1861:
for GLONASS and 5.5 cm for BeiDou when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks. The average SISREs of the BDS-3 MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites were 0.52 m, 0.90 m and 1.15 m, respectively. Compared to the four major global satellite navigation systems consisting of MEO satellites, the SISRE of the BDS-3 MEO satellites was slightly inferior to 0.4 m of
Galileo, slightly superior to 0.59 m of GPS, and remarkably superior to 2.33 m of GLONASS. The SISRE of BDS-3 IGSO was 0.90 m, which was on par with the 0.92 m of QZSS IGSO. However, as the BDS-3 GEO satellites were newly launched and not completely functioning in orbit, their average SISRE was marginally worse than the 0.91 m of the QZSS GEO satellites.
935:
864:
the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as
750:
74:
804:. The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the other of the satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are caused by radio-wave
887:
5542:
5553:
1887:
system may be used also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes the accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system.
975:
808:, gravity field changes (as the Earth's gravitational field is not uniform), and other phenomena. A team, led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, found solutions and/or corrections for many error sources. Using real-time data and recursive estimation, the systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to accuracy sufficient for navigation.
2249:
402:
38:
1311:
922:, is used to determine users location and the location of other people or objects at any given moment. The range of application of satellite navigation in the future is enormous, including both the public and private sectors across numerous market segments such as science, transport, agriculture, insurance, energy, etc.
1116:
system. The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both
Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo constellation consists of 24 active satellites, the last of which was launched in December 2021. The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is
863:
Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers,
722:
As many of the global GNSS systems (and augmentation systems) use similar frequencies and signals around L1, many "Multi-GNSS" receivers capable of using multiple systems have been produced. While some systems strive to interoperate with GPS as well as possible by providing the same clock, others do
556:
from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation.
1860:
Using multiple GNSS systems for user positioning increases the number of visible satellites, improves precise point positioning (PPP) and shortens the average convergence time. The signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) in
November 2019 were 1.6 cm for Galileo, 2.3 cm for GPS, 5.2 cm
851:
to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also) different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several
1073:
satellites and five geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and
Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service was completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was
629:
is the second generation of systems that independently provide a full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the
European Galileo positioning system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft. Initially, this
1886:
Doppler
Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The
1051:, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 active satellites.
784:
which broadcast a radio pulse from a known "master" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of "slave" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a
1353:. Ground stations determine the accuracy of the satellite navigation systems data and transfer it to the geostationary satellites; users may freely obtain this data from those satellites using an EGNOS-enabled receiver, or over the Internet. One main use of the system is in
646:
G3 for GLONASS) for civilian use; they feature higher aggregate accuracy and fewer problems with signal reflection. As of late 2018, a few consumer-grade GNSS devices are being sold that leverage both. They are typically called "Dual band GNSS" or "Dual band GPS"
906:
The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See
1292:
regions. QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of
January 12, 2018, and were started in November 2018. The first satellite was launched in September 2010. An independent satellite navigation system (from GPS) with 7 satellites is planned for 2023.
925:
The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires.
557:
These uses are collectively known as
Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.
1068:
BeiDou started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in
December 2011. The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30
2579:
ISRO/DOS shall work towards expanding the coverage from regional to global to ensure availability of NavIC standalone signal in any part of the world without relying on other GNSS and aid in wide utilisation of Indian navigation system across the
1196:
The constellation was in orbit as of 2018, and the system was available for public use in early 2018. NavIC provides two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an
2168:
To improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, most service allocations are incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. Allocations are:
838:
Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. Orbital data include a rough
830:
continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO sent the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent
1111:
satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014. The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005. Galileo is expected to be compatible with the
1903:
networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometres using doppler shift calculations from the satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read using
703:
Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for example the Australian GRAS and the joint US Coast Guard, Canadian Coast Guard, US Army Corps of Engineers and US Department of Transportation National
1007:. The exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.
1237:
is a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the
1164:
to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 metres (25 ft) throughout
1360:
According to specifications, horizontal position accuracy when using EGNOS-provided corrections should be better than seven metres. In practice, the horizontal position accuracy is at the metre level.
2732:
Jury, H, 1973, Application of the Kalman Filter to Real-time Navigation using Synchronous Satellites, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, Tokyo, 945-952.
3220:
3304:
1169:
and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around it. An Extended Service Area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the
4529:
5258:
4799:
2329:
3183:
4682:
4332:
1368:
4708:
4657:
4626:
4307:
4276:
2324:
1319:
1303:
1243:
613:
1346:
by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of their positioning data and sending out corrections. The system is intended to supplement Galileo in a future version.
878:
is applied to GPS time correction, the net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day.
2106:
1349:
EGNOS consists of 40 Ranging Integrity Monitoring Stations, 2 Mission Control Centres, 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations, the EGNOS Wide Area Network (EWAN), and 3
4145:
3849:
2083:
1372:
1247:
430:
2193:
4642:
4577:
4292:
4193:
4056:
2138:
1842:
1419:
693:
519:
383:
852:
such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of
4522:
3365:
2069:
3606:
3337:
4667:
4317:
3268:
2308:
1107:. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability, EOC). At an estimated cost of €10 billion, the system of 30
5236:
4826:
3209:
3638:
3448:
3016:
2263:
2554:
4816:
4751:
4515:
3481:
2977:
2008:
1974:
1921:
388:
2077:
2045:
1933:
617:
4652:
4302:
1323:
601:
502:
4836:
4631:
4281:
4138:
3842:
2288:
1822:
1399:
1376:
1255:
1201:
one) for authorized users (including military). There are plans to expand NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11.
1149:
1060:
686:
2599:
1156:
approved the project in May 2006. It consists of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites. Three of the satellites are placed in
4856:
2018:
423:
378:
2529:
2063:
605:
5602:
5011:
4374:
1118:
1075:
3157:
5386:
5248:
4831:
4647:
4562:
4297:
4178:
4046:
3698:
ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
2117:
1827:
1404:
1381:
1339:
1087:
919:
740:
668:
621:
495:
594:
GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows:
5587:
5577:
4677:
4662:
4471:
4327:
4312:
4216:
4198:
4131:
4061:
3835:
2293:
2143:
1847:
1424:
1364:
1271:
1239:
609:
507:
3738:
847:
is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an
5582:
4952:
4672:
4322:
4221:
2273:
1956:
901:
857:
679:
416:
3715:
Report on Current and Planned Global and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems and Satellite-based Augmentation Systems
3356:
600:
is the first generation system and is the combination of existing satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with
5364:
5200:
4947:
4794:
4208:
3816:
525:
142:
107:
3234:
3106:
2476:
868:
to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.
5436:
5205:
4878:
2039:
1667:
1259:
1104:
350:
2956:
5359:
5241:
4979:
4744:
4572:
4188:
4087:
4051:
3260:
2998:
2123:
1837:
1414:
1281:
1004:
991:
951:
656:
549:
472:
46:
5474:
4974:
4962:
4934:
4557:
4173:
4036:
3135:
2318:
1909:
1881:
963:
305:
137:
117:
5193:
3613:
911:). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the
5478:
5414:
5095:
5006:
4910:
4883:
4784:
3379:
3329:
2051:
1984:
1350:
1186:
934:
773:
561:
340:
102:
31:
5526:
5488:
4922:
4841:
4779:
2313:
1384:
and EGNOS received a budget of €14.6 billion for its six-year, 2021–2027, research and development period.
1226:
The first two generations of China's BeiDou navigation system were designed to provide regional coverage.
761:
322:
309:
112:
92:
85:
5376:
5183:
4821:
3822:
3499:"Assessing the latest performance of Galileo-only PPP and the contribution of Galileo to Multi-GNSS PPP"
2631:
2012:
1978:
1489:
1327:
1100:
49:
was the first global satellite navigation system and the first to be provided as a free global service.
3498:
3497:
Xia, Fengyu; Ye, Shirong; Xia, Pengfei; Zhao, Lewen; Jiang, Nana; Chen, Dezhong; Hu, Guangbao (2019).
1912:. This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans.
5545:
5446:
5429:
5066:
4994:
4851:
4737:
4005:
3645:
3557:
3510:
3470:
Aswal, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Sanjay; Takatsuji, Toshiyuki; Rachakonda, Prem; Kumar, Harish (2023-08-23).
3444:
2794:
2695:
2156:
1161:
827:
360:
57:
2783:"What is value in the New Space Economy? The end-users' perspective on satellite data and solutions"
73:
5607:
5441:
5419:
5354:
5073:
4917:
4608:
4598:
4496:
3997:
3977:
3957:
3947:
3919:
3909:
3904:
2563:
1335:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1153:
843:
for all satellites to aid in finding them, and a precise ephemeris for this satellite. The orbital
793:
715:
573:
355:
345:
244:
5552:
3791:
3776:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) International GNSS Service (IGS)
2497:
1185:, 1,500–6,000 km beyond borders. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the
749:
5556:
5339:
5265:
5120:
5016:
4868:
4698:
4077:
3942:
3914:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3526:
2830:
2298:
2278:
2254:
1205:
1178:
1108:
1070:
1000:
939:
875:
565:
406:
201:
167:
157:
2897:
2873:
5592:
5511:
5151:
5046:
5021:
4967:
4957:
4774:
4618:
4481:
4268:
4231:
4226:
4097:
4082:
4013:
3874:
3714:
3477:
3471:
3034:
2822:
2101:
1870:
1234:
1113:
895:
589:
235:
147:
5176:
3788:
Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System
3290:
826:
Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast includes its precise orbital data. Originally, the
5597:
5424:
5253:
5210:
5141:
5078:
5031:
4873:
3565:
3518:
2812:
2802:
2713:
2703:
2127:
1937:
1251:
947:
769:
757:
705:
269:
218:
42:
3743:
886:
800:: the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known
5469:
5369:
5322:
5220:
5161:
5146:
5100:
5083:
4989:
4984:
3685:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.45, definition:
3673:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.47, definition:
3661:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.43, definition:
2606:
1900:
1896:
955:
943:
801:
796:, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on the
317:
172:
3424:
2921:
3561:
3514:
2798:
2699:
5516:
5503:
5396:
5327:
5317:
5302:
5280:
5270:
5166:
5156:
5105:
5026:
4486:
4440:
3934:
2658:
2268:
1948:
1695:
1190:
1096:
959:
797:
786:
577:
569:
492:
456:
312:
5571:
5464:
5381:
5312:
5275:
5115:
5036:
4900:
4895:
4703:
4430:
4364:
3530:
3086:"Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year"
3085:
2834:
1988:
1449:
1277:
865:
853:
580:
of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or 12,000 miles).
468:
259:
254:
249:
177:
152:
3733:
3404:
2807:
2782:
2742:
17:
5521:
5456:
5125:
5110:
4811:
4806:
4405:
3781:
US National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
3756:
United Nations International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
2283:
1603:
1289:
1025:
848:
518:(RNSS) include earlier generations of the BeiDou navigation system and the current
288:
3755:
2935:
2477:"China's GPS rival Beidou is now fully operational after final satellite launched"
974:
2756:
5349:
5215:
4905:
4888:
4760:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4410:
4247:
3858:
3815:) Simulation and graphical depiction of the motion of space vehicles, including
3812:
3060:
1941:
1331:
908:
781:
545:
213:
130:
65:
4507:
3570:
3545:
2848:
5483:
5391:
5334:
5294:
5088:
4789:
4476:
4435:
4395:
4390:
3585:
3522:
2303:
2244:
2179:
exclusive or shared utilization: within the responsibility of administrations.
1952:
1905:
1198:
912:
805:
300:
264:
190:
97:
3775:
2826:
5493:
5344:
5061:
4942:
4863:
4846:
4491:
4415:
4400:
4348:
4102:
3215:
844:
832:
541:
529:
452:
295:
208:
37:
1103:
agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the
638:
G1 for GLONASS). In recent years, GNSS systems have begun activating Lower
3238:
3114:
2957:"Commission awards major contracts to make Galileo operational early 2014"
4636:
4603:
4420:
4286:
4255:
3967:
3866:
3546:"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"
2817:
2718:
1354:
1221:
1217:
1148:) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by the
871:
777:
675:
537:
533:
3380:"Information and Analysis Center for Positioning, Navigation and Timing"
2562:. Bengaluru, India: Department of Space. 2021. p. 7. Archived from
1208:
satellites. The Global NavIC will be free to use for the global public.
999:
The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32
4713:
4567:
4425:
4183:
4123:
4041:
4001:
3827:
2708:
2683:
2133:
1832:
1409:
1016:
840:
736:
660:
651:
By their roles in the navigation system, systems can be classified as:
480:
2874:"The BDS-3 Preliminary System Is Completed to Provide Global Services"
2781:
Paravano, Alessandro; Locatelli, Giorgio; Trucco, Paolo (2023-09-01).
1310:
1276:
The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a four-satellite regional
72:
5307:
5171:
4593:
4552:
4168:
4031:
3962:
3952:
3771:
International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Society Inc (IGNSS)
2111:
1444:
1029:
744:
664:
643:
639:
635:
631:
488:
476:
3760:
3017:"Soyuz launch from Kourou postponed until 2021, 2 others to proceed"
3158:"India's own GPS IRNSS NavIC made by ISRO to go live in early 2018"
3136:"India to build a constellation of 7 navigation satellites by 2012"
608:(GBAS). In the United States, the satellite-based component is the
4718:
4369:
3894:
3808:
3785:
3184:"Navigation satellite clocks ticking; system to be expanded: ISRO"
2684:"Investigation on Reference Frames and Time Systems in Multi-GNSS"
2498:"Galileo is the European global satellite-based navigation system"
2032:
1459:
1454:
1434:
1285:
1166:
1135:
973:
967:
885:
765:
748:
620:(MSAS). Ground-based augmentation is provided by systems like the
553:
511:
506:(SBAS), designed to enhance the accuracy of GNSS, include Japan's
484:
36:
3797:
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) GNSS Implementation Team
3383:
4107:
4092:
3987:
3982:
3924:
3544:
Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (2020).
2349:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
714:
Local GBAS typified by a single GPS reference station operating
697:
4733:
4511:
4127:
3831:
544:) to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters) using
459:. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed
5188:
4729:
4112:
3972:
3899:
1343:
821:
817:
732:
30:
For maneuvering satellites to maintain orbit and station, see
3712:
Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations (2010),
2530:"Japan Prepares for GPS Failure with Quasi-Zenith Satellites"
2161:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
685:
Regional SBAS including WAAS (US), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan),
655:
There are four core satellite navigation systems, currently
642:
frequency sets (L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for Galileo,
3354:
Irene Klotz; Tony Osborne; Bradley Perrett (Sep 12, 2018).
2201: Region 3
2198: Region 2
1439:
890:
GNSS satellites used for navigation on a smartphone in 2021
674:
Global Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as
560:
Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a
3796:
3445:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
3261:"Japan mulls seven-satellite QZSS system as a GPS backup"
3210:"ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system"
3770:
3305:"EU Space Programme - Performance - European Commission"
467:). As of 2024, four global systems are operational: the
2682:
Nicolini, Luca; Caporali, Alessandro (9 January 2018).
1204:
India plans to make the NavIC global by adding 24 more
3780:
3765:
692:
Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as India's
1363:
Similar service is provided in North America by the
27:
Use of satellite signals for geo-spatial positioning
5502:
5455:
5407:
5293:
5229:
5134:
5054:
5045:
4933:
4767:
4691:
4617:
4586:
4545:
4464:
4383:
4357:
4341:
4267:
4240:
4207:
4161:
4070:
4022:
3996:
3933:
3865:
3823:
GPS, GNSS, Geodesy and Navigation Concepts in depth
2330:
UNSW School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering
3355:
3349:
3347:
3208:
2021:in which earth stations are located on board ships
1369:System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring
918:Now a global navigation satellite system, such as
4709:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
3644:. Personal Satellite Network, Inc. Archived from
2556:Indian Satellite Navigation Policy - 2021 (Draft)
2416:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
2325:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
1320:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
1304:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
1244:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
614:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
2653:
2651:
2173:primary: indicated by writing in capital letters
3744:Global Navigation Satellite System Fundamentals
2184:
2084:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service
1373:Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
1248:Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
618:Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System
4745:
4523:
4139:
3843:
2743:"Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock"
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2387:is the gravitational constant, approximately
2165:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
2031:ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classifies
1193:and user receivers all being built in India.
514:, both based on GPS. Stand-alone operational
424:
8:
634:frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for Galileo,
3761:Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS Meetings
1997:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
520:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
491:Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the
5051:
4752:
4738:
4730:
4530:
4516:
4508:
4146:
4132:
4124:
3850:
3836:
3828:
3687:maritime radionavigation-satellite service
2632:"Galileo General Introduction - Navipedia"
2223:RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
2107:Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
2070:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
792:The first satellite navigation system was
711:Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks.
431:
417:
229:
195:
52:
3569:
3061:"India to develop its own version of GPS"
2816:
2806:
2717:
2707:
2436:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
1871:Satellite geodesy § Radio techniques
2399:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
2309:Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
2185:
2182:
1392:
1309:
933:
568:(MEO) satellites spread between several
5237:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3357:"The Rise Of New Navigation Satellites"
2468:
2342:
2009:International Telecommunication Union's
1975:International Telecommunication Union's
1963:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite
572:. The actual systems vary, but all use
479:'s Global Navigation Satellite System (
64:
5259:Psychological and sociological effects
3473:Handbook of Metrology and Applications
2600:"A Beginner's Guide to GNSS in Europe"
2264:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
3675:aeronautical radionavigation service
3330:"Japan's H-2A conducts QZSS-4 launch"
2528:Kriening, Torsten (23 January 2019).
2176:secondary: indicated by small letters
1922:International Telecommunication Union
1125:Regional navigation satellite systems
978:Launched GNSS satellites 1978 to 2014
516:regional navigation satellite systems
7:
3766:The International GNSS Service (IGS)
3728:Information on specific GNSS systems
2745:. The Pennsylvania State University.
2523:
2521:
2519:
2078:Aeronautical radionavigation service
2046:Radiodetermination-satellite service
1934:radiodetermination-satellite service
1146:Navigation with Indian Constellation
602:Satellite Based Augmentation Systems
503:Satellite-based augmentation systems
1324:satellite-based augmentation system
940:medium altitude orbits around Earth
930:Global navigation satellite systems
4968:Weather and environment monitoring
3663:radionavigation-satellite service
3368:from the original on Oct 25, 2023.
3328:Graham, William (9 October 2017).
3223:from the original on Sep 20, 2023.
2999:"Galileo begins serving the globe"
2849:"China's GPS rival is switched on"
2379:is the orbital period in seconds;
2375:is the radius of orbit in metres;
2289:GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation
2218:AERONAUTICAL MOBILE-SATELLITE (R)
2112:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
1377:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
1256:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
1150:Indian Space Research Organisation
1061:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
461:global navigation satellite system
25:
3451:from the original on 24 June 2020
3207:Koshy, Jacob (October 26, 2022).
2936:"Boost to Galileo sat-nav system"
2058:Radionavigation-satellite service
2019:radionavigation-satellite service
1926:radionavigation-satellite service
616:(EGNOS); and in Japan, it is the
606:Ground Based Augmentation Systems
5551:
5541:
5540:
3803:Supportive or illustrative sites
3739:Information on the Beidou system
3476:. Springer Nature. p. 512.
3340:from the original on 2017-10-10.
2247:
2064:Maritime radionavigation service
1940:. This service may also include
1371:(SDCM), and in Asia, by Japan's
1302:This section is an excerpt from
400:
5012:Space launch market competition
3637:Rickerson, Don (January 2005).
3271:from the original on 9 Dec 2023
2808:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.05.001
1314:Map of the EGNOS ground network
1119:Composite Binary Offset Carrier
1076:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
982:In order of first launch year:
822:GPS § Navigation equations
630:system consisted of only Upper
5249:Health threat from cosmic rays
3005:(in German). 23 December 2016.
2924:. europa.eu. 14 December 2016.
1944:necessary for its operation".
1088:Galileo (satellite navigation)
938:Clickable image, highlighting
622:Local Area Augmentation System
1:
4472:Geographic information system
4217:Personal navigation assistant
4062:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
3750:Organizations related to GNSS
3003:INTERNATIONALES VERKEHRSWESEN
2383:is the orbital speed in m/s;
2294:List of emerging technologies
2220:AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
2144:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1991:are located on board aircraft
1955:which must be protected from
1577:(14 h 5 min)
1365:Wide Area Augmentation System
1272:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1240:Wide Area Augmentation System
1074:successfully launched at the
612:(WAAS); in Europe, it is the
610:Wide Area Augmentation System
508:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
451:system is a system that uses
4539:Satellite navigation systems
4222:Automotive navigation system
3607:"Globalstar GSP-1700 manual"
3259:Henry, Caleb (15 May 2017).
3162:International Business Times
2274:GNSS positioning calculation
2192:
2191:
1895:The two current operational
1701:4 operational (3 GSO, 1 GEO)
1338:. Currently, it supplements
1003:satellites in six different
902:Automotive navigation system
858:GNSS positioning calculation
526:Satellite navigation devices
5365:Self-replicating spacecraft
5201:International Space Station
3786:US National Geodetic Survey
1280:system and enhancement for
1260:inertial navigation systems
828:US Naval Observatory (USNO)
373:List of space organizations
5624:
4879:Space Liability Convention
3809:GPS and GLONASS Simulation
3571:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6
3503:Advances in Space Research
3138:. Livemint.com. 2007-09-05
3035:"Galileo Initial Services"
2938:. BBC News. 25 August 2006
2154:
2040:Radiodetermination service
1879:
1868:
1659:27 operational + 3 spares
1301:
1269:
1215:
1162:geosynchronous orbit (GSO)
1133:
1105:Galileo positioning system
1085:
1058:
1014:
989:
899:
893:
815:
730:
689:(India) and SDCM (Russia).
587:
528:determine their location (
29:
5535:
5242:Space adaptation syndrome
4052:Global Positioning System
3792:UNAVCO GNSS Modernization
3523:10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.008
3156:Rohit KVN (28 May 2017).
3084:S. Anandan (2010-04-10).
2659:"GNSS signal - Navipedia"
2205:
2124:Global Positioning System
1951:and an essential part of
1853:
1796:0.01 (0.033) (encrypted)
1748:1.57542 (L1C/A, L1C, L1S)
1367:(WAAS), in Russia by the
1158:geostationary orbit (GEO)
992:Global Positioning System
964:Van Allen radiation belts
776:systems used terrestrial
473:Global Positioning System
47:Global Positioning System
4975:Communications satellite
3734:ESA information on EGNOS
3586:"DORIS information page"
3107:"IRNSS Programme - ISRO"
2898:"APPLICATIONS-Transport"
2605:. IFATCA. Archived from
2319:Space Integrated GPS/INS
1936:used for the purpose of
1916:International regulation
1910:graphical user interface
1882:DORIS (satellite system)
1597:(23 h 56 min)
1592:(23 h 56 min)
1587:(11 h 58 min)
1582:(11 h 16 min)
1572:(12 h 53 min)
1351:geostationary satellites
1326:(SBAS) developed by the
1092:First launch year: 2011
1065:First launch year: 2000
1021:First launch year: 1982
996:First launch year: 1978
510:(QZSS) and the European
5479:reusable launch systems
5096:Extravehicular activity
5007:Commercial use of space
4911:Militarisation of space
4884:Registration Convention
4800:Accidents and incidents
2479:. cnn.com. 24 June 2020
2052:Radionavigation service
1985:radionavigation service
1814:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1809:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1791:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1644:(24 MEO, 3 IGSO, 1 GSO)
1160:and the remaining 4 in
960:Moon's orbital distance
562:satellite constellation
103:Timeline of spaceflight
32:Orbital station-keeping
5603:Maritime communication
5527:Mission control center
5489:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4923:Billionaire space race
3237:. JAXA. Archived from
2314:Software GNSS Receiver
2187:Allocation to services
1949:safety-of-life service
1947:RNSS is regarded as a
1315:
979:
971:
958:, at one ninth of the
891:
753:
737:GLONASS § History
663:(Russian Federation),
455:to provide autonomous
407:Spaceflight portal
323:Non-rocket spacelaunch
93:History of spaceflight
77:
50:
5377:Spacecraft propulsion
4827:European Space Agency
3639:"Iridium SMS and SBD"
3362:Aviation Week Network
2978:"GIOVE-A launch News"
2155:Further information:
1869:Further information:
1646:5 in orbit validation
1389:Comparison of systems
1328:European Space Agency
1313:
1101:European Space Agency
977:
937:
900:Further information:
889:
818:GPS § Principles
816:Further information:
760:is decades old. The
752:
745:BeiDou § History
731:Further information:
588:Further information:
76:
40:
5588:Aircraft instruments
5578:Satellite navigation
5002:Satellite navigation
4155:Satellite navigation
3859:Time signal stations
3588:. Jason.oceanobs.com
3309:commission.europa.eu
2922:"Galileo goes live!"
2206:5 000–5 010 MHz
2157:Frequency allocation
2151:Frequency allocation
2100:Augmentation system
2095:Examples of RNSS use
2003:) is – according to
1969:) is – according to
1765:Operating since 2016
1715:1.589742 (B1-2)
574:orbital inclinations
548:transmitted along a
445:satellite navigation
18:Navigation satellite
5583:American inventions
5387:Electric propulsion
5074:Life-support system
4958:Imagery and mapping
4918:Private spaceflight
4497:GPS animal tracking
4384:Geographic services
3651:on 9 November 2005.
3562:2020GPSS...24..111K
3515:2019AdSpR..63.2784X
3405:"GPS Space Segment"
3334:NASASpaceFlight.com
3182:IANS (2017-06-10).
3088:. Beta.thehindu.com
2799:2023AcAau.210..554P
2700:2018RemS...10...80N
2502:www.euspa.europa.eu
2015:(RR) – defined as «
1981:(RR) – defined as «
1794:0.2 (0.66) (public)
1724:1.164–1.215 (E5a/b)
1654:1 in commissioning
1375:(MSAS) and India's
1336:European Commission
1183:130th meridian east
1175:50th parallel north
1171:30th parallel south
1121:(CBOC) modulation.
952:geostationary orbit
716:Real Time Kinematic
245:Apollo Lunar Module
5340:Robotic spacecraft
5266:Space and survival
5121:Space colonization
5017:Space architecture
4869:Outer Space Treaty
4699:GNSS reflectometry
3188:The Economic Times
2709:10.3390/rs10010080
2299:Moving map display
2279:GNSS reflectometry
2255:Spaceflight portal
2033:radiocommunication
1865:Related techniques
1804:(no DGPS or WAAS)
1802:0.3–5 (0.98–16.40)
1719:1.26852 (B3)
1713:1.561098 (B1)
1684:1 in flight tests
1648:2 GSO planned 20H1
1316:
1179:30th meridian east
1001:medium Earth orbit
980:
972:
892:
876:general relativity
754:
733:GPS § History
718:(RTK) corrections.
566:medium Earth orbit
522:(IRNSS) or NavIC.
202:Robotic spacecraft
78:
51:
5565:
5564:
5512:Flight controller
5289:
5288:
5047:Human spaceflight
5022:Space exploration
4948:Earth observation
4727:
4726:
4619:GNSS augmentation
4505:
4504:
4269:GNSS augmentation
4121:
4120:
4014:Radio Data System
3483:978-981-99-2074-7
3041:. 9 December 2016
2787:Acta Astronautica
2761:www.gsa.europa.eu
2534:SpaceWatch.Global
2504:. 26 January 2024
2403:10 kg (1.318
2238:
2237:
2102:GNSS augmentation
2013:Radio Regulations
1979:Radio Regulations
1858:
1857:
1789:3.6 (12) (public)
1752:1.17645 (L5, L5S)
1745:2.49202 (S)
1740:1.164–1.189 (L5)
1738:1.215–1.2396 (L2)
1733:1.189–1.214 (G3)
1726:1.260–1.300 (E6)
1717:1.20714 (B2)
1674:6 to be launched
1334:on behalf of the
1235:GNSS augmentation
1154:Indian government
896:GNSS applications
671:(European Union).
659:(United States),
590:GNSS augmentation
441:
440:
335:Spaceflight types
279:
278:
236:Crewed spacecraft
228:
227:
143:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
5615:
5555:
5544:
5543:
5254:Space psychology
5079:Animals in space
5052:
5032:Space technology
4874:Rescue Agreement
4754:
4747:
4740:
4731:
4663:QZSS / Michibiki
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4313:QZSS / Michibiki
4148:
4141:
4134:
4125:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3612:. Archived from
3611:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3509:(9): 2784–2795.
3494:
3488:
3487:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3382:. Archived from
3376:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3113:. Archived from
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2902:en.beidou.gov.cn
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2810:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2347:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2183:
2128:Differential GPS
1924:(ITU) defines a
1812:1 (3.3) (public)
1807:1 (3.3) (public)
1767:2020 completion
1736:1.563–1.587 (L1)
1731:1.237–1.254 (G2)
1729:1.593–1.610 (G1)
1722:1.559–1.592 (E1)
1703:7 in the future
1623:
1617:
1611:
1562:(20,300–24,200)
1393:
1252:Differential GPS
948:High Earth orbit
866:Kalman filtering
758:radio navigation
706:Differential GPS
493:European Union's
433:
426:
419:
405:
404:
403:
230:
219:Cargo spacecraft
196:
53:
43:U.S. Space Force
21:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5531:
5498:
5470:Escape velocity
5451:
5403:
5370:Space telescope
5323:Reentry capsule
5285:
5225:
5130:
5101:Overview effect
5084:Bioastronautics
5041:
4929:
4763:
4758:
4728:
4723:
4687:
4613:
4582:
4541:
4536:
4506:
4501:
4460:
4379:
4353:
4337:
4263:
4260:CellGuide ACLYS
4236:
4203:
4157:
4152:
4122:
4117:
4066:
4018:
3992:
3929:
3915:TDF time signal
3861:
3856:
3805:
3752:
3730:
3725:
3709:
3707:Further reading
3704:
3703:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3111:www.isro.gov.in
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2878:news.dwnews.com
2872:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2612:on 27 June 2017
2609:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2586:
2572:
2570:
2569:on 30 July 2021
2566:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2445:
2443:405,696 km
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2423:363,104 km
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2159:
2153:
2120:, European GNSS
2080:(article 1.46)
2066:(article 1.44)
2054:(article 1.42)
2029:
1938:radionavigation
1918:
1901:satellite phone
1897:low Earth orbit
1893:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:2–4 (6.6–13.1)
1795:
1790:
1785:
1766:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1689:30 operational
1688:
1683:
1682:1 commissioning
1681:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
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1621:
1615:
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1216:Main articles:
1214:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1090:
1084:
1063:
1057:
1019:
1013:
994:
988:
956:graveyard orbit
932:
904:
898:
884:
824:
814:
802:radio frequency
747:
741:GALILEO#History
729:
708:(DGPS) service.
592:
586:
578:orbital periods
576:of >50° and
437:
401:
399:
394:
393:
374:
366:
365:
336:
328:
327:
318:Escape velocity
313:launch vehicles
291:
281:
280:
275:
274:
238:
224:
223:
204:
193:
183:
182:
133:
123:
122:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5621:
5619:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5517:Ground station
5514:
5508:
5506:
5504:Ground segment
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Interplanetary
5434:
5433:
5432:
5430:Geosynchronous
5427:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5397:Gravity assist
5394:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5328:Service module
5325:
5320:
5318:Orbital module
5310:
5305:
5303:Launch vehicle
5299:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5281:Space sexology
5278:
5273:
5271:Space medicine
5268:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
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5213:
5208:
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5186:
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5174:
5164:
5159:
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5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Weightlessness
5103:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5043:
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5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Space research
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4972:
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4965:
4963:Reconnaissance
4960:
4955:
4945:
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4931:
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4854:
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4839:
4834:
4832:European Union
4829:
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4819:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
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4777:
4771:
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4742:
4734:
4725:
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4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4692:Related topics
4689:
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4606:
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4596:
4594:BDS / BeiDou-1
4590:
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4487:Geoinformatics
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4465:Related topics
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:NASA WorldWind
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
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3741:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:External links
3721:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3690:
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3629:
3598:
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3462:
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3396:
3371:
3343:
3320:
3296:
3291:"EGNOS System"
3282:
3251:
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3148:
3127:
3098:
3076:
3052:
3026:
3023:. 19 May 2020.
3008:
2990:
2969:
2948:
2927:
2913:
2889:
2865:
2840:
2773:
2757:"Applications"
2748:
2734:
2725:
2688:Remote Sensing
2674:
2647:
2623:
2584:
2546:
2515:
2489:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2449:42,164 km
2429:42,164 km
2409:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
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2269:Geoinformatics
2266:
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2115:
2109:
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2097:
2096:
2092:
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2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:(article 1.47)
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:(article 1.45)
2061:
2060:(article 1.43)
2049:
2048:(article 1.41)
2043:
2042:(article 1.40)
2028:
2027:Classification
2025:
1989:earth stations
1917:
1914:
1892:
1891:LEO satellites
1889:
1880:Main article:
1877:
1874:
1866:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
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1755:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1690:
1685:
1680:24 operational
1676:
1668:24 operational
1655:
1652:15 operational
1642:28 operational
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1593:
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1462:
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1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:European Union
1437:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1270:Main article:
1267:
1264:
1231:
1228:
1213:
1210:
1191:ground segment
1134:Main article:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1114:modernized GPS
1097:European Union
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1041:vigatsionnaya
1015:Main article:
1012:
1009:
1005:orbital planes
990:Main article:
987:
984:
946:to the lowest
931:
928:
894:Main article:
883:
880:
813:
810:
798:Doppler effect
728:
725:
720:
719:
712:
709:
701:
696:, and Japan's
690:
683:
672:
649:
648:
625:
585:
584:Classification
582:
570:orbital planes
457:geopositioning
439:
438:
436:
435:
428:
421:
413:
410:
409:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
379:Space agencies
375:
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368:
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363:
358:
353:
351:Interplanetary
348:
343:
337:
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320:
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303:
298:
292:
287:
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260:Space stations
257:
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250:Space capsules
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145:
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138:Communications
134:
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128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
113:Lunar missions
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5620:
5609:
5606:
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5599:
5596:
5594:
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5589:
5586:
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5510:
5509:
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5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Direct ascent
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5447:Intergalactic
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Rocket engine
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:Space capsule
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:Space nursing
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:Health issues
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Space Shuttle
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
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5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Space tourism
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
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5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5037:Space weather
5035:
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5018:
5015:
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5010:
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4901:Space command
4899:
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4896:Space warfare
4894:
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4857:United States
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4778:
4776:
4775:Astrodynamics
4773:
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4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4735:
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4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Kalman filter
4702:
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4697:
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4694:
4690:
4684:
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4597:
4595:
4592:
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4589:
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4579:
4578:IRNSS / NAVIC
4576:
4574:
4573:GPS / NavStar
4571:
4569:
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4431:OpenStreetMap
4429:
4427:
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4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:IRNSS / NAVIC
4192:
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4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
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4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Time from NPL
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3619:on 2011-07-11
3615:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:GPS Solutions
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3386:on 2018-07-21
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3293:. March 2016.
3292:
3286:
3283:
3270:
3266:
3265:SpaceNews.com
3262:
3255:
3252:
3241:on 2009-03-14
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3117:on 2022-03-02
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3040:
3039:gsa.europa.eu
3036:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2818:11311/1249723
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2719:11577/3269537
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2393:10 Nm/kg
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367: =
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353: =
2352:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2240:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:services as:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:interferences
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:1.27875 (L6)
1750:1.22760 (L2C)
1747:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1692:8 operational
1691:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1560:32,600–39,000
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:United States
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(EGNOS) is a
1321:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:time transfer
1273:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:space segment
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:(acronym for
1143:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:The formerly
1022:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
985:
983:
976:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
929:
927:
923:
921:
916:
914:
910:
903:
897:
888:
881:
879:
877:
874:'s theory of
873:
869:
867:
861:
860:for details.
859:
855:
854:trilateration
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
829:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:Ground-based
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
724:
717:
713:
710:
707:
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
652:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
596:
595:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
555:
551:
550:line of sight
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:United States
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
415:
414:
412:
411:
408:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
362:
361:Intergalactic
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Space Shuttle
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:
237:
232:
231:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
203:
198:
197:
192:
187:
186:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
127:
126:
119:
118:Mars missions
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5457:Space launch
5442:Interstellar
5408:Destinations
5177:Apollo–Soyuz
5126:Space diving
5111:Space toilet
5001:
4935:Applications
4852:Soviet Union
4812:Space policy
4807:Space launch
4538:
4406:Google Earth
4154:
4023:
3819:computation.
3713:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3646:the original
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3614:the original
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3580:
3556:(111): 111.
3553:
3549:
3539:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3472:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3447:. phys.org.
3439:
3428:. Retrieved
3419:
3408:. Retrieved
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3374:
3361:
3333:
3323:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:
3299:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3264:
3254:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:the original
3235:"About QZSS"
3229:
3214:
3202:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:
3151:
3140:. Retrieved
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:the original
3110:
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3079:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3055:
3045:25 September
3043:. Retrieved
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2982:. Retrieved
2980:. 2005-12-28
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2959:. 2010-01-07
2951:
2940:. Retrieved
2930:
2916:
2905:. Retrieved
2901:
2892:
2881:. Retrieved
2877:
2868:
2857:. Retrieved
2855:. 2012-03-08
2852:
2843:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2765:. Retrieved
2763:. 2011-08-18
2760:
2751:
2737:
2728:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2663:gssc.esa.int
2662:
2639:. Retrieved
2636:gssc.esa.int
2635:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2578:
2571:. Retrieved
2564:the original
2555:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2471:
2412:
2407:10 lb).
2396:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2284:GPS spoofing
2222:
2186:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2126:(GPS), with
2057:
2030:
2016:
2005:Article 1.45
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1971:Article 1.47
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1946:
1942:feeder links
1929:
1925:
1919:
1894:
1885:
1859:
1779:Operational
1776:Operational
1773:Operational
1770:Operational
1762:Operational
1687:24 by design
1678:24 by design
1671:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1595:23.93 h
1590:23.93 h
1585:11.97 h
1580:11.26 h
1575:14.08 h
1570:12.88 h
1362:
1359:
1348:
1317:
1290:Asia-Oceania
1275:
1258:(GAGAN) and
1233:
1230:Augmentation
1225:
1212:Early BeiDou
1203:
1195:
1152:(ISRO). The
1145:
1141:
1139:
1094:
1091:
1067:
1064:
1046:
1045:putnikovaya
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1020:
998:
995:
981:
962:), with the
924:
917:
905:
882:Applications
870:
862:
849:atomic clock
837:
825:
791:
782:transmitters
755:
721:
667:(China) and
650:
627:
598:
593:
559:
546:time signals
524:
515:
501:
500:
464:
460:
448:
444:
442:
384:Space forces
356:Interstellar
289:Space launch
162:
131:Applications
108:Space probes
5415:Sub-orbital
5350:Space probe
5216:New Shepard
5194:Shuttle–Mir
4953:Archaeology
4906:Space force
4889:Moon Treaty
4761:Spaceflight
4546:Operational
4456:Yandex Maps
4451:Yahoo! Maps
4446:ViaMichelin
4411:Google Maps
4252:SiRFatlasIV
4248:SiRFstarIII
4227:GPS tracker
3813:Java applet
3021:Space Daily
2793:: 554–563.
1906:AT commands
1743:1.17645(L5)
1665:26 in orbit
1662:Currently:
1657:By design:
1637:Satellites
1332:EUROCONTROL
909:Guided bomb
341:Sub-orbital
265:Spaceplanes
214:Space probe
148:Exploration
66:Spaceflight
5608:Navigation
5572:Categories
5484:Launch pad
5475:Expendable
5425:Geocentric
5392:Solar sail
5335:Spaceplane
5295:Spacecraft
5089:Space suit
5067:commercial
4995:Television
4790:Space Race
4587:Historical
4477:Geocaching
4436:Petal Maps
4396:Baidu Maps
4391:Apple Maps
4358:Technology
4232:GPS logger
3623:2011-12-30
3592:2011-12-30
3430:2019-10-25
3410:2015-07-24
3390:2018-07-21
3314:2024-06-13
3245:2009-02-22
3193:2018-01-24
3142:2011-12-30
3121:2018-07-14
3092:2011-12-30
3070:2011-12-30
3065:Rediff.com
2984:2015-01-16
2963:2010-04-19
2942:2008-06-10
2907:2020-06-23
2883:2018-12-27
2859:2020-06-23
2767:2019-10-08
2668:2018-11-17
2641:2018-11-17
2508:26 January
2483:2020-06-26
2463:References
2438:(that is,
2418:(that is,
2304:Pseudolite
1953:navigation
1694:(3 GEO, 5
1672:2 inactive
1028:, and now
913:fog of war
812:Principles
806:refraction
604:(SBAS) or
453:satellites
306:Expendable
301:Launch pad
191:Spacecraft
173:Telescopes
168:Settlement
163:Navigation
98:Space Race
5494:Spaceport
5345:Satellite
5062:Astronaut
4990:Telephone
4943:Astronomy
4864:Space law
4817:Australia
4639:(retired)
4492:Geomatics
4482:Geocoding
4416:Here WeGo
4401:Bing Maps
4342:Protocols
4289:(retired)
4103:Radio VNG
4024:Satellite
3935:Shortwave
3531:125213815
3275:10 August
3216:The Hindu
2835:258538772
2827:0094-5765
2694:(2): 80.
2539:10 August
2163:Article 5
1987:in which
1854:Sources:
1708:Frequency
1650:BeiDou-2:
1640:BeiDou-3:
1557:(22,000)
1552:(12,540)
1547:(11,890)
1542:(14,429)
1537:(13,140)
1484:Regional
1481:Regional
1466:Coverage
1379:(GAGAN).
1284:covering
1199:encrypted
1037:bal'naya
944:Low Earth
845:ephemeris
833:ephemeris
564:of 18–30
542:elevation
530:longitude
389:Companies
296:Spaceport
209:Satellite
153:Espionage
5593:Avionics
5546:Category
5211:Tiangong
5206:Shenzhou
5135:Programs
4980:Internet
4785:Timeline
4673:StarFire
4668:SouthPAN
4604:Timation
4421:MapQuest
4323:StarFire
4318:SouthPAN
4241:Chipsets
3968:ROA Time
3867:Longwave
3449:Archived
3425:"送信信号一覧"
3366:Archived
3338:Archived
3269:Archived
3221:Archived
3167:29 April
2853:BBC News
2371:, where
2241:See also
2194:Region 1
1932:) as "a
1784:Accuracy
1532:km (mi)
1530:Altitude
1355:aviation
1288:and the
1222:BeiDou-2
1218:BeiDou-1
1177:and the
970:to scale
966:and the
954:and its
872:Einstein
778:longwave
680:StarFire
676:OmniSTAR
647:devices.
538:altitude
534:latitude
310:reusable
158:Military
58:a series
56:Part of
5598:Geodesy
5420:Orbital
5221:Artemis
5152:Voskhod
5147:Mercury
5055:General
4795:Records
4780:History
4768:General
4714:Wavelet
4609:Tsiklon
4599:Transit
4568:GLONASS
4563:Galileo
4426:OpenCPN
4209:Devices
4184:GLONASS
4179:Galileo
4162:Systems
4071:Defunct
4047:Galileo
4042:GLONASS
3558:Bibcode
3511:Bibcode
3455:24 June
2795:Bibcode
2696:Bibcode
2573:27 July
2452:
2440:
2432:
2420:
2134:GLONASS
2118:GALILEO
2007:of the
1973:of the
1833:GLONASS
1828:Galileo
1819:System
1786:m (ft)
1759:Status
1622:(2.125)
1567:Period
1478:Global
1475:Global
1472:Global
1469:Global
1410:GLONASS
1405:Galileo
1396:System
1382:Galileo
1340:Galileo
1181:to the
1173:to the
1082:Galileo
1030:Russian
1017:GLONASS
1011:GLONASS
942:, from
920:Galileo
841:almanac
794:Transit
727:History
669:Galileo
661:GLONASS
624:(LAAS).
496:Galileo
481:GLONASS
475:(GPS),
346:Orbital
178:Tourism
86:History
5557:Portal
5550:
5539:
5355:Lander
5308:Rocket
5172:Skylab
5167:Apollo
5157:Gemini
5142:Vostok
4847:Russia
4553:BeiDou
4169:BeiDou
4032:BeiDou
3963:JN53DV
3953:HD2IOA
3529:
3480:
2833:
2825:
2616:20 May
2580:globe.
2321:(SIGI)
2146:(QZSS)
2130:(DGPS)
2011:(ITU)
1977:(ITU)
1899:(LEO)
1823:BeiDou
1614:17/10
1610:(1.86)
1604:S. day
1555:36,000
1550:20,180
1545:19,130
1540:23,222
1535:21,150
1507:&
1490:Coding
1445:Russia
1431:Owner
1400:BeiDou
1246:, the
1242:, the
1055:BeiDou
1049:istema
1026:Soviet
856:: see
820:, and
780:radio
743:, and
665:Beidou
640:L Band
632:L Band
536:, and
489:BeiDou
477:Russia
449:satnav
270:Vostok
5360:Rover
5162:Soyuz
4985:Radio
4842:Japan
4837:India
4822:China
4719:RINEX
4658:NTRIP
4643:JPALS
4637:GPS·C
4632:GAGAN
4627:EGNOS
4558:DORIS
4370:S-GPS
4365:A-GPS
4308:NTRIP
4293:JPALS
4287:GPS·C
4282:GAGAN
4277:EGNOS
4174:DORIS
4057:IRNSS
4037:DORIS
3895:DCF77
3649:(PDF)
3642:(PDF)
3617:(PDF)
3610:(PDF)
3527:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2610:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2560:(PDF)
2389:6.673
2337:Notes
2139:NAVIC
2114:(BDS)
2001:MRNSS
1967:ARNSS
1908:or a
1876:DORIS
1843:NavIC
1698:MEO)
1620:17/8
1616:(1.7)
1608:13/7
1602:Rev./
1460:Japan
1455:India
1435:China
1420:NavIC
1297:EGNOS
1286:Japan
1167:India
1142:NavIC
1136:NavIC
1130:NavIC
968:Earth
774:Omega
766:LORAN
762:DECCA
723:not.
694:NAVIC
687:GAGAN
554:radio
512:EGNOS
485:China
5522:Pass
5477:and
4683:SDCM
4678:WAAS
4653:MSAS
4648:LAAS
4349:NMEA
4333:SDCM
4328:WAAS
4303:MSAS
4298:LAAS
4199:QZSS
4108:WWVL
4093:OLB5
3988:YVTO
3983:WWVH
3925:WWVB
3890:Beta
3478:ISBN
3457:2020
3277:2019
3169:2021
3047:2020
2823:ISSN
2618:2015
2575:2022
2541:2019
2510:2024
2360:and
1930:RNSS
1920:The
1848:QZSS
1710:GHz
1524:CDMA
1519:CDMA
1514:CDMA
1509:CDMA
1505:FDMA
1500:CDMA
1495:CDMA
1425:QZSS
1342:and
1330:and
1318:The
1266:QZSS
1220:and
1140:The
1117:the
1099:and
1095:The
772:and
698:QZSS
678:and
465:GNSS
308:and
41:The
5189:Mir
4375:RTK
4256:MTK
4189:GPS
4113:Y3S
4098:OMA
4088:NAA
4083:HBG
4078:BSF
4006:UHF
3998:VHF
3978:WWV
3973:RWM
3958:HLA
3948:CHU
3943:BPM
3910:RTZ
3905:RBU
3900:JJY
3885:BSF
3880:BPL
3875:BPC
3817:DOP
3566:doi
3519:doi
2813:hdl
2803:doi
2791:210
2714:hdl
2704:doi
2023:.»
1993:.»
1838:GPS
1696:GSO
1415:GPS
1344:GPS
1282:GPS
1206:MEO
1109:MEO
1071:MEO
1035:Glo
986:GPS
787:fix
770:GEE
657:GPS
644:and
636:and
552:by
487:'s
483:),
471:'s
447:or
45:'s
5574::
4002:FM
3564:.
3554:24
3552:.
3548:.
3525:.
3517:.
3507:63
3505:.
3501:.
3364:.
3360:.
3346:^
3336:.
3332:.
3307:.
3267:.
3263:.
3219:.
3213:.
3186:.
3160:.
3109:.
3063:.
3037:.
3019:.
3001:.
2900:.
2876:.
2851:.
2829:.
2821:.
2811:.
2801:.
2789:.
2785:.
2759:.
2712:.
2702:.
2692:10
2690:.
2686:.
2661:.
2650:^
2634:.
2587:^
2577:.
2532:.
2518:^
2500:.
2395:;
2369:GM
2358:GM
2017:A
1983:A
1959:.
1632:1
1629:1
1626:2
1357:.
1262:.
1254:,
1250:,
1189:,
1078:.
1039:Na
1032:,
915:.
835:.
789:.
768:,
764:,
739:,
735:,
532:,
498:.
443:A
60:on
4753:e
4746:t
4739:v
4531:e
4524:t
4517:v
4147:e
4140:t
4133:v
4004:/
4000:/
3851:e
3844:t
3837:v
3811:(
3718:.
3626:.
3595:.
3574:.
3568::
3560::
3533:.
3521::
3513::
3486:.
3459:.
3433:.
3413:.
3393:.
3317:.
3279:.
3248:.
3196:.
3171:.
3145:.
3124:.
3095:.
3073:.
3049:.
2987:.
2966:.
2945:.
2910:.
2886:.
2862:.
2837:.
2815::
2805::
2797::
2770:.
2722:.
2716::
2706::
2698::
2671:.
2644:.
2620:.
2543:.
2512:.
2486:.
2454:)
2446:/
2434:)
2426:/
2405:×
2401:×
2397:M
2391:×
2385:G
2381:V
2377:T
2373:R
2365:R
2362:V
2355:T
2351:R
1999:(
1965:(
1928:(
1306:.
1047:S
1043:S
950:(
700:.
682:.
540:/
463:(
432:e
425:t
418:v
34:.
20:)
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