1912:. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). The Erie Canal with its easy connections to most of the U.S. mid-west and New York City soon quickly paid back all its invested capital (US$ 7 million) and started turning a profit. By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world. From New York City these agricultural products could easily be shipped to other U.S. states or overseas. Assured of a market for their farm products the settlement of the U.S. mid-west was greatly accelerated by the Erie Canal. The profits generated by the Erie Canal project started a canal building boom in the United States that lasted until about 1850 when
1030:
2290:
968:
325:
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1274:, Mexico. Their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by 1300 CE. Archaeologists working at a major archaeological dig in the 1990s in the Tucson Basin, along the Santa Cruz River, identified a culture and people that may have been the ancestors of the Hohokam. This prehistoric group occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BCE, and in the Early Agricultural period grew corn, lived year-round in sedentary villages, and developed sophisticated irrigation canals. The large-scale Hohokam irrigation network in the
2416:
1772:
1702:
106:
1698:, is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals.
118:
1514:
2127:
273:
1936:
499:
2052:
such canals, since access to markets was available. The Erie Canal (as well as other canals) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across
America. The canals caused price convergence between different regions because of their reduction in transportation costs, which allowed Americans to ship and buy goods from farther distances much cheaper. Ohio built many miles of canal, Indiana had working canals for a few decades, and the
2064:
2750:
52:
1145:
3079:
3065:
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1817:
508:
67:
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523:
2401:
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2022:
40:
1387:, a distance of about 1.75 kilometres (1,900 yd). Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century.
1330:
744:, and may meander in a large horseshoe bend or series of curves some distance from the source waters stream bed lengthening the effective length in order to lower the ratio of rise over run (slope or pitch). The existing stream usually acts as the water source and the landscape around its banks provide a path for the new body. Examples include the
1286:
1321:. The canal was not designed for the quick conveying of water from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa but to create a mass of water between the two reservoirs, which would in turn provided for agriculture and the use of humans and animals. They also achieved a rather low gradient for its time. The canal is still in use after renovation.
639:. The water for the canal must be provided from an external source, like streams or reservoirs. Where the new waterway must change elevation engineering works like locks, lifts or elevators are constructed to raise and lower vessels. Examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like
693:
to make its navigable path more predictable and easier to maneuver. Canalization modifies the stream to carry traffic more safely by controlling the flow of the stream by dredging, damming and modifying its path. This frequently includes the incorporation of locks and spillways, that make the river a
590:
when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had the freedom
502:
1. Design High Water Level (HWL) 2. Low water channel 3. Flood channel 4. Riverside slope 5. Riverside banquette 6. Levee crown 7. Landside slope 8. Landside banquette 9. Berm 10. Low water revetment 11. Riverside land 12. Levee 13. Protected lowland 14.
2237:). Panama, which did not have (and still does not have) a land connection with the rest of Colombia, was already thinking of independence. In 1903 the United States, with support from Panamanians who expected the canal to provide substantial wages, revenues, and markets for local goods and services,
1663:
and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed
573:
industries, whereas the once critical smaller inland waterways conceived and engineered as boat and barge canals have largely been supplanted and filled in, abandoned and left to deteriorate, or kept in service and staffed by state employees, where dams and locks are maintained for flood control or
1747:
The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the
Bridgewater canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within just a
1743:
alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the
British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel-powered boats, often
1356:
was also expensive, as men expect compensation in the form of wages, room and board. This was because long-haul roads were unpaved, more often than not too narrow for carts, much less wagons, and in poor condition, wending their way through forests, marshy or muddy quagmires as often as unimproved
2051:
In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long with 36 locks, opened up a connection from the populated
Northeast to the Great Lakes. Settlers flooded into regions serviced by
2043:
bucked this trend. Yet in other countries canals grew in size as construction techniques improved. During the 19th century in the US, the length of canals grew from 100 miles (161 km) to over 4,000, with a complex network making the Great Lakes navigable, in conjunction with Canada, although
918:
are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across the canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre-existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of the canal to be quickly closed off, either for
1789:
For each canal, an Act of
Parliament was necessary to authorize construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from
2316:
The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water. In some cases railways have been built along the canal route, an example being the
1751:
This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the
Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter
547:
carried over 1.2 million tons of anthracite coal; by the 1930s the company which built and operated it for over a century ceased operation. The few canals still in operation in our modern age are a fraction of the numbers that once fueled and enabled economic growth, indeed were practically a
3360:
quotation p. 87: "There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same
890:
Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In cases, like the Suez Canal, the canal is open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level, a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs was an option in some cases, sometimes
1065:
is limited. A mule can carry an eighth-ton maximum load over a journey measured in days and weeks, though much more for shorter distances and periods with appropriate rest. Besides, carts need roads. Transport over water is much more efficient and cost-effective for large cargoes.
1244:
There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same
585:
By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after
820:, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used.
1793:
In a further development, there was often out-and-out speculation, where people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of
2780:
ships were limited to a length of 289.56 m (950 ft) and a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft) until 26 June 2016 when the opening of larger locks allowed for the passage of larger New
Panamax ships. For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for
2222:, first attempted to build a Panama Canal in the 1880s. The difficulty of the terrain and weather (rain) encountered caused the company to go bankrupt. High worker mortality from disease also discouraged further investment in the project. DeLessup's abandoned
1989:, considered to be "The Cradle of the American Industrial Revolution," has 6 miles (9.7 km) of canals, built from around 1790 to 1850, that provided water power and a means of transportation for the city. The output of the system is estimated at 10,000
87:
1191:). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than 30 metres (98 ft) wide.
1312:
which functioned in a way of a moving reservoir due to its single banking aspect to manage the canal pressure with the influx of water. It was also designed as an elongated reservoir passing through traps creating 66 mini catchments as it flows from
548:
prerequisite to further urbanization and industrialization. For the movement of bulk raw materials such as coal and ores are difficult and marginally affordable without water transport. Such raw materials fueled the industrial developments and new
2776:, which is up to 72 feet (21.95 m) long and 7 feet (2.13 m) wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where
931:, or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed. These are built when the natural ground slope is steeper than the desired canal gradient. They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from
1361:, could be transported by ship far more economically than by land; in the pre-railroad days of the industrial revolution, water transport was the gold standard of fast transportation. The first artificial canal in Western Europe was the
956:
Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical". These feature a "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be
1029:
2451:. The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that the land is man-made rather than the waterways. The islands have a long history of settlement; by the 12th century, Venice was a powerful
3461:
B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren "The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of
Investigations 1991-2001" The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385
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were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from the canal.
552:
resulting of the spiral of increasing mechanization during 17th–20th century, leading to new research disciplines, new industries and economies of scale, raising the standard of living for any industrialized society.
674:
were constructed in this way. In both cases pumping stations are required to keep the land surrounding the canal dry, either pumping water from the canal into surrounding waters, or pumping it from the land into the
2277:), split Panama in half. The Canal – a major engineering project – was built. The U.S. did not feel that conditions were stable enough to withdraw until 1979. The withdrawal from Panama contributed to President
815:
Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the
654:
A canal can be constructed by dredging a channel in the bottom of an existing lake. When the channel is complete, the lake is drained and the channel becomes a new canal, serving both drainage of the surrounding
953:. However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring. As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding.
886:
would take longer, winding routes, along which the land was a uniform altitude. Other, generally later, canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level.
1839:
Canal companies were initially chartered by individual states in the United States. These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies. Four were completed when the
2740:
channel provides fill to build up another part of the wetland above the flood level for houses. Land is built up in a finger pattern that provides a suburban street layout of waterfront housing blocks.
990:
238:
Many canals have been built at elevations, above valleys and other waterways. Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed. The
2789:
were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.
1760:
or further away, by water, minimizing breakages. Within just a few years of the
Bridgewater's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the
3558:
2035:
Competition, from railways from the 1830s and roads in the 20th century, made the smaller canals obsolete for most commercial transport, and many of the
British canals fell into decay. Only the
967:
827:
consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change the level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available.
2010:
574:
pleasure boating. Their replacement was gradual, beginning first in the United States in the mid-1850s where canal shipping was first augmented by, then began being replaced by using
1798:", huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles (over 6,400 kilometres) in length.
670:. One can also build two parallel dikes in an existing lake, forming the new canal in between, and then drain the remaining parts of the lake. The eastern and central parts of the
1813:
were only seven feet apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other.
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3155:
1635:
1352:
to carry any degree of mass, and while a mule could carry an eighth ton, it also needed teamsters to tend it and one man could only tend perhaps five mules, meaning overland
1175:
of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the
1263:
861:
3617:
3165:
2233:, and whose Navy became more important, decided to reactivate the project. The United States and Colombia did not reach agreement on the terms of a canal treaty (see
1426:
Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from the 12th century. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or
2461:
was built in a similar way, with buildings on wooden piles. It became a city around 1300. Many Amsterdam canals were built as part of fortifications. They became
1446:, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of
2199:, which scared off potential investors. It remains an active project (the geography has not changed), and in the 2010s Chinese involvement was developing.
1748:
year of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years.
1732:. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the
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network cabling, avoiding having them buried in roadways while facilitating access and reducing the hazard of being damaged from digging equipment.
1713:
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To cross a stream, road or valley (where the delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the valley can be spanned by a
1652:(which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities.
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4972:
3979:
2297:
Large-scale ship canals such as the Panama Canal and Suez Canal continue to operate for cargo transportation, as do European barge canals. Due to
2289:
1179:, still the longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one. It is 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi) long and was built to carry the
2115:
on Lake Ontario. The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of
1167:(8th–5th centuries BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian
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3424:
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A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making
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saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester,
4359:
4125:
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212:, and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its
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by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. The finished shape of the canal as seen in cross section is known as the
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3355:
1493:
in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali also attempted to construct a canal from the
1215:
1013:
823:
Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984 AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either
543:
Historically, canals were of immense importance to commerce and the development, growth and vitality of a civilization. In 1855 the
324:
3756:
2785:
ships is generally draft, which is limited to 16 m (52.5 ft). At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the
2540:
830:
Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches for situations where little water is available. These include
5598:
2384:
2332:
have been restored and are now used by pleasure boaters. In Britain, canalside housing has also proven popular in recent years.
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3222:
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when the city was enlarged and houses were built alongside the water. Its nickname as the "Venice of the North" is shared with
306:
of the river. A vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height.
907:
may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain
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4169:
2706:, England, where a system of intertwining waterways and docks is now being developed for mainly residential and leisure use.
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2196:
1806:
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372:
Since they cut across drainage divides, canals are more difficult to construct and often need additional improvements, like
1640:
5624:
2485:
was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by Marco Polo during his travels there in the 13th century, with its modern canalside
1309:
1671:
is debated between "Sankey" and "Bridgewater" supporters. The first true canal in what is now the United Kingdom was the
395:: canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be subdivided into two kinds:
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5245:
5139:
4192:
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3664:
2939:
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The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th century and early 19th century. It came into being because the
1374:
1045:
961:
in. Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5 m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second.
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622:
Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:
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2274:
2053:
1970:
1786:
and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals.
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the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay, it is known as
4799:
3549:
2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010;
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2202:
1974:
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2253:– a name that suggests the country began as a way to get from one hemisphere to the other – was a replica of the
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Twenty years later, an expansionist United States, that just acquired colonies after defeating Spain in the 1898
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2305:. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new set of locks allow transit of larger,
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1701:
1513:
105:
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2154:, which specified the minimum size of locks. Canal traffic doubled in the first decades of the 20th century.
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as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States.
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supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable,
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in 3000 BC. This is the first time that such planned civil project had taken place in the ancient world. In
95:
3686:. English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Taunton: Somerset County Council. pp. 19–20. Archived from
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A movement that began in Britain and France to use the early industrial canals for pleasure boats, such as
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Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal",
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2328:, has spurred rehabilitation of stretches of historic canals. In some cases, abandoned canals such as the
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1998:
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Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the
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was the most complex in ancient North America. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the
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2176:. These canals were partially built with the help of engineers from the Netherlands and other countries.
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is believed to be the first post-Roman canal and was built in the middle of the 10th century to link the
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1935:
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in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrializing city of
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conveyances was used around settled areas, but unimproved roads required pack animal trains, usually of
1134:
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205:
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Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen",
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generation, rather than for transport. Nowadays power canals are built almost exclusively as parts of
117:
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to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the
1344:, water transport was several times cheaper and faster than transport overland. Overland transport by
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Canals are still used to provide water for agriculture. An extensive canal system exists within the
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Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the
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60:
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Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British
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Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was
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https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf
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738:, a second stream can be created next to or at least near the existing stream. This is called a
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71:
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A major question was how to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific with a canal through narrow
1541:(1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at
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Three major canals with very different purposes were built in what is now Canada. The first
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to facilitate conquest of the city but his progress was halted when he went to war with the
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looping descents to create a longer and gentler channel around a stretch of rapids or falls;
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3078:
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2188:
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1861:
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974:
671:
644:
507:
314:
220:
159:
91:
66:
4104:
British Waterways' leisure website – Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes
4025:
2681:
2376:
in the Southern California desert to provide irrigation to agriculture within the area.
2301:, they are becoming increasingly important, resulting in expansion projects such as the
1739:
The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a
949:
fall, where the drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce
914:
When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance
882:
Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as
522:
5469:
5353:
5333:
5215:
5200:
5087:
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5027:
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3029:
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2192:
1924:
fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828 and 1848. The
1905:
1881:
1857:
1725:
1596:
1502:
1474:
1398:
1362:
1353:
707:
570:
318:
303:
260:
209:
1438:
or chamber lock first appeared, in the 10th century in China and in Europe in 1373 in
5613:
5550:
5545:
5530:
5515:
5464:
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5225:
5190:
5144:
5104:
5099:
4859:
4731:
4691:
4437:
4417:
4150:
3004:
2530:
2318:
2298:
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2088:
2084:
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2006:
1929:
1849:
1810:
1680:
1668:
1592:
1538:
1130:
1107:
1020:
903:
Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal, a
883:
835:
761:
757:
740:
715:
699:
640:
151:
79:
44:
1981:
was the primary means of powering factories (usually textile mills) until after the
1884:
bought by private investors. The Erie canal runs about 363 miles (584 km) from
5540:
5290:
5275:
5265:
5114:
5045:
4914:
4879:
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3202:
3130:
3098:
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2737:
2709:
2306:
2278:
2258:
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2211:
2169:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2080:
1921:
1889:
1853:
1821:
1783:
1761:
1729:
1695:
1687:
1576:
1565:
1526:
1525:
Around 1500–1800 the first summit level canal to use pound locks in Europe was the
1486:
1430:. Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with
1358:
1357:
but dry footing. In that era, as today, greater cargoes, especially bulk goods and
1345:
1290:
1203:
1004:
939:
805:
789:
695:
648:
603:
602:
in northern China, still remains in heavy use, especially the portion south of the
578:, less geographically constrained & limited, and generally cheaper to maintain
544:
491:
456:
288:
276:
248:
240:
232:
2400:
800:
At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on the
86:
17:
3300:
1782:
The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialization of
942:. It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs.
5449:
5373:
5077:
5040:
4987:
4711:
4696:
4671:
4545:
4279:
3119:
3019:
2809:
2363:
2352:
2325:
2310:
1978:
1956:
1909:
1841:
1795:
1672:
1611:
1494:
1412:
1366:
1341:
1207:
1089:
1058:
904:
703:
587:
472:
468:
380:
to bridge waters over streams and roads, and ways to keep water in the channel.
56:
5555:
5235:
5119:
5059:
5017:
4889:
4726:
4594:
4535:
4525:
4442:
4351:
4340:
4320:
4244:
3770:
3227:
3060:
3024:
2998:
2836:
2786:
2773:
2649:
2629:
2605:
2557:
2452:
2432:
2262:
2219:
2162:
2161:(1869) – which carries tonnage many times that of most other canals – and the
2158:
2150:
and Seine – and the North Sea was boosted in 1879 by the establishment of the
2021:
1990:
1966:
1873:
1833:
1775:
1721:
1660:
1607:
1542:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1380:
1211:
1195:
1085:
950:
945:
There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape. One type is the
892:
824:
817:
777:
773:
562:
549:
487:
475:
299:
166:
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1571:
The oldest canal in the European settlements of North America, technically a
665:
5525:
5474:
5444:
5413:
5343:
5255:
5012:
4899:
4884:
4824:
4771:
4766:
4666:
4589:
4579:
4477:
3185:
3113:
3092:
2703:
2637:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2526:
2458:
2393:
2254:
2223:
1897:
1717:
1572:
1478:
1439:
1431:
1314:
1305:
1294:
1252:
1168:
1118:
1117:) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the
982:
958:
831:
689:
464:
434:
228:
189:
3733:
3438:
the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence
3254:
2641:
1946:(Slovakia) – the canal is conveying water to a hydroelectric power station.
1461:
in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the
895: – either separate from the canal or built into its course – and
3479:
Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine",
2168:
In the 19th century, a number of canals were built in Japan including the
1599:
and the sea. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills.
1251:
referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the
1214:, northern Greece. It was constructed as part of his preparations for the
254:
The term was once used to describe linear features seen on the surface of
5195:
5162:
4839:
4681:
4648:
4259:
4239:
4229:
3528:
2733:
2729:
2645:
2589:
2561:
2534:
2522:
2498:
2359:
2157:
Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, starting with the
2147:
2143:
2096:
2091:(1825), which allowed ships to skirt the nearly impassable rapids on the
1913:
1869:
1490:
1416:
1402:
1199:
1188:
611:
531:
392:
147:
136:
4126:"Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University
3467:
2197:
This canal has never been built in part because of political instability
919:
maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach.
842:
of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and
39:
5505:
5454:
4982:
4977:
4959:
4939:
4844:
4781:
4716:
4653:
4330:
4041:
3190:
3170:
3050:
2908:
2898:
2782:
2777:
2754:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2657:
2617:
2597:
2565:
2553:
2545:
2514:
2506:
2494:
2468:
2436:
2348:
2344:
1740:
1518:
1406:
1329:
1267:
1259:
1184:
1163:, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the
1050:
801:
607:
579:
516:
460:
442:
438:
373:
280:
1285:
1171:
connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. The
5300:
5172:
4997:
4992:
4944:
4934:
4904:
4829:
4584:
4515:
4487:
4386:
4284:
4274:
4219:
3107:
2955:
2871:
2766:
2689:
2661:
2621:
2609:
2577:
2510:
2482:
2476:
2463:
2444:
2389:
2340:
2246:
2104:
1939:
1916:
started becoming seriously competitive in price and convenience. The
1580:
1498:
1420:
1271:
1223:
1153:
1122:
858:
656:
429:
424:
284:
213:
122:
75:
4033:
1928:
was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where
298:
is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and
3574:
1453:
To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first
5398:
5383:
5082:
5055:
5002:
4869:
4864:
4834:
4819:
4628:
4398:
4382:
4305:
4254:
4162:
4135:
2818:
2748:
2625:
2613:
2569:
2539:
2493:
becoming major tourist attractions. Other nearby cities including
2426:
2414:
2399:
2383:
2288:
2265:, 10 miles (16 km) wide, with U.S. military stationed there (
2201:
2139:
2125:
2062:
2020:
1934:
1815:
1770:
1700:
1639:
1619:
1557:
1534:
1530:
1512:
1394:
1365:
built at the end of the 8th century under personal supervision of
1328:
1284:
1143:
1138:
1126:
1079:
1044:
908:
769:
632:
592:
521:
506:
497:
481:
411:
407:
323:
271:
224:
204:
when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's
174:
116:
104:
99:
85:
65:
50:
38:
4177:
4114:
Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System
4108:
3527:. Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa. Archived from
2339:
is being developed into a major transportation waterway, linking
227:, generally requiring an external water source above the highest
5428:
5393:
4949:
4909:
4874:
4269:
2881:
2502:
1615:
1553:
1549:
1545:, a 157 metres (515 ft) tunnel, and three major aqueducts.
1349:
1133:(reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the
1099:
1062:
946:
403:
352:
255:
4355:
4181:
2712:(sometimes known as bayous in the United States) are a form of
1222:. It is one of the few monuments left by the Persian Empire in
192:
of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as
5348:
4789:
4234:
3980:"Panama Canal Opens $ 5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes"
1904:
and the Erie Canal completed a navigable water route from the
1389:
More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the
356:
181:
4145:
4103:
2728:; the Gold Coast has over 890 km of residential canals.
2226:
sits, isolated decaying machines, today tourist attractions.
494:
to feed the early United States industries in the pioneer-era
4113:
2732:
are difficult areas upon which to build housing estates, so
4050:
European Waterways - map and concise directory, 3rd edition
2165:(1897), though the Panama Canal was not opened until 1914.
1900:. The Hudson River connects Albany to the Atlantic port of
1736:. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal.
1993:. Other cities with extensive power canal systems include
591:
to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or
3935:
Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue
2009:. The most notable power canal was built in 1862 for the
1655:
By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the
1560:
being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first
780:
allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g.,
459:
canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of
2138:
In France, a steady linking of all the river systems –
2060:
system until replaced by a channelized river waterway.
2011:
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company
1790:
cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods.
302:
of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the
4130:
2358:
Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as
2293:
Canals can disrupt water circulation in marsh systems.
1876:(opened 1825) was chartered and owned by the state of
1477:
of West Africa, several canals were constructed under
317:, making a navigable channel connecting two different
4012:
Calvert, Roger (1963), "Inland Waterways of Europe",
2210:
The second choice for a Central American canal was a
1744:
towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard.
1442:, Netherlands. Another important development was the
4091:, International Association of Hydrological Sciences
3156:
List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom
2552:
Other cities with extensive canal networks include:
2044:
some canals were later drained and used as railroad
1636:
History of turnpikes and canals in the United States
659:
and providing transport there. Examples include the
5498:
5437:
5319:
5181:
5153:
5054:
5026:
4958:
4780:
4647:
4564:
4486:
4397:
3411:
Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
1401:. The Naviglio Grande is the most important of the
595:in the dirt which could not operate in the winter.
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3408:
3110:, a non-human animal also known for canal building
1973:. Parts of the United States, particularly in the
3358:(1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York,
2187:opened in 1855.) The original proposal was for a
879:. Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals.
804:the canal passes through, it may be necessary to
4062:World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present
3166:List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom
1568:, which was surveyed in 1563, and open in 1566.
1236:, by which they regulated the water flow in the
1035:Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States
231:. The best-known example of such a canal is the
3864:
3862:
3860:
3793:Exeter Ship Canal, The First Four Hundred Years
3791:Exeter history by www.exeter.gov.uk, .pdf file
3302:Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures
2189:sea-level canal through what is today Nicaragua
1423:and assist transportation of goods and people.
417:Those connected in a city network: such as the
3847:
3845:
3843:
2261:(used as currency). A U.S. military zone, the
846:where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway.
784:), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g.,
734:When a stream is too difficult to modify with
4367:
4193:
3872:. London: Reader's Digest. 1978. p. 990.
3771:"Exeter Canal and Quayside – a short history"
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
1864:(opened 1802) also in Massachusetts, and the
1409:" and the oldest functioning canal in Europe.
911:and cranes to assist with movement of goods.
359:to raise river water levels to usable depths;
74:fuelled the industrial revolution in much of
8:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
2206:Abandoned DeLessups equipment, Panama jungle
368:to allow ships and barges to ascend/descend.
169:). They carry free, calm surface flow under
3954:
3870:Reader's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge
3680:An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury
2447:that many canal cities have been nicknamed
2191:, taking advantage of the relatively large
1606:, a nationwide canal system connecting the
1129:, canals date back at least to the time of
4374:
4360:
4352:
4200:
4186:
4178:
4089:The Basis of Civilization - Water Science?
3575:"Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel"
2419:Aerial view of the man-made canals of the
1282:and now helps to supply the city's water.
1202:of Persia ordered the construction of the
2529:are located along the lower mouth of the
1664:to go, not where a river happened to be.
1304:constructed the 87 km (54 mi)
4109:Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide
3966:
3887:(Second ed.). David & Charles.
3519:
3517:
3382:
3279:
1920:(finished in 1828) in Massachusetts and
1659:were becoming quite sophisticated, with
768:Smaller transportation canals can carry
4973:International scale of river difficulty
3711:
3394:
3245:
2239:took Panama province away from Colombia
1537:(1642), followed by the more ambitious
1393:built between 1127 and 1257 to connect
963:
340:Structures used in artificial waterways
180:In most cases, a canal has a series of
3726:The International Canal Monuments List
3663:Details text and data with cites from
1977:, had enough fast-flowing rivers that
1811:Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line
1667:The claim for the first pure canal in
973:The flight of 16 consecutive locks at
173:, and can be thought of as artificial
43:The Alter Strom, in the sea resort of
4156:Canal flow measurement using a sensor
3498:, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)
3485:, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)
3370:
2443:Canals are so deeply identified with
1564:canal built appears to have been the
1240:as early as the 3rd century BC.
7:
3047:or Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal
2945:List of canals in the United Kingdom
2269:, 2 TV stations, channels 8 and 10,
2067:A family rides a boat in one of the
1591:connecting the higher waters of the
598:The longest extant canal today, the
388:There are two broad types of canal:
1632:History of the British canal system
853:– a famous example in Wales is the
712:Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle
614:at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles).
4020:(4), George Allen and Unwin: 515,
3511:, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35)
3305:. New Delhi: S Chand and Company.
2696:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
1712:In the mid-eighteenth century the
1575:built for industrial purposes, is
348:structures to improve navigation:
25:
4080:Science and Civilisation in China
3769:David Cornforth (February 2012).
2056:connected the Great Lakes to the
1805:in Birmingham, a point where the
1232:were also among the first to use
1216:Second Persian invasion of Greece
694:navigation. Examples include the
279:, a transportation canal between
3988:. Associated Press. 26 June 2016
3091:
3077:
3063:
2257:. The US dollar was and remains
1434:owners and to correct this, the
1411:Later, canals were built in the
1028:
1012:
1001:the longest and highest aqueduct
989:
966:
935:the bed and sides of the canal.
344:Both navigations and canals use
313:is a channel that cuts across a
5130:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3910:The Canals of the West Midlands
3482:American Journal of Archaeology
3223:Waterways in the United Kingdom
2099:, were built for commerce. The
2079:, which opened in 1829 between
1724:. He commissioned the engineer
1308:in 459 A.D. as a part of their
938:A canal fall is constructed by
5630:Water transport infrastructure
4170:New International Encyclopedia
3802:, accessdate=13 September 2013
3594:. Asian Educational Services.
2736:part of the wetland down to a
2303:Panama Canal expansion project
2103:, completed in 1832, connects
1932:built his first textile mill.
1807:Worcester and Birmingham Canal
70:Small boat canals such as the
1:
3819:Burton, Anthony (1995) , "3:
2026:
1778:, Lockport, New York, c. 1855
1111:
1092:
1084:The oldest known canals were
268:Types of artificial waterways
5296:Universal Soil Loss Equation
5246:Hydrological transport model
5140:Storm Water Management Model
3825:The Great Days of the Canals
3665:Glastonbury Canal (medieval)
3654:), Start point at River Brue
3588:Obeyesekere, Donald (1999).
2940:Canals of the United Kingdom
1971:hydroelectric power stations
1622:rivers, was opened in 1718.
1310:extensive irrigation network
1194:In the 5th century BC,
680:Canalization and navigations
27:Artificial channel for water
4048:Edwards-May, David (2008),
3827:, Twickenham: Tiger Books,
2974:Canals of the United States
2054:Illinois and Michigan Canal
1965:refers to a canal used for
1644:Lowell's power canal system
864:) across the valley of the
410:, other canals or seas and
5656:
5635:Artificial bodies of water
4800:Antecedent drainage stream
4131:National Canal Museum (US)
3908:Hadfield, Charles (1966).
3883:Hadfield, Charles (1981).
3773:. www.exetermemories.co.uk
3677:Gathercole, Clare (2003).
3591:Outlines of Ceylon History
3261:. US Bureau of Reclamation
2996:
2990:
2863:History of canals in China
2857:List of canals in Pakistan
2796:
2700:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1954:
1844:broke out; these were the
1657:Aire and Calder Navigation
1629:
1073:
1057:The transport capacity of
402:Those connecting existing
200:. A canal can be called a
29:
5564:
5536:River valley civilization
5419:Riparian-zone restoration
4293:
4215:
3798:19 September 2015 at the
3645:Start point at River Brue
2083:and Lake Erie, bypassing
2003:Manchester, New Hampshire
1276:Phoenix metropolitan area
1104:Indus Valley civilization
746:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
720:Riparian zone restoration
700:Northeastern Pennsylvania
219:A canal can cut across a
5599:Countries without rivers
5574:Rivers by discharge rate
5286:Runoff model (reservoir)
5251:Infiltration (hydrology)
4136:London Canal Museum (UK)
4014:The Geographical Journal
3407:Donald Langmead (2001).
2987:Lists of proposed canals
2362:for the installation of
1766:Trent & Mersey Canal
1716:, who owned a number of
1457:were developed with the
1264:North American Southwest
1165:Spring and Autumn period
1007:, Wales, United Kingdom
750:Canal latéral à la Loire
565:today primarily service
5271:River Continuum Concept
5036:Agricultural wastewater
3912:. David & Charles.
3561:March 24, 2014, at the
3126:Canal & River Trust
3040:Northern river reversal
2993:List of proposed canals
2851:List of canals in India
2716:popular in cities like
2544:Canal of La Peyrade in
2337:Seine–Nord Europe Canal
2218:company, which ran the
1995:Lawrence, Massachusetts
1714:3rd Duke of Bridgewater
1688:Sankey Brook Navigation
1266:in what is now part of
1247:— technology historian
441:, and the waterways of
264:, an optical illusion.
96:Cassinetta di Lugagnano
5594:River name etymologies
5521:Hydraulic civilization
5379:Floodplain restoration
5155:Point source pollution
4930:Sedimentary structures
3299:Sharma, S. K. (2016).
2895:Danube–Black Sea Canal
2769:
2726:Gold Coast, Queensland
2628:in Flanders, Belgium;
2549:
2440:
2424:
2421:Gold Coast, Queensland
2412:
2397:
2294:
2275:U.S.-style high school
2207:
2135:
2072:
2032:
1999:Holyoke, Massachusetts
1947:
1836:
1779:
1709:
1645:
1522:
1337:
1297:
1257:
1156:
1054:
877:Trent and Mersey Canal
535:
519:
513:Danube-Black Sea Canal
504:
495:
336:
291:
158:) or for conveyancing
125:
114:
102:
83:
63:
48:
32:Canal (disambiguation)
5206:Discharge (hydrology)
5168:Industrial wastewater
4649:Sedimentary processes
4064:, David and Charles,
3071:United Kingdom portal
2752:
2543:
2430:
2418:
2403:
2387:
2330:Kennet and Avon Canal
2292:
2249:). Its currency, the
2205:
2129:
2066:
2041:Aire and Calder Canal
2037:Manchester Ship Canal
2024:
1987:Lowell, Massachusetts
1938:
1819:
1774:
1704:
1650:Industrial Revolution
1643:
1626:Industrial Revolution
1604:Volga–Baltic Waterway
1595:and the mouth of the
1581:Boston, Massachusetts
1516:
1332:
1288:
1270:, United States, and
1262:was a society in the
1242:
1147:
1048:
979:Kennet and Avon Canal
855:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
782:Manchester Ship Canal
754:Garonne Lateral Canal
528:Amsterdam-Rhine Canal
525:
510:
501:
485:
329:Westbury Court Garden
327:
275:
120:
108:
89:
69:
54:
42:
5625:Coastal construction
5311:Volumetric flow rate
4895:Riffle-pool sequence
4119:24 July 2008 at the
4087:Rodda, J.C. (2004),
4078:Needham, J. (1971),
3531:on November 30, 2012
3415:. ABC-CLIO. p.
3218:Waterway restoration
3213:Water transportation
3198:Volumetric flow rate
3176:Navigation authority
2620:in the Netherlands;
2231:Spanish–American War
2224:excavating equipment
1465:in Germany in 1398.
1459:Grand Canal of China
1206:through the base of
1177:Grand Canal of China
1150:Grand Canal of China
1076:List of Roman canals
997:The Llangollen Canal
606:. It stretches from
557:The surviving canals
196:, often just called
171:atmospheric pressure
133:artificial waterways
30:For other uses, see
5485:Whitewater kayaking
5480:Whitewater canoeing
5281:Runoff curve number
5125:Flood pulse concept
4151:Canal des Deux Mers
4141:Canals in Amsterdam
4026:1963GeogJ.129..515A
3821:Building the Canals
3629: /
3614:specifically from (
3146:Irrigation district
2920:Canals of Amsterdam
2905:North Crimean Canal
2868:King Abdullah Canal
2702:near the centre of
2281:'s defeat in 1980.
2134:, from around 1870.
2130:A proposal for the
2069:canals of Amsterdam
1830:navigable aqueducts
1562:early modern period
1509:Early modern period
1455:summit level canals
862:World Heritage Site
571:ship transportation
5511:Aquatic toxicology
5424:Stream restoration
5389:Infiltration basin
5241:Hydrological model
4757:Sediment transport
4580:Estavelle/Inversac
4458:Subterranean river
4082:, C.U.P. Cambridge
3985:The New York Times
3634:51.1384°N 2.7358°W
3253:Thompson, Kristi.
3136:Environment Agency
2799:Lists of waterways
2770:
2550:
2441:
2425:
2413:
2398:
2367:telecommunications
2295:
2208:
2136:
2093:St. Lawrence River
2073:
2033:
1983:American Civil War
1948:
1866:Dismal Swamp Canal
1846:South Hadley Canal
1837:
1820:Aqueduct over the
1780:
1710:
1690:, which connected
1646:
1583:neighbourhoods of
1523:
1383:at Northover with
1338:
1298:
1280:Salt River Project
1238:Ancient Suez Canal
1220:Greco-Persian Wars
1181:Emperor Yang Guang
1157:
1055:
851:navigable aqueduct
626:Human made streams
536:
520:
505:
496:
337:
292:
194:slack water levels
126:
115:
111:Broek in Waterland
103:
84:
64:
49:
18:Navigation channel
5607:
5606:
5584:Whitewater rivers
5490:Whitewater slalom
5321:River engineering
5221:Groundwater model
5182:River measurement
5110:Flood forecasting
4925:Sedimentary basin
4782:Fluvial landforms
4687:Bed material load
4463:River bifurcation
4349:
4348:
4311:Civil engineering
4071:978-0-7153-8555-5
4058:Hadfield, Charles
3919:978-0-7153-4660-0
3894:978-0-7153-8079-6
3834:978-1-85501-695-8
3739:on 10 August 2013
3426:978-1-57607-112-0
3312:978-93-525-3377-0
3161:List of waterways
2952:Great BaÄŤka Canal
2930:Canals of Ireland
2925:Canals of Germany
2831:Mahmoudiyah Canal
2722:Texas City, Texas
2688:in Thailand, and
2676:, United States,
2431:Wharfs along the
2235:Hay–Herrán Treaty
2113:Kingston, Ontario
2058:Mississippi River
1926:Blackstone Valley
1894:Buffalo, New York
1868:(opened 1805) in
1856:(opened 1800) in
1848:(opened 1795) in
1826:Rexford, New York
1734:Bridgewater Canal
1706:Bridgewater Canal
1385:Glastonbury Abbey
1375:Glastonbury Canal
1137:on the Nile near
1098:, in what is now
1088:canals, built in
1023:seen from the air
873:Harecastle Tunnel
150:management (e.g.
94:, in the town of
72:Basingstoke Canal
16:(Redirected from
5647:
5569:Rivers by length
5404:River morphology
5306:Wetted perimeter
5211:Drainage density
4722:Headward erosion
4551:Perennial stream
4423:Blackwater river
4376:
4369:
4362:
4353:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4053:
4044:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3955:Edwards-May 2008
3952:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3855:
3853:Inland Waterways
3849:
3838:
3837:
3816:
3803:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3732:, archived from
3731:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:51.1384; -2.7358
3635:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3555:Cultural Context
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3414:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3341:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3296:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3250:
3141:Horse-drawn boat
3101:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3085:Transport portal
3082:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
2969:Canals of Canada
2935:Canals of Russia
2915:Canals of France
2825:Ibrahimiya Canal
2759:Miraflores Locks
2634:Saint Petersburg
2449:"the Venice of…"
2405:Griboyedov Canal
2031:
2028:
2025:American canals
2007:Augusta, Georgia
1942:in the canal of
1918:Blackstone Canal
1886:Albany, New York
1880:and financed by
1677:Northern Ireland
1483:Askia Muhammad I
1448:guillotine locks
1372:In Britain, the
1335:Punjab, Pakistan
1218:, a part of the
1183:between Zhuodu (
1116:
1113:
1097:
1094:
1032:
1016:
993:
970:
786:Caledonian Canal
722:may be required.
687:A stream can be
669:
202:navigation canal
21:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5579:Drainage basins
5560:
5494:
5433:
5409:Retention basin
5369:Erosion control
5364:Detention basin
5315:
5231:Hjulström curve
5183:
5177:
5149:
5093:Non-water flood
5050:
5022:
4968:Helicoidal flow
4954:
4855:Fluvial terrace
4850:Floating island
4776:
4651:
4643:
4634:Rhythmic spring
4568:
4560:
4541:Stream gradient
4482:
4468:River ecosystem
4433:Channel pattern
4401:
4393:
4380:
4350:
4345:
4289:
4211:
4206:
4161:
4121:Wayback Machine
4100:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4072:
4056:
4047:
4034:10.2307/1794678
4011:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3858:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3800:Wayback Machine
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3693:on 15 July 2011
3690:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3658:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3563:Wayback Machine
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3478:
3474:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3348:Ronald W. Clark
3342:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3181:Proposed canals
3151:Lists of canals
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3015:Nicaragua Canal
3001:
2995:
2989:
2801:
2795:
2793:Lists of canals
2747:
2666:Fort Lauderdale
2491:Shantang Street
2382:
2380:Cities on water
2374:Imperial Valley
2287:
2243:puppet republic
2241:, and set up a
2185:Panama Railroad
2181:Central America
2152:Freycinet gauge
2132:Nicaragua Canal
2029:
2019:
1985:. For example,
1967:hydraulic power
1959:
1953:
1862:Middlesex Canal
1754:Josiah Wedgwood
1679:constructed by
1638:
1628:
1602:In Russia, the
1529:connecting the
1517:Dutch canal in
1511:
1471:
1463:Stecknitz Canal
1410:
1397:with the river
1391:Naviglio Grande
1388:
1327:
1249:Ronald W. Clark
1246:
1230:Greek engineers
1114:
1095:
1082:
1072:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1024:
1017:
1008:
994:
985:
971:
925:
844:inclined planes
798:
672:North Sea Canal
663:
645:Canal de Briare
633:dykes or levees
620:
559:
541:
386:
384:Types of canals
342:
319:drainage basins
315:drainage divide
270:
221:drainage divide
160:water transport
92:Naviglio Grande
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5653:
5651:
5643:
5642:
5640:Infrastructure
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Stone skipping
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5354:Drop structure
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Balancing lake
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Playfair's law
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5216:Exner equation
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:Bradshaw model
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5088:Urban flooding
5080:
5075:
5073:Crevasse splay
5070:
5068:100-year flood
5064:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5028:Surface runoff
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Stream capture
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Rock-cut basin
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:Suspended load
4759:
4754:
4752:Secondary flow
4749:
4744:
4742:Retrogradation
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Dissolved load
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4639:Spring horizon
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Mineral spring
4621:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4605:list in the US
4602:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4531:Stream channel
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Drainage basin
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Alluvial river
4409:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:Infrastructure
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4159:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4098:External links
4096:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4070:
4054:
4045:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3971:
3969:, p. 191.
3959:
3947:
3925:
3918:
3900:
3893:
3875:
3856:
3839:
3833:
3804:
3784:
3761:
3749:
3716:
3704:
3669:
3656:
3607:
3600:
3580:
3566:
3542:
3513:
3500:
3487:
3472:
3454:
3442:
3425:
3399:
3397:, p. 269.
3387:
3375:
3373:, p. 161.
3363:
3344:"Works of Man"
3325:
3311:
3284:
3272:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3114:Canal elevator
3111:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3088:
3074:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3035:Two Seas Canal
3032:
3030:Sulawesi Canal
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Istanbul Canal
3007:
2991:Main article:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2878:Qanat al-Jaish
2875:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2815:El Salam Canal
2812:
2797:Main article:
2794:
2791:
2746:
2743:
2718:Miami, Florida
2487:Pingjiang Road
2475:of Russia and
2473:St. Petersburg
2409:St. Petersburg
2381:
2378:
2286:
2283:
2193:Lake Nicaragua
2018:
2015:
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1906:Atlantic Ocean
1858:South Carolina
1726:James Brindley
1627:
1624:
1597:Neponset River
1510:
1507:
1503:Mossi Kingdoms
1475:Songhai Empire
1470:
1467:
1363:Fossa Carolina
1354:bulk transport
1326:
1323:
1187:) and Yuhang (
1115: 3000 BC
1096: 4000 BC
1071:
1070:Ancient canals
1068:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1009:
995:
988:
986:
972:
965:
924:
921:
884:contour canals
838:, which use a
834:, such as the
797:
794:
766:
765:
731:
730:
729:Lateral canals
724:
723:
682:
681:
677:
676:
652:
628:
627:
619:
616:
558:
555:
540:
537:
480:
479:
449:
448:
447:
446:
423:and others of
415:
397:
396:
385:
382:
370:
369:
363:
360:
341:
338:
331:: the garden "
304:drainage basin
269:
266:
261:Martian canals
210:drainage basin
90:Bridge on the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5652:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:Surface water
5549:
5547:
5546:Sacred waters
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Riparian zone
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:Body of water
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Riverboarding
5463:
5461:
5460:River surfing
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:and modelling
5180:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5145:Return period
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Flood control
5103:
5101:
5100:Flood barrier
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Palaeochannel
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Granular flow
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:Channel types
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Braided river
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4164:"Canal"
4160:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Canal du Midi
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:, Euromapping
4051:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:Hadfield 1986
3963:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3885:The Canal Age
3879:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3759:pages 193-194
3758:
3753:
3750:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3689:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3601:9788120613638
3597:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3530:
3526:
3525:"The Hohokam"
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3385:, p. 16.
3384:
3383:Hadfield 1986
3379:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3356:0-670-80483-5
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:, p. 22.
3281:
3280:Hadfield 1986
3276:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Eurasia Canal
3003:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:North America
2962:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:ships in the
2756:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:Canal estates
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:in Pakistan.
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:in Portugal;
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:Yangtze River
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:, Netherlands
2438:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:, Netherlands
2395:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2319:Croydon Canal
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:globalization
2291:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:Lachine Canal
2086:
2085:Niagara Falls
2082:
2078:
2077:Welland Canal
2070:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2046:rights-of-way
2042:
2038:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1944:GabÄŤĂkovo Dam
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:Samuel Slater
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:New York City
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Massachusetts
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Worcester Bar
1799:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1681:Thomas Steers
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:Great Britain
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:Charles River
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:Canal du Midi
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1419:to drain the
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:raw materials
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Caoyun System
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:ancient China
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:Pepi I Meryre
1128:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1108:ancient India
1105:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:Corinth Canal
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
987:
984:
980:
976:
969:
964:
962:
960:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
930:
922:
920:
917:
912:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
888:
885:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:Falkirk Wheel
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
762:Juliana Canal
759:
758:Welland Canal
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
741:lateral canal
737:
733:
732:
728:
727:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
667:
662:
658:
653:
650:
646:
642:
641:Canal du Midi
638:
634:
630:
629:
625:
624:
623:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
589:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
551:
546:
538:
534:, Netherlands
533:
529:
524:
518:
514:
509:
500:
493:
489:
484:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
450:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
399:
398:
394:
391:
390:
389:
383:
381:
379:
375:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
350:
349:
347:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
265:
263:
262:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
152:flood control
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
119:
113:, Netherlands
112:
107:
101:
97:
93:
88:
81:
80:United States
77:
73:
68:
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5589:Flash floods
5541:River cruise
5438:River sports
5338:
5291:Stream gauge
5276:Rouse number
5266:Relief ratio
5115:Flood-meadow
5046:Urban runoff
4960:Fluvial flow
4945:River valley
4915:River island
4880:Meander scar
4795:Alluvial fan
4737:Progradation
4612:Karst spring
4556:Winterbourne
4511:Chalk stream
4473:River source
4448:Distributary
4316:Construction
4301:Architecture
4297:
4224:
4168:
4088:
4079:
4061:
4049:
4017:
4013:
4005:Bibliography
3990:. Retrieved
3983:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3939:, retrieved
3934:
3928:
3909:
3903:
3884:
3878:
3869:
3852:
3824:
3820:
3787:
3777:14 September
3775:. Retrieved
3764:
3752:
3741:, retrieved
3734:the original
3725:
3719:
3712:Calvert 1963
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3688:the original
3679:
3672:
3659:
3610:
3590:
3583:
3569:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3535:November 30,
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3508:
3503:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3457:
3445:
3437:
3430:. Retrieved
3410:
3402:
3395:Needham 1971
3390:
3378:
3366:
3343:
3316:. Retrieved
3301:
3275:
3265:15 September
3263:. Retrieved
3259:www.usbr.gov
3258:
3248:
3203:Water bridge
3189:
3186:Roman canals
3131:Canal tunnel
3118:
3099:Water portal
3045:Balkan Canal
2979:Panama Canal
2963:
2889:
2844:
2804:
2771:
2763:Panama Canal
2708:
2694:
2684:in Vietnam,
2664:in Germany;
2632:in England;
2551:
2481:
2479:of Belgium.
2471:of Germany,
2462:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2371:
2357:
2334:
2326:hotel barges
2323:
2315:
2307:Post-Panamax
2296:
2279:Jimmy Carter
2259:legal tender
2228:
2212:Panama Canal
2209:
2178:
2170:Biwako canal
2167:
2156:
2137:
2121:Lower Canada
2117:Upper Canada
2109:Ottawa River
2101:Rideau Canal
2081:Lake Ontario
2074:
2050:
2034:
2017:19th century
1962:
1960:
1951:Power canals
1922:Rhode Island
1890:Hudson River
1854:Santee Canal
1838:
1828:, one of 32
1822:Mohawk River
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:The Midlands
1781:
1762:Oxford Canal
1750:
1746:
1738:
1730:River Irwell
1711:
1696:River Mersey
1685:
1666:
1654:
1647:
1601:
1579:between the
1577:Mother Brook
1570:
1566:Exeter Canal
1547:
1527:Briare Canal
1524:
1472:
1452:
1425:
1373:
1371:
1346:animal drawn
1339:
1333:Thal Canal,
1299:
1291:Anuradhapura
1258:
1243:
1228:
1204:Xerxes Canal
1193:
1158:
1083:
1059:pack animals
1056:
1005:Denbighshire
955:
944:
940:cut and fill
937:
928:
926:
913:
902:
897:back pumping
889:
881:
870:
848:
829:
822:
814:
799:
790:Panama Canal
767:
739:
736:canalization
735:
725:
714:, and canal
696:Lehigh Canal
688:
683:
649:Panama Canal
636:
621:
618:Construction
604:Yellow River
597:
584:
575:
560:
545:Lehigh Canal
542:
492:Lehigh Canal
469:power canals
467:uses, hydro
457:water supply
428:
420:Canal Grande
418:
387:
371:
343:
310:
308:
295:
293:
289:Lappeenranta
277:Saimaa Canal
259:
253:
249:water supply
241:Roman Empire
237:
233:Panama Canal
218:
201:
197:
193:
188:that create
179:
132:
128:
127:
36:
5450:Fly fishing
5374:Fish ladder
5359:Daylighting
5078:Flash flood
5041:First flush
4988:Plunge pool
4712:Downcutting
4697:Debris flow
4672:Aggradation
4546:Stream pool
4280:Storm drain
4250:Interchange
3957:, p. .
3714:, p. .
3637: /
3496:Antike Welt
3432:15 February
3120:Calle canal
3020:Salwa Canal
2810:Bahr Yussef
2714:subdivision
2652:in Poland;
2636:in Russia;
2423:, Australia
2364:fibre optic
2353:Netherlands
2311:New Panamax
2285:Modern uses
2030: 1825
1979:water power
1963:power canal
1957:Power canal
1910:Great Lakes
1842:War of 1812
1796:canal mania
1673:Newry Canal
1661:pound locks
1612:Caspian Sea
1521:, Sri Lanka
1495:Niger River
1428:flash locks
1413:Netherlands
1367:Charlemagne
1342:Middle Ages
1325:Middle Ages
1319:Thissa Wawa
1289:Yodha Ela,
1234:canal locks
1210:peninsula,
1208:Mount Athos
1090:Mesopotamia
923:Canal falls
916:stop planks
905:canal basin
825:flash locks
778:ship canals
774:narrowboats
708:Basse SaĂ´ne
704:coal Region
664: [
637:canal prism
600:Grand Canal
588:World War I
576:much faster
563:ship canals
473:agriculture
57:Royal Canal
5614:Categories
5556:Wild river
5236:Hydrograph
5226:Hack's law
5191:Baer's law
5135:Inundation
5120:Floodplain
5060:stormwater
5018:Whitewater
4890:Oxbow lake
4727:Knickpoint
4702:Deposition
4595:Hot spring
4536:Streamflow
4526:Stream bed
4443:Confluence
4341:Urban park
4321:Playground
4245:Footbridge
3697:2 February
3643: (
3621:51°08′18″N
3449:Herodotus
3371:Rodda 2004
3255:"Glossary"
3235:References
3228:Weigh lock
3208:Waterscape
3025:Thai Canal
2999:Ship canal
2997:See also:
2837:Suez Canal
2787:Bude Canal
2774:narrowboat
2680:in China,
2670:Cape Coral
2630:Birmingham
2606:Leeuwarden
2558:Amersfoort
2453:city state
2433:Oudegracht
2351:, and the
2263:Canal Zone
2220:Suez Canal
2216:De Lessups
2174:Tone canal
2163:Kiel Canal
2159:Suez Canal
1991:horsepower
1874:Erie Canal
1834:Erie Canal
1776:Erie Canal
1758:Birmingham
1722:Manchester
1718:coal mines
1708:in England
1630:See also:
1608:Baltic Sea
1444:mitre gate
1381:River Brue
1212:Chalkidiki
1196:Achaemenid
1119:reservoirs
1086:irrigation
1074:See also:
999:traverses
951:turbulence
929:canal fall
893:reservoirs
832:boat lifts
818:pound lock
661:Lage Vaart
569:and large
567:bulk cargo
550:metallurgy
539:Importance
503:River zone
488:Anthracite
476:irrigation
346:engineered
300:stream bed
296:navigation
247:were such
206:discharges
190:reservoirs
167:water taxi
156:irrigation
146:built for
141:engineered
45:WarnemĂĽnde
5526:Limnology
5475:Triathlon
5445:Canyoning
5414:Revetment
5344:Check dam
5256:Main stem
5013:Waterfall
4900:Point bar
4885:Mouth bar
4825:Billabong
4772:Water gap
4767:Wash load
4747:Saltation
4667:Anabranch
4590:Holy well
4478:Tributary
4298:See also:
3941:8 October
3743:8 October
3624:2°44′09″W
2738:navigable
2704:Liverpool
2638:Bydgoszcz
2602:Harlingen
2586:Enkhuizen
2582:Dordrecht
2574:Den Bosch
2527:Changzhou
2459:Amsterdam
2394:Amsterdam
2388:A canal (
2360:easements
2255:US dollar
1975:Northeast
1914:railroads
1898:Lake Erie
1888:, on the
1694:with the
1692:St Helens
1683:in 1741.
1589:Hyde Park
1573:mill race
1479:Sunni Ali
1440:Vreeswijk
1432:watermill
1315:Kala Wewa
1306:Yodha Ela
1302:Sinhalese
1295:Sri Lanka
1253:Canal age
1169:Sima Qian
1121:built at
1049:Canal in
983:Wiltshire
975:Caen Hill
866:River Dee
690:canalized
465:municipal
453:Aqueducts
435:Amsterdam
393:Waterways
378:aqueducts
245:aqueducts
229:elevation
137:waterways
121:Canal in
109:Canal in
47:, Germany
5329:Aqueduct
5196:Baseflow
5163:Effluent
4840:Cut bank
4805:Avulsion
4682:Bed load
4662:Abrasion
4265:Pipeline
4260:Overpass
4240:Drainage
4230:Causeway
4117:Archived
4060:(1986),
3796:Archived
3559:Archived
3468:30073214
3057:See also
2734:dredging
2730:Wetlands
2724:and the
2646:Szczecin
2590:Franeker
2562:Bolsward
2548:, France
2535:Lake Tai
2523:Yangzhou
2499:Shanghai
2464:grachten
2411:, Russia
2172:and the
2097:Montreal
2087:and the
2039:and the
1878:New York
1870:Virginia
1809:and the
1764:and the
1614:via the
1491:Timbuktu
1485:between
1417:Flanders
1200:Xerxes I
1189:Hangzhou
1135:cataract
1053:, France
959:diffused
933:scouring
810:puddling
796:Features
776:, while
647:and the
612:Hangzhou
580:railways
532:Rijswijk
486:Loading
430:grachten
374:viaducts
251:canals.
163:vehicles
148:drainage
144:channels
78:and the
5506:Aquifer
5499:Related
5455:Rafting
4983:Meander
4978:Log jam
4940:Thalweg
4845:Estuary
4717:Erosion
4654:erosion
4566:Springs
4521:Current
4488:Streams
4428:Channel
4391:springs
4387:streams
4336:Theatre
4331:Stadium
4173:. 1905.
4042:1794678
4022:Bibcode
3992:26 June
3509:Skyllis
3451:VII, 22
3318:31 July
3191:Torksey
3171:Mooring
3051:Iranrud
2909:Ukraine
2899:Romania
2839:(Egypt)
2833:(Egypt)
2827:(Egypt)
2783:Suezmax
2778:Panamax
2761:on the
2755:Panamax
2686:Bangkok
2682:Cần Thơ
2678:Wenzhou
2674:Florida
2658:Hamburg
2650:Wrocław
2618:Utrecht
2598:Haarlem
2566:Brielle
2554:Alkmaar
2519:Taizhou
2515:Nantong
2507:Jiaxing
2495:Nanjing
2469:Hamburg
2437:Utrecht
2349:Germany
2345:Belgium
2313:ships.
2183:. (The
2107:on the
1908:to the
1832:on the
1741:towpath
1543:BĂ©ziers
1519:Negombo
1473:In the
1421:polders
1407:navigli
1403:lombard
1340:In the
1268:Arizona
1260:Hohokam
1185:Beijing
1041:History
977:on the
875:on the
857:(now a
840:caisson
802:stratum
608:Beijing
593:ditches
517:Romania
490:on the
463:water,
461:potable
443:Bangkok
439:Utrecht
309:A true
281:Finland
223:atop a
61:Ireland
5620:Canals
5301:WAFLEX
5173:Sewage
5056:Floods
4998:Riffle
4993:Rapids
4935:Strath
4905:Ravine
4830:Canyon
4585:Geyser
4516:Coulee
4501:Bourne
4496:Arroyo
4399:Rivers
4383:Rivers
4326:Public
4285:Tunnel
4275:Skyway
4220:Bridge
4068:
4040:
3916:
3891:
3851:Rolt,
3831:
3598:
3466:
3423:
3361:horse.
3354:
3309:
3108:Beaver
2956:Serbia
2890:Europe
2872:Jordan
2805:Africa
2767:Panama
2698:was a
2690:Lahore
2662:Berlin
2654:Aveiro
2642:Gdańsk
2622:Brugge
2610:Leiden
2578:Dokkum
2525:, and
2511:Huzhou
2483:Suzhou
2477:Bruges
2445:Venice
2390:Gracht
2341:France
2251:Balboa
2247:Panama
2214:. The
2105:Ottawa
2005:, and
1940:Sluice
1872:. The
1860:, the
1585:Dedham
1499:Walata
1487:Kabara
1469:Africa
1399:Ticino
1377:
1272:Sonora
1245:horse.
1224:Europe
1154:Suzhou
1123:Girnar
1102:. The
909:wharfs
859:UNESCO
770:barges
675:canal.
657:polder
427:; the
425:Venice
412:oceans
408:rivers
285:Russia
214:valley
198:levels
175:rivers
165:(e.g.
129:Canals
123:Venice
76:Europe
5399:Levee
5384:Flume
5339:Canal
5083:Flood
5003:Shoal
4870:Gully
4865:Gulch
4835:Chine
4820:Bayou
4677:Armor
4629:Ponor
4404:lists
4306:Arena
4255:Levee
4225:Canal
4038:JSTOR
3737:(PDF)
3730:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3684:(PDF)
3464:JSTOR
3240:Notes
2819:Egypt
2745:Boats
2614:Sneek
2594:Gouda
2570:Delft
2392:) in
2343:with
2267:bases
2148:SaĂ´ne
2144:RhĂ´ne
2140:Rhine
1896:, at
1882:bonds
1620:Volga
1558:Weser
1535:Seine
1531:Loire
1436:pound
1395:Milan
1350:mules
1198:king
1139:Aswan
1127:Egypt
1080:Qanat
1063:carts
716:Aisne
668:]
561:Most
530:near
404:lakes
366:locks
353:weirs
333:Canal
311:canal
287:, in
225:ridge
186:locks
100:Italy
98:, in
5429:Weir
5394:Leat
5058:and
4950:Wadi
4910:Rill
4875:Glen
4860:Gill
4810:Bank
4652:and
4617:list
4600:list
4571:list
4506:Burn
4389:and
4270:Road
4066:ISBN
3994:2016
3943:2008
3914:ISBN
3889:ISBN
3829:ISBN
3779:2013
3745:2008
3699:2010
3596:ISBN
3552:p. 9
3537:2012
3434:2013
3421:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3320:2023
3307:ISBN
3267:2017
2882:Iraq
2861:see
2855:see
2849:see
2845:Asia
2753:Two
2668:and
2660:and
2648:and
2626:Gent
2624:and
2616:and
2546:Sète
2533:and
2503:Wuxi
2489:and
2335:The
2309:and
2273:, a
2119:and
1686:The
1634:and
1618:and
1616:Neva
1610:and
1587:and
1556:and
1554:Oder
1550:Elbe
1533:and
1489:and
1481:and
1415:and
1300:The
1148:The
1100:Iraq
1078:and
1061:and
1051:Sète
1019:The
947:ogee
806:line
760:and
526:The
511:The
471:and
376:and
357:dams
355:and
283:and
256:Mars
208:and
184:and
182:dams
154:and
135:are
55:The
5349:Dam
4815:Bar
4790:Ait
4235:Dam
4030:doi
4018:129
3823:",
3188:– (
2672:in
2435:in
2407:in
2271:Pxs
2111:to
2095:at
1892:to
1824:at
1675:in
1497:to
1317:to
1159:In
1152:at
1106:of
1003:in
792:).
772:or
702:'s
698:in
610:to
515:in
437:or
433:of
243:'s
139:or
131:or
59:in
5616::
4385:,
4167:.
4036:,
4028:,
4016:,
3982:.
3859:^
3842:^
3807:^
3516:^
3436:.
3419:.
3417:37
3350:,
3346:,
3328:^
3287:^
3257:.
2765:,
2720:,
2644:,
2640:,
2612:,
2608:,
2604:,
2600:,
2596:,
2592:,
2588:,
2584:,
2580:,
2576:,
2572:,
2568:,
2564:,
2560:,
2556:,
2521:,
2517:,
2513:,
2509:,
2505:,
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2497:,
2455:.
2355:.
2347:,
2321:.
2195:.
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2027:c.
2013:.
2001:,
1997:,
1961:A
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756:,
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710:,
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643:,
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294:A
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216:.
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