51:
287:
628:
475:
suggested 349,800 feet to a degree (5830 feet per arcminute). Both Gunter and
Oughtred put forward the notion of dividing a degree into 100 parts, but their proposal was generally ignored by navigators. The ratio of 60 miles, or 20 leagues, to a degree of latitude remained fixed while the length of
483:
with slightly flattened poles, a minute of latitude is not constant, but about 1,861 metres at the poles and 1,843 metres at the
Equator. France and other metric countries state that in principle a nautical mile is an arcminute of a meridian at a latitude of 45°, but that is a modern justification
538:
as exactly 1,852 metres (which is 6,076.12 ft). The United States did not adopt the international nautical mile until 1954. Britain adopted it in 1970, but legal references to the obsolete unit are now converted to 1,853 metres (which is 6,079.40 ft).
437:
the "rule to raise a degree" practised by navigators: "But as I take it, we in
England should allowe 60 myles to one degrée: that is, after 3 miles to one of our Englishe leagues, wherefore 20 of oure English leagues shoulde answere to one degrée." Likewise,
565:(also known as centesimal arc minute) of latitude. The Earth's circumference is therefore approximately 40,000 km. The equatorial circumference is slightly longer than the polar circumference – the measurement based on this (
476:
the mile was revised with better estimates of the earthâs circumference. In 1637, Robert
Norwood proposed a new measurement of 6120 feet for an arcminute of latitude, which was within 44 feet of the currently accepted value for a nautical mile.
1382:
The nautical mile is in principle the length of the sexagesimal minute of a meridian at a latitude of 45°. ... If we assume that the metre is exactly the ten-millionth part of the terrestrial quarter meridian, it would be equal to 1,851.85
526:
of the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid is 6,370,997.2 metres (20,902,222 ft). The resulting arcminute is 1,853.2480 metres (6,080.210 ft). The United States chose five significant digits for its nautical mile, 6,080.2
1225:
511:
became the metric length for a nautical mile. France made it legal for the French Navy in 1906, and many metric countries voted to sanction it for international use at the 1929 International
Hydrographic Conference.
442:
wrote in 1594 that the distance along a great circle was 60 miles per degree. However, these referred to the old
English mile of 5000 feet and league of 15,000 feet, relying upon Ptolemy's underestimate of the
219:
is very near to 21,600 nautical miles (that is 60 minutes Ă 360 degrees). Today the international nautical mile is defined as 1,852 metres (about 6,076 ft; 1.151 mi). The derived unit of speed is the
903:
International
Standards and Recommended Practices, Annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, âUnits of measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operationsâ, ICAO, Fifth Edition, July 2010.
447:. In the early seventeenth century, English geographers started to acknowledge the discrepancy between the angular measurement of a degree of latitude and the linear measurement of miles. In 1624
1624:
273:
is a non-standard abbreviation used in many maritime applications and texts, including U.S. Government Coast Pilots and
Sailing Directions. It conflicts with the SI symbol for
250:
1279:
1148:
515:
Both the United States and the United
Kingdom used an average arcminuteâspecifically, a minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere having the same surface area as the
942:
561:
of the length of the meridian arc from the North pole to the equator (1% of a centesimal degree of latitude), thus one kilometre of distance corresponds to one
1119:
1614:
254:
484:
for a more mundane calculation that was developed a century earlier. By the mid-19th century, France had defined a nautical mile via the original 1791
1308:
823:
723:
240:
264:
1502:
976:(in French and English). Vol. 1D (INT1) (6th ed.). Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM). 2016. Archived from
1006:
963:
1459:
1090:
1532:
1370:
1176:
1405:
1055:"Mile, Nautical and Statute â FREE Mile, Nautical and Statute information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Mile, Nautical and Statute research"
714:
998:
917:
421:
By the late 16th century
English geographers and navigators knew that the ratio of distances at sea to degrees was constant along any
880:
414:
to 60 miles to a degree is not explained. Eventually, the ratio of 60 miles to a degree appeared in English in a 1555 translation of
1584:
1038:
853:
770:
731:
687:, the measure of length equal to the ten-millionth part of a terrestrial meridian contained between the north pole and the equator."
683:
No meridian was specified in either 1791, 1793, 1795 or 1799 . For example, the Law of 18 Germinal an III (April 7, 1795) states: "
310:. Navigation at sea was done by eye until around 1500 when navigational instruments were developed and cartographers began using a
1062:
430:
651:
534:
In 1929 the international nautical mile was defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in
415:
938:
794:
1339:
1113:
1619:
444:
216:
815:
485:
641:
1248:
1030:
613:
50:
1494:
609:
323:
1253:. London: A. C.. for Francis Eglesfield, at the Marigold in St. Paul's Church-yard. pp. 280â281
671:
646:
342:
1427:
1554:
977:
562:
315:
184:
1470:
1202:
1304:
The Sea-man's Practice: Containing a Fundamental Problem in Navigation, Experimentally Verified
608:, a Martian nautical mile equals to 983 m (1,075 yd). This is potentially useful for
531:, whereas the United Kingdom chose four significant digits for its Admiralty mile, 6,080 feet.
1590:
1580:
1574:
1084:
1034:
1002:
849:
766:
727:
582:
334:
311:
35:
1524:
1362:
1170:
1397:
737:
633:
489:
472:
1219:
913:
520:
516:
480:
869:
30:
This article is about distance measurement at sea. For distance measurement on land, see
379:
286:
176:
1221:
A learned treatise of globes, both cĆlestiall and terrestriall with their several uses
1054:
1608:
1570:
1026:
448:
192:
360:
unul gradul log. et latitud sub equinortiali formet stadia 500 que fanut miliaria 62
422:
188:
157:
141:
1302:
1273:
1142:
1278:. London: The Circles of Proportion and the Horizontall Instrument. p. 27.
528:
439:
221:
125:
398:
miles"). Whether a correction or convenience, the reason for the change from 62
232:
There is no single internationally agreed symbol, with several symbols in use.
623:
180:
17:
1594:
468:
327:
274:
353:". An earlier manuscript map by Nicolaus Germanus in a previous edition of
786:
616:, both as a shorthand and a quick way to roughly determine the location.
319:
212:
1556:
Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System
426:
338:
1331:
1204:
The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times
535:
69:
1576:
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
418:'s Decades: " assigned likewise to every degree three score miles."
1495:"Nautical mile definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
548:
378:" ("one degree longitude and latitude under the equator forms 500
285:
109:
670:
Alternative meanings of the abbreviation "nm" or "NM" are listed
965:
Symboles, Abréviations et Termes utilisés sur les cartes marines
605:
305:
291:
31:
429:, or any meridian), assuming that Earth was a sphere. In 1574,
347:
indicating one degree of longitude at the Equator contains "
333:
The earliest reference of 60 miles to a degree is a map by
263:
is used as the abbreviation for the nautical mile by the
1275:
The Circles of Proportion and the Horizontall Instrument
995:
Symbols and Abbreviations used on ADMIRALTY Paper Charts
713:
Göbel, E.; Mills, I.M.; Wallard, Andrew, eds. (2006).
1579:. Richard Wagner. New York: Free Press. p. 162.
1432:, vol. 1, Macmillan and Co, Limited, p. 587
1625:
Customary units of measurement in the United States
1224:. London: J.S. for Andrew Kemb. pp. 157, 163.
153:
137:
121:
105:
83:
75:
65:
60:
43:
479:Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere but is an
1460:"Refinement of values for the yard and the pound"
816:"UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA"
251:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
970:Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Charts
302:is from the Latin phrase for a thousand paces:
1469:. National Bureau of Standards. Archived from
1458:Astin, A.V.; Karo, H. Arnold (June 25, 1959).
1332:"RASC Calgary Centre - Latitude and Longitude"
939:"U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual"
34:. For the U.S. unit based on the Equator, see
8:
1559:, New York The Macmillan company, p. 54
1144:The Decades of the Newe Worlde Or West India
1115:"Eleventh map of Asia," Ptolemy's Geographia
1553:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T. (1906),
1525:"The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995"
358:
348:
303:
1363:"Mesures employées sur les cartes marines"
255:United States Government Publishing Office
49:
40:
1196:
1194:
1147:. London: Guilielm. Powell. p. 323.
724:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
241:International Civil Aviation Organization
1336:The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
451:suggested 352,000 feet to a degree (5866
848:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 200.
765:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 200.
700:
663:
265:International Hydrographic Organization
55:Historical definition â 1 nautical mile
716:The International System of Units (SI)
708:
706:
704:
187:. Historically, it was defined as the
1505:from the original on 1 September 2019
1307:. London: Richard Mount. p. 43.
1175:. London: Thomas Hacket. p. 39.
7:
1311:from the original on 24 October 2023
1282:from the original on 24 October 2023
1228:from the original on 24 October 2023
1179:from the original on 23 October 2023
1141:Anghiera, Pietro Martire d' (1555).
1122:from the original on 23 October 2023
1093:from the original on 23 October 2023
1089:. Ulm: Lienhart Holle. p. 245.
1342:from the original on 30 August 2019
997:. Vol. NP5011 (6th ed.).
941:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
1615:Units of measurement in navigation
999:United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
914:"APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES"
581:= 1,855.3 metres) is known as the
290:Visual comparison of a kilometre,
25:
1445:Map Projections: A Working Manual
870:"WS SIGMET Quick Reference Guide"
87:
1023:Dutton's Navigation and Piloting
626:
1535:from the original on 2017-03-24
1408:from the original on 2019-08-31
1373:from the original on 2019-08-31
1151:from the original on 2023-10-24
1065:from the original on 2016-06-07
945:from the original on 2018-11-19
920:from the original on 2021-04-23
886:from the original on 2020-11-21
826:from the original on 2017-12-18
797:from the original on 2022-10-25
179:used in air, marine, and space
1396:Bureau des Longitudes (1848).
1361:Bureau des Longitudes (1933).
1112:Germanus, Nicolaus (c. 1460).
224:, one nautical mile per hour.
1:
1426:Blazebrook, Richard (1922),
1001:. 2016. section B, line 45.
787:"mile | unit of measurement"
652:Orders of magnitude (length)
191:length corresponding to one
183:, and for the definition of
1386:â Translation by Knowledge.
1250:The Works of Edmund Gunther
1083:Germanus, Nicolaus (1482).
614:human mission to the planet
604:of a degree of latitude on
217:Earth's polar circumference
1641:
1272:Oughtred, William (1639).
551:was originally defined as
29:
27:Unit of distance (1,852 m)
1301:Norwood, Richard (1699).
1201:Waters, David W. (1958).
488:, one ten-millionth of a
416:Pietro Martire d'Anghiera
101:
48:
1443:Snyder, John P. (1987).
1247:Gunther, Edmund (1673).
1169:Bourne, William (1574).
846:A Dictionary of Aviation
844:Wragg, David W. (1973).
763:A Dictionary of Aviation
761:Wragg, David W. (1973).
215:at the equator, so that
1429:A Dictionary of Physics
1402:Annuaire Pour l'An 1848
1367:Annuaire Pour l'An 1933
791:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
722:(8th ed.). Paris:
486:definition of the metre
1529:www.legislation.gov.uk
1172:A regiment for the sea
1086:Ptolemy's Cosmographia
642:Nautical measured mile
509:= 1,851.85 m â 1,852 m
435:A Regiment for the Sea
359:
349:
304:
295:
1398:"Mesures itinéraires"
1218:Hues, Robert (1659).
1031:Naval Institute Press
588:Using the definition
517:Clarke 1866 ellipsoid
445:Earth's circumference
337:in a 1482 edition of
289:
89:1 M, NM, or nmi
1059:www.encyclopedia.com
610:celestial navigation
647:Conversion of units
543:Similar definitions
524:(equal area) radius
96:... is equal to ...
61:General information
1499:Collins Dictionary
992:also available as
296:
185:territorial waters
163:
155:
147:
139:
133:â 6,076.11549
131:
123:
115:
107:
1025:(14th ed.).
1008:978-0-70-774-1741
583:geographical mile
335:Nicolaus Germanus
312:coordinate system
294:and nautical mile
169:
168:
84:Conversions
36:geographical mile
16:(Redirected from
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1476:on March 9, 2013
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634:Geography portal
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726:. p. 127.
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1207:. p. 374.
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1447:. p. 16.
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1027:Annapolis, MD
1024:
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983:on 2016-08-21
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1509:1 September
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1609:Categories
1539:2016-06-10
1480:2018-07-07
1412:2019-08-31
1377:2019-08-31
1155:2023-10-08
1069:2016-06-10
987:2018-01-04
949:2016-06-10
924:2016-06-09
890:2016-06-09
830:2016-06-10
820:www.un.org
801:2016-06-10
747:2017-06-20
695:References
558:10,000,000
433:stated in
350:milaria 60
181:navigation
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1315:6 October
1286:6 October
1257:6 October
1232:6 October
1183:6 October
1126:8 October
1097:8 October
563:centigrad
469:arcminute
467:feet per
355:Geography
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328:longitude
324:meridians
316:parallels
298:The word
275:nanometre
1595:34906203
1573:(1996).
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1591:OCLC
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