813:
233:
344:
801:
4940:
6012:
4853:
83:
135:
22:
4865:
6024:
125:
to under detection limit (< 0.05 ppbv)) have been reported in various missions and observational studies. The source of methane on Mars and the explanation for the enormous discrepancy in the observed methane concentrations are still unknown and are under study. Whenever methane is detected, it is
182:
In 2011, NASA scientists reported a comprehensive search using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy from high-altitude Earth ground-based observatories (VLT, Keck-2, NASA-IRTF) for trace species (including methane) on Mars, deriving sensitive upper limits for methane (< 7 ppbv), ethane
178:
science team suggested the presence of methane in the atmosphere at a concentration of about 10 ppbv. This was confirmed soon after by three ground-based telescope teams, although large differences in the abundances were measured between observations taken in 2003 and 2006. This spatial and temporal
676:
ratio in the atmosphere (less than approximately 40) may indicate that a large part of atmospheric methane could be attributed to biological activities, but the observed ratios in the lower
Martian atmosphere were "approximately 10 times" higher "suggesting that biological processes may not be
458:
models cannot explain the apparent rapid variability of the methane levels on Mars. Research suggests that the implied methane destruction lifetime is as long as ≈ 4 Earth years and as short as ≈ 0.6 Earth years. This unexplained fast destruction rate also suggests a very active
435:
found that the volumes of methane released this way are too low to sustain the measured levels of the gas. It has been suggested that the methane was produced by chemical reactions in meteorites, driven by the intense heat during entry through the atmosphere. Although research published in
December
3353:
Giuranna, Marco; Viscardy, Sébastien; Daerden, Frank; Neary, Lori; Etiope, Giuseppe; Oehler, Dorothy; Formisano, Vittorio; Aronica, Alessandro; Wolkenberg, Paulina; Aoki, Shohei; Cardesín-Moinelo, Alejandro; Julia; Merritt, Donald; Amoroso, Marilena (2019). "Independent confirmation of a methane
753:
It was initially thought that methane is chemically unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere with UV radiation and so its lifetime in the
Martian atmosphere should be about 400 years, but in 2014, it was concluded that the strong methane sinks are not subject to atmospheric oxidation, suggesting an
279:
rover detected a tenfold increase ('spike') in methane in the atmosphere around it in late 2013 and early 2014. Four measurements taken over two months in this period averaged 7.2 ppbv, implying that Mars is episodically producing or releasing methane from an unknown source. Before and after,
3688:"Methane vanishing on Mars: Danish researchers propose new mechanism as an explanation - An interdisciplinary research group from Aarhus University has proposed a previously overlooked physical-chemical process that can explain the rapid disappearance of methane from Mars' atmosphere"
512:) generation. The long-term ground-based spectroscopic observation did not find these organic molecules in the Martian atmosphere. Given the expected long lifetimes for some of these molecules, emission of biogenic organics seems to be extremely rare or currently non-existent.
3781:
Jensen, Svend J. Knak; Skibsted, Jørgen; Jakobsen, Hans J.; Kate, Inge L. ten; Gunnlaugsson, Haraldur P.; Merrison, Jonathan P.; Finster, Kai; Bak, Ebbe; Iversen, Jens J.; Kondrup, Jens C.; Nørnberg, Per (2014). "A sink for methane on Mars? The answer is blowing in the wind".
407:
On modern Earth, volcanism is a minor source of methane emission, and it is usually accompanied by sulfur dioxide gases. However, several studies of trace gases in the
Martian atmosphere have found no evidence for sulfur dioxide in the Martian atmosphere, which makes
2179:"Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' - The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present"
395:
would suggest that this process is occurring. An analog on Earth suggests that low-temperature production and exhalation of methane from serpentinized rocks may be possible on Mars. Another possible geophysical source could be ancient methane trapped in
280:
readings averaged around one-tenth that level. On 7 June 2018, NASA announced the confirmation of a cyclical seasonal variation in the background level of atmospheric methane. The largest concentration of methane detected
1850:"A sensitive search for organics (CH4, CH3OH, H2CO, C2H6, C2H2, C2H4), hydroperoxyl (HO2), nitrogen compounds (N2O, NH3, HCN) and chlorine species (HCl, CH3Cl) on Mars using ground-based high-resolution infrared spectroscopy"
707:
Research at the
University of Arkansas published in 2015 suggested that some methanogens could survive on Mars' low pressure in an environment similar to a subsurface liquid aquifer on Mars. The four species tested were
812:
391:, which is known to be common on Mars. The required conditions for this reaction (i.e. high temperature and pressure) do not exist on the surface but may exist within the crust. Detection of the mineral by-product
700:) as their carbon source, so they could exist in subsurface environments on Mars. If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane, it probably resides far below the surface, where it is still warm enough for
161:(UV) radiation from the Sun and chemical reactions with other gases. Therefore, a persistent or episodic presence of methane in the atmosphere may imply the existence of a source to continually replenish the gas.
2639:
Etiope, Giuseppe; Ehlmannc, Bethany L.; Schoell, Martin (2013). "Low temperature production and exhalation of methane from serpentinized rocks on Earth: A potential analog for methane production on Mars".
451:. The discharges from the electrification of dust particles from sand storms and dust devils in contact with permafrost ice may produce about 1.41×10 molecules of methane per joule of applied energy.
2345:"NASA Rover on Mars Detects Puff of Gas That Hints at Possibility of Life - The Curiosity mission's scientists picked up the signal this week, and are seeking additional readings from the red planet"
2910:
Keppler, Frank; Vigano, Ivan; MacLeod, Andy; Ott, Ulrich; Früchtl, Marion; Röckmann, Thomas (Jun 2012). "Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the
Martian atmosphere".
3864:
Per Nørnberg, Jan Thøgersen, Ebbe
Nordskov Bak, Kai Finster, Hans Jørgen Jacobsen, and Svend J. Knak Jensen. Geophysical Research Abstracts. Vol. 21, EGU2019-13986, 2019. EGU General Assembly 2019.
615:
789:
bonds. The researchers showed that these solids can be oxidized and gases are ionized during the erosion processes. Thus, the ionized methane reacts with the mineral surfaces and bonds to them.
3039:
Keppler, Frank; Vigano, Ivan; McLeod, Andy; Ott, Ulrich; Früchtl, Marion; Röckmann, Thomas (2012). "Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the
Martian atmosphere".
5935:
745:
Even if rover missions determine that microscopic
Martian life is the seasonal source of the methane, the life forms probably reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.
487:, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has been found on Mars. In Earth's oceans, biological methane production tends to be accompanied by
275:, later calculated to a baseline of 0.3 to 0.7 ppbv. In 2013, NASA scientists again reported no detection of methane beyond a baseline. But in 2014, NASA reported that the
1410:
Vago, Jorge L.; Svedhem, Håkan; Zelenyi, Lev; Etiope, Giuseppe; Wilson, Colin F.; López-Moreno, Jose-Juan; Bellucci, Giancarlo; Patel, Manish R.; Neefs, Eddy (April 2019).
1350:
Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Zurek, Richard W.; Sander, Stanley P.; Crisp, Joy; Lemmon, Mark; Hassler, Donald M.; Genzer, Maria; Harri, Ari-Matti; Smith, Michael D. (2018-06-08).
5455:
5445:
299:
methane detection, as well as 24 and 48 hours after the detection, and the TGO was performing atmospheric observations at around the same time but at a higher latitude.
1715:
310:
to measure atmospheric methane, but after entering Mars orbit it was determined that it was not capable of detecting methane, so the instrument was repurposed as an
2766:
Etiope, G.; Fridriksson, T.; Italiano, F.; Winiwarter, W.; Theloke, J. (2007-08-15). "Natural emissions of methane from geothermal and volcanic sources in Europe".
3611:
Levin, Gilbert V.; Straat, Patricia Ann (2009). "Methane and life on Mars". In Hoover, Richard B; Levin, Gilbert V; Rozanov, Alexei Y; Retherford, Kurt D (eds.).
179:
variability of the gas suggests that the methane was locally concentrated and probably seasonal. It is estimated that Mars produces 270 tons of methane per year.
1900:
742:
suggested that both phenomena—methane production and degradation—could be accounted for by an ecology of methane-producing and methane-consuming microorganisms.
877:
Yung, Yuk L.; Chen, Pin; Nealson, Kenneth; Atreya, Sushil; Beckett, Patrick; Blank, Jennifer G.; Ehlmann, Bethany; Eiler, John; Etiope, Giuseppe (2018-09-19).
5360:
2063:
1284:
Webster, C. R.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Atreya, S. K.; Flesch, G. J.; Mischna, M. A.; Meslin, P.-Y.; Farley, K. A.; Conrad, P. G.; Christensen, L. E. (2015-01-23) .
5530:
3817:
Thøgersen, Jan; et al. (22 June 2019). "Light on windy nights on Mars: A study of saltation-mediated ionization of argon in a Mars-like atmosphere".
5785:
3491:
Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.; Maillard, Jean Pierre; Owen, Tobias C. (December 2004). "Detection of methane in the martian atmosphere: evidence for life?".
2990:
Court, Richard W.; Sephton, Mark A. (2009). "Investigating the contribution of methane produced by ablating micrometeorites to the atmosphere of Mars".
3599:
If microscopic
Martian life is producing the methane, it probably resides far below the surface, where it's still warm enough for liquid water to exist
5972:
692:
bacteria on simulated Martian soil, where all four methanogen strains tested produced substantial levels of methane, even in the presence of 1.0 wt%
5465:
5380:
3271:
Franck, Lefèvre; Forget, François (6 August 2009). "Observed variations of methane on Mars unexplained by known atmospheric chemistry and physics".
2731:
Lasue, Jeremie; Quesnel, Yoann; Langlais, Benoit; Chassefière, Eric (1 November 2015). "Methane storage capacity of the early martian cryosphere".
5883:
4939:
250:
landed on Mars. The rover's instruments are capable of making precise abundance measurements, but cannot be used to distinguish between different
942:
696:
salt. Methanogens do not require oxygen or organic nutrients, are non-photosynthetic, use hydrogen as their energy source, and carbon dioxide (CO
1985:
5216:
4183:
5873:
4902:
4322:
4307:
3636:
2403:
3564:
1504:
Etiope, Giuseppe; Oehler, Dorothy Z. (2019). "Methane spikes, background seasonality and non-detections on Mars: A geological perspective".
5658:
5450:
5435:
4038:
1480:
3669:
3594:
3093:
Robledo-Martinez, A.; Sobral, H.; Ruiz-Meza, A. (2012). "Electrical discharges as a possible source of methane on Mars: lab simulation".
2965:
1689:
5425:
4536:
4123:
2096:
460:
431:
It had also been proposed that the methane might be replenished by meteorites entering the atmosphere of Mars, but researchers from the
232:
5987:
5430:
5355:
4781:
4776:
1212:
Mumma, M. J.; Villanueva, G. L.; Novak, R. E.; Hewagama, T.; Bonev, B. P.; DiSanti, M. A.; Mandell, A. M.; Smith, M. D. (2009-02-20).
2373:
307:
5967:
5888:
5440:
4405:
69:
3331:
2601:
2482:
1068:
800:
2395:
5992:
5825:
5345:
2483:"A Startling Spike on Mars - Methane gas is a potential indicator of life on the red planet, but it's proving difficult to track"
1570:
Krasnopolskya, V. A.; Maillard, J. P.; Owen, T. C. (2004). "Detection of methane in the Martian atmosphere: evidence for life?".
2511:"The Astrobiology of Mars: Methane and Other Candinate Biomarker Gases, and Related Interdisciplinary Studies on Earth and Mars"
5930:
5805:
5545:
5460:
4058:
447:
Lab tests have demonstrated that bursts of methane can be produced when an electrical discharge interacts with water ice and CO
2678:
Thomas, Caroline; et al. (January 2009). "Variability of the methane trapping in Martian subsurface clathrate hydrates".
5815:
5760:
4098:
3935:
3892:
171:
2150:
343:
1961:
5863:
5723:
5535:
5415:
3137:
2847:; Greathouse, T. K.; Richter, M. J.; Lacy, J. H.; Fouchet, T.; Bézard, B.; Lefèvre, F.; Forget, F.; Atreya, S. K. (2011).
2002:
Webster, Christopher R.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Atreya, Sushil K.; Flesch, Gregory J.; Farley, Kenneth A. (19 September 2013).
960:
1553:
529:
47:
31:
5405:
4511:
3526:
Kral, T. A.; Goodhart, T.; Howe, K. L.; Gavin, P. (2009). "Can Methanogens Grow in a Perchlorate Environment on Mars?".
2073:
51:
376:
335:
in the mid-2030s seems the earliest a sample could be analyzed to differentiate a geological from a biological origin.
6050:
5997:
5982:
5898:
5575:
5171:
4741:
4496:
4491:
4400:
4008:
1910:
1411:
387:. It has also been shown that methane could be produced by a process involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral
2622:
757:
A hypothesis postulates that the methane is not consumed at all, but rather condenses and evaporates seasonally from
314:. As of April 2019, the TGO showed that the concentration of methane is under the detectable level (< 0.05 ppbv).
5830:
5209:
4673:
4506:
4377:
4263:
4150:
3716:"Search for hydrogen peroxide in the Martian atmosphere by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express"
3214:
3166:
332:
2418:
1844:
Villanueva, G. L.; Mumma, M. J.; Novak, R. E.; Radeva, Y. L.; Käufl, H. U.; Smette, A.; Tokunaga, A.; Khayat, A.;
5908:
5739:
5330:
4895:
4793:
4608:
4300:
4118:
731:
325:
5940:
4711:
4703:
4280:
630:
468:
6028:
2896:
5835:
5601:
5420:
4093:
1933:
432:
268:
2432:
5395:
5284:
5062:
4483:
4458:
4295:
4198:
4140:
4113:
4072:
3960:
754:
efficient physical-chemical process at the surface that "consumes" methane, generically called a "sink".
638:
2844:
1845:
1606:
1144:
331:(due NET 2028) will not be equipped to analyze the atmospheric methane nor its isotopes, so the proposed
157:) is chemically unstable in the current oxidizing atmosphere of Mars. It would quickly break down due to
6060:
6016:
5955:
5780:
5475:
5340:
5202:
5187:
Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.
4983:
4956:
4678:
4658:
4531:
4342:
4290:
4285:
4268:
4145:
4130:
3464:
1817:
421:
115:
103:
3714:
Aoki, Shohei; Guiranna, Marco; Kasaba, Yasumasa; Nakagawa, Hiromu; Sindoni, Giuseppe (1 January 2015).
2344:
404:
could trap such methane as clathrates in a stable form at depth, which might exhibit sporadic release.
684:
Since the 2003 discovery of methane in the atmosphere, some scientists have been designing models and
5962:
5950:
5845:
5795:
5790:
5689:
5632:
5621:
5525:
5375:
5259:
5249:
5161:
5110:
5023:
4997:
4888:
4693:
4688:
4475:
3828:
3791:
3727:
3616:
3535:
3500:
3417:
3363:
3280:
3229:
3102:
3048:
2999:
2919:
2860:
2818:
2775:
2740:
2697:
2649:
2556:
2269:
2218:
2020:
1861:
1791:
1748:
1682:
1622:
1579:
1513:
1426:
1363:
1300:
1225:
1160:
1101:
1033:
890:
318:
303:
3861:
471:
located about 500 km east of Gale crater. The region is fractured and is likely volcanic in origin.
5945:
5770:
5103:
5043:
5029:
4969:
4962:
4869:
4825:
4638:
4248:
4228:
4193:
3945:
3687:
710:
357:
111:
3162:
2809:
Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A (2012). "Search for methane and upper limits to ethane and SO2 on Mars".
356:
The principal candidates for the origin of Mars' methane include non-biological processes such as
5775:
5176:
4976:
4928:
4566:
4275:
4188:
4178:
3927:
3885:
3844:
3642:
3556:
3404:"Differentiating biotic from abiotic methane genesis in hydrothermally active planetary surfaces"
3379:
3304:
3253:
3118:
3072:
2943:
2713:
2687:
2574:
2349:
2178:
2155:
2044:
1648:
1529:
1458:
1332:
1259:
1194:
1125:
1049:
954:
839:
397:
254:
of methane and so it cannot determine if it is geophysical or biological in origin. However, the
122:
95:
3661:
3586:
975:
761:. Another hypothesis is that methane reacts with tumbling surface sand quartz (silicon dioxide
5903:
5653:
5606:
5570:
5310:
5289:
5054:
4798:
4735:
4586:
4576:
4463:
4441:
4419:
4357:
4347:
4332:
4258:
4243:
4208:
4203:
4048:
4043:
3683:
3632:
3445:
3296:
3245:
3064:
2935:
2791:
2399:
2297:
2260:
2236:
2209:
2068:
2036:
2011:
1905:
1764:
1670:
1640:
1450:
1442:
1389:
1381:
1324:
1316:
1251:
1243:
1186:
1178:
1117:
924:
906:
822:
758:
425:
409:
255:
244:
39:
2510:
2003:
1285:
5515:
5500:
5067:
4803:
4728:
4385:
4367:
4312:
4223:
4135:
3836:
3819:
3799:
3735:
3624:
3539:
3508:
3435:
3425:
3402:
Oze, Christopher; Jones, Camille; Goldsmith, Jonas I.; Rosenbauer, Robert J. (7 June 2012).
3371:
3288:
3237:
3110:
3056:
3007:
3003:
2927:
2868:
2864:
2826:
2783:
2748:
2705:
2701:
2657:
2564:
2287:
2277:
2226:
2028:
1869:
1799:
1782:
Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (2006). "Some problems related to the origin of methane on Mars".
1756:
1630:
1587:
1521:
1517:
1434:
1371:
1308:
1233:
1168:
1109:
1041:
914:
898:
724:
437:
413:
400:
that may be released occasionally. Under the assumption of a cold early Mars environment, a
436:
2009 ruled out this possibility, research published in 2012 suggested that a source may be
5810:
5643:
5269:
5166:
5082:
5077:
4835:
4788:
4446:
4337:
4233:
4218:
4213:
4165:
4155:
4108:
4103:
4013:
3998:
3973:
3940:
3910:
2545:"Have olivine, will gas: Serpentinization and the abiogenic production of methane on Mars"
1986:
On Mars, atmospheric methane—a sign of life on Earth—changes mysteriously with the seasons
854:
844:
380:
3754:
2456:
2122:
1092:
Witze, Alexandra (2018-10-25). "Mars scientists edge closer to solving methane mystery".
1005:
3832:
3795:
3731:
3620:
3504:
3421:
3367:
3323:
3284:
3233:
3188:
3106:
3052:
2923:
2822:
2779:
2744:
2653:
2593:
2560:
2273:
2222:
2024:
1865:
1795:
1752:
1686:
1626:
1583:
1430:
1367:
1304:
1229:
1164:
1105:
1037:
1024:
Levin, Gilbert V.; Straat, Patricia Ann (3 September 2009). "Methane and life on Mars".
894:
5729:
5325:
5264:
5239:
4746:
4068:
4023:
3978:
3440:
3403:
919:
878:
717:
654:
516:
311:
2544:
2316:
1886:
6055:
6044:
5385:
5072:
4856:
4624:
4453:
4436:
4428:
4362:
4317:
4238:
4173:
4088:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3878:
3848:
3383:
3122:
2787:
1533:
1462:
1129:
739:
701:
634:
480:
455:
251:
3646:
3257:
2578:
2048:
1652:
1336:
1263:
1198:
1053:
5410:
5365:
5350:
5335:
5320:
5279:
5274:
5254:
5244:
5225:
5092:
5015:
4815:
4810:
4751:
4683:
4663:
4327:
4083:
4028:
3968:
3308:
3076:
2947:
2717:
2487:
1412:"No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations"
849:
665:
642:
412:
unlikely to be the source of methane. Although geologic sources of methane such as
392:
184:
166:
99:
82:
5555:
2873:
2848:
2205:"Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations"
1352:"Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations"
3840:
3803:
3739:
3512:
2830:
2752:
2661:
1873:
1803:
1591:
5706:
5596:
5315:
5305:
5137:
5097:
4560:
4555:
4018:
3692:
1760:
693:
441:
306:, which entered orbit around Mars on 24 September 2014, is equipped with a
272:
158:
107:
3011:
2256:"Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars"
1113:
134:
5683:
5370:
4911:
4668:
4653:
3988:
3918:
3375:
2709:
1525:
1438:
689:
484:
401:
361:
2795:
1446:
1385:
1320:
1247:
1182:
910:
292:
orbiter happened to be performing spot tracking in that area 20 hours before
271:
in 2012 indicated that there was no methane —or less than 5 ppb— at the
5820:
5677:
5638:
5616:
5505:
5144:
5130:
5121:
5087:
4820:
4756:
4390:
4253:
3469:
3430:
3241:
3019:
2282:
2255:
2231:
2204:
2032:
1938:
1635:
1610:
1376:
1351:
1312:
1238:
1213:
1173:
1148:
417:
192:
126:
rapidly removed from the atmosphere by an efficient, yet unknown process.
3449:
3300:
3249:
3068:
2939:
2301:
2292:
2240:
2040:
1768:
1644:
1454:
1393:
1328:
1255:
1190:
1121:
928:
21:
902:
629:
with the hydrogen to produce methane is coupled with the generation of an
5878:
5868:
5800:
5591:
5565:
5540:
5036:
4830:
4542:
4523:
4395:
3114:
2569:
661:
520:
369:
203:
183:(< 0.2 ppbv), methanol (< 19 ppbv) and others (
3292:
3060:
2931:
288:
rover showed a spike to 21 ppbv, during an event in late June 2019. The
5734:
5560:
5004:
4352:
4033:
818:
774:
388:
150:
139:
91:
3628:
1045:
164:
The first evidence of methane in the atmosphere was measured by ESA's
5977:
5550:
5520:
5510:
5470:
4990:
4948:
4078:
488:
365:
3715:
1849:
1739:
Hand, Eric (2018). "Mars methane rises and falls with the seasons".
239:
rover detected a cyclical seasonal variation in atmospheric methane.
3613:
Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions XII
2121:
Webster, Guy; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Brown, Dwayne (16 December 2014).
1007:
Methane Production by Methanogens in Perchlorate-Supplemented Media
86:
The source of Mars methane is unknown; its detection is shown here.
5893:
5765:
3862:
Saltation may be contributory in the depletion of methane on Mars.
2888:
2692:
650:
646:
342:
231:
1069:"NASA Finds Ancient Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars"
42:, shows no Methane. Previous detections might have been erroneous
5840:
4919:
3901:
3408:
2321:
2127:
664:
and methane levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of
5198:
5194:
4884:
3874:
3557:"Earth organisms survive under low-pressure Martian conditions"
2123:"NASA Rover Finds Active and Ancient Organic Chemistry on Mars"
4880:
2151:"'A Great Moment': Rover Finds Clue That Mars May Harbor Life"
1678:
1666:
15:
3662:"Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet"
3587:"Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet"
1825:
1554:
Is Mars' Methane Spike a Sign of Life? Here's How We'll Know.
976:"Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet"
879:"Methane on Mars and Habitability: Challenges and Responses"
375:
that could then generate methane and other hydrocarbons via
3215:"Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003"
1214:"Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003"
2849:"A stringent upper limit to SO2 in the Martian atmosphere"
1004:
Howe, K. L.; Gavin, P.; Goodhart, T.; Kral, T. A. (2009).
258:(TGO) can measure these ratios and point to their origin.
5936:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
3753:
Zahnle, Kevin; Freedman, Richard; Catling, David (2010).
3465:"Mars Life Could Leave Traces in Red Planet's Air: Study"
1671:"Mars Express confirms methane in the Martian atmosphere"
600:
580:
564:
544:
3354:
spike on Mars and a source region east of Gale Crater".
3870:
3138:"Could Dust Devils Create Methane in Mars' Atmosphere?"
1286:"Mars methane detection and variability at Gale crater"
467:
rover may have been released from a nearby area called
949:. June 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-05-31.
532:
2254:
Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; et al. (8 June 2018).
2203:
Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (8 June 2018).
1709:
1707:
610:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + 4 H2 -> CH4 + 2 H2O}}}
121:
Since 2004, trace amounts of methane (range from 60
102:, as methane may indicate the presence of microbial
5921:
5854:
5753:
5715:
5699:
5667:
5584:
5493:
5484:
5394:
5298:
5232:
5154:
5120:
5053:
5014:
4947:
4918:
4769:
4720:
4702:
4646:
4637:
4617:
4601:
4522:
4474:
4427:
4418:
4376:
4164:
4057:
3959:
3926:
3917:
3213:Mumma, Michael J.; et al. (10 February 2009).
2433:"ExoMars official says launch unlikely before 2028"
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1147:; Ignatiev, Nikolai; Giuranna, Marco (2004-12-03).
46:Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
3020:"Life on Mars theory boosted by new methane study"
2966:"Life on Mars theory boosted by new methane study"
2374:India's Mars Orbiter Mission Has a Methane Problem
1839:
1837:
1835:
1716:"First results from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"
609:
5456:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
5446:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
2964:Court, Richard; Sephton, Mark (8 December 2009).
2317:"Curiosity Detects Unusually High Methane Levels"
2097:"Mars Rover Comes Up Empty in Search for Methane"
2064:"Mars Rover Finds No Evidence of Burps and Farts"
1889:Andrew Good, NASA. Press release on 23 June 2019.
3397:
3395:
3393:
1934:"Curiosity Rover Finds No Methane on Mars — Yet"
1887:Curiosity Detects Unusually High Methane Levels.
1611:"Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars"
1149:"Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars"
30:The factual accuracy of part of this article is
5381:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
3528:72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society
2476:
2474:
440:on meteorites that are converted to methane by
2768:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2392:Mission Mars: India's Quest for the Red Planet
2004:"Low Upper Limit to Methane Abundance on Mars"
1013:. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
821:measurements in the atmosphere of Mars by the
5210:
4896:
3886:
3762:. 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
2623:Team Finds New Hope for Life in Martian Crust
2369:
2367:
2315:Good, Andrew; Johnson, Alana (23 June 2019).
459:replenishing source. A team from the Italian
8:
5361:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
2524:. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center
347:Possible methane sources and sinks on Mars.
5786:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
5490:
5217:
5203:
5195:
4903:
4889:
4881:
4643:
4424:
3923:
3893:
3879:
3871:
463:suspects that the methane detected by the
5973:European Astrobiology Network Association
3551:
3549:
3439:
3429:
2872:
2691:
2568:
2291:
2281:
2230:
1901:"Curiosity Finds Methane on Mars, or Not"
1634:
1375:
1237:
1172:
918:
599:
594:
589:
579:
574:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
533:
531:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
5466:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2770:. Gas geochemistry and Earth degassing.
1818:"Planetary Fourier Spectrometer website"
133:
81:
5884:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
866:
796:
428:is not favorable for geologic methane.
3660:Steigerwald, Bill (January 15, 2009).
3585:Steigerwald, Bill (January 15, 2009).
3088:
3086:
1474:
1472:
1405:
1403:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
999:
997:
952:
170:orbiter with an instrument called the
98:is of interest to many geologists and
50:. See the relevant discussion on the
5874:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2899:from the original on October 4, 2013.
1692:from the original on 24 February 2006
1609:; Ignatiev, N.; Giuranna, M. (2004).
1143:Formisano, Vittorio; Atreya, Sushil;
974:Steigerwald, Bill (15 January 2009).
872:
870:
7:
6023:
5451:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
5436:Habitability of neutron star systems
2518:Astrobiology Science Conference 2010
2509:Mumma, Michael; et al. (2010).
2095:Chang, Kenneth (19 September 2013).
1899:Kerr, Richard A. (2 November 2012).
38:The current best data collected, by
5426:Habitability of binary star systems
2992:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2629:. Western University. 16 June 2014.
2594:"Mars domes may be 'mud volcanoes'"
2459:. European Space Agency. 2 May 2016
2149:Chang, Kenneth (16 December 2014).
461:National Institute for Astrophysics
229:– all with limits at ppbv levels).
5988:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
5431:Habitability of natural satellites
5356:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
3666:NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
3615:. Vol. 7441. pp. 12–27.
3591:NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
3334:from the original on 6 August 2009
3163:"Martian methane breaks the rules"
3026:(Press release). December 8, 2009.
2604:from the original on 29 March 2009
1960:Chang, Kenneth (2 November 2012).
980:NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
688:experiments testing the growth of
416:are possible, the lack of current
14:
5968:Center for Life Detection Science
5889:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
5441:Habitability of red dwarf systems
3597:from the original on 2009-01-16.
3567:from the original on June 4, 2015
3324:"Martian methane mystery deepens"
3189:"Martian methane mystery deepens"
3161:Urquhart, James (5 August 2009).
2062:Cho, Adrian (19 September 2013).
6022:
6011:
6010:
5993:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
5826:Life Investigation For Enceladus
5346:Extraterrestrial sample curation
4938:
4863:
4852:
4851:
3672:from the original on 2009-01-17.
2788:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.014
811:
799:
777:to form covalent Si –
368:formation, all of which produce
269:Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS)
20:
5931:Astrobiology Society of Britain
5806:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
5461:Habitable zone for complex life
3322:Burns, Judith (5 August 2009).
3187:Burns, Judith (5 August 2009).
2457:"The enigma of methane on Mars"
2343:Chang, Kenneth (22 June 2019).
1962:"Hope of Methane on Mars Fades"
943:"Making Sense of Mars' Methane"
677:responsible for the observed CH
5816:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2889:"Hunting for young lava flows"
2592:Rincon, Paul (26 March 2009).
2177:Chang, Kenneth (7 June 2018).
1932:Wall, Mike (2 November 2012).
567:
519:into methane by reaction with
172:Planetary Fourier Spectrometer
1:
5864:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
5416:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2481:Koren, Marina (3 July 2019).
523:can be expressed as follows:
5998:Spanish Astrobiology Center
5406:Circumstellar habitable zone
4308:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
3841:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.06.025
3804:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.036
3740:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.034
3513:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.004
2952:Published online 30 May 2012
2895:. Red Planet. June 1, 2011.
2893:Geophysical Research Letters
2831:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.019
2753:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.010
2662:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.05.009
2543:Oze, C.; Sharma, M. (2005).
1874:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.013
1804:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.015
1592:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.004
637:, which is used to generate
261:The first measurements with
5983:NASA Astrobiology Institute
5172:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
4742:Inspiration Mars Foundation
2874:10.1051/0004-6361/201116820
2680:Planetary and Space Science
1761:10.1126/science.359.6371.16
1605:Formisano, V.; Atreya, S.;
1506:Planetary and Space Science
1067:Potter, Sean (2018-06-07).
6077:
5831:Mars sample return mission
4777:Artificial objects on Mars
3167:Royal Society of Chemistry
3012:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.041
2853:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2431:Foust, Jeff (2022-05-03).
1114:10.1038/d41586-018-07177-4
333:Mars sample-return mission
324:(landed Feb 2021) and the
308:Fabry–Pérot interferometer
6006:
5909:Terrestrial Planet Finder
5331:Earliest known life forms
5185:
4936:
4846:
4794:List of films set on Mars
4609:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
4406:Classical albedo features
3908:
3756:Is there Methane on Mars?
3376:10.1038/s41561-019-0331-9
2710:10.1016/j.pss.2008.10.003
2419:Global Albedo Map of Mars
1526:10.1016/j.pss.2019.02.001
1439:10.1038/s41586-019-1096-4
959:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
732:Methanococcus maripaludis
653:obtain their energy from
377:Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
243:In August 2012, the
90:The reported presence of
5941:Breakthrough Initiatives
4712:List of missions to Mars
2522:Astrophysics Data System
1675:XMM-Newton Press Release
631:electrochemical gradient
469:Medusae Fossae Formation
5602:Mars Science Laboratory
5421:Galactic habitable zone
4870:Solar System portal
3540:2009M&PSA..72.5136K
3431:10.1073/pnas.1205223109
3242:10.1126/science.1165243
3004:2009E&PSL.288..382C
2970:Imperial College London
2865:2011A&A...530A..37E
2702:2009P&SS...57...42T
2380:, 7 December 2016.
2283:10.1126/science.aas9185
2232:10.1126/science.aaq0131
2033:10.1126/science.1242902
1636:10.1126/science.1101732
1518:2019P&SS..168...52E
1377:10.1126/science.aaq0131
1313:10.1126/science.1261713
1239:10.1126/science.1165243
1174:10.1126/science.1101732
1028:. Proceedings of SPIE.
806:Volatile gases on Mars.
660:Measuring the ratio of
433:Imperial College London
5781:Enceladus Life Finder
5761:Breakthrough Enceladus
5285:Planetary oceanography
4484:Solar eclipses on Mars
4343:"Swiss cheese" feature
4199:Concentric crater fill
3561:University of Arkansas
3463:Staff (25 June 2012).
1848:; Hartogh, P. (2013).
1669:Press release (2004).
617:(∆G˚' = -134 kJ/mol CH
611:
348:
240:
147:
87:
5956:Breakthrough Starshot
5556:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
5476:Superhabitable planet
5341:Extraterrestrial life
1824:. ESA. Archived from
1720:European Space Agency
1485:European Space Agency
1481:"The methane mystery"
947:Astrobiology Magazine
903:10.1089/ast.2018.1917
612:
422:hydrothermal activity
346:
235:
174:. In March 2004, the
137:
130:History of detections
116:hydrothermal activity
85:
36:The dispute is about
5963:Carl Sagan Institute
5951:Breakthrough Message
5791:Enceladus Orbilander
5526:Biosatellite program
5376:Planetary protection
5260:Evolutionary biology
5250:Atmospheric sciences
5162:Prebiotic atmosphere
4684:Permanent settlement
3115:10.1029/2012gl053255
2570:10.1029/2005GL022691
2076:on 20 September 2013
530:
304:Mars Orbiter Mission
5946:Breakthrough Listen
4826:Timekeeping on Mars
4503:Planetary transits
4488:Satellite transits
4401:Observation history
4249:Lobate debris apron
3833:2019Icar..332...14T
3796:2014Icar..236...24K
3732:2015Icar..245..177A
3621:2009SPIE.7441E..0DL
3505:2004Icar..172..537K
3422:2012PNAS..109.9750O
3368:2019NatGe..12..326G
3293:10.1038/nature08228
3285:2009Natur.460..720L
3234:2009Sci...323.1041M
3228:(5917): 1041–1045.
3107:2012GeoRL..3917202R
3061:10.1038/nature11203
3053:2012Natur.486...93K
2932:10.1038/nature11203
2924:2012Natur.486...93K
2823:2012Icar..217..144K
2780:2007JVGR..165...76E
2745:2015Icar..260..205L
2654:2013Icar..224..276E
2561:2005GeoRL..3210203O
2390:Lele, Ajey (2014).
2274:2018Sci...360.1096E
2268:(6393): 1096–1101.
2223:2018Sci...360.1093W
2217:(6393): 1093–1096.
2025:2013Sci...342..355W
1866:2013Icar..223...11V
1796:2006Icar..180..359K
1753:2018Sci...359...16H
1687:2004xmm..pres...80.
1627:2004Sci...306.1758F
1621:(5702): 1758–1761.
1584:2004Icar..172..537K
1431:2019Natur.568..517K
1368:2018Sci...360.1093W
1362:(6393): 1093–1096.
1305:2015Sci...347..415W
1230:2009Sci...323.1041M
1224:(5917): 1041–1045.
1165:2004Sci...306.1758F
1159:(5702): 1758–1761.
1106:2018Natur.563...18W
1038:2009SPIE.7441E..0DL
895:2018AsBio..18.1221Y
711:Methanothermobacter
625:This reaction of CO
602:
582:
566:
546:
6051:Atmosphere of Mars
5776:Enceladus Explorer
5177:Stellar atmosphere
5055:Natural satellites
3095:Geophys. Res. Lett
2666:Online 14 May 2012
2549:Geophys. Res. Lett
2421:. ISRO. 2017-07-14
2350:The New York Times
2183:The New York Times
2156:The New York Times
2101:The New York Times
1992:. 3 January 2018.
1966:The New York Times
1913:on 5 November 2012
1032:(74410D): 74410D.
840:Atmosphere of Mars
607:
590:
570:
554:
534:
398:clathrate hydrates
349:
241:
148:
96:atmosphere of Mars
88:
6038:
6037:
5917:
5916:
5741:Rosalind Franklin
5654:Trace Gas Orbiter
5311:Allan Hills 84001
5290:Planetary science
5192:
5191:
4878:
4877:
4831:Sol (day on Mars)
4799:Martian scientist
4782:Memorials on Mars
4765:
4764:
4736:The Case for Mars
4633:
4632:
4414:
4413:
4348:Terrain softening
4313:Ring mold craters
4281:North Polar Basin
4204:Dark slope streak
4049:Vastitas Borealis
3946:Dust devil tracks
3684:Aarhus University
3638:978-0-8194-7731-6
3629:10.1117/12.829183
3416:(25): 9750–9754.
3356:Nature Geoscience
3279:(7256): 720–723.
3136:Atkinson, Nancy.
2405:978-81-322-1520-2
2019:(6156): 355–357.
1556:Daniel Oberhaus,
1425:(7753): 517–520.
1299:(6220): 415–417.
1145:Encrenaz, Thérèse
1046:10.1117/12.829183
889:(10): 1221–1242.
605:
593:
573:
557:
537:
515:The reduction of
438:organic compounds
410:volcanism on Mars
360:-rock reactions,
339:Potential sources
327:Rosalind Franklin
256:Trace Gas Orbiter
80:
79:
72:
40:Trace Gas Orbiter
6068:
6026:
6025:
6014:
6013:
5491:
5386:Yamato meteorite
5219:
5212:
5205:
5196:
4942:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4882:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4855:
4854:
4729:The Mars Project
4644:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4425:
4286:Ocean hypothesis
4136:Outflow channels
3924:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3219:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3015:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2695:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2636:
2630:
2627:Astrobiology.com
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2052:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1990:Science Magazine
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:. Archived from
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1841:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1638:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1290:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1241:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1176:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1001:
992:
991:
989:
987:
971:
965:
964:
958:
950:
939:
933:
932:
922:
874:
815:
803:
788:
787:
786:
772:
771:
770:
725:Methanobacterium
616:
614:
613:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
591:
581:
578:
571:
565:
562:
555:
545:
542:
535:
511:
510:
509:
501:
500:
414:serpentinization
298:
267:
110:process such as
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
48:reliably sourced
24:
16:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6002:
5923:
5913:
5856:
5850:
5811:Icebreaker Life
5749:
5711:
5695:
5669:
5663:
5580:
5486:
5480:
5397:
5390:
5294:
5270:Geomicrobiology
5228:
5223:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5150:
5116:
5049:
5010:
4943:
4934:
4914:
4909:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4842:
4836:Darian calendar
4761:
4716:
4698:
4629:
4613:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4518:
4470:
4464:Voltaire crater
4442:Stickney crater
4410:
4372:
4214:Fretted terrain
4160:
4060:
4053:
4014:Sinus Meridiani
3999:Planum Australe
3974:Cerberus (Mars)
3955:
3913:
3911:Outline of Mars
3904:
3899:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3686:(2 July 2019).
3682:
3681:
3677:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3639:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3563:. 2 June 2015.
3555:
3554:
3547:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3018:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2376:. Irene Klotz,
2372:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1828:on May 2, 2013.
1816:
1815:
1811:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1747:(6371): 16–17.
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:. 24 June 2019.
1552:
1541:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1100:(7729): 18–19.
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1003:
1002:
995:
985:
983:
973:
972:
968:
951:
941:
940:
936:
876:
875:
868:
863:
855:Weather of Mars
845:Climate of Mars
836:
829:
816:
807:
804:
795:
785:
782:
781:
780:
778:
769:
766:
765:
764:
762:
751:
749:Potential sinks
699:
680:
675:
671:
657:or nutrients.
645:. In contrast,
628:
620:
528:
527:
508:
505:
504:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
492:
477:
450:
386:
373:
354:
341:
296:
265:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
200:
196:
188:
156:
145:
132:
100:astrobiologists
76:
65:
59:
56:
45:
25:
12:
11:
5:
6074:
6072:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6020:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5899:Northern Light
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5855:Cancelled and
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5732:
5730:Europa Clipper
5727:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5636:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Drake equation
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Exoplanetology
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:Astrochemistry
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4859:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Mars Institute
4744:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Seasonal flows
4320:
4318:Rootless cones
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4146:Valley network
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Observed rocks
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:Ultimi Scopuli
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Terra Cimmeria
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3809:
3773:
3745:
3706:
3675:
3652:
3637:
3603:
3577:
3545:
3518:
3499:(2): 537–547.
3483:
3455:
3389:
3362:(5): 326–332.
3345:
3314:
3263:
3205:
3179:
3153:
3142:Universe Today
3128:
3101:(17): L17202.
3082:
3047:(7401): 93–6.
3031:
3029:
3028:
2998:(3–4): 382–5.
2982:
2956:
2918:(7401): 93–6.
2902:
2880:
2836:
2817:(1): 144–152.
2801:
2758:
2723:
2670:
2648:(2): 276–285.
2631:
2615:
2584:
2555:(10): L10203.
2535:
2501:
2470:
2448:
2423:
2411:
2404:
2382:
2363:
2335:
2307:
2246:
2195:
2169:
2141:
2113:
2087:
2054:
1994:
1978:
1952:
1924:
1891:
1879:
1831:
1809:
1774:
1731:
1703:
1658:
1597:
1578:(2): 537–547.
1562:
1539:
1496:
1468:
1399:
1342:
1269:
1204:
1135:
1084:
1059:
1016:
993:
966:
934:
865:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
835:
832:
831:
830:
817:
810:
808:
805:
798:
794:
791:
783:
767:
750:
747:
738:A team led by
718:Methanosarcina
697:
678:
673:
669:
668:. A low H
626:
623:
622:
618:
597:
588:
585:
577:
569:
561:
552:
549:
541:
517:carbon dioxide
506:
497:
481:microorganisms
476:
473:
448:
384:
371:
364:of water, and
353:
350:
340:
337:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
198:
194:
186:
154:
143:
131:
128:
78:
77:
60:September 2022
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6073:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6031:
6030:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6009:
6008:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Europa Lander
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Extremophiles
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5016:Dwarf planets
5013:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4871:
4860:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Human mission
4677:
4675:
4674:Sample return
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:Mars-crossers
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Tharsis bulge
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Ore resources
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Chaos terrain
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Brain terrain
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Chaos terrain
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Planum Boreum
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Olympia Undae
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Eridania Lake
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2293:10044/1/60810
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:. Eric Hand,
1987:
1982:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:(2): 359–67.
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
998:
994:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
956:
948:
944:
938:
935:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
867:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
827:
825:
820:
814:
809:
802:
797:
792:
790:
776:
760:
755:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Gilbert Levin
736:
734:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
705:
703:
695:
691:
687:
682:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:cell membrane
632:
595:
586:
583:
575:
559:
550:
547:
539:
526:
525:
524:
522:
518:
513:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
457:
456:photochemical
452:
445:
443:
439:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
405:
403:
399:
394:
390:
382:
378:
374:
367:
363:
359:
351:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
328:
323:
321:
315:
313:
312:albedo mapper
309:
305:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
270:
264:
259:
257:
253:
252:isotopologues
249:
247:
238:
234:
230:
212:
201:
190:
180:
177:
173:
169:
168:
162:
160:
152:
141:
136:
129:
127:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
84:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
43:
41:
35:
33:
27:
23:
18:
17:
6061:Astrobiology
6027:
6015:
5924:and programs
5922:Institutions
5740:
5722:
5700:Heliocentric
5688:
5676:
5644:
5631:
5623:Perseverance
5622:
5607:
5411:Earth analog
5398:habitability
5366:Ocean planet
5336:Earth analog
5321:Biosignature
5280:Paleontology
5275:Microbiology
5255:Biochemistry
5245:Astrophysics
5226:Astrobiology
5143:
5136:
5129:
5109:
5102:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4927:
4816:Life on Mars
4811:Flag of Mars
4752:Mars Society
4734:
4727:
4694:Terraforming
4689:Colonization
4459:Swift crater
4301:polar wander
4029:Terra Sabaea
3969:Arabia Terra
3950:
3857:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3755:
3748:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3691:
3678:
3665:
3655:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3580:
3569:. Retrieved
3560:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3468:
3458:
3413:
3407:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3327:
3317:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3225:
3221:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:
3131:
3098:
3094:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3023:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2969:
2959:
2951:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2892:
2883:
2856:
2852:
2845:Encrenaz, T.
2839:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2774:(1): 76–86.
2771:
2767:
2761:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2686:(1): 42–47.
2683:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2521:
2517:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:The Atlantic
2486:
2461:. Retrieved
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:
2426:
2414:
2391:
2385:
2377:
2354:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2320:
2310:
2265:
2259:
2249:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2126:
2116:
2106:19 September
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2090:
2080:19 September
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2067:
2057:
2016:
2010:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1904:
1894:
1882:
1860:(1): 11–27.
1857:
1853:
1846:Encrenaz, T.
1826:the original
1822:Mars Express
1821:
1812:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1694:. Retrieved
1674:
1661:
1618:
1614:
1607:Encrenaz, T.
1600:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1422:
1418:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1296:
1292:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1156:
1152:
1138:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1006:
984:. Retrieved
979:
969:
946:
937:
886:
883:Astrobiology
882:
850:Life on Mars
823:
756:
752:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
706:
702:liquid water
690:methanogenic
685:
683:
666:life on Mars
659:
643:chemiosmosis
624:
514:
478:
464:
453:
446:
444:radiation.
430:
406:
393:serpentinite
355:
326:
320:Perseverance
319:
316:
301:
293:
290:Mars Express
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:landing site
262:
260:
245:
242:
236:
181:
176:Mars Express
175:
167:Mars Express
165:
163:
149:
120:
104:life on Mars
89:
66:
57:
37:
29:
5857:undeveloped
5707:BioSentinel
5597:Fobos-Grunt
5494:Earth orbit
5316:Biomolecule
5306:Abiogenesis
5299:Main topics
5233:Disciplines
5138:HD 209458 b
4912:Atmospheres
4639:Exploration
4561:5261 Eureka
4229:Groundwater
4194:Composition
4019:Tempe Terra
4009:Quadrangles
3936:Circulation
3726:: 177–183.
3693:EurekAlert!
3198:20 December
3172:20 December
2739:: 205–214.
2162:16 December
2134:16 December
694:perchlorate
633:across the
485:methanogens
442:ultraviolet
352:Geophysical
302:The Indian
225:Cl, HCl, HO
159:ultraviolet
138:Model of a
108:geochemical
6045:Categories
5904:Red Dragon
5684:OSIRIS-REx
5668:Comets and
5371:Panspermia
5122:Exoplanets
4296:Polar caps
4276:Mud cracks
4259:Meteorites
4244:Lava tubes
4179:Carbonates
4114:Labyrinthi
3989:Iani Chaos
3928:Atmosphere
3571:2015-06-04
3147:2016-11-29
2975:9 December
2463:13 January
2442:2024-04-20
1971:3 November
1945:3 November
1917:3 November
1725:2019-06-12
1490:2019-06-07
1078:2019-06-06
1026:Proc. SPIE
986:24 January
861:References
759:clathrates
727:formicicum
704:to exist.
483:, such as
402:cryosphere
362:radiolysis
146:) molecule
5821:Laplace-P
5724:Dragonfly
5678:Hayabusa2
5670:asteroids
5639:Tianwen-1
5617:Mars 2020
5608:Curiosity
5541:Eu:CROPIS
5396:Planetary
5145:Kepler-7b
5131:GJ 1132 b
5088:Enceladus
4821:Sub-Earth
4804:Mythology
4757:Mars race
4524:Asteroids
4420:Astronomy
4391:Hesperian
4386:Amazonian
4358:Volcanism
4333:Spherules
4254:Marsquake
4209:Dichotomy
4124:by height
4119:Mountains
3919:Geography
3849:197526414
3827:: 14–18.
3790:: 24–27.
3470:Space.com
3384:134110253
3123:128784051
2796:0377-0273
2693:0810.4359
2437:SpaceNews
1939:Space.com
1534:127748445
1512:: 52–61.
1463:106411228
1447:1476-4687
1386:0036-8075
1321:0036-8075
1248:0036-8075
1183:0036-8075
1130:256769669
955:cite news
911:1531-1074
824:Curiosity
568:⟶
465:Curiosity
418:volcanism
294:Curiosity
286:Curiosity
277:Curiosity
263:Curiosity
246:Curiosity
237:Curiosity
221:, HCN, CH
112:volcanism
52:talk page
6017:Category
5879:Kazachok
5869:Beagle 3
5801:ExoLance
5754:Proposed
5592:Beagle 2
5566:OREOcube
5546:EXOSTACK
5487:missions
5155:See also
5083:Callisto
5078:Ganymede
5037:Makemake
4857:Category
4721:Advocacy
4704:Missions
4647:Concepts
4476:Transits
4447:Monolith
4396:Noachian
4368:Yardangs
4264:on Earth
4224:Glaciers
4069:"Canals"
4061:features
4059:Physical
3670:Archived
3668:. NASA.
3647:73595154
3595:Archived
3593:. NASA.
3565:Archived
3534:: 5136.
3450:22679287
3338:7 August
3332:Archived
3328:BBC News
3301:19661912
3258:25083438
3250:19150811
3193:BBC News
3069:22678286
3024:Phys.org
2940:22678286
2897:Archived
2602:Archived
2598:BBC News
2579:28981740
2396:Springer
2302:29880683
2241:29880682
2049:43194305
2041:24051245
1769:29301992
1696:17 March
1690:Archived
1653:13533388
1645:15514118
1455:30971829
1394:29880682
1337:20304810
1329:25515120
1264:25083438
1256:19150811
1199:13533388
1191:15514118
1122:30377322
1054:73595154
929:30234380
834:See also
686:in vitro
662:hydrogen
655:sunlight
641:through
521:hydrogen
475:Biogenic
454:Current
426:hotspots
32:disputed
6029:Commons
5846:Trident
5836:Oceanus
5735:ExoMars
5716:Planned
5690:Rosetta
5645:Zhurong
5633:Phoenix
5571:Tanpopo
5561:O/OREOS
5506:BIOCORE
5005:Neptune
4984:Jupiter
4957:Mercury
4949:Planets
4789:Fiction
4770:Related
4664:Landing
4659:Orbiter
4618:General
4587:2007 NS
4577:1999 UJ
4567:1998 VF
4556:Trojans
4543:2007 WD
4532:Impacts
4512:Mercury
4378:History
4338:Surface
4269:on Mars
4234:Gullies
4219:Geysers
4166:Geology
4156:Gravity
4151:Valleys
4104:Gullies
4094:Craters
4084:Catenae
4079:Canyons
4034:Tharsis
3979:Cydonia
3961:Regions
3951:Methane
3941:Climate
3829:Bibcode
3792:Bibcode
3766:26 July
3728:Bibcode
3617:Bibcode
3536:Bibcode
3501:Bibcode
3476:27 June
3441:3382529
3418:Bibcode
3364:Bibcode
3309:4355576
3281:Bibcode
3230:Bibcode
3222:Science
3103:Bibcode
3077:4389735
3049:Bibcode
3000:Bibcode
2948:4389735
2920:Bibcode
2861:Bibcode
2819:Bibcode
2776:Bibcode
2741:Bibcode
2718:1168713
2698:Bibcode
2650:Bibcode
2608:2 April
2557:Bibcode
2528:24 July
2356:22 June
2328:23 June
2270:Bibcode
2261:Science
2219:Bibcode
2210:Science
2069:Science
2021:Bibcode
2012:Science
1906:Science
1862:Bibcode
1792:Bibcode
1749:Bibcode
1741:Science
1683:Bibcode
1623:Bibcode
1615:Science
1580:Bibcode
1514:Bibcode
1427:Bibcode
1364:Bibcode
1356:Science
1301:Bibcode
1293:Science
1226:Bibcode
1218:Science
1161:Bibcode
1153:Science
1102:Bibcode
1034:Bibcode
920:6205098
891:Bibcode
819:Methane
775:olivine
720:barkeri
713:wolfeii
479:Living
389:olivine
284:by the
282:in situ
151:Methane
140:methane
106:, or a
94:in the
92:methane
5978:MERMOZ
5771:CAESAR
5659:Viking
5576:VEGGIE
5551:EXPOSE
5531:E-MIST
5521:BIOPAN
5511:Biolab
5471:Tholin
5111:Triton
5073:Europa
4998:Uranus
4991:Saturn
4861:
4850:
4602:Comets
4497:Deimos
4492:Phobos
4454:Deimos
4437:Phobos
4141:Plains
4109:Mensae
4099:Fossae
3847:
3820:Icarus
3784:Icarus
3720:Icarus
3699:2 July
3645:
3635:
3493:Icarus
3448:
3438:
3382:
3307:
3299:
3273:Nature
3256:
3248:
3121:
3075:
3067:
3041:Nature
2946:
2938:
2912:Nature
2859:: 37.
2811:Icarus
2794:
2733:Icarus
2716:
2642:Icarus
2577:
2494:3 July
2402:
2378:Seeker
2300:
2239:
2188:8 June
2047:
2039:
1854:Icarus
1784:Icarus
1767:
1681:: 80.
1651:
1643:
1572:Icarus
1532:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1419:Nature
1392:
1384:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1128:
1120:
1094:Nature
1052:
982:. NASA
927:
917:
909:
793:Images
773:) and
729:, and
647:plants
489:ethane
383:and CO
366:pyrite
297:'s
266:'s
5894:MELOS
5766:BRUIE
5743:rover
5647:rover
5625:rover
5610:rover
5485:Space
5104:Titan
5093:Dione
5030:Pluto
5024:Ceres
4970:Earth
4963:Venus
4920:Stars
4669:Rover
4654:Flyby
4625:Orbit
4507:Earth
4429:Moons
4363:Water
4239:Lakes
4189:Color
4039:Undae
3845:S2CID
3760:(PDF)
3643:S2CID
3380:S2CID
3305:S2CID
3254:S2CID
3218:(PDF)
3119:S2CID
3073:S2CID
2944:S2CID
2714:S2CID
2688:arXiv
2575:S2CID
2514:(PDF)
2045:S2CID
2007:(PDF)
1714:esa.
1649:S2CID
1558:Wired
1530:S2CID
1479:esa.
1459:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
1333:S2CID
1289:(PDF)
1260:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1126:S2CID
1050:S2CID
1011:(PDF)
826:rover
651:algae
379:with
358:water
329:rover
322:rover
248:rover
217:O, NH
6056:Mars
5841:THEO
5585:Mars
5516:Bion
5167:Coma
5098:Rhea
5063:Moon
5044:Eris
4977:Mars
4328:Soil
4073:list
3902:Mars
3768:2010
3701:2019
3633:ISBN
3478:2012
3446:PMID
3409:PNAS
3340:2009
3297:PMID
3246:PMID
3200:2014
3174:2014
3065:PMID
2977:2009
2936:PMID
2792:ISSN
2610:2009
2530:2010
2496:2019
2465:2018
2400:ISBN
2358:2019
2330:2019
2322:NASA
2298:PMID
2237:PMID
2190:2018
2164:2014
2136:2014
2128:NASA
2108:2013
2082:2013
2037:PMID
1973:2012
1947:2012
1919:2012
1765:PMID
1698:2006
1641:PMID
1451:PMID
1443:ISSN
1390:PMID
1382:ISSN
1325:PMID
1317:ISSN
1252:PMID
1244:ISSN
1187:PMID
1179:ISSN
1118:PMID
1073:NASA
1030:7441
988:2009
961:link
925:PMID
907:ISSN
649:and
317:The
123:ppbv
5536:ERA
5501:BIO
4929:Sun
3837:doi
3825:332
3800:doi
3788:236
3736:doi
3724:245
3625:doi
3509:doi
3497:172
3436:PMC
3426:doi
3414:109
3372:doi
3289:doi
3277:460
3238:doi
3226:323
3111:doi
3057:doi
3045:486
3008:doi
2996:288
2928:doi
2916:486
2869:doi
2857:530
2827:doi
2815:217
2784:doi
2772:165
2749:doi
2737:260
2706:doi
2658:doi
2646:224
2565:doi
2288:hdl
2278:doi
2266:360
2227:doi
2215:360
2029:doi
2017:342
1870:doi
1858:223
1800:doi
1788:180
1757:doi
1745:359
1679:ESA
1667:ESA
1631:doi
1619:306
1588:doi
1576:172
1522:doi
1510:168
1435:doi
1423:568
1372:doi
1360:360
1309:doi
1297:347
1234:doi
1222:323
1169:doi
1157:306
1110:doi
1098:563
1042:doi
915:PMC
899:doi
763:SiO
735:.
681:".
672:/CH
639:ATP
424:or
213:, N
153:(CH
142:(CH
114:or
6047::
5068:Io
4569:31
3843:.
3835:.
3823:.
3798:.
3786:.
3734:.
3722:.
3718:.
3690:.
3664:.
3641:.
3631:.
3623:.
3589:.
3559:.
3548:^
3532:72
3530:.
3507:.
3495:.
3467:.
3444:.
3434:.
3424:.
3412:.
3406:.
3392:^
3378:.
3370:.
3360:12
3358:.
3330:.
3326:.
3303:.
3295:.
3287:.
3275:.
3252:.
3244:.
3236:.
3224:.
3220:.
3191:.
3165:.
3140:.
3117:.
3109:.
3099:39
3097:.
3085:^
3071:.
3063:.
3055:.
3043:.
3022:.
3006:.
2994:.
2968:.
2950:.
2942:.
2934:.
2926:.
2914:.
2891:.
2867:.
2855:.
2851:.
2825:.
2813:.
2790:.
2782:.
2747:.
2735:.
2712:.
2704:.
2696:.
2684:57
2682:.
2664:.
2656:.
2644:.
2625:.
2600:.
2596:.
2573:.
2563:.
2553:32
2551:.
2547:.
2520:.
2516:.
2485:.
2473:^
2435:.
2398:.
2394:.
2366:^
2347:.
2319:.
2296:.
2286:.
2276:.
2264:.
2258:.
2235:.
2225:.
2213:.
2207:.
2181:.
2153:.
2125:.
2099:.
2066:.
2043:.
2035:.
2027:.
2015:.
2009:.
1964:.
1936:.
1903:.
1868:.
1856:.
1852:.
1834:^
1820:.
1798:.
1786:.
1763:.
1755:.
1743:.
1718:.
1706:^
1677:.
1673:.
1647:.
1639:.
1629:.
1617:.
1613:.
1586:.
1574:.
1542:^
1528:.
1520:.
1508:.
1483:.
1471:^
1457:.
1449:.
1441:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1402:^
1388:.
1380:.
1370:.
1358:.
1354:.
1331:.
1323:.
1315:.
1307:.
1295:.
1291:.
1272:^
1258:.
1250:.
1242:.
1232:.
1220:.
1216:.
1193:.
1185:.
1177:.
1167:.
1155:.
1151:.
1124:.
1116:.
1108:.
1096:.
1071:.
1048:.
1040:.
996:^
978:.
957:}}
953:{{
945:.
923:.
913:.
905:.
897:.
887:18
885:.
881:.
869:^
779:CH
722:,
715:,
572:CH
536:CO
420:,
381:CO
202:,
191:,
189:CO
118:.
5218:e
5211:t
5204:v
4904:e
4897:t
4890:v
4589:2
4579:7
4546:5
4075:)
4071:(
3894:e
3887:t
3880:v
3851:.
3839::
3831::
3806:.
3802::
3794::
3770:.
3742:.
3738::
3730::
3703:.
3649:.
3627::
3619::
3574:.
3542:.
3538::
3515:.
3511::
3503::
3480:.
3452:.
3428::
3420::
3386:.
3374::
3366::
3342:.
3311:.
3291::
3283::
3260:.
3240::
3232::
3202:.
3176:.
3150:.
3125:.
3113::
3105::
3079:.
3059::
3051::
3014:.
3010::
3002::
2979:.
2930::
2922::
2877:.
2871::
2863::
2833:.
2829::
2821::
2798:.
2786::
2778::
2755:.
2751::
2743::
2720:.
2708::
2700::
2690::
2660::
2652::
2612:.
2581:.
2567::
2559::
2532:.
2498:.
2467:.
2445:.
2408:.
2360:.
2332:.
2304:.
2290::
2280::
2272::
2243:.
2229::
2221::
2192:.
2166:.
2138:.
2110:.
2084:.
2051:.
2031::
2023::
1975:.
1949:.
1921:.
1876:.
1872::
1864::
1806:.
1802::
1794::
1771:.
1759::
1751::
1728:.
1700:.
1685::
1655:.
1633::
1625::
1594:.
1590::
1582::
1536:.
1524::
1516::
1493:.
1465:.
1437::
1429::
1396:.
1374::
1366::
1339:.
1311::
1303::
1266:.
1236::
1228::
1201:.
1171::
1163::
1132:.
1112::
1104::
1081:.
1056:.
1044::
1036::
990:.
963:)
931:.
901::
893::
828:.
784:3
768:2
698:2
679:4
674:4
670:2
627:2
621:)
619:4
604:O
596:2
592:H
587:2
584:+
576:4
560:2
556:H
551:4
548:+
540:2
507:6
502:H
498:2
493:C
491:(
449:2
385:2
372:2
370:H
227:2
223:3
219:3
215:2
210:4
208:H
206:2
204:C
199:2
197:H
195:2
193:C
187:2
185:H
155:4
144:4
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
54:.
44:.
34:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
