city are expected to be converted by 2040 to use the excess heat from adjacent industrial buildings and operations. Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements. New gas appliance hookups are banned in 832: 1461:

individual domestic dwellings, or multi-dwelling buildings to the network. The networks typically range in pressures from 7 kPa (low pressure) to 515 kPa (high pressure). Gas is then regulated down to 1.1 kPa or 2.75 kPa, before being metered and passed to the consumer for domestic use. Natural gas mains are made from a variety of materials: historically cast iron, though more modern mains are made from steel or polyethylene.

1328: 916: 767: 2352: 2667: 797: 297:, however, many organizations have criticized the continued use of the word "natural" in referring to the gas. These advocates prefer the term "fossil gas" or "methane gas" as better conveying to the public its climate threat. A 2020 study of Americans' perceptions of the fuel found that, across political identifications, the term "methane gas" led to better estimates of its harms and risks. 2653: 2560: 2232:

the well's surface, called flowback or produced water, may contain radioactive materials, heavy metals, natural salts, and hydrocarbons which exist naturally in shale rock formations. Fracking chemicals, radioactive materials, heavy metals, and salts that are removed from the HVHF well by well operators are so difficult to remove from the water they are mixed with, and would so heavily

660:. Since 2000, shale gas has become a major source of natural gas in the United States and Canada. Because of increased shale gas production the United States was in 2014 the number one natural gas producer in the world. The production of shale gas in the United States has been described as a "shale gas revolution" and as "one of the landmark events in the 21st century." 1260:). The natural gas transmission lines extend to the natural gas processing plant or unit which removes the higher-molecular weight hydrocarbons to produce natural gas with energy content between 35–39 megajoules per cubic metre (950–1,050 British thermal units per cubic foot). The processed natural gas may then be used for residential, commercial and industrial uses. 281:. The density compared to air ranges from 0.58 (16.8 g/mole, 0.71 kg per standard cubic meter) to as high as 0.79 (22.9 g/mole, 0.97 kg per scm), but generally less than 0.64 (18.5 g/mole, 0.78 kg per scm). For comparison, pure methane (16.0425 g/mole) has a density 0.5539 times that of air (0.678 kg per standard cubic meter). 2283:(t-butyl mercaptan) may be added. Situations have occurred in which an odorant cannot be properly detected by an observer with a normal sense of smell despite being detectable by analytical instruments. This is caused by odor masking, when one odor overpowers the sensation of another. As of 2011, the industry is conducting research on the causes of odor masking. 635: 7426: 1495: 622:. The liquid thus formed may get trapped as the pores of the gas reservoir get depleted. One method to deal with this problem is to re-inject dried gas free of condensate to maintain the underground pressure and to allow re-evaporation and extraction of condensates. More frequently, the liquid condenses at the surface, and one of the tasks of the 293:. Unlike coal gas, which is manufactured by heating coal, natural gas can be extracted from the ground in its native gaseous form. When the use of natural gas overtook the use of coal gas in English speaking countries in the 20th century, it was increasingly referred to as simply "gas." In order to highlight its role in exacerbating the 1184:(FLNG) is an innovative technology designed to enable the development of offshore gas resources that would otherwise remain untapped due to environmental or economic factors which currently make them impractical to develop via a land-based LNG operation. FLNG technology also provides a number of environmental and economic advantages: 2632:(GJ) is a measure approximately equal to 80 litres (0.5 barrels) of oil, or 28 m or 1,000 cu ft or 1 million BTUs of gas. The energy content of gas supply in Canada can vary from 37 to 43 MJ/m (990 to 1,150 BTU/cu ft) depending on gas supply and processing between the wellhead and the customer. 216:(petroleum). Most natural gas has been created through either biogenic or thermogenic processes. Thermogenic gas takes a much longer period of time to form and is created when organic matter is heated and compressed deep underground. Methanogenic organisms produce methane from a variety of sources, principally carbon dioxide. 52: 2625:

gas by volume only. Other jurisdictions, such as Alberta, gas is sold by the energy content (GJ). In these areas, almost all meters for residential and small commercial customers measure volume (m or ft), and billing statements include a multiplier to convert the volume to energy content of the local gas supply.

1093:(20,000 kPa; 2,900 psi). Compressors and decompression equipment are less capital intensive and may be economical in smaller unit sizes than liquefaction/regasification plants. Natural gas trucks and carriers may transport natural gas directly to end-users, or to distribution points such as pipelines. 656:. Because shale's matrix permeability is too low to allow gas to flow in economical quantities, shale gas wells depend on fractures to allow the gas to flow. Early shale gas wells depended on natural fractures through which gas flowed; almost all shale gas wells today require fractures artificially created by 2624:

measure for internal trade of petrochemical products. Consequently, natural gas is sold by the gigajoule (GJ), cubic meter (m) or thousand cubic meters (E3m3). Distribution infrastructure and meters almost always meter volume (cubic foot or cubic meter). Some jurisdictions, such as Saskatchewan, sell

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The volume of water used to hydraulically fracture wells varies according to the hydraulic fracturing technique. In the United States, the average volume of water used per hydraulic fracture has been reported as nearly 7,375 gallons for vertical oil and gas wells prior to 1953, nearly 197,000 gallons

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A seismic earthquake valve operating at a pressure of 55 psig (3.7 bar) can stop the flow of natural gas into the site wide natural gas distribution piping network (that runs (outdoors underground, above building roofs, and or within the upper supports of a canopy roof). Seismic earthquake valves are

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Natural gas piping systems inside buildings are often designed with pressures of 14 to 34 kilopascals (2 to 5 psi), and have downstream pressure regulators to reduce pressure as needed. In the United States the maximum allowable operating pressure for natural gas piping systems within a building

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Domestic appliances, furnaces, and boilers use low pressure, usually with a standard pressure around 1.7 kilopascals (0.25 psi) over atmospheric pressure. The pressures in the supply lines vary, either the standard utilization pressure (UP) mentioned above or elevated pressure (EP), which may be

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Natural gas can be indirectly exported through the absorption in other physical output. The expansion of shale gas production in the US has caused prices to drop relative to other countries. This has caused a boom in energy intensive manufacturing sector exports, whereby the average dollar unit of US

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ovens that heated bituminous coal in air-tight chambers. The gas driven off from the coal was collected and distributed through networks of pipes to residences and other buildings where it was used for cooking and lighting. (Gas heating did not come into widespread use until the last half of the 20th

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Natural gas may be stored by adsorbing it to the porous solids called sorbents. The optimal condition for methane storage is at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Pressures up to 4 MPa (about 40 times atmospheric pressure) will yield greater storage capacity. The most common sorbent used for

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occur a few times each year. Individual homes, small businesses and other structures are most frequently affected when an internal leak builds up gas inside the structure. Leaks often result from excavation work, such as when contractors dig and strike pipelines, sometimes without knowing any damage

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In the US, over one-third of households (>40 million homes) cook with gas. Natural gas dispensed in a residential setting can generate temperatures in excess of 1,100 °C (2,000 °F) making it a powerful domestic cooking and heating fuel. Stanford scientists estimated that gas stoves emit

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The US EPA has acknowledged that toxic, carcinogenic chemicals, i.e. benzene and ethylbenzene, have been used as gelling agents in water and chemical mixtures for high volume horizontal fracturing (HVHF). Following the hydraulic fracture in HVHF, the water, chemicals, and frack fluid that return to

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to keep the fractures in the rock open, thus enabling the gas to flow into the casing and then to the surface. Chemicals are added to the fluid to perform such functions as reducing friction and inhibiting corrosion. After the "frack", oil or gas is extracted and 30–70% of the frack fluid, i.e. the

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than other hydrocarbon fuels. However, compared to other major fossil fuels, natural gas causes more emissions in relative terms during the production and transportation of the fuel, meaning that the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are about 50% higher than the direct emissions from the site of

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The history of natural gas in the United States begins with localized use. In the seventeenth century, French missionaries witnessed the American Indians setting fire to natural gas seeps around lake Erie, and scattered observations of these seeps were made by European-descended settlers throughout

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Environmental – Because all processing is done at the gas field, there is no requirement for long pipelines to shore, compression units to pump the gas to shore, dredging and jetty construction, and onshore construction of an LNG processing plant, which significantly reduces the environmental

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As of mid-2020, natural gas production in the US had peaked three times, with current levels exceeding both previous peaks. It reached 24.1 trillion cubic feet per year in 1973, followed by a decline, and reached 24.5 trillion cubic feet in 2001. After a brief drop, withdrawals increased

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Determining which fracking technique is appropriate for well productivity depends largely on the properties of the reservoir rock from which to extract oil or gas. If the rock is characterized by low-permeability – which refers to its ability to let substances, i.e. gas, pass through it, then the

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Natural gas flowing in the distribution lines is called mid-stream natural gas and is often used to power engines which rotate compressors. These compressors are required in the transmission line to pressurize and repressurize the mid-stream natural gas as the gas travels. Typically, natural gas

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is traded on a "dry gas" basis and is required to be commercially free from objectionable odours, materials, and dust or other solid or liquid matter, waxes, gums and gum forming constituents, which might damage or adversely affect operation of equipment downstream of the custody transfer point.

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in Australia has implemented a ban on new natural gas hookups starting from January 1, 2024, as part of its gas substitution roadmap. This followed campaigning which resulted in a prohibition on onshore gas exploration and production in Victoria in 2014. This was partially lifted in 2021 but a

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as a promising target for shale gas drilling, because of the similarity of shales to those that have proven productive in the United States. Production from the Wei-201 well is between 10,000 and 20,000 m per day. In late 2020, China National Petroleum Corporation claimed daily production of 20

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In Australia, natural gas is transported from gas processing facilities to regulator stations via transmission pipelines. Gas is then regulated down to distributed pressures and the gas is distributed around a gas network via gas mains. Small branches from the network, called services, connect

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or "fracking". Since the first commercial hydraulic fracturing operation in 1949, approximately one million wells have been hydraulically fractured in the United States. The production of natural gas from hydraulically fractured wells has used the technological developments of directional and

1083:. Shipborne regasification equipment is also used. LNG is the preferred form for long distance, high volume transportation of natural gas, whereas pipeline is preferred for transport for distances up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi) over land and approximately half that distance offshore. 461:(STG+). F–T produces a synthetic crude that can be further refined into finished products, while MTG can produce synthetic gasoline from natural gas. STG+ can produce drop-in gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and aromatic chemicals directly from natural gas via a single-loop process. In 2011, 1192:

Economic – Where pumping gas to shore can be prohibitively expensive, FLNG makes development economically viable. As a result, it will open up new business opportunities for countries to develop offshore gas fields that would otherwise remain stranded, such as those offshore East

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powered engines require 35–39 MJ/m (950–1,050 BTU/cu ft) natural gas to operate at the rotational name plate specifications. Several methods are used to remove these higher molecular weighted gases for use by the natural gas engine. A few technologies are as follows:

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In hydraulic fracturing, well operators force water mixed with a variety of chemicals through the wellbore casing into the rock. The high pressure water breaks up or "fracks" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation. Sand and other particles are added to the water as a

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Natural gas was not widely used before the development of long distance pipelines in the early twentieth century. Before that, most use was near to the source of the well, and the predominant gas for fuel and lighting during the industrial revolution was manufactured coal gas.

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footprint. Avoiding construction also helps preserve marine and coastal environments. In addition, environmental disturbance will be minimised during decommissioning because the facility can easily be disconnected and removed before being refurbished and re-deployed elsewhere.

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are close to reaching their capacity, prompting some politicians representing northern states to speak of potential shortages. The large trade cost implies that natural gas markets are globally much less integrated, causing significant price differences across countries. In

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The UK government is also experimenting with alternative home heating technologies to meet its climate goals. To preserve their businesses, natural gas utilities in the United States have been lobbying for laws preventing local electrification ordinances, and are promoting

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measure the volume of gas used, and this is converted to therms by multiplying the volume by the energy content of the gas used during that period, which varies slightly over time. The typical annual consumption of a single family residence is 1,000 therms or one

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However, natural gas extraction can cause subsidence in the vicinity of the well. One notable example is in the Los Angeles–Long Beach harbor area, where extensive oil and gas extraction began in 1928 and has caused the ground to drop 9 meters (30 feet) in some

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mixture of water, chemicals, sand, etc., flows back to the surface. Many gas-bearing formations also contain water, which will flow up the wellbore to the surface along with the gas, in both hydraulically fractured and non-hydraulically fractured wells. This

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in 2020 (including flaring), while coal and oil use emitted 14.4 and 12 billion tons, respectively. The IEA estimates the energy sector (oil, natural gas, coal and bioenergy) to be responsible for about 40% of human methane emissions. According to the

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0.8–1.3% of the gas they use as unburned methane and that total U.S. stove emissions are 28.1 gigagrams of methane. In much of the developed world it is supplied through pipes to homes, where it is used for many purposes including ranges and ovens,

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The price of natural gas varies greatly depending on location and type of consumer. The typical caloric value of natural gas is roughly 1,000 BTU per cubic foot, depending on gas composition. Natural gas in the United States is traded as a

2419:) are traded in metric tonnes (1,000 kg) or million BTU as spot deliveries. Long term natural gas distribution contracts are signed in cubic meters, and LNG contracts are in metric tonnes. The LNG and LPG is transported by specialized 890:), with 2017 production at 33.4 trillion cubic feet and 2019 production at 40.7 trillion cubic feet. After the third peak in December 2019, extraction continued to fall from March onward due to decreased demand caused by the 5058:

State of California | Apply for Gas Shutoff Valve Certification for Residential Structures | The Division of the State Architect (DSA) oversees the certification of two types of gas shutoff valves as required by the Health and Safety

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by pressure maintenance as well as miscible or immiscible flooding. Conservation, re-injection, or flaring of natural gas associated with oil is primarily dependent on proximity to markets (pipelines), and regulatory restrictions.

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With 15 countries accounting for 84% of the worldwide extraction, access to natural gas has become an important issue in international politics, and countries vie for control of pipelines. In the first decade of the 21st century,

6909: 1157:, or in tanks as liquefied natural gas. The gas is injected in a time of low demand and extracted when demand picks up. Storage nearby end users helps to meet volatile demands, but such storage may not always be practicable. 6461:

Trends in Hydraulic Fracturing Distributions and Treatment Fluids, Additives, Proppants, and Water Volumes Applied to Wells Drilled in the United States through 1947 through 2010—Data Analysis and Comparison to the

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Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook | A Plumbing Engineer's Guide to System Design and Specifications | American Society of Plumbing Engineers | Plumbing Systems | Volume 2 Chapter 7 — Fuel Gas Piping Systems Page

1123:. Flaring is now illegal in many countries. Additionally, higher demand in the last 20–30 years has made production of gas associated with oil economically viable. As a further option, the gas is now sometimes re- 5613:. Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US. 2195:

horizontal drilling, which improved access to natural gas in tight rock formations. Strong growth in the production of unconventional gas from hydraulically fractured wells occurred between 2000 and 2012.

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of commercial quality natural gas is around 39 MJ/m (0.31 kWh/cu ft), but this can vary by several percent. This is about 50 to 54 MJ/kg depending on the density. For comparison, the

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Risk-based maintenance: an holistic application to the gas distribution industry | Xavier António Reis Andrade | 2016 | Page 15 | Figure 3.2: Technical drawing of the pressure regulator and measurement

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Generally, a maximum liquefied petroleum gas pressure of 20 psi (140 kPa) is allowed, provided the building is constructed in accordance with NFPA 58: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, Chapter 7.

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Natural gas is sometimes informally referred to simply as "gas", especially when it is being compared to other energy sources, such as oil, coal or renewables. However, it is not to be confused with

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and for most of the resulting increase in atmospheric methane. Natural gas is intentionally released or is otherwise known to leak during the extraction, storage, transportation, and distribution of

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Many gas and oil companies are considering the economic and environmental benefits of floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG). There are currently projects underway to construct five FLNG facilities.

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gas field and could hold a potential 30 trillion cubic feet (850 billion cubic meters) of natural gas. ENI said that the energy is about 5.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent (3.4

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temperatures. The specification of each LNG/LPG cargo will usually contain the energy content, but this information is in general not available to the public. The European Union aimed to cut its

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Wang, Qiang; Chen, Xi; Jha, Awadhesh N.; Rogers, Howard (February 2014). "Natural gas from shale formation – The evolution, evidences and challenges of shale gas revolution in United States".

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over the price of natural gas, which have created concerns that gas deliveries to parts of Europe could be cut off for political reasons. The United States is preparing to export natural gas.

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By 2009, 66,000 km (16,000 cu mi) (or 8%) had been used out of the total 850,000 km (200,000 cu mi) of estimated remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas.

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Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang (2013)

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of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10–15%). CNG-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuel's higher

535: 4982: 2240:, that most of the flowback is either recycled into other fracking operations or injected into deep underground wells, eliminating the water that HVHF required from the hydrologic cycle. 2546:. Each contract is for 10,000 million BTU or 10 billion BTU (10,551 GJ). Thus, if the price of gas is $ 10/million BTU on the NYMEX, the contract is worth $ 100,000. 5149: 663:

Following the increased production in the United States, shale gas exploration is beginning in countries such as Poland, China, and South Africa. Chinese geologists have identified the

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in the late 1970s, ending any necessity for flaring. Satellite and nearby infra-red camera observations, however, shows that flaring and venting are still happening in some countries.

607:, shared between Iran and Qatar. It is estimated to have 51,000 cubic kilometers (12,000 cu mi) of natural gas and 50 billion barrels (7.9 billion cubic meters) of 453:(GTL) technologies. GTL technologies can convert natural gas into liquids products such as gasoline, diesel or jet fuel. A variety of GTL technologies have been developed, including 7054:

Farah, Paolo Davide (2015). "Offshore Natural Gas Resources in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Relations to the European Union: A Legal Perspective through the Lenses of MedReg".

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and gas production have not only improved access to natural gas in low-permeability reservoir rocks, but also posed significant adverse impacts on environmental and public health.

729:) that collected in the bottoms of the gashouse ovens was often used for roofing and other waterproofing purposes, and when mixed with sand and gravel was used for paving streets. 1554:

is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. Gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low

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In August 2015, possibly the largest natural gas discovery in history was made and notified by an Italian gas company ENI. The energy company indicated that it has unearthed a

1878:) and wastewater account for an additional 18% of such emissions. These estimates include substantial uncertainties which should be reduced in the near future with improved 4711: 4164: 3712: 2462:. A single European energy market, one of the key objectives of the EU, should level the prices of gas in all EU member states. Moreover, it would help to resolve supply and 2024:

alone, five new long-distance gas pipelines have been under construction, with the first entering service in 2019, and the others scheduled to come online during 2020–2022.

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Whenever gas is bought or sold at custody transfer points, rules and agreements are made regarding the gas quality. These may include the maximum allowable concentration of

3835: 6037: 4582: 419:. The gas was often viewed as a by-product, a hazard, and a disposal problem in active oil fields. The large volumes produced could not be used until relatively expensive 1111:. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). 442:

are still practised in modern times, but efforts are ongoing around the world to retire them, and to replace them with other commercially viable and useful alternatives.

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In 2013, Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) announced that they had recovered commercially relevant quantities of natural gas from methane hydrate.

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There is some disagreement on which country has the largest proven gas reserves. Sources that consider that Russia has by far the largest proven reserves include the US

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conditions and are subjected to intense heat and pressure underground over millions of years. The energy that the decayed organisms originally obtained from the sun via

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It is estimated that there are about 900,000 km of "unconventional" gas such as shale gas, of which 180,000 km may be recoverable. In turn, many studies from

365:. Further such ventures followed near wells in other states, until technological innovations allowed the growth of major long distance pipelines from the 1920s onward. 581: 381: 6496: 2984: 2403:(cubic foot of gas at temperature 60.0 °F and pressure 14.73 psi (101.6 kPa)), 1 standard cubic meter = 35.301 standard cubic feet. The 2790:

Kashtan, Yannai S.; Nicholson, Metta; Finnegan, Colin; Ouyang, Zutao; Lebel, Eric D.; Michanowicz, Drew R.; Shonkoff, Seth B.C.; Jackson, Robert B. (15 June 2023).

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Natural gas extracted from oil wells is called casinghead gas (whether or not truly produced up the annulus and through a casinghead outlet) or associated gas. The

6553: 713:, and was used in a similar way to natural gas. This is a historical technology and is not usually economically competitive with other sources of fuel gas today. 5280: 4833: 4237: 3648: 782:

of a typical natural gas processing plant. It shows the various unit processes used to convert raw natural gas into sales gas pipelined to the end user markets.

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Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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is based on NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code, except when approved by the Public Safety Authority or when insurance companies have more stringent requirements.

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In some states in the USA natural gas can be supplied by independent natural gas wholesalers/suppliers using existing pipeline owners' infrastructure through

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field was found in the deep waters off the northern coast of Egypt and ENI claims that it will be the largest ever in the Mediterranean and even the world.

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was first used by about 400 BC. The Chinese transported gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil salt water to

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Woodside continues to target the selection of a Browse development concept in H2 2017 and commencement of front-end engineering and design (FEED) in 2019.

4172:. Prepared for Presentation at AIChE 2005 Spring National Meeting 5th Topical Conference on Natural Gas Utilization (TI) Session 16c – Gas. Archived from 7102: 6161: 3768: 1202: 4681: 5516:

Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).

2534:(Dth), thousand decatherms (MDth), or million decatherms (MMDth). A million decatherms is a trillion BTU, roughly a billion cubic feet of natural gas. 3272: 2641:

ANG is activated carbon (AC), primarily in three forms: Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), and activated carbon monolith.

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was driven by a global surge in demand as the world quit the economic recession caused by COVID-19, particularly due to strong energy demand in Asia.

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are impractical across oceans, since the gas needs to be cooled down and compressed, as the friction in the pipeline causes the gas to heat up. Many

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credits Russia with only 32,900 km, which would place it in second, slightly behind Iran (33,100 to 33,800 km, depending on the source).

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mixes do and that its low temperature can help cool the air which the engine compresses for greater volumetric efficiency, in effect replacing an

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rather than being collected and used. Before natural gas can be burned as a fuel or used in manufacturing processes, it almost always has to be

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Fitzgerald, Timothy. "Frackonomics: Some Economics of Hydraulic Fracturing." Case Western Reserve Law Review 63.4 (2013). Web. 1 Sept. 2015.

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of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period. Natural gas is thus a potent greenhouse gas due to the strong

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Generally, natural gas system pressures are not allowed to exceed 5 psi (34 kPa) unless all of the following conditions are met:

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Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of

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Except in the European Union, the U.S., and Canada, natural gas is sold in gigajoule retail units. LNG (liquefied natural gas) and LPG (

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for vertical oil and gas wells between 2000 and 2010, and nearly 3 million gallons for horizontal gas wells between 2000 and 2010.

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The distribution pipe is welded. (Note: 2. Some jurisdictions may also require that welded joints be radiographed to verify continuity).

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Chojna, J., Losoncz, M., & Suni, P. (November 2013). Shale Energy Shapes Global Energy Markets. National Institute Economic Review.

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indicates that huge emissions of fossil greenhouse gases could be locked-in for 40 to 50 years into the future. In the U.S. state of

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that occurred in 1937 in Texas caused a push for legislation requiring the addition of an odorant to assist consumers in detecting

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Because natural gas is not a pure product, as the reservoir pressure drops when non-associated gas is extracted from a field under

181:, natural gas emits fewer toxic air pollutants, less carbon dioxide, and almost no particulate matter compared to other fossil and 5760: 5731: 4720: 5511: 5119: 3986:

Zou, Caineng; Dong, Dazhong; Wang, Shejiao; Li, Jianzhong; Li, Xinjing; Wang, Yuman; Li, Denghua; Cheng, Keming (December 2010).

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of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the

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the eastern seaboard through the 1700s. In 1821, William Hart dug the first commercial natural gas well in the United States at

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Besides use in road vehicles, CNG can also be used in aircraft. Compressed natural gas has been used in some aircraft like the

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cargo aircraft. Depending on the current market price for jet fuel and LNG, fuel for an LNG-powered aircraft could cost 5,000

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Often well head gases require removal of various hydrocarbon molecules contained within the gas. Some of these gases include

1181: 1080: 887: 6535: 5956: 4983:"Using 2PSI Elevated Pressure Natural Gas Technology to Help Reduce Costs in Next- Generation Multi-Family New Construction" 990:, the gas pipeline network is already dense. New pipelines are planned or under construction between Western Europe and the 445:

In addition to transporting gas via pipelines for use in power generation, other end uses for natural gas include export as

4809: 4443: 3622: 2759: 2013:, natural gas consumption grew by 15% between 2015 and 2019, compared to a 5% increase in oil and oil product consumption. 1889:

After release to the atmosphere, methane is removed by gradual oxidation to carbon dioxide and water by hydroxyl radicals (

1584:-powered aircraft. The program has been running since the mid-1970s, and seeks to develop LNG and hydrogen variants of the 7250: 6702:"Quality Assurance Project Plan for the Chemical Characterization of Select Constituents Relevant to Hydraulic Fracturing" 5332: 3896: 3403: 3014: 2720: 2499: 1371: 982: 910: 5658: 5403: 5217: 6114: 2581: 2543: 2045: 2010: 1487:

areas underserved by the existing pipeline system and distribution network of the less expensive and more abundant LPG (

576: 411:. The small, light gas carbon chains came out of solution as the extracted fluids underwent pressure reduction from the 6571: 6070: 785:

The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur, byproduct ethane, and

7569: 7231: 6959: 6884: 6554:"The Environmental and Occupational Health Impacts of High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Gas Reserves" 5318: 4841: 3656: 3091: 2327:

if unvented or poorly vented. Improvements in natural gas furnace designs have greatly reduced CO poisoning concerns.

2264: 1879: 1502: 1347: 1312: 558: 6572:"Documents Reveal Billions of Gallons of Oil Industry Wastewater Illegally Injected into Central California Aquifers" 4810:"Browse Development – We remain committed to the earliest commercial development of the world-class Browse resources" 2570: 112:(which smells like sulfur or rotten eggs) are commonly added to it for safety so that leaks can be readily detected. 6091: 4071: 289:

In the early 1800s, natural gas became known as "natural" to distinguish it from the dominant gas fuel at the time,

2105:

per cubic meter of gas. It decays rapidly to Pb-210 which can build up as a thin film in gas extraction equipment.

815: 377: 362: 5926: 2589: 2574: 1727:

or other olefins. Propane by oxidative hydrogenation converts to propylene or can be oxidized to acrylic acid and

1448:

The pipe is installed in the areas used for industrial processes, research, storage or mechanical equipment rooms.

5636: 5534: 4770: 3936: 3578: 2466:

issues, as well as strengthen relations with other Mediterranean countries and foster investments in the region.

2324: 1992:

In terms of the warming effect over 100 years, natural gas production and use comprises about one fifth of human

1969: 1965: 1367: 1359: 937:

Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs.

898: 716:

Most town "gashouses" located in the eastern US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were simple by-product

626:

is to collect this condensate. The resulting liquid is called natural gas liquid (NGL) and has commercial value.

174: 2966: 2399:(cubic meter of gas at temperature 15 °C (59 °F) and pressure 101.325 kPa (14.6959 psi)) or 1273: 7330: 6776: 6380: 3527: 2680: 2435: 2328: 2113: 1993: 1954: 1696: 1351: 1206: 6514: 5826:"Comparing Greenhouse Gas Impacts from Domestic Coal and Imported Natural Gas Electricity Generation in China" 4096: 1338:, sometimes referred to as gas-fired power station, natural gas power plant, or methane gas power plant, is a 4689: 1996:, and this contribution is growing rapidly. Globally, natural gas use emitted about 7.8 billion tons of 600:

predict that natural gas will account for a larger portion of electricity generation and heat in the future.

430:

Until the early part of the 20th century, most natural gas associated with oil was either simply released or

7377: 5925:

Canadell, Josep G.; Scheel Monteiro, Pedro; Costa, Marcos H.; Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia; et al. (2021).

5614: 5606: 4027: 3809: 2672: 2416: 1488: 1472: 1413: 1355: 619: 597: 458: 338: 28: 2745: 977:

Because of its low density, it is not easy to store natural gas or to transport it by vehicle. Natural gas

305: 7465: 7360: 7355: 7340: 7197: 6701: 4630: 4072:"Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market" 2700: 1845: 1480: 1424:

anywhere from 7 to 800 kilopascals (1 to 120 psi) over atmospheric pressure. Systems using EP have a

1343: 1046: 761: 623: 608: 224: 5556: 4871: 3456: 3164: 1445:

The pipes are closed for protection and placed in a ventilated area that does not allow gas accumulation.

7579: 7365: 7350: 6038:"Dozens Of US Cities Are Banning Natural Gas Hookups In New Buildings — #CancelGas #ElectrifyEverything" 2918: 2715: 2695: 2058: 1949:. While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a 1339: 1335: 1305: 1229:

Natural gas is primarily used in the northern hemisphere. North America and Europe are major consumers.

1128: 1072: 1057: 178: 135: 5629: 2847: 1801: 5044: 3481: 1096: 313:, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. 7564: 6655: 6598: 6425: 6192: 5294: 4387: 4330: 3999: 3869: 2803: 2503: 2404: 2396: 2248: 2191: 2190:

Releasing natural gas from subsurface porous rock formations may be accomplished by a process called

1551: 1523: 779: 657: 528: 274: 205: 4261: 454: 7470: 5261: 4531: 2518: 2507: 2400: 2244: 1837: 1375: 1104: 1068:

ships that are now under development may be competitive with LNG transport in specific conditions.

786: 615: 424: 412: 326: 278: 151: 124: 6587:"Sharp increase in central Oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection" 6349: 4319:"Natural gas and CO2 price variation: Impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines" 2490: 7480: 7440: 6986: 6757: 6644:"Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing" 6624: 6441: 6226: 5855: 5310: 5239: 2409: 2340: 2225: 2221: 2155: 2017: 1786: 1712: 1465: 1425: 978: 439: 420: 358: 342: 190: 35: 3150: 2470:

has been asked by the US to supply emergency gas to the EU in case of supply disruptions in the

2331:

are also available that warn of carbon monoxide or explosive gases such as methane and propane.

2291: 1653:

production. The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global

1153:

Natural gas is often stored underground inside depleted gas reservoirs from previous gas wells,

5812:

Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Perspective on Exporting Liquefied Natural Gas from the United States

5357: 3298: 2351: 1961:

of methane in the short term, and the continuing effects of carbon dioxide in the longer term.

1777:(GTL) process (e.g. to produce sulphur-and aromatic-free diesel with low-emission combustion). 1387: 933: 243:, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. Hydrogen sulfide (which may be converted into pure 7574: 7262: 7245: 7190: 7067: 7063: 6866: 6810: 6749: 6683: 6616: 6355: 6218: 6210: 6181:"Methane and NO x Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes" 5847: 5685: 5578: 5285: 5094: 4962: 4956: 4932: 4560: 4454: 4422: 4356: 4136: 3383: 2829: 2685: 2312: 1958: 1871: 1863: 1855: 1833: 1715:. Ethane by oxidative dehydrogenation converts to ethylene, which can be further converted to 1680: 1676: 1654: 1555: 1218: 738: 593: 477: 462: 162: 147: 5999:"Natural Gas Flaring and Venting: State and Federal Regulatory Overview, Trends, and Impacts" 5790: 5706: 4928: 4921: 2081:(NOx) than other fossil fuels, NOx from burning natural gas in homes can be a health hazard. 741:

under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience

6889:

United States Department of Transport Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

6856: 6848: 6739: 6673: 6663: 6642:

Osborn, Stephen G.; Vengosh, Avner; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Jackson, Robert B. (17 May 2011).

6606: 6433: 6200: 6056: 5837: 5302: 4444:"On the Comparative Advantage of U.S. Manufacturing: Evidence from the Shale Gas Revolution" 4395: 4346: 4338: 4128: 4007: 3877: 3502: 3338: 2819: 2811: 2539: 2517:(th); 1 therm = 100,000 BTU. Gas sales to domestic consumers are often in units of 100 2134: 2049: 1964:

Targeted efforts to reduce warming quickly by reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a

1684: 1499: 1401: 1016: 854: 521: 334: 198: 104:

contributor to global climate change after carbon dioxide. Because natural gas is odorless,

93: 6467:(Report). Vol. 11. U.S. Geological Survey. Scientific Investigations Report 2014.5131. 6460: 4375: 2482: 2208:

often has a high content of salt and other dissolved minerals that occur in the formation.

2036:

is subsidizing a transition away from natural gas for all homes in the country by 2050. In

1984:

delivered than oil, and 40–45% less than coal. It can also produce potentially fewer toxic

1683:, a hydrogenating agent, an important commodity for oil refineries, and the fuel source in 1119:

could not be profitably sold, and was simply burned at the oil field in a process known as

395: 7335: 6179:

Lebel, Eric D.; Finnegan, Colin J.; Ouyang, Zutao; Jackson, Robert B. (15 February 2022).

5899: 4216:"Covid is at the center of world's energy crunch, but a cascade of problems is fueling it" 4122: 3247: 2861: 2438:

in the Mediterranean Sea covering about 40 square miles (100 km). This was named the

2280: 2233: 1720: 1616: 1601: 1476: 1409: 1064:

can carry LNG or compressed natural gas (CNG) over shorter distances. Sea transport using

995: 694: 551: 485: 6326: 6139: 3677:

US Energy Information Administration, International statistics, accessed 1 December 2013.

2792:"Gas and Propane Combustion from Stoves Emits Benzene and Increases Indoor Air Pollution" 2506:(1,085 kJ). The actual heating value when the water formed does not condense is the 7425: 7029: 6659: 6602: 6429: 6270: 6196: 5298: 5279:

Erisman, Jan Willem; Sutton, MA; Galloway, J; Klimont, Z; Winiwarter, W (October 2008).

4608: 4391: 4334: 4003: 3873: 2824: 2807: 2791: 2378:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

960:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7297: 7123: 6861: 6836: 6678: 6643: 6296: 5764: 5477: 4351: 4318: 4049: 3531: 3506: 3006: 2463: 2459: 2355:

Comparison of natural gas prices in Japan, United Kingdom, and United States, 2007–2011

2205: 2074: 2041: 1716: 1666: 1609: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1566: 1002: 987: 706: 509: 450: 322: 318: 294: 248: 170: 158: 128: 120: 101: 85: 5503: 5127: 4012: 3987: 3608: 1327: 915: 766: 7558: 7496: 7081: 6922: 6761: 6628: 6445: 6230: 5859: 3774: 2967:"Cleaner but not clean - Why scientists say natural gas won't avert climate disaster" 2848:"Why Does Natural Gas Smell Like Rotten Eggs? | Metropolitan Utilities District" 2690: 2658: 2169: 2062: 1810: 1774: 1760: 1728: 1646: 1597: 1559: 1417: 1210: 810: 664: 330: 270:, which is also shortened in colloquial usage to "gas", especially in North America. 131:

is stored as chemical energy within the molecules of methane and other hydrocarbons.

7153: 5314: 3626: 3041:"Why carbon dioxide isn't the only greenhouse gas we must reduce – Dr Richard Dixon" 508:

being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock. Non-hydrocarbons such as

157:

The extraction and consumption of natural gas is a major and growing contributor to

100:

are also usually present. Methane is colorless and odorless, and the second largest

7521: 7506: 7292: 7277: 7272: 6803:"Cheap natural gas jumbles energy markets, stirs fears it could inhibit renewables" 6416:

Yeboah, N.N.N.; Burns, S.E. (2011). "Geological Disposal of Energy-Related Waste".

5961: 5404:"New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein" 5179: 3687: 3552: 2889: 2710: 2621: 1875: 1867: 1814: 1724: 1317: 1147: 1140: 1136:

manufacturing exports has almost tripled its energy content between 1996 and 2012.

1076: 919: 400: 194: 139: 109: 5842: 5825: 5711:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Institute for Space Studies

1900:) formed in the troposphere or stratosphere, giving the overall chemical reaction 415:

to the surface, similar to uncapping a soft drink bottle where the carbon dioxide

6585:

Keranen, K.M.; Weingarten, M.; Abers, G.A.; Bekins, B.A.; Ge, S. (25 July 2014).

5957:"North American drilling boom threatens big blow to climate efforts, study finds" 4416: 4342: 7543: 7538: 7445: 7287: 6162:"As Cities Grapple With Climate Change, Gas Utilities Fight To Stay In Business" 4462: 4190: 2763: 2666: 2559: 2420: 2237: 2033: 1980:

When refined and burned, natural gas can produce 25–30% less carbon dioxide per

1841: 1806: 1767: 1624: 1605: 1100: 1065: 1053: 1031: 717: 702: 634: 435: 252: 186: 116: 73: 6837:"Findings and Recommendations From the Joint NIST—AGA Workshop on Odor Masking" 5874: 3881: 2121:

The natural gas extraction workforce face unique health and safety challenges.

796: 749:. Hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form. 7526: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7450: 6437: 5198: 4400: 2648: 2447: 2439: 2412:

of pure methane is 37.7 MJ per standard cubic metre, or 55.5 MJ/kg.

2173: 2102: 1883: 1650: 1515: 1363: 1291: 1214: 1154: 1090: 1061: 742: 416: 227:

to remove impurities such as water. The byproducts of this processing include

6814: 6214: 5851: 5533:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Spring 2023. 4458: 3688:"U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2017" 3117:"Natural gas is a much 'dirtier' energy source, carbon-wise, than we thought" 1115:

In the past, the natural gas which was recovered in the course of recovering

7533: 7455: 7307: 6668: 6611: 6586: 6205: 6180: 3010: 2815: 2652: 2629: 2531: 2522: 2424: 2276: 2217: 2037: 1985: 1950: 1539: 1278: 1120: 1116: 991: 647: 639: 547: 543: 473: 431: 310: 220: 213: 6870: 6753: 6687: 6620: 6244: 6222: 4360: 2833: 2502:, one standard cubic foot (28 L) of natural gas produces around 1,028 1615:

The advantages of liquid methane as a jet engine fuel are that it has more

668:

million cubic meters of gas from its Changning-Weiyuan demonstration zone.

407:

In the 19th century, natural gas was primarily obtained as a by-product of

4124:

Reliable & Efficient Feed Gas Preparation – A Key Enabler to Pearl GTL

3356: 3273:""Natural" Gas is Not Clean Energy - It's Climate Endangering Methane Gas" 7475: 7460: 7411: 7312: 7282: 7267: 7240: 7213: 6852: 6841:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

5333:"Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries" 3988:"Geological characteristics and resource potential of shale gas in China" 3905: 2705: 2307: 2272: 2200: 2130: 2090: 1672: 1627:. Alternatively, it can be used to lower the temperature of the exhaust. 1620: 1581: 1535: 1519: 1405: 1288: 1198: 923: 790: 771: 722: 710: 690: 682: 539: 513: 481: 465:

140,000 barrels (22,000 m) per day F–T plant went into operation in

408: 317:

Natural gas can come out of the ground and cause a long-burning fire. In

290: 267: 260: 105: 89: 20: 5927:"Chapter 5: Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks" 4864:"Clean fuel? Methane leaks threaten natural gas' climate-friendly image" 4077:. Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas. January 2006 2168:

Extraction of natural gas (or oil) leads to decrease in pressure in the

1695:

Protein rich animal and fish feed is produced by feeding natural gas to

1124: 737:

Huge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of

41: 7395: 7385: 5707:"Methane: A Scientific Journey from Obscurity to Climate Super-Stardom" 2300: 2220:. Fracking for shale gas, which is currently also known as a source of 2165:

components, is often used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas.

1752: 1740: 1708: 1642: 1600:(US$ 100) less per tonne, roughly 60%, with considerable reductions to 1577: 1494: 1282: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1170: 1166: 1162: 746: 726: 698: 505: 501: 493: 346: 240: 232: 182: 143: 77: 6024:"Van der Pekbuurt gaat als eerste Amsterdamse wijk van het aardgas af" 5526: 4657:"U.S. Natural Gas Export Era Begins In 2015, Fueling Upside In Prices" 4480:"Bank-Led Satellite Imagery Sheds More Light on Gas Flaring Pollution" 4132: 3929:"China Drills into Shale Gas, Targeting Huge Reserves Amid Challenges" 2985:"Data and Statistics: CO2 emissions by energy source, World 1990-2017" 2941:"We need to talk about your gas stove, your health and climate change" 7390: 7302: 7257: 5824:

Rosselot, Kirsten S.; Allen, David T.; Ku, Anthony Y. (5 July 2021).

4479: 3230: 2159: 1790: 1573: 1547: 1321: 1165:, the state-owned energy company in Russia, engaged in disputes with 927: 517: 497: 489: 256: 244: 236: 228: 97: 81: 24: 6744: 6727: 5306: 2494:

Trends in the top five natural gas-producing countries (US EIA data)

1679:. Hydrogen has many applications: it is a primary feedstock for the 1420:. Both North America and Europe are major consumers of natural gas. 685:

is a flammable gaseous fuel made by the destructive distillation of

427:

facilities were constructed to deliver the gas to consumer markets.

6479:"Our responsibility: Limit the impact of our industrial operations" 1870:. Globally, methane accounts for an estimated 33% of anthropogenic 7166: 7004: 5659:"Fossil fuel use may emit 40 percent more methane than we thought" 4292:"African gas pipeline projects revived due to European gas crisis" 4233: 2514: 2489: 2481: 2467: 2350: 2290: 2151: 2112: 2098: 2021: 1981: 1849: 1800: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1580:

for instance is running a development program to produce LNG- and

1543: 1531: 1493: 1484: 1483:(CNG) is sparsely available for similar applications in the US in 1386: 1326: 1311: 1095: 932: 914: 814: 795: 765: 653: 633: 575: 466: 449:(LNG) or conversion of natural gas into other liquid products via 394: 304: 51: 50: 7177: 5977:"Gulf Coast Express Pipeline placed in service ahead of schedule" 5814:. National Energy Technology Laboratory, US Department of Energy. 5426:"Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us" 5383:"Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us" 4583:"Gas infrastructure across Europe leaking planet-warming methane" 4376:"Development of new technologies for shipping natural gas by sea" 2101:(Rn-220). Radon is a gas with initial activity from 5 to 200,000 7345: 4030:. China Daily Information Co. ChinaDaily.com.cn. 13 October 2020 3528:"UN Climate Initiatives Platform - Zero Routine Flaring by 2030" 2965:

Valerie Volcovici; Kate Abnett; Matthew Green (18 August 2020).

2296: 2268: 2260: 2094: 1527: 1397: 800:

Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant

705:, together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such as 686: 524:

must also be removed before the natural gas can be transported.

209: 7186: 6536:"U.S. Average Depth of Natural Gas Developmental Wells Drilled" 5451:"Clearing the Air: Gas Cooking and Pollution in European Homes" 6165: 6115:"'Always look up': Connecting Community for a Win against Gas" 5095:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Vehicle Emissions" 5070:"Gas Distribution System Code | Essential Services Commission" 4532:"Composite image of gas flares in 1992, 2000 and 2006 by NGDC" 4418:

Dictionary of Petroleum Exploration, Drilling & Production

2553: 2358: 2162: 2078: 1522:(petrol). By the end of 2014, there were over 20 million 1086: 940: 825: 589: 531:

is extracting an increasing quantity of gas from challenging,

504:—heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use prior to the 446: 68: 7178:

Carbon Mapper Data Portal featuring methane point source data

4548: 2486:

US Natural Gas Marketed Production 1900 to 2012 (US EIA data)

2089:

Natural gas extraction also produces radioactive isotopes of

80:(95%) in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher 5262:"Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk" 4712:"The Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) Market 2011-2021" 2746:"Composition of natural gas: Understanding its key elements" 2295:

Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in

1412:. Heaters in homes and other buildings may include boilers, 7182: 6497:"Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Sources of Natural Gas" 5199:"American Firm Debuts First Airplane to Run on Natural Gas" 4744:"Petronas' FLNG Facility to Deliver First Cargo in Q1 2016" 4166:

Benefits of Integrating NGL Extraction and LNG Liquefaction

2862:"How Natural Gas Is Formed | Union of Concerned Scientists" 570: 361:, United States, which led in 1858 to the formation of the 6053:"Bye-bye blue flame? NY to require gas-free new buildings" 5478:"Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions" 4085:– via The Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. 3791:"In Natural Gas, U.S. Will Move From Abundance to Imports" 3713:"Table 3.2 – World Proven Natural Gas Reserves by Country" 1874:. The decomposition of municipal solid waste (a source of 7150:

The Extraction State: A History of Natural Gas in America

5555:. nationalgeographic.com. 23 January 2019. Archived from 4927:. Lincolnwood (Chicago), IL: Contemporary books. p. 4828: 4826: 4269: 3015:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Emissions by Fuel" 2513:

In the United States, retail sales are often in units of

2259:

In its native state, natural gas is colorless and almost

1146:

Natural gas is used to generate electricity and heat for

325:

contributed to the legend of the fire-breathing creature

3961:"South Africa Allows Exploration of Shale Gas Resources" 789:(NGL) propane, butanes and natural gasoline (denoted as 6835:

Rawson, Nancy; Quraishi, Ali; Bruno, Thomas J. (2011).

6707:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 18 October 2012 6297:"NORA Oil and Gas Extraction Council - Research Agenda" 5630:"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities" 4893:

Mcfarlane, Sarah; Twidale, Susanna (21 November 2023).

1641:

Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of

1514:

CNG is a cleaner and also cheaper alternative to other

958:. The reason given is: change in transport from Russia. 850: 7082:"Qatar seeks EU guarantee not to resell emergency gas" 6379:

Brantley, Susan L.; Meyendorff, Anna (13 March 2013).

6071:"Canberra Natural Gas Bans To Hit Appliance Retailers" 5281:"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world" 4834:"Natural Gas Fuel Conditioning System – BTU Reduction" 4682:"SEAAOC – NT Resources Week – Informa – NT Government" 3769:"Wonderfuel: Welcome to the age of unconventional gas" 1707:

Natural gas components(alkanes) can be converted into

1346:. Gas-fired power plants generate almost a quarter of 219:

During petroleum production, natural gas is sometimes

7171: 6910:

Non-Fire Carbon Monoxide Deaths, 2011 Annual Estimate

5504:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?" 5218:"Chomarat Present C-Ply KittyHawk with CNG Potential" 4895:"Giant batteries drain economics of gas power plants" 4238:"Advice for Working in the Vicinity of Gas Pipelines" 3205:"We need to talk about how we talk about natural gas" 1089:

is transported at high pressure, typically above 200

689:. It contains a variety of calorific gases including 6960:"EU unveils plan to reduce Russia energy dependency" 4838:

American Environmental Fabrication & Supply, LLC

3299:"The high stakes of the natural gas branding battle" 2530:(RCE). Wholesale transactions are generally done in 2016:

The continued financing and construction of new gas

1789:

and can lead to severe respiratory diseases such as

1244:

and other hydrocarbons with molecular weights above

169:, which is released when natural gas is burned, are 134:

Natural gas can be burned for heating, cooking, and

7489: 7433: 7404: 7376: 7321: 7227: 7220: 6271:"CDC - NIOSH - NORA Oil and Gas Extraction Council" 5180:"Take a look at some natural gas-powered airplanes" 3958:Franz Wild; Andres R. Martinez (7 September 2012). 3579:"First cargo of Pearl GTL products ship from Qatar" 3426: 3424: 3248:"The end of natural gas has to start with its name" 2073:Although natural gas produces far lower amounts of 1862:Human activity is responsible for about 60% of all 1773:Raw material for large-scale fuel production using 6574:. Center for Biological Diversity. 6 October 2014. 6245:"Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM)" 5938:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021 ( 4920: 4719: 3959: 3895: 3767: 2172:. Such decrease in pressure in turn may result in 123:(primarily marine microorganisms) decompose under 4919:Zimmerman, Barry E.; Zimmerman, David J. (1995). 3810:"Estimate places natural gas reserves 35% higher" 3739:"BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013" 3313:"Should it be called "natural gas" or "methane"?" 2458:Gas prices for end users vary greatly across the 488:). It sometimes contains a significant amount of 382:List of countries by natural gas proven reserves 6648:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4581:Abnett, Kate; Nasralla, Shadia (24 June 2021). 4507:"Will eyes in the sky end natural gas flaring?" 3836:"U.S. Now World's Leading Natural Gas Producer" 3070:"Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry" 1739:Natural gas is also used in the manufacture of 1569:Husky 200 CNG and the Chromarat VX-1 KittyHawk 55:Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground 6354:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 283. 5624: 5622: 4442:Arezki, Rabah; Fetzer, Thiemo (January 2016). 4323:International Journal of Environmental Studies 2785: 2783: 2781: 841:deal primarily with US and do not represent a 603:The world's largest gas field is the offshore 72:) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous 7198: 6987:"Natural gas discovery could be largest ever" 6459:Gallegos, Tanya J.; Varela, Brian A. (2015). 5607:"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" 5527:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)" 4028:"Shale gas production soars in SW China base" 3655:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 3072:. American Geosciences Institute. 16 May 2018 2243:Historically low gas prices have delayed the 1785:Cooking with natural gas contributes to poor 839:The examples and perspective in this section 584:(2014), based on data from The World Factbook 567:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 8: 6944:Robert Perry and Cecil Chilton, ed. (1973). 6540:U.S. Energy Information Administration (eia) 6160:Jeff Brady; Dan Charles (22 February 2021). 5934: 5791:"Natural Gas in Asia: History and Prospects" 5784: 5782: 5601: 5599: 4195:U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 4127:. OnePetro. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 3317:Yale Program on Climate Change Communication 3189:Perry, Robert; Chilton, Cecil, eds. (1973). 2186:Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing 2158:, an industrial scale process which removes 1428:at the service entrance to step down to UP. 1205:and are underway on their FLNG-2 project at 1109:Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois 605:South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field 6923:"Gas Density, Molecular Weight and Density" 5873:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (11 May 2020). 5830:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5800:. (written for 2011 Pacific Energy Summit). 5615:Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing 4054:"An Energy Coup for Japan: 'Flammable Ice'" 2588:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1823:Environmental impact of the energy industry 1391:Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK 886:nearly every year since 2006 (owing to the 386:List of countries by natural gas production 197:can result in natural gas having a similar 7224: 7205: 7191: 7183: 5755: 5753: 4718:. 28 January 2011. ENE8974. Archived from 4570:– via Ethan Zuckerman's online home. 3897:"Poland Seeks to Boost Shale Gas Industry" 3503:"Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership" 2395:Quantities of natural gas are measured in 1457:designed for use at a maximum of 60 psig. 1203:Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering 1201:is close to completion on their FLNG-1 at 1045:. Usually sales quality gas that has been 857:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 472:Natural gas can be "associated" (found in 208:, often alongside other fossil fuels like 6860: 6743: 6677: 6667: 6610: 6204: 5841: 4399: 4350: 4317:Ulvestad, Marte; Overland, Indra (2012). 4121:Arg, S.R.; Engel, D.C. (1 January 2012). 4011: 3432:"Natural Gas Industry | Encyclopedia.com" 3337:Eric Hadley-Ives; Chun-Chih Hadley-Ives. 2823: 2608:Learn how and when to remove this message 1828:Greenhouse effect and natural gas release 873:Learn how and when to remove this message 7056:Journal of World Energy Law and Business 6777:"As Texas Withers, Gas Industry Guzzles" 6726:Howarth, Robert W. (15 September 2011). 6004:. U.S. Department of Energy. 1 June 2019 5900:"Global Methane Tracker 2022 – Analysis" 5732:"Curbing Emissions by Sealing Gas Leaks" 5236:"Development of Cryogenic Fuel Aircraft" 3862:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3380:The Economics of the Gas Supply Industry 3021:. Published online at OurWorldInData.org 2053:constitutional ban remains on fracking. 2032:To reduce its greenhouse emissions, the 1882:measurements, such as those planned for 1331:Share of electricity production from gas 204:Natural gas can be found in underground 40: 6908:US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5216:Le Cheylard France (19 February 2014). 4950: 4948: 4561:"Composite image of the earth at night" 4549:National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) 3457:"A Brief History of Natural Gas - APGA" 2884: 2882: 2737: 2335:Energy content, statistics, and pricing 1475:) typically fuels outdoor and portable 652:Shale gas is natural gas produced from 642:compared to other types of gas deposits 7172:Global Oil & Gas Exit List (GOGEL) 6185:Environmental Science & Technology 5657:Caroline Gramling (19 February 2020). 3149:. US Geological Survey. Archived from 3096:U.S. Energy Information Administration 3064: 3062: 2894:U.S. Energy Information Administration 2796:Environmental Science & Technology 2323:Natural gas heating systems may cause 1370:are not available. In the early 2020s 1354:. However, they can provide seasonal, 1139:A "master gas system" was invented in 1075:plant, and is returned to gas form at 457:(F–T), methanol to gasoline (MTG) and 333:, gas resulting from the drilling for 6092:"Victoria's Gas Substitution Roadmap" 5798:The National Bureau of Asian Research 5514:from the original on 15 January 2024. 5424:Le Page, Michael (10 November 2016). 4484:The World Bank – News & Broadcast 3992:Petroleum Exploration and Development 3908:from the original on 10 December 2022 3834:Morris Beschloss (2 September 2014). 2987:. International Energy Agency (Paris) 1817:(rectangles barely visible in chart). 1439:The AHJ will allow a higher pressure. 1213:is due to start production 2017. The 733:Crystallized natural gas – clathrates 161:. Both the gas itself (specifically 7: 7167:Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker 7105:. WSU website. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 5502:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2021). 4631:"Gazprom and Russian Foreign Policy" 4191:"U.S. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals" 2586:adding citations to reliable sources 2117:A pipeline odorant injection station 1572:LNG is also being used in aircraft. 822:in cubic meters per year around 2013 476:), or "non-associated" (isolated in 6775:Josh Harkinson (1 September 2011). 4453:. Centre for Economic Performance. 3927:Catherine T. Yang (9 August 2012). 3246:Leber, Rebecca (10 February 2022). 2726:World energy supply and consumption 2347:Billion cubic metres of natural gas 2216:rock may be considered a source of 1675:, with one common method being the 1671:Natural gas can be used to produce 820:Natural gas extraction by countries 6801:Mufson, Steven (1 February 2012). 5979:. Business Wire. 24 September 2019 4609:"The Contours of the New Cold War" 4451:Journal of International Economics 4163:Elliot, Doug; et al. (2005). 3123:. 19 February 2020. Archived from 2319:Risk of carbon monoxide inhalation 2275:with an unpleasant smell, such as 678:History of manufactured fuel gases 45:Natural gas burning on a gas stove 14: 6985:Goldman, David (30 August 2015). 6418:KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 6119:The Commons Social Change Library 5761:"Natural Gas and the Environment" 5537:from the original on 24 May 2023. 5156:. 22 October 2010. Archived from 5009:"NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code" 3553:"Introduction to STG+ Technology" 3092:"Natural gas and the environment" 1637:2007–2008 world food price crisis 1592:passenger aircraft, and also the 565:(47,800 km), as well as the 563:Energy Information Administration 146:and other commercially important 7424: 6325:. NaturalGas.org. Archived from 5763:. NaturalGas.org. Archived from 5705:Gavin Schmidt (September 2004). 3789:Michael Kanellos (9 June 2011). 3625:. Naturalgas.org. Archived from 3607:. NaturalGas.org. Archived from 3297:Geman, Ben (10 September 2021). 2762:. Naturalgas.org. Archived from 2665: 2651: 2558: 2510:and can be as much as 10% less. 2363: 2247:, as well as the development of 1766:Fuel for industrial heating and 1304:This section is an excerpt from 945: 830: 770:Natural gas processing plant in 138:. It is also used as a chemical 4771:"Steel cut for PETRONAS FLNG 2" 4421:. PennWell Books. p. 190. 3649:"Natural Gas – Proved Reserves" 2528:Residential Customer Equivalent 1350:and are significant sources of 1071:Gas is turned into liquid at a 1047:treated to remove contamination 778:The image below is a schematic 201:to other fossil fuels overall. 6885:"Data and Statistics Overview" 6113:Rooney, Millie (1 June 2022). 5476:Seals, Brady; Krasner, Andee. 4870:. 29 June 2018. Archived from 4607:Jürgen Wagner (19 June 2007). 3147:"Organic Origins of Petroleum" 2915:"Electricity from Natural Gas" 1854:The warming influence (called 1699:bacteria on commercial scale. 1356:dispatchable energy generation 1182:Floating liquefied natural gas 1177:Floating liquefied natural gas 569:(48,700 km). Contrarily, 119:that is formed when layers of 1: 7251:Underground coal gasification 6501:Union of Concerned Scientists 5843:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01517 5609:. Table 8.7 on page 714. In: 5579:"Global Carbon Project (GCP)" 4958:Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide 4536:Ethan Zuckerman's online home 4511:Ethan Zuckerman's online home 4013:10.1016/S1876-3804(11)60001-3 3808:Mouawad, Jad (17 June 2009). 3766:Helen Knight (12 June 2010). 2721:Strategic natural gas reserve 2423:, as the gas is liquified at 2306:Explosions caused by natural 2048:. Additionally, the state of 911:List of natural gas pipelines 7120:scopeWe – a Virtual Engineer 6946:Chemical Engineers' Handbook 6515:"How is Shale Gas Produced?" 4769:Raj, Audrey (16 June 2015). 4343:10.1080/00207233.2012.677581 4268:(in Spanish). Archived from 3191:Chemical Engineers' Handbook 2544:New York Mercantile Exchange 2046:Australian Capital Territory 2011:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1374:became competitive with gas 983:existing pipelines in the US 150:and less commonly used as a 7148:Blanchard, Charles (2020). 6051:Michael Hill (2 May 2023). 6026:(in Dutch). 1 October 2018. 5684:(9th ed.). CRC press. 5583:www.globalcarbonproject.org 5197:Jason Paur (31 July 2013). 4796:"prelude starts production" 4374:Bortnowska, Monika (2009). 4262:"Gas Infrastructure Europe" 3489:International Energy Agency 3482:"World Energy Outlook 2009" 2265:New London School explosion 1505:, which runs on natural gas 1060:(LNG) across oceans, while 892:COVID-19 pandemic in the US 853:, discuss the issue on the 582:natural gas proven reserves 559:Central Intelligence Agency 273:Natural gas is measured in 34:For the Canadian band, see 7596: 7084:. Reuters. 1 February 2022 6364:– via Google Books. 5120:"Worldwide NGV statistics" 4987:The ABC Green Home Project 4655:Sumit Roy (23 June 2014). 3882:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.065 3382:. Routledge. p. 185. 2636:Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) 2344: 2338: 2313:flow rates are high enough 2183: 1968:strategy supported by the 1831: 1820: 1664: 1634: 1342:that burns natural gas to 1303: 908: 808: 759: 675: 645: 378:List of natural gas fields 375: 363:Fredonia Gas Light Company 33: 18: 7422: 7152:. U of Pittsburgh Press. 6438:10.1007/s12205-011-0010-x 6249:World Nuclear Association 5637:Global Methane Initiative 5238:. Tupolev. Archived from 4955:Mulvaney, Dustin (2011). 4748:World Maritime News Staff 4505:Ethan (9 November 2007). 4401:10.2478/v10012-008-0036-2 3232:Oxford English Dictionary 2372:This section needs to be 2325:carbon monoxide poisoning 1970:Global Methane Initiative 1966:climate change mitigation 1360:variable renewable energy 954:This section needs to be 899:2021 global energy crisis 6323:"Processing Natural Gas" 5680:Stanley Manahan (2010). 4415:Hyne, Norman J. (1991). 4380:Polish Maritime Research 4097:"Natural Gas Processing" 3378:Abbott, Malcolm (2016). 2681:Associated petroleum gas 2429:gas dependency on Russia 2405:gross heat of combustion 1994:greenhouse gas emissions 1976:Greenhouse gas emissions 1955:global-warming potential 1697:Methylococcus capsulatus 1550:(1.8 million). The 1546:(1.8 million), and 1352:greenhouse gas emissions 1207:Samsung Heavy Industries 480:), and is also found in 76:consisting primarily of 19:Not to be confused with 6728:"Should Fracking Stop?" 6669:10.1073/pnas.1100682108 6612:10.1126/science.1255802 6381:"The Facts on Fracking" 6348:Chiras, Daniel (2012). 6206:10.1021/acs.est.1c04707 5875:"CO2 emissions by fuel" 5682:Environmental Chemistry 5351:"BioProtein Production" 4923:Nature's Curiosity Shop 2890:"Natural gas explained" 2816:10.1021/acs.est.2c09289 2673:Renewable energy portal 2431:by two-thirds in 2022. 2417:liquefied petroleum gas 2154:compound when inhaled. 1489:liquefied petroleum gas 1473:liquefied petroleum gas 1404:, outdoor and portable 1127:into the formation for 620:retrograde condensation 609:natural gas condensates 598:US Department of Energy 459:syngas to gasoline plus 64:fossil gas, methane gas 29:liquefied petroleum gas 7466:Natural-gas processing 7116:"Adsorbed Natural Gas" 7103:Heat value definitions 7009:Europe's Energy Portal 7005:"Energy Prices Report" 6942:Range calculated from 6094:. Victorian Government 5810:Cooney et al. (2014): 5150:"Clean Engine Vehicle" 3715:. OPEC. Archived from 3623:"Natural gas overview" 2701:Natural gas by country 2508:net heat of combustion 2495: 2487: 2472:Russo-Ukrainian crisis 2436:"supergiant" gas field 2356: 2303: 2129:Some gas fields yield 2118: 1872:greenhouse gas warming 1859: 1846:Fugitive gas emissions 1818: 1763:, and other products. 1576:aircraft manufacturer 1506: 1481:compressed natural gas 1392: 1332: 1324: 1264:Mid-stream natural gas 1217:project will commence 1112: 938: 930: 823: 801: 775: 762:Natural gas processing 643: 585: 404: 314: 263:must also be removed. 142:in the manufacture of 136:electricity generation 56: 46: 7228:Manufactured fuel gas 6351:Environmental Science 4961:. SAGE. p. 301. 3404:"Britannica Academic" 2716:Renewable natural gas 2696:Liquefied natural gas 2504:British thermal units 2493: 2485: 2397:standard cubic meters 2354: 2294: 2116: 2059:renewable natural gas 1853: 1804: 1797:Environmental effects 1497: 1390: 1340:thermal power station 1336:gas-fired power plant 1330: 1315: 1306:Gas-fired power plant 1129:enhanced oil recovery 1099: 1058:liquefied natural gas 936: 918: 905:Storage and transport 818: 799: 769: 701:, and other volatile 637: 579: 561:(47,600 km) and 447:liquefied natural gas 398: 308: 275:standard cubic meters 206:geological formations 54: 44: 6853:10.6028/jres.116.026 5549:"Methane, explained" 4234:Gas Networks Ireland 3436:www.encyclopedia.com 2582:improve this section 2249:solar thermal energy 2192:hydraulic fracturing 1691:Animal and fish feed 1542:(2.5 million), 1538:(2.8 million), 1534:(3.3 million), 1530:(3.5 million), 1524:natural gas vehicles 1344:generate electricity 851:improve this section 658:hydraulic fracturing 529:natural gas industry 321:, the gas flames at 7471:Natural gas storage 7034:European Commission 6660:2011PNAS..108.8172O 6603:2014Sci...345..448K 6430:2011KSJCE..15..697Y 6197:2022EnST...56.2529L 6140:"Heat in Buildings" 5553:National Geographic 5299:2008NatGe...1..636E 4874:on 15 February 2019 4814:www.woodside.com.au 4775:Asian Oil & Gas 4392:2009PMRes..16c..70B 4335:2012IJEnS..69..407U 4004:2010PEDO...37..641Z 3933:National Geographic 3874:2014RSERv..30....1W 3755:on 4 December 2013. 3719:on 27 February 2018 3557:Primus Green Energy 3127:on 18 February 2021 2808:2023EnST...57.9653K 2519:standard cubic feet 2401:standard cubic feet 2245:nuclear renaissance 1838:Atmospheric methane 1105:natural gas storage 787:natural gas liquids 745:, such as those in 463:Royal Dutch Shell's 279:standard cubic feet 16:Gaseous fossil fuel 7570:Chinese inventions 7481:Pipeline transport 7441:Compressor station 7126:on 9 November 2013 6560:. 30 October 2012. 6385:The New York Times 6303:. 12 February 2019 6277:. 12 February 2019 5906:. 23 February 2022 5736:The New York Times 5339:. 20 October 2021. 5242:on 9 December 2010 5186:. 6 November 2014. 5160:on 24 January 2015 5130:on 6 February 2015 5074:www.esc.vic.gov.au 4844:on 7 December 2017 4058:The New York Times 3814:The New York Times 3653:The World Factbook 3277:www.sierraclub.org 2496: 2488: 2410:heat of combustion 2357: 2341:Natural gas prices 2304: 2226:unconventional oil 2222:unconventional gas 2156:Amine gas treating 2119: 1860: 1819: 1787:indoor air quality 1713:chemical synthesis 1619:than the standard 1526:worldwide, led by 1507: 1466:Natural Gas Choice 1393: 1358:to compensate for 1333: 1325: 1274:Joule–Thomson skid 1113: 939: 931: 926:being placed in a 824: 802: 780:block flow diagram 776: 644: 594:Black & Veatch 586: 478:natural gas fields 440:production flaring 405: 359:Fredonia, New York 343:Ziliujing District 315: 191:fugitive emissions 173:. When burned for 57: 47: 36:Natural Gas (band) 7552: 7551: 7420: 7419: 7263:Blast furnace gas 7246:Coal gasification 7030:"Market analysis" 6966:. 8 February 2022 6912:, September 2014. 6738:(7364): 271–275. 6654:(20): 8172–8176. 6597:(6195): 448–451. 6361:978-1-4496-1486-7 6329:on 1 January 2011 5935:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 5879:Our World in Data 5836:(26): 8759–8769. 5738:. 14 October 2009 5508:Our World in Data 5457:. 8 November 2023 5286:Nature Geoscience 4968:978-1-4129-9677-8 4938:978-0-8092-3656-5 4538:. 9 November 2007 4428:978-0-87814-352-8 4386:(3/2009): 70–78. 4272:on 30 August 2009 4222:. 8 October 2021. 4133:10.2118/157375-MS 4052:(12 March 2013). 3939:on 10 August 2012 3778:. pp. 44–47. 3629:on 1 January 2011 3389:978-1-138-99879-7 3339:"First Oil Wells" 3019:Our World in Data 2802:(26): 9653–9663. 2686:Energy transition 2618: 2617: 2610: 2446:10 GJ). The 2393: 2392: 2287:Risk of explosion 2263:. In the US, the 2028:Installation bans 1959:radiative forcing 1864:methane emissions 1856:radiative forcing 1834:Greenhouse effect 1685:hydrogen vehicles 1681:chemical industry 1677:hydrogen reformer 1655:population growth 1556:compression ratio 1552:energy efficiency 1348:world electricity 975: 974: 883: 882: 875: 152:fuel for vehicles 148:organic chemicals 115:Natural gas is a 7587: 7428: 7225: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7184: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7122:. Archived from 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6948:. pp. 9–12. 6940: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6864: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6747: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6671: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6614: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6519: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6208: 6191:(4): 2529–2539. 6176: 6170: 6169: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6057:Associated Press 6048: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5965:. 25 April 2019. 5953: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5845: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5789:Mikkal Herberg. 5786: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5634: 5626: 5617: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5559:on 17 April 2019 5545: 5539: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5356:. Archived from 5355: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5321:on 23 July 2010. 5317:. Archived from 5276: 5270: 5269: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5126:. Archived from 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4926: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4840:. Archived from 4830: 4821: 4820: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4724:on 19 March 2015 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4692:on 25 March 2012 4688:. 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NaturalGas.org 3353: 3347: 3346: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3193:. pp. 9–12. 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3045:www.scotsman.com 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917:. Archived from 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2827: 2787: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2562: 2554: 2540:futures contract 2445: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2135:hydrogen sulfide 2069:Other pollutants 2007: 2006: 2005: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1709:olefins(alkenes) 1703:Olefins(alkenes) 1500:Washington, D.C. 1362:deficits, where 1299:Power generation 1259: 1258: 1257: 1056:ships transport 1043: 1041: 1040: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1013: 1012: 1011: 970: 967: 961: 949: 948: 941: 878: 871: 867: 864: 858: 834: 833: 826: 638:The location of 522:hydrogen sulfide 339:extract the salt 309:A gas bill from 255:, and sometimes 199:carbon footprint 185:fuels. However, 171:greenhouse gases 94:hydrogen sulfide 7595: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7485: 7429: 7416: 7400: 7372: 7317: 7229: 7216: 7211: 7163: 7145: 7143:Further reading 7140: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6807:Washington Post 6800: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6745:10.1038/477271a 6725: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6362: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6251:. December 2016 6243: 6242: 6238: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6040:. 9 March 2021. 6036: 6035: 6031: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5937: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5805: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5604: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5307:10.1038/ngeo325 5293:(10): 636–639. 5278: 5277: 5273: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5222:NGV Global News 5215: 5214: 5210: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5099:afdc.energy.gov 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4750:. 22 April 2015 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4468:on 1 July 2016. 4465: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4296:intellinews.com 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4236:(1 June 2016). 4232: 4231: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4050:Tabuchi, Hiroko 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3902:Financial Times 3894: 3893: 3889: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3795:Greentech Media 3788: 3787: 3783: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3659:on 7 March 2017 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3611:on 8 July 2013. 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3559:. February 2013 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3408:academic.eb.com 3402: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3211:. 21 March 2022 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3153:on 27 May 2010. 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2789: 2788: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2638: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2579: 2563: 2552: 2480: 2456: 2443: 2421:transport ships 2389: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2321: 2289: 2281:tert-Butylthiol 2257: 2188: 2182: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2127: 2111: 2109:Safety concerns 2087: 2079:nitrogen oxides 2071: 2030: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1978: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1848: 1830: 1825: 1799: 1783: 1737: 1721:ethylene glycol 1705: 1693: 1669: 1663: 1639: 1633: 1617:specific energy 1602:carbon monoxide 1512: 1410:central heating 1385: 1380: 1379: 1368:interconnectors 1309: 1301: 1266: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1227: 1179: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1003: 996:Northern Africa 971: 965: 962: 959: 950: 946: 913: 907: 879: 868: 862: 859: 848: 835: 831: 813: 807: 774:, Lower Austria 764: 758: 735: 695:carbon monoxide 680: 674: 650: 632: 552:coalbed methane 486:coalbed methane 455:Fischer–Tropsch 434:at oil fields. 393: 388: 374: 303: 287: 193:throughout the 189:and unintended 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7557: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7434:Infrastructure 7431: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7298:Regasification 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7237: 7235: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7161:External links 7159: 7158: 7157: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7107: 7095: 7073: 7046: 7021: 6996: 6977: 6951: 6935: 6914: 6901: 6876: 6847:(6): 839–848. 6827: 6793: 6767: 6718: 6693: 6634: 6577: 6563: 6545: 6527: 6506: 6488: 6470: 6451: 6424:(4): 701–702. 6408: 6399: 6390: 6371: 6360: 6340: 6314: 6288: 6262: 6236: 6171: 6152: 6131: 6105: 6083: 6062: 6043: 6029: 6015: 5990: 5968: 5948: 5917: 5891: 5865: 5816: 5803: 5778: 5749: 5723: 5697: 5691:978-1420059205 5690: 5672: 5661:. Science News 5649: 5618: 5595: 5570: 5540: 5518: 5494: 5468: 5442: 5416: 5395: 5374: 5363:on 10 May 2017 5342: 5324: 5271: 5253: 5227: 5208: 5189: 5171: 5141: 5111: 5086: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5025: 5000: 4989:. 3 April 2017 4974: 4967: 4944: 4937: 4911: 4885: 4855: 4822: 4801: 4787: 4761: 4735: 4703: 4673: 4647: 4622: 4599: 4573: 4552: 4523: 4497: 4471: 4434: 4427: 4407: 4366: 4329:(3): 407–426. 4309: 4298:. 23 June 2022 4283: 4253: 4225: 4207: 4182: 4155: 4141: 4113: 4088: 4063: 4041: 4019: 3998:(6): 641–653. 3978: 3950: 3919: 3887: 3852: 3826: 3800: 3781: 3758: 3730: 3704: 3679: 3670: 3640: 3614: 3596: 3585:. 13 June 2011 3570: 3544: 3532:United Nations 3519: 3507:United Nations 3494: 3473: 3448: 3420: 3395: 3388: 3370: 3348: 3329: 3304: 3289: 3264: 3238: 3222: 3196: 3181: 3156: 3138: 3108: 3083: 3058: 3047:. 27 July 2020 3032: 3007:Hannah Ritchie 2998: 2976: 2957: 2932: 2921:on 6 June 2014 2906: 2878: 2866:www.ucsusa.org 2853: 2839: 2777: 2766:on 9 July 2014 2751: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2662: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2616: 2615: 2566: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2479: 2476: 2464:global warming 2455: 2454:European Union 2452: 2391: 2390: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2339:Main article: 2336: 2333: 2320: 2317: 2288: 2285: 2256: 2253: 2206:produced water 2184:Main article: 2181: 2178: 2143: 2126: 2123: 2110: 2107: 2086: 2083: 2075:sulfur dioxide 2070: 2067: 2042:New York State 2029: 2026: 2002: 1977: 1974: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1895: 1829: 1826: 1811:nuclear energy 1798: 1795: 1782: 1781:Health effects 1779: 1736: 1733: 1717:ethylene oxide 1704: 1701: 1692: 1689: 1667:Industrial gas 1662: 1659: 1632: 1629: 1610:nitrogen oxide 1567:Aviat Aircraft 1518:fuels such as 1511: 1510:Transportation 1508: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1384: 1381: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1276: 1265: 1262: 1254: 1226: 1223: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1103:Manlove Field 1077:regasification 1037: 1022: 1008: 988:Western Europe 973: 972: 953: 951: 944: 906: 903: 888:shale gas boom 881: 880: 845:of the subject 843:worldwide view 838: 836: 829: 806: 803: 760:Main article: 757: 754: 734: 731: 721:century.) The 707:carbon dioxide 676:Main article: 673: 670: 646:Main article: 631: 628: 536:resource types 533:unconventional 520:(rarely), and 510:carbon dioxide 451:gas to liquids 392: 389: 373: 370: 323:Mount Chimaera 319:ancient Greece 302: 299: 295:climate crisis 286: 283: 249:carbon dioxide 167:carbon dioxide 159:climate change 129:photosynthesis 121:organic matter 102:greenhouse gas 86:carbon dioxide 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7592: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7497:Bunsen burner 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 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3966:Bloomberg.com 3962: 3954: 3951: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3775:New Scientist 3770: 3762: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3343:History Lines 3340: 3333: 3330: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3170: 3166: 3165:"Natural gas" 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2691:Gas/oil ratio 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2659:Energy portal 2654: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2612: 2609: 2601: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2567:This section 2565: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2484: 2478:United States 2477: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2387: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2353: 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1658: 1656: 1652: 1649:, for use in 1648: 1647:Haber process 1644: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1560:octane number 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1418:water heaters 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1376:peaker plants 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Shell Prelude 1208: 1204: 1200: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1079:plant at the 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1029: 1014: 999: 997: 993: 989: 984: 980: 969: 957: 952: 943: 942: 935: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 904: 902: 900: 895: 893: 889: 877: 874: 866: 856: 852: 846: 844: 837: 828: 827: 821: 817: 812: 811:Gas depletion 804: 798: 794: 792: 788: 783: 781: 773: 768: 763: 755: 753: 750: 748: 744: 740: 732: 730: 728: 724: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 671: 669: 666: 665:Sichuan Basin 661: 659: 655: 649: 641: 636: 629: 627: 625: 621: 617: 616:supercritical 612: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 583: 580:Countries by 578: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:producing oil 402: 397: 390: 387: 383: 379: 371: 369: 366: 364: 360: 354: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331:ancient China 328: 324: 320: 312: 307: 300: 298: 296: 292: 284: 282: 280: 276: 271: 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Although, 1470: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1394: 1383:Domestic use 1318:cogeneration 1267: 1231: 1228: 1196: 1180: 1159: 1152: 1148:desalination 1145: 1141:Saudi Arabia 1138: 1134: 1114: 1085: 1073:liquefaction 1070: 1052: 1000: 976: 963: 955: 920:Polyethylene 896: 884: 869: 863:October 2022 860: 840: 784: 777: 751: 736: 715: 703:hydrocarbons 681: 662: 651: 613: 602: 587: 556: 526: 471: 444: 429: 406: 403:in Texas, US 401:drilling rig 399:Natural gas 367: 355: 351: 316: 288: 272: 265: 218: 203: 195:supply chain 156: 133: 114: 84:. Traces of 74:hydrocarbons 67: 63: 59: 58: 48: 7565:Natural gas 7544:Pilot light 7539:Gas turbine 7446:Gas carrier 7323:Natural gas 7288:Pintsch gas 7174:by Urgewald 6786:22 November 6711:22 November 6301:www.cdc.gov 6275:www.cdc.gov 6255:22 November 6008:29 December 5983:31 December 5435:13 December 5134:19 November 5124:NGV journal 5104:1 September 4904:21 November 4848:23 November 4780:23 November 4754:23 November 4640:24 November 4592:18 December 4566:24 November 4516:24 November 4490:24 November 4106:24 November 4081:24 November 3692:www.eia.gov 3589:19 November 3537:29 December 3512:29 December 3466:18 February 2925:10 November 2238:water cycle 2133:containing 2034:Netherlands 1842:Gas venting 1807:wind energy 1770:processes. 1768:desiccation 1631:Fertilizers 1625:intercooler 1612:emissions. 1606:hydrocarbon 1101:Peoples Gas 1066:CNG carrier 1062:tank trucks 1054:LNG carrier 436:Gas venting 417:effervesces 391:Natural gas 253:water vapor 187:gas venting 179:electricity 117:fossil fuel 60:Natural gas 7559:Categories 7527:Gas mantle 7517:Gas heater 7512:Gas engine 7502:Gas burner 7451:Gas holder 7088:1 February 6522:Energy.gov 6462:Literature 6333:6 February 6076:13 January 5884:22 January 5409:31 January 5388:31 January 5367:31 January 5246:6 February 5164:23 January 5154:ETH Zurich 4716:visiongain 4615:6 February 4542:6 February 4034:2 December 3971:18 October 3943:18 October 3912:18 October 3845:4 November 3840:Desert Sun 3819:25 October 3723:1 December 3663:1 December 3633:6 February 3363:1 December 2732:References 2532:decatherms 2523:Gas meters 2345:See also: 2255:Added odor 2174:subsidence 2125:Production 2103:becquerels 2093:(Po-210), 1986:pollutants 1884:MethaneSAT 1832:See also: 1821:See also: 1665:See also: 1651:fertilizer 1645:, via the 1635:See also: 1516:automobile 1468:programs. 1364:hydropower 1292:enzymology 1215:Browse LNG 1155:salt domes 909:See also: 809:See also: 756:Processing 743:permafrost 739:clathrates 474:oil fields 432:burned off 376:See also: 66:or simply 7534:Gas stove 7456:Gas meter 7308:Water gas 6991:CNN Money 6930:teknopoli 6815:0190-8286 6762:205067220 6629:206558853 6483:Total.com 6446:109840417 6231:246296077 6215:0013-936X 6124:12 August 6098:7 October 5860:237875562 5852:2168-0485 5184:Well Said 4459:2042-2695 3697:26 August 3357:"History" 3051:17 August 3011:Max Roser 2630:gigajoule 2569:does not 2425:cryogenic 2329:Detectors 2308:gas leaks 2277:thiophane 2218:tight gas 2170:reservoir 2038:Amsterdam 2018:pipelines 1951:half-life 1880:satellite 1711:or other 1540:Argentina 1426:regulator 1372:batteries 1320:plant in 1279:Cryogenic 1221:in 2019. 1117:petroleum 992:Near East 979:pipelines 855:talk page 648:Shale gas 640:shale gas 630:Shale gas 624:gas plant 548:shale gas 544:tight gas 482:coal beds 413:reservoir 311:Baltimore 225:processed 140:feedstock 125:anaerobic 110:mercaptan 106:odorizers 7575:Fuel gas 7476:Odorizer 7461:Gasworks 7412:Hydrogen 7313:Wood gas 7283:Mond gas 7268:Blau gas 7241:Coal gas 7214:Fuel gas 6871:26989604 6754:21921896 6688:21555547 6621:24993347 6485:. 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