2241:
441:
It was known that not all of the iodine content of thyroid extract was in the form of effective T4 and T3 and that actual content of available preparations varied more than the permitted 15%. It was hoped that better dosing precision with levothyroxine (synthetic) alone would increase the proportion
454:
in human blood with approximate accuracy and confirmed that treatment with thyroxine alone could produce normal blood levels of both T4 and T3, but desiccated thyroid caused supraphysiologic levels of T3. In the majority of patients normalization of these levels eliminated all signs and symptoms of
363:
for a century as "the cleaned, dried, and powdered thyroid gland previously deprived of connective tissue and fat... obtained from domesticated animals that are used for food by man" (USP XVI). In the last few decades, pork alone is the usual source. Before modern assays, the potency was specified
414:
Replacement by thyroid extract in hypothyroidism was one of the most effective treatments of any disease available to physicians before the middle of the 20th century, and in severe cases afforded dramatic relief of the myriad symptoms. The decision to treat was usually based on the presence of
331:
The use of desiccated thyroid is usually accompanied with the practice of dosing according to symptoms instead of dosing to achieve "ideal" lab results (e.g. serum levels of TSH). While there is debate as to what the ideal serum levels are, dosing according to symptoms often results in higher
1050:
Means JH, DeGroot LJ, Stanbury JB. The
Thyroid and its Diseases. 3rd ed. New York:McGraw Hill, 1963. See chapter 9 for a lengthy discussion of the difficulties of assessing treatment in the era before effective tests, as well as the doctors' impressions of the superiority of the new synthetic
449:
By the 1960s, it was known that thyroxine was the essential hormone produced by the thyroid gland, and that most T3 was manufactured in other parts of the body by deiodination of thyroxine. It was demonstrated in hypothyroid animals and people that replacement of thyroxine alone corrected the
478:
and overtreatment. Blood levels of thyroid hormones and TSH were found to be the best predictors of objective benefits from thyroid replacement: those with the most severe measurable deficiency enjoyed the most dramatic and sustained benefits. It was also discovered that even mild
430:(synthetic T4), or by combinations of T4 and T3. Replacement occurred faster in the United Kingdom than in North America, but by the 1980s more patients were being prescribed synthetic T4 (levothyroxine) or synthetic T4/T3 combinations than desiccated thyroid extract.
462:
Furthermore, when T3 could be measured, it was discovered that thyroid extract and synthetic combinations of T4 and T3 produced significantly greater fluctuations of T3 throughout the day than occurred in healthy people or hypothyroid people treated with thyroxine
303:
recommend against the use of thyroid extract for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Concerns include the potential for adverse effects from superphysiological levels of T3 and the absence of long-term safety data from randomized clinical trials. They recommend
789:
the only accurate way to diagnose a thyroid disorder is via a blood test which measures hormone levels, and the only scientifically proven way of treating the condition is by topping up a patient's natural thyroxine levels with a synthetic form of the
458:
It was discovered that a healthy person varied the amount of T3 produced from T4 in response to changing needs and conditions and it seemed wiser not to bypass this control system by providing larger amounts of T3 than were naturally produced each
395:
Desiccated thyroid extract is prepared from pig thyroid glands. The glands are dried (desiccated), ground to powder, combined with binder chemicals, and pressed into pills. This was a new use for parts that were previously unwanted
392:(severe hypothyroidism) in 1920 His treatment was quickly adopted in North America and Europe. The first recorded American use dates to 1891 by a woman who was still taking it 52 years later at 84 years of age
437:
Although thyroid extract was useful and usually effective, some patients continued to complain of fatigue, weight gain, or other symptoms. Dosing until the 1960s was often a matter of prolonged adjustment
473:
Thyroid care changed in other ways as well. Accurate T4 and T3 measurements became widely used in the 1970s, and by the late 1980s, TSH measurement had become sensitive enough to detect mild degrees of
1755:
895:
Clyde PW, Harari AE, Getka EJ, Shakir KM (December 2003). "Combined levothyroxine plus liothyronine compared with levothyroxine alone in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized controlled trial".
469:
found that treatment with thyroxine alone worked as well or better than thyroid extract for the majority of patients, although even thyroxine did not reverse all the symptoms of a minority.
154:
328:
A combination of various ratios of T4 and T3 might not provide benefits over T4 alone. Some controlled trials have shown inconsistent benefits of various ratios of T4 and T3.
426:
Desiccated
Thyroid became a commercial treatment option in 1934 with Westhroid,. In the early 1960s, desiccated thyroid hormones (thyroid extract) began to be replaced by
1748:
717:"Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association"
840:"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism"
1131:
Pileggi VJ, Golub OJ, Lee ND (July 1965). "Determination of
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in Commercial Preparations of Desiccated Thyroid and Thyroid Extract".
92:
1741:
1328:
Penny R, Frasier SD (January 1980). "Elevated serum concentrations of triiodothyronine in hypothyroid patients. Values for patients receiving USP thyroid".
443:
2271:
1470:
2261:
1699:
1293:
Saberi M, Utiger RD (November 1974). "Serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin concentrations during thyroxine and triiodothyronine therapy".
1403:"A new radioimmunoassay for plasma L-triiodothyronine: measurements in thyroid disease and in patients maintained on hormonal replacement"
716:
982:
644:
617:
315:) of thyroid extract contains approximately 38 mcg and 9 mcg of measurable levothyroxine (T4) and liothyronine (T3), respectively.
446:
revealed continued large ranges of hormone content and potency in all of the available thyroid extracts on the
American market.
175:
110:
332:
dosages. Most endocrinologists are opposed to these higher dosages as there may be risks of hyperthyroidism and osteoporosis.
1007:
668:
272:
is generally safe. Regular blood tests are recommended to verify the appropriateness of the dose. They contain a mixture of
129:
1463:
283:
Desiccated thyroid has been used since the late 1800s. It is usually made from pigs, sheep, or cows. It is available as a
388:
with thyroid extract in 1891, and published a description of long-term successful treatment (28 years) of a patient with
2217:
839:
252:
Side effects may occur from excessive doses. This may include weight loss, fever, headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping,
1716:
451:
450:
measurable manifestations (laboratory test results) of hypothyroidism. By the 1970s doctors could measure T4, T3, and
360:
300:
1168:"Potency of United States Pharmacopeia desiccated thyroid tablets as determined by the antigoitrogenic assay in rats"
419:
of thyroid function. Many less severe cases of hypothyroidism went untreated. Dosage was regulated by improvement of
325:
Desiccated thyroid has roughly a 4:1 ratio of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). In humans, the ratio is 11:1.
2231:
1971:
505:
2124:
1953:
1792:
1764:
1456:
347:
Desiccated thyroid contains all the hormones produced exclusively by the thyroid gland, including calcitonin.
1988:
1775:
1704:
1635:
1207:
Rees-Jones RW, Rolla AR, Larsen PR (February 1980). "Hormonal content of thyroid replacement preparations".
350:
Desiccated thyroid therapy can be combined with synthetic thyroxine (T4) to balance out the T4/T3 correctly.
140:
1948:
1096:
Catz B, Ginsburg E, Salenger S (January 1962). "Clinically inactive thyroid U.S.P. A preliminary report".
483:
as defined by a suppressed TSH level, whether due to disease or overtreatment, was associated with poorer
377:
433:
Several reasons have been identified as to why prescriptions changed from desiccated thyroid treatment.
2015:
1781:
1649:
509:
287:. In 2021, it was the 119th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5
2025:
2006:
1659:
1977:
488:
368:
content ("not less than 0.17% and not more than 0.23%"), rather than hormonal content or activity.
322:
Desiccated thyroid preparations have a greater variability from batch to batch than synthetic ones.
205:
17:
2063:
1767:
1539:
715:
Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, et al. (December 2012).
404:
284:
261:
1892:
607:
1902:
1897:
1530:
1434:
1383:
1345:
1310:
1275:
1224:
1189:
1148:
1113:
1078:
1038:
1003:
978:
912:
862:
739:
640:
613:
190:
74:
1917:
1887:
634:
2266:
2160:
2104:
2099:
2079:
2052:
1882:
1852:
1620:
1612:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1424:
1414:
1375:
1337:
1302:
1265:
1255:
1216:
1179:
1140:
1105:
1070:
1037:
Burgess AM. Myxedema-- controlled by thyroid extract for fifty-two years: report of a case.
904:
854:
747:
731:
336:
277:
57:
1943:
1822:
1817:
33:
2245:
1927:
1812:
1681:
1603:
1492:
578:
480:
475:
214:
62:
50:
1341:
1002:(21st ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 1460, 1461.
442:
of patients effectively treated. In 1980, a widely publicized investigation published in
952:
930:
826:
805:
2150:
2140:
1710:
1676:
1625:
1022:
Murray GR. The life history of the first case of myxoedema treated by thyroid extract.
415:
signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism because there were no accurate, readily available
397:
381:
242:
1733:
1429:
1402:
1379:
1270:
1243:
1074:
2255:
2195:
2145:
2021:
1827:
1655:
1500:
1366:
Capiferri R, Evered D (March 1979). "Investigation and treatment of hypothyroidism".
1220:
466:
427:
305:
269:
257:
246:
234:
1244:"Conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in athyreotic human subjects"
2109:
1867:
1832:
1505:
1483:
484:
416:
312:
660:
838:
Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, Gharib H, Guttler RB, Kaplan MM, Segal RL (2002).
308:
as the preferred treatment. Some practitioners refuse to use desiccated thyroid.
2155:
2094:
2084:
2031:
2011:
1645:
1590:
1585:
1109:
772:
408:
87:
Natural thyroid, natural thyroid hormones, pork thyroid, thyroid USP, thyroid BP
827:
Repas, Thomas. Desiccated thyroid in the management of hypothyroidism: Part I.
690:
552:
102:
2185:
1912:
1907:
1877:
1847:
1515:
858:
238:
908:
376:
The earliest oral treatment for hypothyroidism consisted of thyroid extract.
249:. It is taken by mouth. Maximal effects may take up to three weeks to occur.
2089:
1842:
1608:
1579:
1544:
870:
273:
265:
253:
96:
45:
1152:
1117:
1082:
916:
866:
743:
1438:
1349:
1314:
1306:
1279:
1228:
1193:
1184:
1167:
1144:
735:
339:" treatment seems to stem from philosophical belief as opposed to science.
2200:
2190:
2114:
1387:
1024:
389:
385:
147:
124:
1448:
411:
in the 20th century, supplied the best-known brand of thyroid extract.
1922:
1837:
1510:
1479:
420:
1419:
1260:
975:
US Pharmacopeia
Natural Formulary USP 37 N32 2014 Volume 3 May 1, 2014
2180:
2046:
1575:
365:
1061:
Macgregor AG (February 1961). "Why does anybody use thyroid B.P.?".
400:
1737:
1452:
184:
119:
299:
The
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the
291:
million prescriptions. Usage has decreased since the 1960s.
1401:
Surks MI, Schadlow AR, Oppenheimer JH (December 1972).
2229:
639:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 78.
1295:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1172:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1133:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
977:. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2014.
800:
798:
2173:
2123:
2062:
2045:
1987:
1970:
1936:
1866:
1805:
1791:
1774:
1669:
1634:
1601:
1538:
1529:
1491:
204:
199:
174:
169:
153:
139:
109:
91:
83:
73:
68:
56:
44:
39:
504:This product is sometimes referred to as thyroid
2125:
1793:
1242:Braverman LE, Ingbar SH, Sterling K (May 1970).
512:. Brands differing only in binders and fillers.
1989:
559:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
213:
1000:Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
318:Arguments against desiccated thyroid include:
1749:
1464:
1361:
1359:
359:Desiccated thyroid has been described in the
8:
128:
32:
609:Endocrinology - E-Book: Adult and Pediatric
547:
545:
2064:
2059:
1984:
1802:
1788:
1756:
1742:
1734:
1535:
1471:
1457:
1449:
612:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1608.
601:
599:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
343:Arguments for desiccated thyroid include:
1428:
1418:
1269:
1259:
1183:
1051:thyroxine that had just become available.
579:"Thyroid desiccated Use During Pregnancy"
79:Armour Thyroid, NP Thyroid, Nature-Throid
1330:American Journal of Diseases of Children
2236:
1368:Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism
521:
31:
27:Thyroid gland prepared for medical use
1407:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1248:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1166:Mangieri CN, Lund MH (January 1970).
553:"Thyroid Monograph for Professionals"
237:that has been dried and powdered for
101:
7:
1342:10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130130008003
671:from the original on 15 January 2024
636:Principles of Endocrine Pharmacology
1098:The New England Journal of Medicine
487:in women, and with higher rates of
18:Natural desiccated thyroid hormones
1954:Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac)
773:"Thyroid disorders 'misdiagnosed'"
25:
2272:Thyroid hormone receptor agonists
691:"Thyroid - Drug Usage Statistics"
260:. Other side effects may include
2239:
2151:Ipodate sodium (sodium iopodate)
2130:Tooltip Iodothyronine deiodinase
1798:Tooltip Thyroid hormone receptor
1221:10.1001/jama.1980.03300320041023
1994:Tooltip Sodium-iodide symporter
2262:Drugs not assigned an ATC code
1:
2218:Receptor/signaling modulators
1380:10.1016/S0300-595X(79)80008-0
1075:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91498-2
633:Thomas JA, Keenan EJ (2012).
606:Jameson JL, Groot LJ (2010).
384:first described treatment of
1110:10.1056/nejm196201182660308
361:United States Pharmacopoeia
301:Royal College of Physicians
245:., but less preferred than
2288:
2069:Tooltip Thyroid peroxidase
1913:Sobetirome (GC-1, GRX-431)
1521:Thyroid gland preparations
227:Desiccated thyroid extract
34:Desiccated thyroid extract
2209:
1694:
859:10.4158/1934-2403-8.6.457
1765:Thyroid hormone receptor
1531:Antithyroid preparations
909:10.1001/jama.290.22.2952
407:, the dominant American
1636:Sodium-iodide symporter
953:"Endocrine Today Blog"
931:"Endocrine Today Blog"
806:"Endocrine Today Blog"
378:George Redmayne Murray
241:. It is used to treat
2016:potassium perchlorate
2007:Cyanogenic glycosides
1650:Potassium perchlorate
1307:10.1210/jcem-39-5-923
1185:10.1210/jcem-30-1-102
1145:10.1210/jcem-25-7-949
736:10.1089/thy.2012.0205
661:"The Top 300 of 2021"
491:in elderly patients.
2026:sodium pertechnetate
1878:Eprotirome (KB-2115)
1871:(selective agonists)
1660:Sodium pertechnetate
955:. Endocrinetoday.com
933:. Endocrinetoday.com
808:. Endocrinetoday.com
335:The preference for "
495:Society and culture
489:atrial fibrillation
36:
1848:Tiratricol (TRIAC)
1721:Never to phase III
1540:Thyroid peroxidase
876:on 8 December 2015
847:Endocrine Practice
753:on 14 January 2016
405:Armour and Company
311:Each 64.8 mg (one
285:generic medication
262:allergic reactions
2227:
2226:
2169:
2168:
2056:
2041:
2040:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1785:
1731:
1730:
1690:
1689:
1420:10.1172/jci107137
1413:(12): 3104–3113.
1261:10.1172/jci106304
1069:(7172): 329–332.
1039:Ann. Intern. Med.
903:(22): 2952–2958.
730:(12): 1200–1235.
224:
223:
188:
122:
16:(Redirected from
2279:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2161:Propylthiouracil
2131:
2127:
2105:Propylthiouracil
2100:Methylthiouracil
2080:Benzylthiouracil
2070:
2066:
2060:
2050:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1853:Triiodothyronine
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1621:Propylthiouracil
1567:Benzylthiouracil
1562:Methylthiouracil
1557:Propylthiouracil
1536:
1493:Thyroid hormones
1473:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1442:
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1398:
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1354:
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1042:
1035:
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1014:
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998:Tory DB (2006).
995:
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943:
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940:
938:
927:
921:
920:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
875:
869:. Archived from
844:
835:
829:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
802:
793:
792:
786:
784:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
752:
746:. Archived from
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712:
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703:
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687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
657:
651:
650:
630:
624:
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603:
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569:
568:
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467:Endocrinologists
417:laboratory tests
290:
278:triiodothyronine
217:
186:
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132:
121:
118:
105:
58:Triiodothyronine
37:
35:
21:
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1996:
1993:
1974:
1958:
1932:
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1858:Thyroid extract
1813:Dextrothyroxine
1797:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1711:Clinical trials
1686:
1682:Dibromotyrosine
1665:
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1630:
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1597:
1542:
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1487:
1477:
1447:
1446:
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1357:
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879:
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842:
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832:
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809:
804:
803:
796:
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780:
779:. 27 March 2009
771:
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481:hyperthyroidism
476:hyperthyroidism
455:hypothyroidism.
374:
357:
297:
288:
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195:
165:
142:
135:
130:Thyroid porcine
63:Thyroid hormone
51:Thyroid hormone
28:
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2141:Dexpropranolol
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2022:Pertechnetates
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1594:
1593:
1588:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1393:
1355:
1320:
1301:(5): 923–927.
1285:
1254:(5): 855–864.
1234:
1215:(6): 549–550.
1199:
1178:(1): 102–104.
1158:
1139:(7): 949–956.
1123:
1088:
1053:
1043:
1030:
1028:1920;i:359-60.
1015:
1008:
990:
983:
966:
944:
922:
887:
853:(6): 457–469.
830:
819:
794:
764:
707:
682:
652:
645:
625:
618:
595:
570:
520:
519:
517:
514:
501:
498:
496:
493:
471:
470:
464:
460:
456:
447:
439:
398:slaughterhouse
382:United Kingdom
373:
370:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
341:
340:
333:
329:
326:
323:
296:
293:
243:hypothyroidism
222:
221:
219:
218:
210:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
194:
193:
180:
178:
172:
171:
167:
166:
164:
163:
159:
157:
151:
150:
145:
143:administration
137:
136:
134:
133:
115:
113:
107:
106:
99:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
48:
42:
41:
40:Combination of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Thyroglobulin
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Iopanoic acid
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:Thyromimetics
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Levothyroxine
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:Pertechnetate
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:derivatives:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Levothyroxine
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1041:1946; 25:146.
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
984:9781936424221
980:
976:
970:
967:
954:
948:
945:
932:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
834:
831:
828:
823:
820:
807:
801:
799:
795:
791:
778:
774:
768:
765:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
711:
708:
696:
692:
686:
683:
670:
666:
662:
656:
653:
648:
646:9781468450361
642:
638:
637:
629:
626:
621:
619:9781455711260
615:
611:
610:
602:
600:
596:
584:
580:
574:
571:
558:
554:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
522:
515:
513:
511:
507:
499:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
445:
440:
436:
435:
434:
431:
429:
428:levothyroxine
424:
422:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
362:
354:
349:
346:
345:
344:
338:
334:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
314:
309:
307:
306:levothyroxine
302:
294:
292:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:breastfeeding
267:
263:
259:
258:heart failure
255:
250:
248:
247:levothyroxine
244:
240:
236:
235:thyroid gland
232:
228:
216:
212:
211:
209:
207:
203:
198:
192:
182:
181:
179:
177:
173:
168:
161:
160:
158:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
138:
131:
126:
117:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
69:Clinical data
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
52:
49:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2214:
2213:
2137:
2110:2-Thiouracil
2076:
2032:Thiocyanates
2012:Perchlorates
2003:
1857:
1833:Liothyronine
1578:-containing
1553:Thiouracils
1543:inhibitors (
1520:
1506:Liothyronine
1410:
1406:
1396:
1374:(1): 39–48.
1371:
1367:
1336:(1): 16–18.
1333:
1329:
1323:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1033:
1023:
1018:
999:
993:
974:
969:
957:. Retrieved
947:
935:. Retrieved
925:
900:
896:
890:
878:. Retrieved
871:the original
850:
846:
833:
822:
810:. Retrieved
788:
781:. Retrieved
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
748:the original
727:
723:
710:
698:. Retrieved
694:
685:
673:. Retrieved
664:
655:
635:
628:
608:
586:. Retrieved
582:
573:
561:. Retrieved
556:
503:
485:bone density
472:
432:
425:
413:
394:
375:
358:
342:
317:
310:
298:
295:Medical uses
282:
251:
230:
226:
225:
176:Legal status
170:Legal status
111:License data
29:
2156:Propranolol
2138:Inhibitors:
2095:Methimazole
2085:Carbimazole
2077:Inhibitors:
2004:Inhibitors:
1972:Transporter
1937:Antagonists
1707:from market
1646:Perchlorate
1591:Methimazole
1586:Carbimazole
1104:: 136–137.
239:medical use
200:Identifiers
84:Other names
75:Trade names
2256:Categories
2186:Iodine-131
2053:inhibitors
1908:Resmetirom
1768:modulators
1604:conversion
1516:Tiratricol
1009:0781763789
880:3 February
757:8 November
700:14 January
675:14 January
516:References
508:, thyroid
409:meatpacker
254:arrythmias
206:CAS Number
2215:See also:
2090:Genistein
1893:KB-130015
1843:Thyroxine
1717:Phase III
1705:Withdrawn
1639:inhibitor
1580:imidazole
1545:thioamide
1482:therapy (
583:Drugs.com
557:Drugs.com
355:Chemistry
276:(T4) and
274:thyroxine
266:pregnancy
264:. Use in
215:8001-24-9
141:Routes of
103:Monograph
97:Drugs.com
46:Thyroxine
2246:Medicine
2201:Tyrosine
2191:Selenium
2115:Thiourea
1978:blockers
1903:MB-07811
1898:MB-07344
1806:Agonists
1776:Receptor
1153:14319377
1118:13877407
1083:13764789
1025:Br Med J
917:14665656
867:15260011
790:hormone.
783:30 March
777:BBC News
744:22954017
695:ClinCalc
669:Archived
665:ClinCalc
421:symptoms
390:myxedema
386:myxedema
364:only by
155:ATC code
148:By mouth
125:DailyMed
2267:Thyroid
2024:(e.g.,
2014:(e.g.,
1923:VK-2809
1918:VK-0214
1888:KB-2611
1838:Liotrix
1782:ligands
1626:Ipodate
1511:Liotrix
1480:Thyroid
1439:4539287
1350:7350782
1315:4422006
1280:4986007
1229:7351788
1194:5409525
959:24 July
937:24 July
812:24 July
724:Thyroid
588:9 April
563:8 April
438:trials.
380:of the
372:History
337:natural
127::
2232:Portal
2181:Iodine
2174:Others
2047:Enzyme
1997:
1883:KB-141
1700:WHO-EM
1602:Block
1576:Sulfur
1437:
1430:332992
1427:
1388:371874
1386:
1348:
1313:
1278:
1271:535757
1268:
1227:
1192:
1151:
1116:
1081:
1063:Lancet
1006:
981:
915:
865:
742:
643:
616:
463:alone.
403:, and
366:iodine
289:
280:(T3).
256:, and
233:), is
191:℞-only
189:
123:
1944:1-850
1823:DITPA
1818:DIMIT
1670:Other
874:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
720:(PDF)
500:Names
401:offal
313:grain
1928:ZYT1
1435:PMID
1384:PMID
1346:PMID
1311:PMID
1276:PMID
1225:PMID
1209:JAMA
1190:PMID
1149:PMID
1114:PMID
1079:PMID
1004:ISBN
979:ISBN
961:2014
939:2014
913:PMID
897:JAMA
882:2015
863:PMID
814:2014
785:2009
759:2014
740:PMID
702:2024
677:2024
641:ISBN
614:ISBN
590:2019
565:2019
459:day.
444:JAMA
268:and
162:None
93:AHFS
2126:DIO
2065:TPO
1990:NIS
1949:NH3
1794:THR
1611:to
1484:H03
1425:PMC
1415:doi
1376:doi
1338:doi
1334:134
1303:doi
1266:PMC
1256:doi
1217:doi
1213:243
1180:doi
1141:doi
1106:doi
1102:266
1071:doi
905:doi
901:290
855:doi
732:doi
506:USP
452:TSH
231:DTE
2258::
1713::
1613:T3
1609:T4
1606:of
1433:.
1423:.
1411:51
1409:.
1405:.
1382:.
1370:.
1358:^
1344:.
1332:.
1309:.
1299:39
1297:.
1274:.
1264:.
1252:49
1250:.
1246:.
1223:.
1211:.
1188:.
1176:30
1174:.
1170:.
1147:.
1137:25
1135:.
1112:.
1100:.
1077:.
1065:.
911:.
899:.
861:.
849:.
845:.
797:^
787:.
775:.
738:.
728:22
726:.
722:.
693:.
667:.
663:.
598:^
581:.
555:.
524:^
510:BP
423:.
185:US
120:US
2234::
2055:)
2051:(
2028:)
2018:)
1980:)
1976:(
1784:)
1780:(
1757:e
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1743:v
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1658:(
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1648:(
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1486:)
1472:e
1465:t
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1441:.
1417::
1390:.
1378::
1372:8
1352:.
1340::
1317:.
1305::
1282:.
1258::
1231:.
1219::
1196:.
1182::
1155:.
1143::
1120:.
1108::
1085:.
1073::
1067:1
1012:.
987:.
963:.
941:.
919:.
907::
884:.
857::
851:8
816:.
761:.
734::
704:.
679:.
649:.
622:.
592:.
567:.
229:(
187::
95:/
20:)
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