Nature versus nurture - Knowledge (XXG)

1042:" factors of personality—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Studies have found that extraversion has a genetic component, with estimates of heritability ranging from 30% to 50%. However, environmental factors such as parenting style, cultural values, and life experiences can also shape a person's level of extraversion. Likewise, neuroticism has a genetic component, with estimates of heritability ranging from 30% to 50%. Environmental factors such as adverse childhood experiences, chronic stress, and cultural values can also influence a person's level of neuroticism. The close genetic relationship between positive personality traits and, for example, our happiness traits are the mirror images of comorbidity in psychopathology. These personality factors were consistent across cultures, and many studies have also tested the heritability of these traits. Personal agency also factors into this debate. While genetic and environmental factors can shape personality, individuals also have agency in shaping their own personality through their choices, behaviors, and attitudes. For example, one study found that college students who participated in study abroad programs scored higher on measures of openness to experience compared to those who did not participate. Another study found that individuals who lived in diverse neighborhoods were more likely to score higher on openness to experience compared to those who lived in more homogenous neighborhoods. 1054:

identify. One possible source of non-shared effects is the environment of pre-natal development. Random variations in the genetic program of development may be a substantial source of non-shared environment. These results suggest that "nurture" may not be the predominant factor in "environment". Environment and our situations, do in fact impact our lives, but not the way in which we would typically react to these environmental factors. We are preset with personality traits that are the basis for how we would react to situations. An example would be how extraverted prisoners become less happy than introverted prisoners and would react to their incarceration more negatively due to their preset extraverted personality. Behavioral genes are somewhat proven to exist when we take a look at fraternal twins. When fraternal twins are reared apart, they show the same similarities in behavior and response as if they have been reared together.

876:. That is, as these statistics cannot be applied at the level of the individual, it would be incorrect to say that while the heritability index of personality is about 0.6, 60% of one's personality is obtained from one's parents and 40% from the environment. To help to understand this, imagine that all humans were genetic clones. The heritability index for all traits would be zero (all variability between clonal individuals must be due to environmental factors). And, contrary to erroneous interpretations of the heritability index, as societies become more egalitarian (everyone has more similar experiences) the heritability index goes up (as environments become more similar, variability between individuals is due more to genetic factors). 841: 833: 925:. The attachment style of adults, (for example, a "secure attachment style," the propensity to develop close, trusting bonds with others) is proposed to be conditional on whether an individual's early childhood caregivers could be trusted to provide reliable assistance and attention. An example of a facultative physiological adaptation is tanning of skin on exposure to sunlight (to prevent skin damage). Facultative social adaptation have also been proposed. For example, whether a society is warlike or peaceful has been proposed to be conditional on how much collective threat that society is experiencing. 959:. The budding field of epigenetics has conducted research showing that hereditable conditions like schizophrenia, which have an 80% hereditability with only 10% of those who have inherited the trait actually displaying Schizophrenic traits. New research is showing that gene expression can happen in adults due to environmental stimuli. For example, people with schizophrenic gene have a genetic predisposition for this illness but the gene lays dormant in most people. However, if introduced to chronic stress or introducing some amphetamines it caused the methyl groups to stick to hippocampi histones. 994:" (1995) states that there is no doubt that normal child development requires a certain minimum level of responsible care. Here, environment is playing a role in what is believed to be fully genetic (intelligence) but it was found that severely deprived, neglectful, or abusive environments have highly negative effects on many aspects of children's intellect development. Beyond that minimum, however, the role of family experience is in serious dispute. On the other hand, by late adolescence this correlation disappears, such that adoptive siblings no longer have similar IQ scores. 1063:

genetically determined) based on whether good things or bad things are happening to us ("nurture"), but only fluctuates in small magnitude in a normal human. The midpoint of these fluctuations is determined by the "great genetic lottery" that people are born with, which leads them to conclude that how happy they may feel at the moment or over time is simply due to the luck of the draw, or gene. This fluctuation was also not due to educational attainment, which only accounted for less than 2% of the variance in well-being for women, and less than 1% of the variance for men.

880:

particular phenotype in a chosen group of a population in a given period of time. The accuracy of the calculations is further hindered by the number of coefficients taken into consideration, age being one such variable. The display of the influence of heritability and environmentality differs drastically across age groups: the older the studied age is, the more noticeable the heritability factor becomes, the younger the test subjects are, the more likely it is to show signs of strong influence of the environmental factors.

1046:

heritable to a certain extent. A supporting article had focused on the heritability of personality (which is estimated to be around 50% for subjective well-being) in which a study was conducted using a representative sample of 973 twin pairs to test the heritable differences in subjective well-being which were found to be fully accounted for by the genetic model of the Five-Factor Model's personality domains. However, these same study designs allow for the examination of environment as well as genes.

785:. These correlations indicate that individuals with certain genotypes are more likely to find themselves in certain environments. Thus, it appears that genes can shape (the selection or creation of) environments. Even using experiments like those described above, it can be very difficult to determine convincingly the relative contribution of genes and environment. The analogy "genetics loads the gun, but environment pulls the trigger" has been attributed to 1014:

in early childhood has been linked to lower IQ scores later in life, while supplementation with certain nutrients such as iron and iodine has been shown to improve IQ scores. Social support is also an important environmental factor that positively affects IQ, with one study indicating that children who received high levels of emotional support from their mothers had higher IQ scores than those who received low levels of emotional support.

5185: 5211: 5198: 1074:, it has become possible to search for and identify specific gene polymorphisms that affect traits such as IQ and personality. These techniques work by tracking the association of differences in a trait of interest with differences in specific molecular markers or functional variants. An example of a visible human trait for which the precise genetic basis of differences are relatively well known is 1130: 3844: 440:. Such studies are designed to decompose the variability of a given trait in a given population into a genetic and an environmental component. Twin studies established that there was, in many cases, a significant heritable component. These results did not, in any way, point to overwhelming contribution of heritable factors, with 1837:: "While it would be inaccurate to say that most American experimentalists concluded as the result of the general acceptance of Mendelism by 1910 or so that heredity was all powerful and environment of no consequence, it was nevertheless true that heredity occupied a much more prominent place than environment in their writings." 1116: 869:

up of two "buckets," genes and environment, each able to hold a certain capacity of the trait. But even for intermediate heritabilities, a trait is always shaped by both genetic dispositions and the environments in which people develop, merely with greater and lesser plasticities associated with these heritability measures.

1010:. For example, research has shown that factors such as access to education, nutrition, and social support can have a significant impact on IQ. Furthermore, research has suggested that certain experiences during early childhood, such as exposure to lead or other environmental toxins, can have a negative impact on IQ. 1348:). "Protagoras, despite of the misgiving of Socrates, has no scruple in announcing himself a teacher of virtue, because virtue in the sense by him understood seems sufficiently secured by nature and nurture." Mackay, Robert W. 1869. "Introduction to the 'Meno' in comparison with the 'Protagoras'." Pp. 133–50 in 644:. In other words, the degree to which individuals display Trait C has little to do with either genes or broadly predictable environmental factors—roughly, the outcome approaches random for an individual. Notice also that even identical twins raised in a common family rarely show 100% trait correlation. 1013:

Studies have consistently shown that environmental factors can have a significant impact on IQ. Access to quality education has been found to have a positive effect on IQ, with one study indicating that access to quality preschool education had a lasting impact on IQ scores up to age 35. Malnutrition

947:

Multivariate genetic analysis examines the genetic contribution to several traits that vary together. For example, multivariate genetic analysis has demonstrated that the genetic determinants of all specific cognitive abilities (e.g., memory, spatial reasoning, processing speed) overlap greatly, such

917:

vs. facultative" adaptations. Adaptations may be generally more obligate (robust in the face of typical environmental variation) or more facultative (sensitive to typical environmental variation). For example, the rewarding sweet taste of sugar and the pain of bodily injury are obligate psychological

672:

reared apart are compared to randomly selected pairs of people. The twins share identical genes, but different family environments. Twins reared apart are not assigned at random to foster or adoptive parents. In another kind of twin study, identical twins reared together (who share family environment

1066:

They consider that the individualities measured together with personality tests remain steady throughout an individual's lifespan. They further believe that human beings may refine their forms or personality but can never change them entirely. Darwin's Theory of Evolution steered naturalists such as

1062:

The relationship between personality and people's own well-being is influenced and mediated by genes. There has been found to be a stable set point for happiness that is characteristic of the individual (largely determined by the individual's genes). Happiness fluctuates around that setpoint (again,

997:

Moreover, adoption studies indicate that, by adulthood, adoptive siblings are no more similar in IQ than strangers (IQ correlation near zero), while full siblings show an IQ correlation of 0.6. Twin studies reinforce this pattern: monozygotic (identical) twins raised separately are highly similar in

868:

of a trait within a population. However, many non-scientists who encounter a report of a trait having a certain percentage heritability imagine non-interactional, additive contributions of genes and environment to the trait. As an analogy, some laypeople may think of the degree of a trait being made

855:

oncrete behavioral traits that patently depend on content provided by the home or culture—which language one speaks, which religion one practices, which political party one supports—are not heritable at all. But traits that reflect the underlying talents and temperaments—how proficient with language

737:

Since the definition of "nature" in this context is tied to "heritability", the definition of "nurture" has consequently become very wide, including any type of causality that is not heritable. The term has thus moved away from its original connotation of "cultural influences" to include all effects

688:

In many cases, it has been found that genes make a substantial contribution, including psychological traits such as intelligence and personality. Yet heritability may differ in other circumstances, for instance environmental deprivation. Examples of low, medium, and high heritability traits include:

660:

on a trait is due to variation in the genes those individuals carry. In animals where breeding and environments can be controlled experimentally, heritability can be determined relatively easily. Such experiments would be unethical for human research. This problem can be overcome by finding existing

612:

in the sense that if any human trait is purely conditioned by culture, any undesired trait (such as crime or aggression) may be engineered away by purely cultural (political means). Pinker focuses on reasons he assumes were responsible for unduly repressing evidence to the contrary, notably the fear

2049:

A position not actually taken by the author, but apparently it was feared that "lay readers" would still interpret the book in this way, as in "Will it free some to mistreat their kids, since 'it doesn't matter'?", with this fear being attributed to "psychologist Frank Farley of Temple University,

363:

that would become dominant over the following decades. Watson is often said to have been convinced of the complete dominance of cultural influence over anything that heredity might contribute. This is based on the following quote which is frequently repeated without context, as the last sentence is

892:

twins. Furthermore, there was significantly more variance in the dizygotic twins' self-reported wellbeing than there was in the monozygotic group. Genetic similarity has thus been estimated to account for around 50% of the variance in adult happiness at a given point in time, and as much as 80% of

652:

refers only to the degree of genetic variation between people on a trait. It does not refer to the degree to which a trait of a particular individual is due to environmental or genetic factors. The traits of an individual are always a complex interweaving of both. For an individual, even strongly

543:

Heritability studies became much easier to perform, and hence much more numerous, with the advances of genetic studies during the 1990s. By the late 1990s, an overwhelming amount of evidence had accumulated that amounts to a refutation of the extreme forms of "blank-slatism" advocated by Watson or

137:

nurture. These two conflicting approaches to human development were at the core of an ideological dispute over research agendas throughout the second half of the 20th century. As both "nature" and "nurture" factors were found to contribute substantially, often in an inextricable manner, such views

1053:

In the case of personality traits, non-shared environmental effects are often found to out-weigh shared environmental effects. That is, environmental effects that are typically thought to be life-shaping (such as family life) may have less of an impact than non-shared effects, which are harder to

1049:

Adoption studies also directly measure the strength of shared family effects. Adopted siblings share only family environment. Most adoption studies indicate that by adulthood the personalities of adopted siblings are little or no more similar than random pairs of strangers. This would mean that

1045:

Identical twins reared apart are far more similar in personality than randomly selected pairs of people. Likewise, identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins. Also, biological siblings are more similar in personality than adoptive siblings. Each observation suggests that personality is

792:

Heritability refers to the origins of differences between people. Individual development, even of highly heritable traits, such as eye color, depends on a range of environmental factors, from the other genes in the organism, to physical variables such as temperature, oxygen levels etc. during its

1035:

study designs. The most famous categorical organization of heritable personality traits were defined in the 1970s by two research teams led by Paul Costa & Robert R. McCrae and Warren Norman & Lewis Goldberg in which they had people rate their personalities on 1000+ dimensions they then

814:

are environmentally determined: linguists have found that any child (if capable of learning a language at all) can learn any human language with equal facility. With virtually all biological and psychological traits, however, genes and environment work in concert, communicating back and forth to

368:

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his

951:

Extremes analysis examines the link between normal and pathological traits. For example, it is hypothesized that a given behavioral disorder may represent an extreme of a continuous distribution of a normal behavior and hence an extreme of a continuous distribution of genetic and environmental

879:

One should also take into account the fact that the variables of heritability and environmentality are not precise and vary within a chosen population and across cultures. It would be more accurate to state that the degree of heritability and environmentality is measured in its reference to a

829:, it will not learn to speak any language regardless of the environment; similarly, someone who is practically certain to eventually develop Huntington's disease according to their genotype may die in an unrelated accident (an environmental event) long before the disease will manifest itself. 729:

Twin and adoption studies have their methodological limits. For example, both are limited to the range of environments and genes which they sample. Almost all of these studies are conducted in Western countries, and therefore cannot necessarily be extrapolated globally to include non-western

1089:

It is now clear that genes are vastly more influential than virtually any other force in shaping sex identity and gender identity ... The growing consensus in medicine is that ... children should be assigned to their chromosomal (i.e., genetic) sex regardless of anatomical variations and

381:

Man is man because he has no instincts, because everything he is and has become he has learned, acquired, from his culture ... with the exception of the instinctoid reactions in infants to sudden withdrawals of support and to sudden loud noises, the human being is entirely instinctless.

61:). Nature is what people think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. 526:

is a weapon in the struggle between classes, then the universities are weapons factories, and their teaching and research faculties are the engineers, designers, and production workers." The debate thus shifted away from whether heritable traits exist to whether it was

640:). Trait B shows a high heritability since the correlation of trait rises sharply with the degree of genetic similarity. Trait C shows low heritability, but also low correlations generally; this means Trait C has a high nonshared environmental variance 948:

that the genes associated with any specific cognitive ability will affect all others. Similarly, multivariate genetic analysis has found that genes that affect scholastic achievement completely overlap with the genes that affect cognitive ability.

912:

Traits may be considered to be adaptations (such as the umbilical cord), byproducts of adaptations (the belly button) or due to random variation (convex or concave belly button shape). An alternative to contrasting nature and nurture focuses on

998:

IQ (0.74), more so than dizygotic (fraternal) twins raised together (0.6) and much more than adoptive siblings (≈0.0). Recent adoption studies also found that supportive parents can have a positive effect on the development of their children.

631:

This chart illustrates three patterns one might see when studying the influence of genes and environment on traits in individuals. Trait A shows a high sibling correlation, but little heritability (i.e. high shared environmental variance

283:. In 18th-century philosophy, this was cast in terms of "innate ideas" establishing the presence of a universal virtue, prerequisite for objective morals. In the 20th century, this argument was in a way inverted, since some philosophers ( 887:

twins separated at birth and those reared in the same household, suggesting that happiness in middle-aged adults is not based in environmental factors related to family rearing. The same result was also found among middle-aged

578:. The book became a best-seller, and was instrumental in bringing to the attention of a wider public the paradigm shift away from the behaviourist purism of the 1940s to 1970s that had taken place over the preceding decades. 943:

measured 40–50%. Subsequent developmental genetic analyses found that variance attributable to additive environmental effects is less apparent in older individuals, with estimated heritability of IQ increasing in adulthood.

369:

talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.

2401:

Yang, Jian; Benyamin, Beben; McEvoy, Brian P; Gordon, Scott; Henders, Anjali K; Nyholt, Dale R; Madden, Pamela A; Heath, Andrew C; Martin, Nicholas G; Montgomery, Grant W; Goddard, Michael E; Visscher, Peter M (2010).

129:, which assumes that human behavioral traits develop almost exclusively from environmental influences, was widely held during much of the 20th century. The debate between "blank-slate" denial of the influence of 1562: 978:

Cognitive functions have a significant genetic component. A 2015 meta-analysis of over 14 million twin pairs found that genetics explained 57% of the variability in cognitive functions. Evidence from

653:

genetically influenced, or "obligate" traits, such as eye color, assume the inputs of a typical environment during ontogenetic development (e.g., certain ranges of temperatures, oxygen levels, etc.).

161:, researchers think nurture has an essential influence on the nature of an individual. Similarly in other fields, the dividing line between an inherited and an acquired trait becomes unclear, as in 549: 685:, biological siblings reared together (who share the same family environment and half their genes) are compared to adoptive siblings (who share their family environment but none of their genes). 535:

permissible to admit their existence. The authors deny this, requesting that evolutionary inclinations be discarded in ethical and political discussions regardless of whether they exist or not.

299:

In the early 20th century, there was an increased interest in the role of one's environment, as a reaction to the strong focus on pure heredity in the wake of the triumphal success of Darwin's

1081:

In contrast to views developed in 1960s that gender identity is primarily learned (which led to a protocol of surgical sex changes in male infants with injured or malformed genitals, such as

463:

as an answer to the question "which, nature or nurture, contributes more to personality?" by asking in response, "Which contributes more to the area of a rectangle, its length or its width?"

474:. He identified approximately 150 such features, coming to the conclusion there is indeed a "universal human nature", and that these features point to what that universal human nature is. 822:

are due to the additive effects of many (often hundreds) of small gene effects. A good example of this is height, where variance appears to be spread across many hundreds of loci.

565:." However, Harris was criticized for exaggerating the point of "parental upbringing seems to matter less than previously thought" to the implication that "parents do not matter." 1721: 939:

Developmental genetic analysis examines the effects of genes over the course of a human lifespan. Early studies of intelligence, which mostly examined young children, found that

498: 3480: 2690:

Røysamb, Espen; Harris, Jennifer R; Magnus, Per; Vittersø, Joar; Tambs, Kristian (2002). "Subjective well-being. Sex-specific effects of genetic and environmental factors".

2647:

Nes, R. B.; Røysamb, E.; Tambs, K.; Harris, J. R.; Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2006). "Subjective well-being: Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change".

2604:

Nes, Ragnhild B.; Røysamb, Espen; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted; Tambs, Kristian; Harris, Jennifer R. (2012). "Subjective Wellbeing and Sleep Problems: A Bivariate Twin Study".

1275:, where the hero's effort to suppress his natural impulse of compassion in favor of what he considers proper courtly behavior leads to catastrophe. Lacy, Norris J. (1980) 807:

virtually all the incidence of the disease is due to genetic differences. Huntington's animal models live much longer or shorter lives depending on how they are cared for.

4056: 3913: 570: 1067:

George Williams and William Hamilton to the concept of personality evolution. They suggested that physical organs and also personality is a product of natural selection.

3881: 796:

The variability of trait can be meaningfully spoken of as being due in certain proportions to genetic differences ("nature"), or environments ("nurture"). For highly

818:

At a molecular level, genes interact with signals from other genes and from the environment. While there are many thousands of single-gene-locus traits, so-called

677:

reared together (who also share family environment but only share half their genes). Another condition that permits the disassociation of genes and environment is

238: 2882:

Plomin, R.; Fulker, D. W.; Corley, R.; DeFries, J. C. (1997). "Nature, Nurture and Cognitive Development from 1 to 16 years: A Parent–Offspring Adoption Study".

2537: 5893: 3056:

Polderman, Tinca J C; Benyamin, Beben; de Leeuw, Christiaan A; Sullivan, Patrick F; van Bochoven, Arjen; Visscher, Peter M; Posthuma, Danielle (July 2015).

6612: 773:, are another component of the nature–nurture debate. A classic example of gene–environment interaction is the ability of a diet low in the amino acid 4757: 921:

On the other hand, facultative adaptations are somewhat like "if-then" statements. An example of a facultative psychological adaptation may be adult

5045: 4647: 2173: 211: 1812: 287:) now argued that the evolutionary origins of human behavioral traits forces us to concede that there is no foundation for ethics, while others ( 2452:"Why nature & nurture won't go away. Harvard Online PDF Pinker, Steven. 2004. Why nature & nurture won't go away. Daedalus 133(4): 5-17" 628: 6573: 5984: 5681: 2868:

McGue, M.; Bouchard Jr., T. J.; Iacono, W. G. and Lykken, D. T. (1993) "Behavioral Genetics of Cognitive Ability: A Life-Span Perspective", in

1156: 459:

that was gradually replaced by the now-predominant view that both kinds of factors usually contribute to a given trait, anecdotally phrased by

419:(1967) expresses similar views. Organised opposition to Montagu's kind of purist "blank-slatism" began to pick up in the 1970s, notably led by 203:). Though Chen was obviously negative to the question, the phrase has often been cited as an early quest to the nature versus nurture problem. 955:

For a few highly heritable traits, studies have identified loci associated with variance in that trait, for instance in some individuals with

840: 4617: 4537: 4512: 4391: 4271: 3874: 3796: 3758: 3711: 3690: 3634: 2810: 2756: 2034: 1470: 4737: 3945: 3553: 6592: 6538: 5250: 4517: 4442: 4369: 4345: 4293: 3848: 1241: 893:

the variance in long-term happiness stability. Other studies have similarly found the heritability of happiness to be around 0.35–0.50.

241:, complained that by denying the possibility of any innate ideas, Locke "threw all order and virtue out of the world," leading to total 6111: 4762: 6383: 6050: 5177: 5129: 4148: 3901: 3737: 3127: 2141: 1466: 987: 832: 3429: 6632: 6083: 6020: 4557: 3611: 3535: 2555: 2158: 1981: 1680: 1575: 1545: 1433: 991: 6126: 6121: 782: 751: 1362: 1248:, "I appointed therefore the mother guardian, who is properly so by nature and nurture, where there is no testamentary guardian.") 6637: 6340: 5734: 5190: 4797: 4582: 4374: 3867: 3174:

Segal, Nancy L. (1997). "Same-age unrelated siblings: A unique test of within-family environmental influences on IQ similarity".

1271: 608:

Pinker argues that all three dogmas were held onto for an extended period even in the face of evidence because they were seen as

2145: 2096: 5878: 5724: 4792: 4772: 4485: 4230: 3938: 3933: 3906: 6045: 5050: 4965: 4495: 6617: 6035: 5010: 4672: 4065: 4002: 2277: 2011: 1888: 904:. This is one explanation of how environment can influence the extent to which a genetic disposition will actually manifest. 179: 6517: 4044: 2917:

Harrison, P. J.; Owen, M. J. (2003). "Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications".

6607: 6368: 6040: 5765: 5402: 5122: 4807: 4787: 4724: 4175: 3985: 1495: 731: 467: 345:; that each is an equally important dimension of human nature, but that none of these dimensions is reducible to another. 2071: 5959: 5805: 5701: 5676: 5447: 4970: 4742: 4562: 4185: 4153: 4061: 1007: 188: 3139:

Bouchard, T. J. Jr. (1998). "Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities".

6335: 5621: 5216: 4782: 4017: 2451: 1037: 5898: 2496: 307:

developed as the project of studying the influence of culture in clean isolation from questions related to "biology.

2962:"Methamphetamine Enhances the Development of Schizophrenia in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Schizophrenia" 883:

For example, one study found no statistically significant difference in self-reported wellbeing between middle-aged

291:) treated ethics as a field of cognitively valid statements in complete isolation from evolutionary considerations. 6602: 6527: 6393: 6225: 5820: 5651: 5646: 4677: 4547: 4527: 4306: 4051: 3683:

Nature and Nurture: The Complex Interplay of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavior and Development

3270:"The development of cognitive and academic abilities: Growth curves from an early childhood educational experiment" 1514: 1490:. 2011. "The Nature–Nurture Issue (an Illustration Using Behaviour-Genetic Research on Cognitive Development)." In 1448: 825:

Extreme genetic or environmental conditions can predominate in rare circumstances—if a child is born mute due to a

397: 377:

was a notable proponent of this purist form of behaviorism which allowed no contribution from heredity whatsoever:

195:

asked the rhetorical question as a call to war: "Are kings, generals, and ministers merely born into their kind?" (

4577: 3268:

Campbell, Frances A.; Pungello, Elizabeth P.; Miller-Johnson, Shari; Burchinal, Margaret; Ramey, Craig T. (2001).

1781: 1162: 757:

Many properties of the brain are genetically organized, and don't depend on information coming in from the senses.

6220: 6030: 5989: 5825: 5545: 5377: 5097: 5068: 4955: 4869: 4777: 4752: 4542: 4318: 1200: 313: 5397: 4990: 4874: 4747: 4567: 4500: 4362: 4335: 4190: 3965: 3928: 1085:), genomics has provided solid evidence that both sex and gender identities are primarily influenced by genes: 126: 92: 3572: 1349: 3459: 742:

may arise from stochastic variations in prenatal development and is thus in no sense of the term "cultural".

6627: 6597: 6461: 6398: 6373: 6256: 6176: 5853: 5243: 5154: 4995: 4861: 4687: 4667: 4657: 4472: 4452: 4323: 4311: 4301: 4158: 3890: 2748: 2181: 1150: 804: 3430:"Happiness is a personal(ity) thing: the genetics of personality and well-being in a representative sample" 2239:"Emergence of orientation selective simple cells simulated in deterministic and stochastic neural networks" 6446: 6345: 6330: 6299: 6200: 5686: 5525: 5112: 5107: 5082: 5030: 5025: 4865: 4857: 4848: 4843: 4812: 4704: 4490: 4427: 4180: 4099: 3678: 2511: 1458: 1144: 1023: 547:

This revised state of affairs was summarized in books aimed at a popular audience from the late 1990s. In

523: 491: 451: 54: 245:. By the 19th century, the predominant perspective was contrary to that of Locke's, tending to focus on " 133:, and the view admitting both environmental and heritable traits, has often been cast in terms of nature 6451: 6378: 6277: 6215: 6210: 6141: 6076: 6015: 5576: 5500: 5392: 5139: 4909: 4904: 4879: 4607: 4587: 4437: 4357: 4330: 4261: 4029: 3437: 1707: 1298: 983: 933: 562: 318: 5000: 2204:"Decreased retinal ganglion cell number and misdirected axon growth associated with fissure defects in 2202:

Rice, D. S.; Tang, Q.; Williams, R. W.; Harris, B.S.; Davisson, M. T.; Goldowitz, D. (September 1997).

918:

adaptations—typical environmental variability during development does not much affect their operation.

470:

in the 1980s surveyed hundreds of anthropological studies from around the world and collected a set of

33:

is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their

1820: 386:

In 1951, Calvin Hall suggested that the dichotomy opposing nature to nurture is ultimately fruitless.

6466: 6309: 6304: 6186: 6181: 6168: 5873: 5800: 5749: 5510: 5485: 5475: 5092: 4899: 4884: 4852: 4839: 4700: 4612: 4480: 4447: 4422: 4276: 4240: 4134: 4104: 3923: 3626: 3214: 1358: 1186: 1159: – Perspective that human behavior is caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors 1095: 1031:

is a frequently cited example of a heritable trait that has been studied in twins and adoptees using

604:," in the sense that there is a human soul capable of moral choices completely detached from biology. 601: 487: 437: 166: 3730:

DNA Is Not Destiny: The Remarkable, Completely Misunderstood Relationship between You and Your Genes

3588:

Honeycutt, Hunter (2019). "Nature and Nurture as an Enduring Tension in the History of Psychology".

2516: 6562: 5888: 5815: 5739: 5560: 5540: 5495: 5432: 5315: 5267: 5159: 4924: 4709: 4627: 4168: 4112: 4039: 2053: 1905: 1192: 1032: 979: 734:

in the case of twin studies, and the lack of pre-adoptive effects in the case of adoption studies.

515: 496:

At the height of the controversy, during the 1970s to 1980s, the debate was highly ideologised. In

471: 158: 79: 5210: 5197: 3770: 6251: 5934: 5671: 5407: 5236: 5117: 4960: 4950: 4919: 4714: 4662: 4572: 4522: 4381: 4340: 4256: 4163: 4143: 3997: 3975: 3970: 3472: 3407: 3352: 3148: 3093: 2942: 2899: 2851: 2672: 2629: 2586: 2529: 2269: 1951: 1453: 1266: 1257:

English usage is based on a tradition going back to medieval literature, where the opposition of

1071: 973: 554: 483: 150: 107:

The view that humans acquire all or almost all their behavioral traits from "nurture" was termed

87: 730:

populations. Additionally, both types of studies depend on particular assumptions, such as the

2346: 2203: 149:

loops have been found in which nature and nurture influence one another constantly, as seen in

6622: 6512: 6496: 6292: 6287: 6196: 6025: 5868: 5790: 5770: 5641: 5581: 5520: 5515: 5480: 5457: 5387: 5372: 5203: 4980: 4975: 4889: 4691: 4432: 4399: 4266: 4127: 4075: 4034: 4012: 3980: 3792: 3754: 3733: 3707: 3686: 3630: 3607: 3531: 3464: 3399: 3391: 3372:"Social Structure, Infectious Diseases, Disasters, Secularism, and Cultural Change in America" 3344: 3336: 3297: 3289: 3250: 3232: 3156: 3123: 3085: 3077: 3038: 2999: 2981: 2934: 2843: 2806: 2752: 2664: 2621: 2578: 2433: 2366: 2327: 2261: 2219: 2137: 2030: 2007: 1977: 1943: 1935: 1884: 1676: 1648: 1629: 1571: 1541: 1537: 1462: 1429: 1376: 1280: 1233: 1121: 226: 3602: 2872:, by R. Plomin & G. E. McClearn (Eds.) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 2024: 1918:

Rende, R. D.; Plomin, R.; Vandenberg, S. G. (March 1990). "Who discovered the twin method?".

1423: 952:

variation. Depression, phobias, and reading disabilities have been examined in this context.

661:

populations of humans that reflect the experimental setting the researcher wishes to create.

656:

In contrast, the "heritability index" statistically quantifies the extent to which variation

6522: 6491: 6486: 6441: 6069: 5908: 5744: 5719: 5711: 5467: 5351: 5330: 4409: 4350: 4281: 4139: 4082: 3820: 3657: 3597: 3454: 3446: 3383: 3328: 3281: 3240: 3222: 3183: 3119: 3069: 3030: 2989: 2973: 2926: 2891: 2835: 2796: 2699: 2656: 2613: 2570: 2521: 2423: 2415: 2358: 2317: 2307: 2253: 1927: 1638: 1603: 1487: 922: 826: 503: 338: 334: 280: 242: 196: 3018: 1405: 589:

linked to two other dogmas found in the dominant view of human nature in the 20th century:

275:

The question of "innate ideas" or "instincts" were of some importance in the discussion of

6532: 6436: 6246: 5939: 5858: 5695: 5656: 5555: 5305: 5149: 5040: 5005: 4914: 4802: 4696: 4652: 4632: 4505: 4221: 4200: 3955: 3111: 3034: 2773: 2472: 2128: 1875: 901: 811: 778: 674: 669: 522:

framework, arguing that "Science is the ultimate legitimator of bourgeois ideology ... If

425: 391: 304: 145:

nurture has thus been claimed to have limited relevance in some fields of research. Close

138:

were seen as naive or outdated by most scholars of human development by the 21st century.

50: 46: 3567: 2960:

Li, Huabing; Lu, Qiong; Xiao, Enhua; Li, Qiuyun; He, Zhong; Mei, Xilong (February 2014).

2385: 444:

typically ranging around 40% to 50%, so that the controversy may not be cast in terms of

3316: 3218: 3058:"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies" 1968:

Meaney M. 2004. "The nature of nurture: maternal effects and chromatin remodelling." In

627: 5999: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5924: 5601: 5530: 5320: 4642: 4622: 4532: 4225: 4117: 3992: 3784: 3524: 3332: 3245: 3202: 2994: 2895: 2525: 2428: 2403: 2322: 2295: 1862: 1846: 1135: 819: 682: 460: 410: 406: 374: 353: 101: 71: 27:

Debate about heredity and environment as determinants of physical or mental development

2930: 2703: 982:

research suggests that family environmental factors may have an effect upon childhood

738:

of the environment, including; indeed, a substantial source of environmental input to

568:

The situation as it presented itself by the end of the 20th century was summarized in

6586: 6500: 6414: 6282: 6116: 6093: 5994: 5903: 5848: 5843: 5785: 5616: 5452: 5437: 5422: 5335: 5295: 5144: 5087: 5077: 4637: 4457: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4247: 4216: 4205: 4195: 4122: 4024: 3918: 3450: 3097: 2903: 2741: 2725: 2478: 2468: 2123: 2100: 1880: 1870: 1567: 1509: 1168: 956: 848: 774: 762: 575: 558: 415: 402: 258: 250: 65: 3476: 3356: 3317:"Heritability of the Big Five Personality Dimensions and Their Facets: A Twin Study" 2946: 2676: 2533: 1955: 237:

that is universal to humanity. Locke's view was harshly criticized in his own time.

6325: 6146: 6136: 5944: 5795: 5780: 5636: 5626: 5412: 4934: 4235: 4212: 3411: 2855: 2633: 2590: 2273: 2238: 2133: 1180: 1174: 1082: 940: 865: 786: 739: 622: 594: 441: 420: 288: 284: 130: 42: 3498: 2826:

Plomin, R.; Spinath, F. M. (2004). "Intelligence: genetics, genes, and genomics".

2026:

The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do, Revised and Updated

1399: 3748: 3701: 1643: 1624: 17: 6261: 6241: 5954: 5929: 5775: 5611: 5596: 5382: 5310: 5300: 5073: 4985: 4929: 4767: 4552: 4251: 4070: 3269: 2961: 2296:"Gene-environment interactions in the development of complex disease phenotypes" 1749: 1695: 1557: 1224: 1028: 897: 884: 856:

a person is, how religious, how liberal or conservative—are partially heritable.

664:

One way to determine the contribution of genes and environment to a trait is to

507: 436:

was developed as a research design intended to exclude all confounders based on

359: 230: 217: 162: 109: 97: 6061: 3285: 3187: 2977: 2839: 1238:

Nature and nurture once together met / The soule and shape in decent order set.

1129: 6505: 6205: 6158: 5969: 5863: 5666: 5591: 5535: 5505: 5442: 5340: 5020: 5015: 4732: 4467: 4007: 3662: 3645: 3371: 2660: 2574: 1757: 1594: 1111: 797: 665: 511: 433: 322: 308: 269: 268:

than animals, and that greater freedom of action is the result of having more

254: 206: 192: 114: 45:

expression "nature and nurture" in English has been in use since at least the

3395: 3387: 3340: 3293: 3236: 3081: 3042: 2985: 2404:"Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height" 1939: 597:," in the sense that people are born good and corrupted by bad influence; and 6456: 6424: 6191: 6097: 5660: 5631: 5606: 5490: 5345: 5259: 4682: 3843: 3227: 1973: 1744: 1699: 1608: 1589: 1075: 889: 800: 781:. Yet another complication to the nature–nurture debate is the existence of 300: 276: 184: 3468: 3403: 3301: 3254: 3089: 3003: 2938: 2847: 2668: 2625: 2582: 2437: 2370: 2331: 1652: 53:. The complementary combination of the two concepts is an ancient concept ( 3859: 3825: 3808: 3348: 3160: 2362: 2312: 2265: 2223: 1947: 6419: 6388: 5949: 5883: 5290: 5134: 4894: 4599: 3057: 2617: 1835:

The Triumph of Evolution: The Heredity-Environment Controversy, 1900–1941

914: 861: 678: 528: 342: 330: 265: 246: 146: 83: 75: 68: 34: 3203:"Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science" 3152: 6151: 5586: 5550: 5035: 2554:

Stubbe, J. H.; Posthuma, D.; Boomsma, D. I.; De Geus, E. J. C. (2005).

2257: 2072:"The Blank Slate: the modern denial of human nature | Workers' Liberty" 1931: 1789: 1474: 519: 326: 321:

for the next 15 years. In this study, he established that in any given

154: 38: 3590:

Nature and Nurture as an Enduring Tension in the History of Psychology

3315:

Jang, Kerry L.; Livesley, W. John; Vemon, Philip A. (September 1996).

2801: 6131: 5810: 5729: 5325: 5285: 5280: 5275: 1700:

Nature Versus Nurture | What Scientific Idea is Ready for Retirement?

532: 3073: 2793:

Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture

1090:

differences—with the option of switching, if desired, later in life.

405:

argues for innate attributes of human nature, especially concerning

2419: 2556:"Heritability of life satisfaction in adults: A twin-family study" 1293: 839: 831: 626: 613:

of (imagined or projected) political or ideological consequences.

586: 364:

frequently omitted, leading to confusion about Watson's position:

6429: 5417: 3854: 2159:"Have Researchers Finally Settled The Nature Vs Nurture Debate?" 1900:

Hall, Calvin S. 1951. "The Genetics of Behavior." Pp. 304–29 in

1673:

The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics

1563:

Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, & What Makes Us Human

37:(nature) and the environmental conditions of their development ( 6065: 5232: 3863: 3681:, Cynthia; Bearer, Elaine L.; Lerner, Richard M., eds. (2004). 561:

as a book that "will come to be seen as a turning point in the

5691: 234: 3522:

Herschkowitz, Norbert; Herschkowitz, Elinore Chapman (2002).

1302:

351b; an opposition is made by Protagoras' character between

550:

The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do

5228: 1050:

shared family effects on personality are zero by adulthood.

3809:"Genes and Behavior: Nature - Nurture Interplay Explained" 1277:

The Craft of Chrétien de Troyes: An Essay on Narrative Art

1265:("culture, adopted mores") is a common motif, famously in 1183: – Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior 1024:

Personality psychology § Genetic basis of personality

215:(1690) is often cited as the foundational document of the 2345:

Ramaswamy, S.; McBride, J. L.; Kordower, J. H. (2007).

1454:

The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of 'Nature Vs. Nurture'

1425:

The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of "Nature Vs. Nurture"

1354:

Meno: A Dialogue on the Nature and Meaning of Education

860:

When traits are determined by a complex interaction of

844:

More realistic "homogenous mudpie" view of heritability

3789:

Genes and Behavior: Nature–Nurture Interplay Explained

2050:

president of the APA division that honored Harris" by

986:, accounting for up to a quarter of the variance. The 64:

The phrase in its modern sense was popularized by the

3370:

Grossmann, Igor; Varnum, Michael E. W. (2015-02-05).

1381:

Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain

1230:

a born devil, on whose nature nurture can never stick

2722:

Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind

1205: – 2018 documentary film directed by Tim Wardle 872:

Heritability measures always refer to the degree of

499:

Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature

6550: 6479: 6407: 6361: 6354: 6318: 6270: 6234: 6167: 6104: 6008: 5917: 5834: 5758: 5710: 5569: 5466: 5361: 5266: 5061: 4943: 4832: 4825: 4723: 4598: 4466: 4390: 4292: 4098: 4091: 3954: 3855:

Meta-analysis of twin correlations and heritability

3621:Ceci, Stephen J.; Williams, Wendy M., eds. (1999). 3499:"Nature and Nurture Debate — Genes or Environment?" 3428:Weiss, A.; Bates, T. C.; Luciano, M. (March 2008). 3201:Ceci, Stephen J.; Williams, Wendy M. (2011-02-07). 2119: 2117: 1590:"Behavioral Epigenetics: How Nurture Shapes Nature" 1377:"On Men of Science, their Nature and their Nurture" 1343: 1329: 1319: 769:The interactions of genes with environment, called 466:In a comparable avenue of research, anthropologist 3523: 2740: 2474:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature 2129:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature 1876:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature 1147: – Study of epigenetics' influencing behavior 571:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature 3623:The Nature–nurture debate: the essential readings 3460:20.500.11820/a343050c-5c67-4314-b859-09c56aa10d3b 936:of heritable traits throw light on the question. 356:in the 1920s and 1930s established the school of 317:(1911) established a program that would dominate 3750:The Mirage of a Space between Nature and Nurture 2212:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1780:Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John (January 13, 1997). 1401:English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture 90:on social advancement. Galton was influenced by 3207:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1972:, edited by J. T. Cacioppo and G. G. Berntson. 1494:(2nd ed.), edited by A. Slater and G. Bremner. 1310:(nature and nurture) of the soul on the other, 1197: – 2007 memoir by reunited identical twins 1087: 853: 755: 379: 366: 1177: – 1990s dispute in philosophy of science 1165: – Theoretical foundation of anthropology 864:and environment it is possible to measure the 239:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury 6077: 5244: 3875: 2490: 2488: 2387:Language, its nature, development, and origin 2237:Stetter, M.; Lang, E. W.; Müller, A. (1993). 1666: 1664: 1662: 874:variation between individuals in a population 8: 3703:The Nature–Nurture Debates: Bridging the Gap 3423: 3421: 2828:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2715: 2713: 1813:"Ruse's Darwinian ethics and Moral Realism" 1492:An Introduction to Developmental Psychology 6358: 6084: 6070: 6062: 5251: 5237: 5229: 4829: 4095: 3882: 3868: 3860: 3594:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology 777:to partially suppress the genetic disease 3824: 3661: 3644:Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). 3601: 3458: 3244: 3226: 2993: 2800: 2515: 2427: 2321: 2311: 2097:"Steven Pinker – Books – The Blank Slate" 1675:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1642: 1607: 5046:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 3114:, G. E. McClearn, and P. McGuffn. 2008. 2099:. Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu. Archived from 2023:Harris, Judith Rich (24 February 2009). 1518:. Vol. 111, no. 8. p. 52. 1008:environmental factors that may affect IQ 691: 82:when he was discussing the influence of 2347:"Animal Models of Huntington's Disease" 1496:British Psychological Society Blackwell 1486:Esposito, E. A., E. L. Grigorenko, and 1222:In English at least since Shakespeare ( 1215: 212:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 6574:Index of evolutionary biology articles 3603:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.518 2692:Personality and Individual Differences 2497:"Happiness is a Stochastic Phenomenon" 2495:Lykken, David; Tellegen, Auke (1996). 1321:ἀπὸ τέχνης ἀπὸ θυμοῦ γε καὶ ἀπὸ μανίας 1157:Interactionism (nature versus nurture) 836:The "two buckets" view of heritability 581:Pinker portrays the adherence to pure 4538:Psychological effects of Internet use 3035:10.1038/scientificamericanmind1006-12 1904:, edited by S. S. Stevens. New York: 1819:. Metanexus Institute. Archived from 810:At the other extreme, traits such as 7: 3530:(2nd ed.). Joseph Henry Press. 2029:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–. 1748: 1588:Powledge, Tabitha M. (August 2011). 1534:Psychology: the science of behaviour 908:Obligate vs. facultative adaptations 851:likewise described several examples: 261:(1842–1910) argued that humans have 4518:Digital media use and mental health 3017:Steinberg, Douglas (October 2006). 2174:"Nature vs Nurture in Intelligence" 1902:Handbook of Experimental Psychology 1782:"Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer" 1242:Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke 6384:Evolutionary developmental biology 6051:Parents Against Child Exploitation 4149:Automatic and controlled processes 3747:Keller, Evelyn Fox (21 May 2010). 3333:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x 2966:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2896:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00458.x 2774:"Explainer: What is Heritability?" 2526:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00355.x 1786:Center for Evolutionary Psychology 1726:(in Chinese). 广东人民出版社. p. 107 988:American Psychological Association 25: 6613:Race and intelligence controversy 6021:Mothers Apart from Their Children 4558:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 3813:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3685:. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum. 3176:Journal of Educational Psychology 2004:The Brighter Side of Human Nature 1623:Normile, Dennis (February 2016). 1189: – Debate in social sciences 992:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns 6341:Evolution of sexual reproduction 5209: 5196: 5184: 5183: 4583:Mobile phones and driving safety 3842: 3791:. Malden (MA): Wiley-Blackwell. 3486:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3451:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02068.x 3019:"Determining Nature vs. Nurture" 2743:The evolution of human sexuality 2606:Twin Research and Human Genetics 2543:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2294:Ramos RG, Olden K (March 2008). 2283:from the original on 2022-10-09. 1508:Dusheck, Jennie (October 2002). 1153: – Theory of human behavior 1128: 1114: 225:, Locke specifically criticizes 5879:Management of domestic violence 5725:Corporal punishment in the home 4486:Computer-mediated communication 3807:Michael J. Owen (August 2006). 3700:Goldhaber, Dale (9 July 2012). 2870:Nature, Nurture, and Psychology 2300:Int J Environ Res Public Health 1770:李盟编,DNA密码,中国言实出版社,2012.04,第133页 1240:); in the 18th century used by 141:The strong dichotomy of nature 6112:Genotype–phenotype distinction 6036:National Fatherhood Initiative 4763:Empathising–systemising theory 4066:female intrasexual competition 4003:Evolutionarily stable strategy 3732:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3706:. Cambridge University Press. 1751:Records of the Grand Historian 1720:中山大学中文系. 《古汉语基础知识》编写组 (1979). 1006:Other studies have focused on 180:Records of the Grand Historian 1: 6369:Regulation of gene expression 6041:National Parents Organization 5766:Adverse childhood experiences 5123:Standard social science model 4176:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 2931:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12379-3 2704:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00019-8 2052:Begley, Sharon (1998-09-29). 1970:Essays in Social Neuroscience 1510:"The Interpretation of Genes" 1410:Nature versus nurture galton. 1100:The Gene: An Intimate History 783:gene–environment correlations 771:gene–environment interactions 732:equal environments assumption 100:, the evolutionary biologist 6539:Endless Forms Most Beautiful 6319:Evolution of genetic systems 6127:Gene–environment correlation 6122:Gene–environment interaction 5806:Effects of domestic violence 5448:Social emotional development 4971:Missing heritability problem 4563:Social aspects of television 4186:Evolution of nervous systems 4154:Computational theory of mind 3573:Resources in other libraries 1756:. Vol. 048 – via 1644:10.1126/science.351.6276.908 1308:constitution and fit nurture 1171: – Psychological theory 968:Heritability of intelligence 793:development or ontogenesis. 752:Gene–environment interaction 746:Gene–environment interaction 722: 719: 716: 711: 708: 705: 189:Chen Sheng Wu Guang uprising 6518:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 5622:Identification (psychology) 5217:Evolutionary biology portal 1993:Pinker (2002), pp. 435–439. 1261:("instinct, inclination") 898:environmental inputs affect 896:Some have pointed out that 673:and genes) are compared to 438:inherited behavioral traits 373:During the 1940s to 1960s, 113:('blank tablet, slate') by 6654: 6593:20th-century controversies 6394:Hedgehog signaling pathway 6271:Developmental architecture 6046:Parent–teacher association 5821:Parental abuse by children 5702:Positive Parenting Program 5652:Parent management training 5647:Normative social influence 5178:Evolutionary psychologists 5051:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 4966:Human–animal communication 4678:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 4528:Imprinted brain hypothesis 4496:Human–computer interaction 3646:"What does 'nature' mean?" 3286:10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.231 3188:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.381 2978:10.1177/070674371405900206 2840:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.112 2724:(4th ed.). New York: 1788:. ucsb.edu. Archived from 1428:. Henry Holt and Company. 1344: 1330: 1320: 1036:narrowed these down into " 1021: 971: 803:genetic disorders such as 749: 620: 481: 398:The Territorial Imperative 58: 6571: 6221:Transgressive segregation 6031:National Childbirth Trust 5826:Stress in early childhood 5546:Taking children seriously 5378:Applied behavior analysis 5172: 5098:Environmental determinism 5069:Cultural selection theory 4956:Evolutionary epistemology 4870:evolutionary neuroscience 4543:Rank theory of depression 4045:Parent–offspring conflict 3897: 3753:. Duke University Press. 3728:Heine, Steven J. (2017). 3663:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y 3568:Resources in your library 2661:10.1017/S0033291706007409 2575:10.1017/S0033291705005374 1338:combine to contribute to 1202:Three Identical Strangers 314:The Mind of Primitive Man 295:Early to mid-20th century 200: 6633:Psychology controversies 5687:The talk (sex education) 5398:Developmental psychology 4991:Cultural group selection 4875:Biocultural anthropology 4568:Societal impacts of cars 4501:Media naturalness theory 4191:Fight-or-flight response 3388:10.1177/0956797614563765 3274:Developmental Psychology 3023:Scientific American Mind 2795:. Open Book Publishers. 2384:Jespersen, Otto (1922). 1833:Craven, Hamilton. 1978. 1671:Moore, David S. (2015). 1398:Galton, Francis (1895). 1375:Galton, Francis (1875). 1002:Environmental role on IQ 668:. In one kind of study, 303:. During this time, the 127:developmental psychology 93:On the Origin of Species 74:, the modern founder of 59:ἁπό φύσεως καὶ εὐτροφίας 6638:Evolutionary psychology 6399:Notch signaling pathway 6374:Gene regulatory network 6257:Dual inheritance theory 5894:Parental responsibility 5854:Cost of raising a child 5191:Evolutionary psychology 5155:Sociocultural evolution 4996:Dual inheritance theory 4453:Personality development 3914:Theoretical foundations 3891:Evolutionary psychology 3771:"Untangling the Morass" 3656:(14). Springer Nature. 3650:Palgrave Communications 3228:10.1073/pnas.1014871108 2749:Oxford University Press 1710:Retrieved 21 June 2020. 1609:10.1525/bio.2011.61.8.4 1404:. D. Appleton. p. 1151:Dual inheritance theory 815:create the individual. 6447:cis-regulatory element 6355:Control of development 6235:Non-genetic influences 6201:evolutionary landscape 5113:Social constructionism 5108:Psychological nativism 5083:Biological determinism 5031:Recent human evolution 5026:Punctuated equilibrium 4849:Behavioral epigenetics 4844:evolutionary economics 4813:Variability hypothesis 4758:Emotional intelligence 4491:Engineering psychology 4181:Evolution of the brain 3847:Quotations related to 3321:Journal of Personality 2649:Psychological Medicine 2563:Psychological Medicine 2246:Biological Cybernetics 2076:www.workersliberty.org 1145:Behavioral epigenetics 1105: 858: 845: 837: 767: 645: 617:Heritability estimates 524:biological determinism 492:Biological determinism 384: 371: 272:instincts, not fewer. 6618:Biology controversies 6558:Nature versus nurture 6462:Cell surface receptor 6379:Evo-devo gene toolkit 6278:Developmental biology 6216:Polygenic inheritance 6142:Quantitative genetics 6016:Families Need Fathers 5577:After-school activity 5501:Concerted cultivation 5496:Buddha-like parenting 5428:Nature versus nurture 5393:Cognitive development 5140:Multilineal evolution 5103:Nature versus nurture 5062:Theoretical positions 4910:Functional psychology 4905:Evolutionary medicine 4880:Biological psychiatry 4588:Texting while driving 4578:Lead–crime hypothesis 4438:Cognitive development 4423:Caregiver deprivation 3934:Gene selection theory 3849:Nature versus nurture 3826:10.1192/bjp.189.2.192 3559:Nature versus nurture 3438:Psychological Science 3376:Psychological Science 3118:(5th ed.). New York: 2884:Psychological Science 2504:Psychological Science 2363:10.1093/ilar.48.4.356 2313:10.3390/ijerph5010004 2172:Neill, J. T. (2004). 1708:Edge Foundation, Inc. 1625:"Nature From Nurture" 1422:Moore, David (2003). 1163:Nature–culture divide 843: 835: 630: 563:history of psychology 319:American anthropology 31:Nature versus nurture 6608:Personality theories 6467:Transcription factor 6182:Genetic assimilation 6169:Genetic architecture 5874:Right to family life 5801:Dysfunctional family 5511:Free-range parenting 5486:Attachment parenting 5476:Achievement ideology 5093:Cultural determinism 4900:Evolutionary biology 4885:Cognitive psychology 4833:Academic disciplines 4481:Cognitive ergonomics 4448:Language acquisition 4428:Childhood attachment 4241:Wason selection task 4135:Behavioral modernity 3924:Cognitive revolution 3907:Evolutionary thought 3627:Blackwell Publishing 3526:A Good Start In Life 3497:Sincero, Sarah Mae. 2720:Buss, D. M. (2011). 2618:10.1375/twin.8.5.440 1536:(3rd Canadian ed.). 1359:Williams and Norgate 1187:Structure and agency 1096:Siddhartha Mukherjee 934:Quantitative studies 805:Huntington's disease 602:ghost in the machine 488:Cultural determinism 6563:Morphogenetic field 6480:Influential figures 5889:Parental alienation 5816:Narcissistic parent 5740:Positive discipline 5561:Work at home parent 5541:Strict father model 5526:Nurturant parenting 5433:Parental investment 5268:Kinship terminology 5160:Unilineal evolution 4925:Population genetics 4710:Sexy son hypothesis 4648:Hormonal motivation 4628:Concealed ovulation 4169:Dual process theory 4040:Parental investment 3219:2011PNAS..108.3157C 3116:Behavioral Genetics 2791:Fog, Agner (2017). 2739:Symons, D. (1979). 1906:John Wiley and Sons 1792:on February 6, 2023 1488:Robert J. Sternberg 1194:Identical Strangers 1070:With the advent of 929:Advanced techniques 902:expression of genes 698:Medium heritability 658:between individuals 636:; low heritability 516:genetic determinism 472:cultural universals 301:theory of evolution 159:behavioral genetics 80:behavioral genetics 35:genetic inheritance 6252:Genomic imprinting 5935:T. Berry Brazelton 5672:Social integration 5408:Identity formation 5118:Social determinism 5001:Fisher's principle 4961:Great ape language 4951:Cultural evolution 4920:Philosophy of mind 4753:Division of labour 4715:Westermarck effect 4663:Mating preferences 4573:Distracted driving 4307:Literary criticism 4164:Domain specificity 4144:modularity of mind 3775:American Scientist 3769:Daniel W. McShea. 2772:Lynch, K. (2013). 2258:10.1007/BF00198779 1932:10.1007/BF01067795 1867:Man and Aggression 1336:nature and nurture 1324:) contributing to 1267:Chretien de Troyes 1033:behavioral genetic 1018:Personality traits 980:behavioral genetic 974:Heritability of IQ 846: 838: 701:High heritability 646: 585:as an ideological 555:Judith Rich Harris 484:Social determinism 457:purist behaviorism 446:purist behaviorism 349:Purist behaviorism 151:self-domestication 121:(sometimes termed 47:Elizabethan period 6603:Human development 6580: 6579: 6513:Eric F. Wieschaus 6475: 6474: 6293:Pattern formation 6197:Fitness landscape 6059: 6058: 5869:Family disruption 5791:Cinderella effect 5771:Child abandonment 5745:Tactical ignoring 5642:Moral development 5521:Helicopter parent 5516:Gatekeeper parent 5481:Atlas personality 5458:Social psychology 5403:Human development 5388:Child development 5373:Attachment theory 5226: 5225: 5204:Psychology portal 5168: 5167: 5011:Hologenome theory 4981:Unit of selection 4976:Primate cognition 4890:Cognitive science 4821: 4820: 4692:Sexual attraction 4668:Mating strategies 4433:Cinderella effect 4363:Moral foundations 4267:Visual perception 4159:Domain generality 4128:Facial expression 4076:Sexual dimorphism 4035:Natural selection 3981:Hamiltonian spite 3798:978-1-4051-1061-7 3760:978-0-8223-4731-6 3713:978-0-521-14879-5 3692:978-0-8058-4387-3 3636:978-0-631-21739-8 3554:Library resources 2812:978-1-78374-403-9 2802:10.11647/OBP.0128 2778:MedicalXpress.com 2758:978-0-19-502535-4 2054:"The Parent Trap" 2036:978-1-4391-0165-0 1920:Behavior Genetics 1637:(6276): 908–910. 1279:, Brill Archive, 1234:Richard Barnfield 1122:Psychology portal 727: 726: 717:Specific religion 706:Specific language 681:. In one kind of 455:. Rather, it was 173:History of debate 167:fetal development 49:and goes back to 18:Nature vs nurture 16:(Redirected from 6645: 6523:William McGinnis 6492:Richard Lewontin 6487:C. H. Waddington 6359: 6336:Neutral networks 6086: 6079: 6072: 6063: 5909:Shared parenting 5720:Blanket training 5712:Child discipline 5352:In loco parentis 5331:Shared parenting 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5213: 5200: 5187: 5186: 4830: 4826:Related subjects 4613:Adult attachment 4140:Cognitive module 4096: 4083:Social selection 4057:Costly signaling 4052:Sexual selection 3939:Modern synthesis 3884: 3877: 3870: 3861: 3846: 3830: 3828: 3805:Lay summary in: 3802: 3778: 3767:Lay summary in: 3764: 3743: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3696: 3667: 3665: 3640: 3617: 3605: 3542: 3541: 3529: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3462: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3230: 3213:(8): 3157–3162. 3198: 3192: 3191: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3136: 3130: 3120:Worth Publishers 3108: 3102: 3101: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2746: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2519: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2325: 2315: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2180:. Archived from 2169: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2095:Pinker, Steven. 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2020: 2014: 2002:Kohn, A. (2008) 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1915: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1860: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1717: 1711: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1668: 1657: 1656: 1646: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1585: 1579: 1555: 1549: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1505: 1499: 1484: 1478: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1372: 1366: 1347: 1346: 1333: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1316:rage and madness 1306:on one hand and 1290: 1284: 1255: 1249: 1220: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1103: 923:attachment style 827:genetic mutation 765: 695:Low heritability 692: 557:was heralded by 504:Richard Lewontin 339:symbolic culture 281:moral philosophy 243:moral relativism 202: 119:blank slate view 60: 21: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6567: 6546: 6533:Sean B. Carroll 6471: 6403: 6350: 6314: 6266: 6247:Maternal effect 6230: 6163: 6100: 6090: 6060: 6055: 6004: 5985:Matthew Sanders 5940:Rudolf Dreikurs 5913: 5899:Parents' rights 5859:Deadbeat parent 5836: 5830: 5754: 5706: 5682:The talk (race) 5565: 5556:Tiger parenting 5462: 5357: 5306:Extended family 5262: 5257: 5227: 5222: 5164: 5150:Neoevolutionism 5057: 5041:Species complex 5006:Group selection 4944:Research topics 4939: 4915:Neuropsychology 4817: 4803:Substance abuse 4725:Sex differences 4719: 4633:Coolidge effect 4594: 4506:Neuroergonomics 4471: 4462: 4386: 4288: 4222:Folk psychology 4103: 4087: 3957: 3950: 3893: 3888: 3839: 3806: 3799: 3785:Rutter, Michael 3783: 3768: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3677: 3674: 3643: 3637: 3625:. Malden (MA): 3620: 3614: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3548:Further reading 3545: 3538: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3109: 3105: 3074:10.1038/ng.3285 3062:Nature Genetics 3055: 3054: 3050: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2925:(9355): 417–9. 2916: 2915: 2911: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2517:10.1.1.613.4004 2499: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2408:Nature Genetics 2400: 2399: 2395: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2218:(10): 2112–24. 2208:/+ mutant mice" 2201: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2122: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2006:. Basic Books. 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1967: 1963: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1899: 1895: 1863:Montagu, Ashley 1861: 1857: 1847:Watson, John B. 1845: 1841: 1832: 1828: 1811:Mizonni, John. 1810: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1556: 1552: 1528:Carlson, N. R. 1527: 1523: 1515:Natural History 1507: 1506: 1502: 1485: 1481: 1449:Moore, David S. 1447: 1443: 1436: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1291: 1287: 1256: 1252: 1246:Roach v. Garvan 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1094: 1072:gene sequencing 1060: 1026: 1020: 1004: 976: 970: 965: 931: 910: 812:native language 779:phenylketonuria 766: 761: 754: 748: 675:fraternal twins 670:identical twins 625: 619: 541: 494: 480: 426:On Human Nature 392:African Genesis 351: 305:social sciences 297: 229:'s claim of an 175: 96:written by his 51:medieval French 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6651: 6649: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6628:Human genetics 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6598:Human behavior 6595: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6497:François Jacob 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6226:Sequence space 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6026:Mothers' Union 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6000:Benjamin Spock 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5980:Penelope Leach 5977: 5975:Annette Lareau 5972: 5967: 5965:Alan E. Kazdin 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5925:Mary Ainsworth 5921: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5837:social aspects 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Dishabituation 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5531:Slow parenting 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5362:Theories 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5341:Blended family 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:Nuclear family 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5207: 5194: 5181: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4855: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4694: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4533:Mind-blindness 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4477: 4475: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4298: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4226:theory of mind 4219: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4109: 4107: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4059: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993:Baldwin effect 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3838: 3837:External links 3835: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3819:(2): 192–193. 3797: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3759: 3744: 3739:978-0393244083 3738: 3725: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3641: 3635: 3618: 3612: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3514: 3503:Explorable.com 3489: 3417: 3382:(3): 311–324. 3362: 3327:(3): 577–592. 3307: 3280:(2): 231–242. 3260: 3193: 3182:(2): 381–390. 3166: 3131: 3128:978-1429205771 3103: 3068:(7): 702–709. 3048: 3009: 2972:(2): 107–113. 2952: 2909: 2890:(6): 442–447. 2874: 2861: 2834:(1): 112–129. 2818: 2811: 2783: 2764: 2757: 2731: 2709: 2698:(2): 211–223. 2682: 2655:(7): 1033–42. 2639: 2612:(5): 440–449. 2596: 2569:(11): 1581–8. 2546: 2510:(3): 186–189. 2484: 2469:Pinker, Steven 2460: 2443: 2420:10.1038/ng.608 2393: 2376: 2357:(4): 356–373. 2337: 2286: 2229: 2194: 2164: 2161:. 19 May 2015. 2150: 2142:978-0670031511 2124:Pinker, Steven 2113: 2087: 2063: 2042: 2035: 2015: 1995: 1986: 1961: 1926:(2): 277–285. 1910: 1893: 1871:Pinker, Steven 1855: 1839: 1826: 1823:on 2006-10-01. 1803: 1772: 1763: 1736: 1712: 1688: 1681: 1658: 1615: 1602:(8): 588–592. 1580: 1550: 1521: 1500: 1479: 1467:978-0805072808 1441: 1434: 1414: 1390: 1367: 1285: 1250: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136:Biology portal 1125: 1109: 1106: 1092: 1059: 1056: 1022:Main article: 1019: 1016: 1003: 1000: 972:Main article: 969: 966: 964: 961: 930: 927: 909: 906: 820:complex traits 759: 750:Main article: 747: 744: 725: 724: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 707: 703: 702: 699: 696: 683:adoption study 621:Main article: 618: 615: 606: 605: 598: 540: 537: 479: 476: 411:Desmond Morris 407:territoriality 375:Ashley Montagu 354:John B. Watson 350: 347: 296: 293: 227:René Descartes 174: 171: 102:Charles Darwin 72:Francis Galton 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6650: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6501:Jacques Monod 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:Homeotic gene 6413: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283:Morphogenesis 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6117:Reaction norm 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009:Organizations 6007: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:B. F. Skinner 5993: 5991: 5990:William Sears 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Thomas Gordon 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Child support 5847: 5845: 5844:Child custody 5842: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Child neglect 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:Homeschooling 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Socialization 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Paternal bond 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Maternal bond 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Single parent 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Alloparenting 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145:Neo-Darwinism 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Functionalism 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088:Connectionism 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5078:indeterminism 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Schizophrenia 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Mental health 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658:Mate guarding 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Age disparity 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548:Schizophrenia 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4473:Mental health 4469: 4468:Human factors 4465: 4459: 4458:Socialization 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:paternal bond 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4282:Naïve physics 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4248:Motor control 4246: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4206:Ophidiophobia 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Arachnophobia 4194: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123:Display rules 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Kin selection 4023: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919:Adaptationism 3917: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3613:9780190236557 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3547: 3539: 3537:9780309076395 3533: 3528: 3527: 3518: 3515: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445:(3): 205–10. 3444: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147:(2): 257–79. 3146: 3142: 3141:Human Biology 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:J. C. DeFries 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2726:Prentice Hall 2723: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481:, p. 375 2480: 2479:Penguin Books 2476: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252:(5): 465–76. 2251: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2195: 2184:on 2010-08-25 2183: 2179: 2178:wilderdom.com 2175: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2103:on 2011-05-10 2102: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982:0-262-03323-2 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1817:metanexus.net 1814: 1807: 1804: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1682:9780199922345 1678: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576:0-00-200663-4 1573: 1569: 1568:HarperCollins 1565: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1546:0-205-45769-X 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1435:9780805072808 1431: 1427: 1426: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169:Niche picking 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1001: 999: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 975: 967: 962: 960: 958: 957:schizophrenia 953: 949: 945: 942: 937: 935: 928: 926: 924: 919: 916: 907: 905: 903: 899: 894: 891: 886: 881: 877: 875: 870: 867: 863: 857: 852: 850: 849:Steven Pinker 842: 834: 830: 828: 823: 821: 816: 813: 808: 806: 802: 799: 794: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:phenylalanine 772: 764: 763:Steven Pinker 758: 753: 745: 743: 741: 735: 733: 715: 704: 700: 697: 694: 693: 690: 686: 684: 680: 676: 671: 667: 662: 659: 654: 651: 643: 639: 635: 629: 624: 616: 614: 611: 603: 599: 596: 592: 591: 590: 588: 584: 583:blank-slatism 579: 577: 576:Steven Pinker 573: 572: 566: 564: 560: 559:Steven Pinker 556: 552: 551: 545: 538: 536: 534: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500: 493: 489: 485: 477: 475: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 453: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 427: 422: 418: 417: 416:The Naked Ape 412: 408: 404: 403:Robert Ardrey 400: 399: 394: 393: 387: 383: 378: 376: 370: 365: 362: 361: 355: 348: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315: 310: 306: 302: 294: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 270:psychological 267: 264: 260: 259:William James 256: 252: 251:Leda Cosmides 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221:view. In the 220: 219: 214: 213: 208: 204: 198: 194: 191:in 209 B.C., 190: 186: 182: 181: 177:According to 172: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 123:blank-slatism 120: 116: 112: 111: 105: 103: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 67: 62: 56: 55:Ancient Greek 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 19: 6557: 6537: 6430:eyeless gene 6326:Evolvability 6300:Segmentation 6177:Canalisation 6147:Heterochrony 6137:Heritability 6105:Key concepts 5945:David Elkind 5796:Codependency 5781:Child labour 5637:Latchkey kid 5627:Introjection 5427: 5413:Introjection 5363: 5350: 5316:Noncustodial 5215: 5202: 5189: 5176: 5102: 4935:Sociobiology 4793:Neuroscience 4773:Intelligence 4319:Anthropology 4272:Color vision 4257:Multitasking 4236:Flynn effect 4231:Intelligence 4213:Folk biology 3956:Evolutionary 3851:at Wikiquote 3816: 3812: 3788: 3774: 3749: 3729: 3717:. Retrieved 3702: 3682: 3653: 3649: 3622: 3593: 3589: 3558: 3525: 3517: 3506:. Retrieved 3502: 3492: 3442: 3436: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3115: 3110:Plomin, R., 3106: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3029:(5): 12–14. 3026: 3022: 3012: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2792: 2786: 2777: 2767: 2742: 2734: 2721: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2507: 2503: 2473: 2463: 2446: 2414:(7): 565–9. 2411: 2407: 2396: 2386: 2379: 2354: 2351:Ilar Journal 2350: 2340: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2249: 2245: 2232: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2197: 2186:. Retrieved 2182:the original 2177: 2167: 2153: 2134:Viking Press 2127: 2105:. Retrieved 2101:the original 2090: 2079:. Retrieved 2075: 2066: 2057: 2045: 2025: 2018: 2003: 1998: 1989: 1969: 1964: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1901: 1896: 1879:. New York: 1874: 1866: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1821:the original 1816: 1806: 1794:. Retrieved 1790:the original 1785: 1775: 1766: 1750: 1739: 1728:. Retrieved 1722: 1715: 1703: 1696:Hannay, Timo 1691: 1672: 1634: 1628: 1618: 1599: 1593: 1583: 1561: 1553: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1513: 1503: 1491: 1482: 1452: 1444: 1424: 1417: 1409: 1400: 1393: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1353: 1350: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1315: 1314:(as well as 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1288: 1276: 1270: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1201: 1193: 1181:Sociobiology 1175:Science wars 1099: 1088: 1083:David Reimer 1080: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039:The Big Five 1038: 1027: 1012: 1005: 996: 977: 963:Intelligence 954: 950: 946: 941:heritability 938: 932: 920: 911: 895: 882: 878: 873: 871: 866:heritability 859: 854: 847: 824: 817: 809: 795: 791: 787:Judith Stern 770: 768: 756: 740:human nature 736: 728: 687: 663: 657: 655: 650:heritability 649: 647: 641: 637: 633: 623:Heritability 609: 607: 595:noble savage 582: 580: 569: 567: 548: 546: 542: 497: 495: 468:Donald Brown 465: 456: 449: 445: 442:heritability 434:twin studies 432:The tool of 431: 424: 421:E. O. Wilson 414: 396: 390: 388: 385: 380: 372: 367: 357: 352: 312: 298: 289:Thomas Nagel 285:J. L. Mackie 274: 262: 222: 216: 210: 205: 178: 176: 142: 140: 134: 131:heritability 122: 118: 108: 106: 91: 63: 43:alliterative 30: 29: 6528:Mike Levine 6437:Distal-less 6262:Polyphenism 6242:Epigenetics 6094:development 5955:Haim Ginott 5930:John Bowlby 5776:Child abuse 5696:educational 5612:Habituation 5597:Co-sleeping 5383:Behaviorism 5311:Foster care 5301:Coparenting 5074:Determinism 4986:Coevolution 4930:Primatology 4768:Gender role 4673:Orientation 4553:Screen time 4410:Affectional 4392:Development 4071:Mate choice 3998:By-products 3966:Adaptations 3929:Cognitivism 3719:24 November 3679:García Coll 2306:(1): 4–11. 2146:Lay summary 2132:(1st ed.). 1869:, cited by 1851:Behaviorism 1796:October 19, 1225:The Tempest 1029:Personality 990:'s report " 885:monozygotic 720:Religiosity 712:Blood type 666:study twins 529:politically 514:criticise " 508:Steven Rose 478:Determinism 461:Donald Hebb 395:(1961) and 360:behaviorism 257:noted that 231:innate idea 218:blank slate 183:(94 BC) by 163:epigenetics 125:) in human 117:in 1690. A 110:tabula rasa 98:half-cousin 88:environment 6587:Categories 6506:Lac operon 6331:Robustness 6310:Modularity 6305:Metamerism 6211:Plasticity 6206:Pleiotropy 6159:Heterotopy 5970:Truby King 5864:Disownment 5677:Television 5667:Role model 5592:Child care 5570:Techniques 5536:Soccer mom 5506:Enmeshment 5443:Pediatrics 5021:Population 5016:Lamarckism 4862:behavioral 4840:Behavioral 4788:Narcissism 4733:Aggression 4523:Hypophobia 4513:Depression 4400:Attachment 4382:Universals 4346:Psychology 4324:Biological 4312:Musicology 4302:Aesthetics 4201:Basophobia 4008:Exaptation 3986:Reciprocal 3815:(Review). 3508:2017-05-04 2747:. Oxford: 2390:. H. Holt. 2188:2007-03-28 2107:2011-01-19 2081:2024-08-21 2012:078672465X 1889:1501264338 1758:Wikisource 1730:2020-09-12 1595:BioScience 1558:Ridley, M. 1475:0805072802 1459:Henry Holt 1387:: 227–236. 1357:. London: 1299:Protagoras 1211:References 723:Eye color 574:(2002) by 512:Leon Kamin 482:See also: 343:autonomous 323:population 309:Franz Boas 255:John Tooby 207:John Locke 193:Chen Sheng 115:John Locke 6457:Morphogen 6442:Engrailed 6425:Pax genes 6346:Tinkering 6192:Epistasis 6187:Dominance 6098:phenotype 5904:Paternity 5835:Legal and 5735:Grounding 5632:Kommune 1 5607:Education 5582:Allowance 5491:Baby talk 5346:Surrogacy 5260:Parenting 4866:cognitive 4858:Affective 4743:Cognition 4697:Sexuality 4683:Pair bond 4443:Education 4100:Cognition 4018:Inclusive 3958:processes 3946:Criticism 3777:(Review). 3396:0956-7976 3341:0022-3506 3294:1939-0599 3237:0027-8424 3098:205349969 3082:1061-4036 3043:1555-2284 2986:0706-7437 2904:145627094 2512:CiteSeerX 1974:MIT Press 1940:0001-8244 1745:Sima Qian 1698:. 2014. " 1263:norreture 1076:eye color 890:dizygotic 801:Mendelian 798:penetrant 648:The term 610:desirable 544:Montagu. 533:ethically 518:" from a 429:, 1979). 277:free will 266:instincts 187:, during 185:Sima Qian 66:Victorian 6623:Dilemmas 6420:Hox gene 6408:Elements 6389:Homeobox 5950:Jo Frost 5884:Marriage 5750:Time-out 5326:Orphaned 5291:Adoptive 5135:Memetics 4895:Ethology 4853:genetics 4688:Physical 4653:Jealousy 4608:Activity 4414:maternal 4370:Religion 4358:Morality 4336:Language 4217:taxonomy 4030:Mismatch 3976:Cheating 3971:Altruism 3787:(2006). 3582:Articles 3481:Archived 3477:13081589 3469:18315789 3404:25656275 3357:35488176 3302:11269391 3255:21300892 3153:41465638 3090:25985137 3004:24881129 2947:16634092 2939:12573388 2848:14717631 2677:45086831 2669:16749947 2626:16212833 2583:16219116 2538:Archived 2534:16870174 2471:(2002), 2438:20562875 2371:17712222 2332:18441400 2278:Archived 2126:. 2002. 2058:Newsweek 1956:22666939 1891:. p. 24. 1873:. 2002. 1865:. 1968. 1853:. p. 82. 1653:26917750 1498:. p. 85. 1326:boldness 1272:Perceval 1108:See also 1093:— 1058:Genetics 915:obligate 862:genotype 760:— 679:adoption 553:(1998), 502:(1984), 452:nativism 401:(1966), 335:material 331:language 247:instinct 201:王侯將相寧有種乎 147:feedback 84:heredity 76:eugenics 69:polymath 6551:Debates 6362:Systems 6288:Eyespot 6152:Neoteny 5918:Experts 5694: ( 5659: ( 5587:Bedtime 5551:Theybie 5036:Species 4808:Suicide 4643:Fantasy 4623:Arousal 4405:Bonding 4294:Culture 4118:Display 4105:Emotion 4013:Fitness 3902:History 3412:4834331 3349:8776880 3246:3044353 3215:Bibcode 3161:9549239 2995:4079234 2856:5734393 2634:8833259 2591:7398132 2429:3232052 2323:3684407 2274:3184341 2266:8476987 2224:9331275 1948:2191648 1881:Penguin 1723:古汉语基础知识 1630:Science 1538:Pearson 1351:Plato's 1345:ἀνδρεία 1340:courage 1334:), but 520:Marxist 450:purist 358:purist 327:biology 197:Chinese 155:ecology 41:). The 39:nurture 6452:Ligand 6132:Operon 5811:Incest 5730:Curfew 5468:Styles 5286:Father 5281:Mother 5276:Parent 5214: 5201: 5188: 4778:Memory 4738:Autism 4705:female 4638:Desire 4375:Origin 4351:Speech 4341:Origin 4113:Affect 3795: 3757: 3736: 3710: 3689: 3633: 3610: 3556:about 3534: 3475: 3467: 3410: 3402: 3394: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3300: 3292: 3253: 3243: 3235: 3159: 3151: 3126: 3096: 3088: 3080: 3041: 3002: 2992: 2984: 2945: 2937: 2919:Lancet 2902: 2854: 2846: 2809: 2755: 2675: 2667: 2632: 2624: 2589: 2581: 2532: 2514: 2436: 2426: 2369: 2330: 2320: 2272: 2264: 2222: 2140: 2033: 2010: 1980: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1887: 1849:1930. 1753: 1679: 1651: 1574: 1560:2003. 1544: 1532:2005. 1530:et al. 1473: 1465: 1457:. US: 1451:2003. 1432: 1363:p. 138 1331:θάρσος 1259:nature 1232:) and 1102:, 2016 709:Weight 490:, and 341:, are 337:, and 199:: 143:versus 135:versus 5759:Abuse 5366:Areas 4748:Crime 4331:Crime 4262:Sleep 4252:skill 4092:Areas 3672:Books 3484:(PDF) 3473:S2CID 3433:(PDF) 3408:S2CID 3353:S2CID 3149:JSTOR 3094:S2CID 2943:S2CID 2900:S2CID 2852:S2CID 2673:S2CID 2630:S2CID 2587:S2CID 2559:(PDF) 2541:(PDF) 2530:S2CID 2500:(PDF) 2455:(PDF) 2281:(PDF) 2270:S2CID 2242:(PDF) 1952:S2CID 1294:Plato 1228:4.1: 587:dogma 539:1990s 223:Essay 153:. In 6092:The 5661:date 5657:Play 5418:Love 4701:male 4062:Male 3793:ISBN 3755:ISBN 3734:ISBN 3721:2013 3708:ISBN 3687:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3532:ISBN 3465:PMID 3400:PMID 3392:ISSN 3345:PMID 3337:ISSN 3298:PMID 3290:ISSN 3251:PMID 3233:ISSN 3157:PMID 3124:ISBN 3086:PMID 3078:ISSN 3039:ISSN 3000:PMID 2982:ISSN 2935:PMID 2844:PMID 2807:ISBN 2753:ISBN 2665:PMID 2622:PMID 2579:PMID 2434:PMID 2367:PMID 2328:PMID 2262:PMID 2220:PMID 2138:ISBN 2031:ISBN 2008:ISBN 1978:ISBN 1944:PMID 1936:ISSN 1885:ISBN 1798:2021 1704:Edge 1677:ISBN 1649:PMID 1572:ISBN 1542:ISBN 1471:ASIN 1463:ISBN 1430:ISBN 1281:p. 5 900:the 510:and 448:vs. 263:more 253:and 249:." 157:and 86:and 78:and 6096:of 5692:Toy 4600:Sex 4277:Eye 3821:doi 3817:189 3658:doi 3598:doi 3455:hdl 3447:doi 3384:doi 3329:doi 3282:doi 3241:PMC 3223:doi 3211:108 3184:doi 3070:doi 3031:doi 2990:PMC 2974:doi 2927:doi 2923:361 2892:doi 2836:doi 2797:doi 2700:doi 2657:doi 2614:doi 2571:doi 2522:doi 2424:PMC 2416:doi 2359:doi 2318:PMC 2308:doi 2254:doi 2206:Bst 1928:doi 1639:doi 1635:351 1604:doi 1312:art 1304:art 1296:'s 1292:In 531:or 413:in 389:In 311:'s 279:in 235:God 233:of 209:'s 165:or 6589:: 6499:+ 3811:. 3773:. 3652:. 3648:. 3629:. 3606:. 3596:. 3592:. 3501:. 3479:. 3471:. 3463:. 3453:. 3443:19 3441:. 3435:. 3420:^ 3406:. 3398:. 3390:. 3380:26 3378:. 3374:. 3351:. 3343:. 3335:. 3325:64 3323:. 3319:. 3296:. 3288:. 3278:37 3276:. 3272:. 3249:. 3239:. 3231:. 3221:. 3209:. 3205:. 3180:89 3178:. 3155:. 3145:70 3143:. 3122:. 3092:. 3084:. 3076:. 3066:47 3064:. 3060:. 3037:. 3027:17 3025:. 3021:. 2998:. 2988:. 2980:. 2970:59 2968:. 2964:. 2941:. 2933:. 2921:. 2898:. 2886:. 2850:. 2842:. 2832:86 2830:. 2805:. 2776:. 2751:. 2712:^ 2696:32 2694:. 2671:. 2663:. 2653:36 2651:. 2628:. 2620:. 2608:. 2585:. 2577:. 2567:35 2565:. 2561:. 2536:. 2528:. 2520:. 2506:. 2502:. 2487:^ 2477:, 2432:. 2422:. 2412:42 2410:. 2406:. 2365:. 2355:48 2353:. 2349:. 2326:. 2316:. 2302:. 2298:. 2276:. 2268:. 2260:. 2250:68 2248:. 2244:. 2216:38 2214:. 2210:. 2176:. 2144:. 2136:. 2116:^ 2074:. 2056:. 1976:. 1950:. 1942:. 1934:. 1924:20 1922:. 1883:. 1815:. 1784:. 1747:. 1706:. 1702:" 1661:^ 1647:. 1633:. 1627:. 1600:61 1598:. 1592:. 1570:. 1566:. 1540:. 1512:. 1469:. 1461:. 1408:. 1383:. 1379:. 1361:. 1318:; 1269:' 1098:, 1078:. 984:IQ 789:. 506:, 486:, 409:. 333:, 329:, 325:, 169:. 104:. 57:: 6199:/ 6085:e 6078:t 6071:v 5698:) 5663:) 5364:· 5252:e 5245:t 5238:v 5076:/ 4868:/ 4864:/ 4860:/ 4851:/ 4842:/ 4703:/ 4699:/ 4690:/ 4470:/ 4416:/ 4412:/ 4250:/ 4224:/ 4215:/ 4142:/ 4102:/ 4064:/ 3883:e 3876:t 3869:v 3829:. 3823:: 3801:. 3763:. 3742:. 3723:. 3695:. 3666:. 3660:: 3654:6 3639:. 3616:. 3600:: 3540:. 3511:. 3457:: 3449:: 3414:. 3386:: 3359:. 3331:: 3304:. 3284:: 3257:. 3225:: 3217:: 3190:. 3186:: 3163:. 3100:. 3072:: 3045:. 3033:: 3006:. 2976:: 2949:. 2929:: 2906:. 2894:: 2888:8 2858:. 2838:: 2815:. 2799:: 2780:. 2761:. 2728:. 2706:. 2702:: 2679:. 2659:: 2636:. 2616:: 2610:8 2593:. 2573:: 2524:: 2508:7 2457:. 2440:. 2418:: 2373:. 2361:: 2334:. 2310:: 2304:5 2256:: 2226:. 2191:. 2148:. 2110:. 2084:. 2060:. 2039:. 1984:. 1958:. 1930:: 1908:. 1800:. 1760:. 1733:. 1685:. 1655:. 1641:: 1612:. 1606:: 1578:. 1548:. 1477:. 1438:. 1406:9 1385:7 1365:. 1342:( 1328:( 1283:. 1244:( 1236:( 913:" 642:e 638:h 634:c 600:" 593:" 423:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.