Fuel oil - Knowledge (XXG)

1723:, California, European Union, have established Emission Control Areas (ECA) that limit the maximum sulfur of fuels burned in their ports to limit pollution, reducing the percentage of sulfur and other particulates from 4.5% m/m to as little as 0.10% as of 2015 inside an ECA. As of 2013 3.5% continued to be permitted outside an ECA, but the International Maritime Organization has planned to lower the sulfur content requirement outside the ECAs to 0.5% m/m by 2020. This is where Marine Distillate Fuels and other alternatives to use of heavy bunker fuel come into play. They have similar properties to diesel #2, which is used as road diesel around the world. The most common grades used in shipping are DMA and DMB. 360:

because it was cheap and readily available. Most of these facilities have subsequently been closed and demolished, or have replaced their fuel supplies with a simpler one such as gas or No. 2 oil. The high sulfur content of No. 6 oil—up to 3% by weight in some extreme cases—had a corrosive effect on many heating systems (which were usually designed without adequate corrosion protection in mind), shortening their lifespans and increasing the polluting effects. This was particularly the case in furnaces that were regularly shut down and allowed to go cold, because the internal condensation produced

348:

much heavier and more viscous than No. 2 oil, kerosene, or gasoline. No. 6 oil must, in fact, be stored at around 38 °C (100 °F) heated to 65–120 °C (149–248 °F) before it can be easily pumped, and in cooler temperatures it can congeal into a tarry semisolid. The flash point of most blends of No. 6 oil is, incidentally, about 65 °C (149 °F). Attempting to pump high-viscosity oil at low temperatures was a frequent cause of damage to fuel lines, furnaces, and related equipment which were often designed for lighter fuels.

190: 206: 1676:. Its name is derived from coal bunkers, where the fuel was originally stored. In 2019, large ships consumed 213 million metric tons of bunker fuel. The Australian Customs and the Australian Tax Office defines a bunker fuel as the fuel that powers the engine of a ship or aircraft. Bunker A is No. 4 fuel oil, bunker B is No. 5, and bunker C is No. 6. Since No. 6 is the most common, "bunker fuel" is often used as a synonym for No. 6. No. 5 fuel oil is also called 1715:(ISO) has been the accepted standard for marine fuels (bunkers). The standard is listed under number 8217, with recent updates in 2010 and 2017. The latest edition of bunker fuel specification is ISO 8217: 2017. The standard divides fuels into residual and distillate fuels. The most common residual fuels in the shipping industry are RMG and RMK. The differences between the two are mainly the density and viscosity, with RMG generally being delivered at 380 33: 5468: 1947:" broadly relates to storage of petroleum products in tanks (among other, disparate meanings). The precise meaning can be further specialized depending on context. Perhaps the most common, more specialized usage refers to the practice and business of refueling ships. Bunkering operations are located at seaports, and they include the storage of bunker (ship) fuels and the provision of the fuel to vessels. 261: 1658: 809:/solar oil respectively — Russian practice doesn't differentiate between diesel fuel and heating oil). This is further separated in two grades, "naval mazut" being analogous to US grades 4 and 5, and "furnace mazut", a heaviest residual fraction of the crude, almost exactly corresponding to US Number 6 fuel oil and further graded by viscosity and sulfur content. 336:

production. The decline is the result of price competition with natural gas and environmental restrictions on emissions. For power plants, the costs of heating the oil, extra pollution control and additional maintenance required after burning it often outweigh the low cost of the fuel. Burning fuel oil, particularly residual fuel oil, produces uniformly higher

379:

When released into water, such as a river or ocean, residual oil tends to break up into patches or tarballs – mixtures of oil and particulate matter such as silt and floating organic matter – rather than form a single slick. An average of about 5-10% of the material will evaporate within hours of the

347:

The chief drawback to residual fuel oil is its high initial viscosity, particularly in the case of No. 6 oil, which requires a correctly engineered system for storage, pumping, and burning. Though it is still usually lighter than water (with a specific gravity usually ranging from 0.95 to 1.03) it is

2794:

Cruise companies create a picture of being a bright, clean and environmentally friendly tourism sector. But the opposite is true. One cruise ship emits as many air pollutants as five million cars going the same distance because these ships use heavy fuel that on land would have to be disposed of as

881:

are two indexes which describe the ignition quality of residual fuel oil, and CCAI is especially often calculated for marine fuels. Despite this, marine fuels are still quoted on the international bunker markets with their maximum viscosity (which is set by the ISO 8217 standard - see below) due to

359:

Most of the facilities which historically burned No. 6 or other residual oils were industrial plants and similar facilities constructed in the early or mid 20th century, or which had switched from coal to oil fuel during the same time period. In either case, residual oil was seen as a good prospect

400:

According to an ICCT study, countries located on major shipping lanes are particularly exposed, and can see shipping account for a high percentage of overall deaths from transport sector air pollution. In Taiwan, shipping accounts for 70% of all transport-attributable air pollution deaths in 2015,

331:

pollution generated by all buildings in the city. New York made the phase out of these fuel grades part of its environmental plan, PlaNYC, because of concerns for the health effects caused by fine particulates, and all buildings using fuel oil No. 6 had been converted to less polluting fuel by the

503:

is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77–104 °C (171–219 °F) for proper atomization at the burners. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without

953:

The first British standard for fuel oil came in 1982. The latest standard is ISO 8217 issued in 2017. The ISO standard describe four qualities of distillate fuels and 10 qualities of residual fuels. Over the years the standards have become stricter on environmentally important parameters such as

388:

Because of the low quality of bunker fuel, when burnt it is especially harmful to the health of humans, causing serious illnesses and deaths. Prior to the IMO's 2020 sulfur cap, shipping industry air pollution was estimated to cause around 400,000 premature deaths each year, from lung cancer and

1981:

systems to remove the excess sulfur dioxide. The emissions from ships have generally been controlled by the following sulfur caps on any fuel oil used on board: 3.50% on and after 1 January 2012 and 0.50% on and after 1 January 2020. Further removal of sulfur translates to additional energy and

800:

is a residual fuel oil often derived from Russian petroleum sources and is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a petrochemical feedstock. In the Russian practice, though, "mazut" is an umbrella term roughly

335:

Residual fuel's use in electrical generation has also decreased. In 1973, residual fuel oil produced 16.8% of the electricity in the US. By 1983, it had fallen to 6.2%, and as of 2005, electricity production from all forms of petroleum, including diesel and residual fuel, is only 3% of total

938:- Ultra-Low-Sulfur Marine Gas Oil - referred to as Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (sulfur 0.0015% max) in the US and Auto Gas Oil (sulfur 0.001% max) in the EU. Maximum sulfur allowable in US territories and territorial waters (inland, marine, and automotive) and in the EU for inland use. 788:

Classes E to H are residual oils for atomizing burners serving boilers or, with the exception of Class H, certain types of larger combustion engines. Classes F to H invariably require heating prior to use; Class E fuel may require preheating, depending on ambient conditions.

514:

is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104–127 °C (219–261 °F). Residual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue may contain various undesirable impurities, including 2% water and 0.5%

1637:

The content of aluminum and silicon is limited because those metals are dangerous for the engine. Those elements are present because some components of the fuel are manufactured with Fluid Catalytic Cracking process, which makes use of catalyst containing aluminum and

343:

Heavy fuel oils continue to be used in the boiler "lighting up" facility in many coal-fired power plants. This use is approximately analogous to using kindling to start a fire. Without performing this act it is difficult to begin the large-scale combustion process.

371:

insulation on the fuel feed lines. No. 6 oil is very persistent, and does not degrade rapidly. Its viscosity and stickiness also make remediation of underground contamination very difficult, since these properties reduce the effectiveness of methods such as

2082:

emissions from bunker fuels sold are not added to national GHG emissions. For small countries with large international ports, there is an important difference between the emissions in territorial waters and the total emissions of the fuel sold. At the 1997

1641:

The flash point of all fuels used in the engine room should be at least 60 °C. (DMX is used for things like emergency generators and not normally used in the engine room. Gaseous fuels such as LPG/LNG have special class rules applied to the fuel

1982:

capital costs and can impact fuel price and availability. If priced correctly the excess cheap yet dirty fuel would find its way into other markets, including displacing some onshore energy production in nations with low environmental protection .

2795:

hazardous waste."... "Heavy fuel oil can contain 3,500 times more sulfur than diesel that is used for land traffic vehicles. Ships do not have exhaust abatement technologies like particulate filters that are standard on passenger cars and lorries

950:, the oil must have a density which is sufficiently different from water. Older purifiers work with a fuel having a maximum of 991 kg/m3; with modern purifiers it is also possible to purify oil with a density of 1010 kg/m3. 838:- Roughly equivalent to no. 3 fuel oil, a blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it need not be heated for use in internal combustion engines 396:

The hardest hit countries by air pollution from ships are China, Japan, the UK, Indonesia, and Germany. In 2015, shipping air pollution killed an estimated 20,520 people in China, 4,019 people in Japan, and 3,192 people in the UK.

2949: 4794: 777:. Class D fuel is similar to Class A2 and is suitable for use in stationary applications, such as domestic, commercial, and industrial heating. The BS 2869 standard permits Class A2 and Class D fuel to contain up to 7% (V/V) 245:. In Europe, the use of diesel is generally restricted to cars (about 40%), SUVs (about 90%), and trucks and buses (over 99%). The market for home heating using fuel oil has decreased due to the widespread penetration of 2381: 1972:

As of 2018, some 300 million metric tons of fuel oil is used for ship bunkering. On January 1, 2020, regulations set by the International Marine Organization (IMO) all marine shipping vessels will require the use of

287:

upon combustion. However, its undesirable properties make it very cheap. In fact, it is the cheapest liquid fuel available. Since it requires heating before use, residual fuel oil cannot be used in road vehicles,

355:

Class G heavy fuel oil behaves in similar fashion, requiring storage at 40 °C (104 °F), pumping at around 50 °C (122 °F) and finalizing for burning at around 90–120 °C (194–248 °F).

2238: 2588: 392:

Even after the introduction of cleaner fuel rules in 2020, shipping air pollution is still estimated to account for around 250,000 deaths each year, and around 6.4 million childhood asthma cases each year.

2087:

in Kyoto, Japan, countries agreed to exempt bunker fuels, and multilateral military operations, from national emissions totals after insistence from the U.S. climate change delegation for such exemptions.

292:

or small ships, as the heating equipment takes up valuable space and makes the vehicle heavier. Heating the oil is also a delicate procedure, which is impractical on small, fast moving vehicles. However,

1965:(often subsequently refined in makeshift facilities into lighter transportation fuels) by the unauthorized cutting of holes into transport pipelines, often by very crude and hazardous means and causing 3092: 2286:

Sofiev, Mikhail; Winebrake, James J.; Johansson, Lasse; Carr, Edward W.; Prank, Marje; Soares, Joana; Vira, Julius; Kouznetsov, Rostislav; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Corbett, James J. (6 February 2018).

2729:

Schrooten, L; De Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Styns, R. Torfs, K; Torfs, R (2008). "Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory, an activity based emission model".

2211: 2781: 3049: 404:

As well as commercial shipping, cruise ships also emit large amounts of air pollution, damaging people's health. Up to 2019, it was reported that the ships of the single largest cruise company,

493:

is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut. This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of

2626: 2939: 2898: 487:

was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid-20th century.

2550: 2389: 4306: 1719:

or less, and RMK at 700 centistokes or less. Ships with more advanced engines can process heavier, more viscous, and thus cheaper, fuel. Governing bodies around the world,

2234: 315:. Locomotives, however, have become powered by diesel or electric power; steamships are not as common as they were previously due to their higher operating costs (most 4301: 1634:

Maximum sulfur content in the open ocean is 0.5% since January 2020. Maximum sulfur content in designated areas is 0.1% since 1 January 2015. Before then it was 1.00%.

421:

Although the following trends generally hold true, different organizations may have different numerical specifications for the six fuel grades. The boiling point and

2592: 2357:"A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015 | International Council on Clean Transportation" 3806: 3184: 1712: 2651: 2564: 2971: 477:

refers to the original use of this fraction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—the gas oil cut was used as an enriching agent for carbureted water gas

3080: 2207: 4028: 2773: 2867: 2064:

have been controlled. The switch of auxiliary engines from heavy fuel oil to diesel oil at berth can result in large emission reductions, especially for

3057: 946:

is also an important parameter for fuel oils since marine fuels are purified before use to remove water and dirt from the oil. Since the purifiers use

5103: 5023: 4814: 4809: 4655: 2235:"Mayor de Blasio and DEP Announce That All 5,300 Buildings Have Discontinued Use of Most Polluting Heating Oil, Leading to Significantly Cleaner Air" 4821: 2084: 801:

synonymous with the fuel oil in general, that covers most of the types mentioned above, except US grades 1 and 2/3, for which separate terms exist (

3175: 1950:

Alternatively "bunkering" may apply to the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing it among available bunkers (on-board fuel tanks).

2618: 5354: 2894: 2675:

Schrooten, L; De Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Chiffi, Cosimo; Pastori, Enrico (2009). "Emissions of maritime transport: a reference system".

3716: 5423: 5224: 4747: 4130: 3721: 3691: 2542: 5068: 4398: 4195: 874: 3129: 2837: 5492: 3519: 2101: – Edible oil derived from coconut: an important fuel for ships in regions such as the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu 429:

also increases with number, and the heaviest oil must be heated for it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases.

327:. In 2011 New York City estimated that the 1% of its buildings that burned fuel oils No. 4 and No. 6 were responsible for 86% of the 4595: 3619: 2428: 5159: 4331: 4175: 2051: 2475: 1929:

emissions - due to HFO's high sulfur content - result in an eco balance significantly worse than that for individual mobility.

5254: 5249: 4956: 2924: 2815: 2382:"Luxury cruise giant emits 10 times more air pollution (SOx) than all of Europe's cars – study | Transport & Environment" 2260: 380:

release, primarily the lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The remainder will then often sink to the bottom of the water column.

435:

is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners and high-performance/clean diesel engines. It is the

5048: 4378: 4311: 3891: 3539: 3148: 1966: 1954: 1708:

system, before the oil can be pumped from a bunker tank. Bunkers are rarely labeled this way in modern maritime practice.

405: 2658: 5502: 5393: 4871: 3168: 3050:"Power sector's thirst for fuel oil after IMO low sulfur cap shifts bunker demand - Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide" 2571: 2499: 930: 473:

limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the light gas oil cut. The name

5053: 4961: 4911: 4670: 4003: 3998: 2119: 319:

use steam plants, as "boil-off" gas emitted from the cargo can be used as a fuel source); and most boilers now use

254: 882:

the fact that marine engines are designed to use different viscosities of fuel. The unit of viscosity used is the

844:- Roughly equivalent no. 4 fuel oil, a blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil 5319: 5264: 5043: 5028: 5008: 4286: 3706: 3202: 3088: 3084: 878: 2356: 275:

that it has to be heated with a special heating system before use and it may contain relatively high amounts of

126:

of approximately 42 °C (108 °F), or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense,

5367: 5274: 5063: 5038: 4250: 4245: 2124: 1978: 1727:

emissions resulting from the use of international bunker fuels are currently included in national inventories.

2871: 1974: 4921: 4463: 4453: 4448: 4023: 4008: 3948: 3382: 3377: 3337: 3081:"National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol" 2110: 782: 774: 635: 170: 52: 2030:, Netherlands. Where a convenient seaport does not exist, inland transport may be achieved with the use of 5471: 5239: 5229: 4358: 3776: 3357: 3161: 3138: 2165: 189: 2015: 886:(cSt) and the fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order of cost, the least expensive first. 130:

refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than

5497: 4660: 4523: 4170: 3544: 3392: 3362: 3255: 3245: 3206: 3198: 2516: 5418: 5324: 5058: 5033: 4876: 4717: 4155: 3958: 3831: 3614: 2738: 2684: 2299: 2007: 1962: 242: 5259: 4998: 3001:"Global impacts of recent IMO regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions" 2944: 238: 68: 2999:

Chu Van, Thuy; Ramirez, Jerome; Rainey, Thomas; Ristovski, Zoran; Brown, Richard J. (1 May 2019).

5204: 5139: 3479: 3031: 2754: 2708: 2035: 323:

or natural gas. Some industrial boilers still use it and so do some old buildings, including in

401:

followed by Morocco at 51%, Malaysia and Japan both at 41%, Vietnam at 39%, and the UK at 38%.

4033: 3023: 2918: 2700: 2424: 2335: 2317: 2174: 1925:, a tourism sector that is associated with a clean and friendly image. In stark contrast, the 947: 833: 135: 352: 4767: 4508: 3836: 3126: 3015: 2845: 2746: 2692: 2325: 2307: 929:- Low-sulfur (<0.1%) Marine Gas Oil - The fuel is to be used in EU Ports and Anchorages. 478: 308: 205: 762:

Class C1 and C2 fuels are kerosene-type fuels. C1 is for use in flue less appliances (e.g.

5377: 5098: 5003: 4757: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4160: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 3133: 2503: 2141: 954:

sulfur content. The latest standard also banned the adding of used lubricating oil (ULO).

770: 76: 32: 911:- Low-sulfur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes 905:- Low-sulfur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes 2742: 2688: 2303: 4665: 4413: 4225: 4088: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 3412: 3402: 2330: 2287: 2076: 2065: 2011: 1724: 1652: 785:, FAME), provided the FAME content meets the requirements of the BS EN 14214 standard. 337: 284: 268: 72: 5486: 5453: 5428: 5413: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5174: 5119: 5088: 5078: 4941: 4931: 4901: 4896: 4846: 4826: 4804: 4789: 4742: 4707: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4513: 4458: 4433: 4428: 4408: 4281: 3821: 3397: 3260: 3230: 3035: 2264: 2185: 2057: 899:- Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur) 893:- Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur) 763: 470: 373: 361: 324: 166: 17: 2758: 2696: 2467: 5314: 5284: 5144: 4488: 4483: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4255: 4200: 4150: 4083: 4038: 4013: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3881: 3846: 3756: 3751: 3579: 3387: 3153: 2750: 2712: 2072: 2061: 367:

Environmental cleanups at such facilities are frequently complicated by the use of

260: 194: 56: 2807: 2162: – Substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact 850:- Pure or nearly pure residual oil, roughly equivalent to no. 5 and no. 6 fuel oil 519:. This fuel may be known as residual fuel oil (RFO), by the Navy specification of 3000: 5289: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4560: 4477: 3449: 2910: 2135: 2104: 2098: 2056:

Emissions from bunker fuel burning in ships contribute to climate change and to

2039: 1926: 1922: 1798: 1657: 1504: 1202: 1128: 806: 516: 466: 462: 444: 389:

cardiovascular disease, as well as 14 million childhood asthma cases each year.

320: 316: 294: 246: 234: 226: 174: 150: 142: 123: 122:). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a 111: 103: 92: 88: 2312: 2288:"Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs" 1704:); the high viscosity requires heating, usually by a recirculated low pressure 766:). C2 is for vaporizing or atomizing burners in appliances connected to flues. 241:

in case the supply of natural gas is interrupted or as the main fuel for small

5279: 5184: 4891: 4866: 4630: 4585: 4321: 3978: 3791: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3634: 3609: 3484: 3240: 3019: 1991: 1673: 1547: 1153: 883: 661: 422: 250: 119: 64: 37: 3027: 2639:

a development which will prompt a switch to "a much more diverse fuel pallet"

2321: 2060:

levels in many port cities, especially where the emissions from industry and

439:

refinery cut that boils off immediately after the heavy naphtha cut used for

5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5408: 5398: 5359: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5154: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5073: 5018: 5013: 4993: 4971: 4951: 4906: 4886: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4799: 4762: 4752: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4712: 4697: 4692: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4590: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4555: 4550: 4498: 4493: 4473: 4443: 4418: 4403: 4373: 4326: 4316: 4296: 4291: 4276: 4271: 4185: 3906: 3901: 3796: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 2180: 2159: 2027: 2023: 1999: 1944: 1716: 778: 426: 408:, emitted ten times more sulfur dioxide than all of Europe's cars combined. 312: 276: 230: 178: 60: 41: 2704: 2339: 2208:"Mayor Bloomberg Presents an Update to PlaNYC: a Greener, Greater New York" 2138: – Liquid petroleum product used as a fuel oil for furnaces or boilers 2496: 5083: 4861: 4565: 4393: 4230: 4220: 4205: 4180: 4165: 4140: 4135: 4018: 3993: 3988: 3973: 3963: 3953: 3918: 3913: 3896: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3841: 3826: 3816: 3811: 3801: 3786: 3781: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3711: 3696: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3624: 3604: 3599: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3524: 3514: 3407: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 2153: 2147: 2129: 2003: 1776: 1771: 818: 802: 608: 452: 448: 440: 436: 368: 305: 162: 154: 131: 957:

Some parameters of marine fuel oils according to ISO 8217 (3. ed 2005):

866:

Marine diesel oil contains some heavy fuel oil, unlike regular diesels.

5372: 5164: 5149: 4946: 4936: 4926: 4702: 4518: 4468: 4363: 4351: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3417: 3372: 3367: 3352: 3347: 3342: 1995: 1958: 943: 272: 198: 158: 84: 2774:"The world's largest cruise ship and its supersized pollution problem" 504:

preheating. This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of

5234: 5219: 5214: 5209: 4881: 4856: 4784: 4640: 4625: 4605: 4600: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4423: 4388: 4235: 3886: 3701: 3265: 2895:"Bunkering is Dangerous: Procedure for Bunkering Operation on a Ship" 301: 280: 146: 115: 107: 4722: 5269: 5244: 4966: 4851: 4503: 4368: 4240: 4215: 4210: 4190: 3564: 3534: 3529: 3250: 3235: 3225: 3220: 2619:"Rolls-Royce Revives Age of Sail to Beat Fuel-Cost Surge: Freight" 2605:

SOx and particulate matter emission controls apply to all fuel oil

2031: 2019: 1705: 1656: 797: 259: 214: 204: 188: 31: 828:- Roughly equivalent to no. 2 fuel oil, made from distillate only 300:

Use of residual fuel oil was more common in the past. It powered

4916: 4779: 4772: 4438: 4383: 3983: 3594: 2870:. Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA). Archived from 328: 289: 218: 3157: 2453:

Perry, Robert H., Chilton, Cecil H. and Kirkpatrick, Sidney D.

5403: 5093: 4145: 222: 2543:"Welcome to the 229 Million Metric Ton Global Bunker Market!" 2972:"Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships" 1994:

making deliveries to suitably sized strategic ports such as

821:

field another type of classification is used for fuel oils:

455:. Former names include: coal oil, stove oil, and range oil. 2038:. The major physical supply chains of Europe are along the 533:

Fuel Oils for Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Engines

213:

Oil has many uses; it heats homes and businesses and fuels

3008:

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

27:

Petroleum product burned to generate motive power or heat

2940:"Oil bunkering threatens Nigeria's economy, environment" 264:

Fuel oil truck making a delivery in North Carolina, 1945

253:. However, it is very common in some areas, such as the 2591:. International Maritime Organization. Archived from 2168: – techniques for efficient use of fuel by ships 3143: 2170:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2115:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2034:. Lighter fuel oils can also be transported through 181:

are much less volatile and distill out more slowly.

5386: 5112: 4264: 3213: 425:length of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. 297:and large ships are able to use residual fuel oil. 2938:Jon Gambrell and Associated Press (20 July 2013). 1672:is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard 1990:Fuel oil is transported worldwide by fleets of 2261:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 1713:International Organization for Standardization 3169: 2724: 2722: 2351: 2349: 1921:Heavy fuel oil is still the primary fuel for 523:, or by the Pacific Specification of PS-400. 173:process. Heavier petroleum-derived oils like 8: 2517:"IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions" 535:, specifies the following fuel oil classes: 71:(the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include 3176: 3162: 3154: 2132: – Liquid fuel derived from petroleum 2107: – Liquid fuel used in diesel engines 3144:International Bunker Industry Association 2421:Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry 2329: 2311: 1933: 3113:National Geographic magazine, April 2012 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1729: 1249: 959: 537: 237:. It is often used as a backup fuel for 2497:https://www.iso.org/standard/64247.html 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2233:Office of the Mayor (9 February 2016). 2199: 2113: – including hardware and software 3139:How Oil Refining Works – HowStuffWorks 2916: 2241:from the original on 14 September 2017 2156: – Combustible hydrocarbon liquid 1688:; No. 5 or 6 are also commonly called 769:Class A2 fuel is suitable for mobile, 710:Medium fuel oil, MFO, 1000-second oil 229:is produced by diesel, but it is more 169:, and are removed at the start of the 2901:from the original on 31 December 2015 2589:"Sulfur oxides (SOx) – Regulation 14" 2423:(1983) Van Nostrand Reinhold Company 1961:, bunkering has come to refer to the 733:Heavy fuel oil, HFO, 3500-second oil 7: 3095:from the original on 23 January 2022 3079:Hermann, Burkely (20 January 2022). 2909:. Site seems to require enabling of 2784:from the original on 9 February 2019 2457:4th edition (1963) McGraw Hill p.9-6 2455:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 2214:from the original on 2 February 2017 687:Light fuel oil, LFO, 250-second oil 157:. Small molecules, such as those in 2818:from the original on 21 August 2018 465:. Trucks and some cars use similar 2844:. 14 December 2016. Archived from 2553:from the original on 24 July 2021. 2144: – Internal combustion engine 25: 2952:from the original on 9 March 2016 2629:from the original on 15 July 2013 2478:from the original on 3 March 2009 443:. This fuel is commonly known as 5467: 5466: 3127:National Park Service - Fuel Oil 2838:"Clean up the Shipping Industry" 2677:Science of the Total Environment 2541:Tolson, Adrian (25 March 2021). 2052:Environmental impact of shipping 747:56.000 mm/s at 100 °C 744:40.010 mm/s at 100 °C 724:40.000 mm/s at 100 °C 721:20.010 mm/s at 100 °C 701:20.000 mm/s at 100 °C 271:is less useful because it is so 141:Fuel oil consists of long-chain 2697:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.037 2085:Third Conference of the Parties 1953:Finally, in the context of the 698:8.201 mm/s at 100 °C 678:8.200 mm/s at 100 °C 106:that is burned in a furnace or 63:(crude oil). Such oils include 2751:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.071 1963:illegal diversion of crude oil 931:EU Sulfur directive 2005/33/EC 651:5.000 mm/s at 40 °C 648:2.000 mm/s at 40 °C 625:5.000 mm/s at 40 °C 622:2.000 mm/s at 40 °C 599:2.000 mm/s at 40 °C 596:1.000 mm/s at 40 °C 531:The British Standard BS 2869, 406:Carnival Corporation & plc 1: 2468:"Bunkerworld Account - Login" 2150: – Type of aviation fuel 1661:A sample of residual fuel oil 539:Fuel oil classes per BS 2869 3054:www.hellenicshippingnews.com 2617:Robert Wall (10 July 2013). 2386:www.transportenvironment.org 2188: – Petroleum substitute 1977:(0.5% Sulfur) or to install 1256: 966: 870:Standards and classification 862:- Another name for no. 6 HFO 856:- Another name for no. 5 HFO 854:NSFO (Navy special fuel oil) 813:Maritime fuel classification 340:emissions than natural gas. 91:(such as home heating oil), 67:(the lighter fractions) and 2772:Vidal, John (21 May 2016). 1934:§ Environmental issues 842:IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) 773:that are required to use a 5519: 2923:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2313:10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9 2210:. NYC.gov. 22 March 2010. 2120:Fuel price risk management 2049: 1931: 1650: 1252: 255:Northeastern United States 5493:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 5462: 3195: 3089:National Security Archive 3020:10.1016/j.trd.2019.04.001 2893:MOHIT (19 October 2010). 2177: – Petroleum product 962: 161:, naphtha, gasoline, and 2125:Gas oil separation plant 1975:very low sulfur fuel oil 1897:No. 6 residual fuel oil 1871:No. 5 residual fuel oil 1849:No. 4 residual fuel oil 1340:Viscosity at 50 °C 1227:Calculated Cetane Index 1014:Viscosity at 40 °C 963:Marine distillate fuels 553:Max. kinematic viscosity 550:Min. kinematic viscosity 233:and more expensive than 2731:Atmospheric Environment 2502:1 December 2017 at the 2111:Fuel-management systems 783:fatty acid methyl ester 209:HAZMAT class 3 fuel oil 171:fractional distillation 102:generally includes any 2166:Marine fuel management 1880:Navy special fuel oil 1855:Intermediate fuel oil 1662: 1299:Density at 15 °C 1253:Marine residual fuels 991:Density at 15 °C 412:General classification 265: 210: 202: 165:, have relatively low 118:to generate power (as 45: 2979:www.dan-bunkering.com 2292:Nature Communications 2050:Further information: 1678:Navy Special Fuel Oil 1660: 860:MFO (Marine fuel oil) 771:off-road applications 461:is a distillate home 263: 243:electrical generators 208: 192: 35: 18:Navy special fuel oil 3132:10 June 2007 at the 2237:. City of New York. 2046:Environmental issues 2008:United Arab Emirates 1979:exhaust gas scrubber 1860:Distillate/Residual 1711:Since the 1980s the 1463:Aluminium + Silicon 1105:Aluminium + Silicon 848:HFO (Heavy fuel oil) 826:MGO (Marine gas oil) 634:low-sulfur gas oil, 239:peaking power plants 225:. A small amount of 40:taking on fuel, or " 2945:The Washington Post 2743:2008AtmEn..42..667S 2689:2009ScTEn.408..318S 2664:on 26 January 2012. 2595:on 23 December 2014 2577:on 26 January 2012. 2472:www.bunkerworld.com 2304:2018NatCo...9..406S 2181:OW Bunker test case 1732: 1731:Table of fuel oils 1591:Pour point, Winter 1179:Pour point, Winter 917:- Marine diesel oil 753:1.000 % (m/m) 730:1.000 % (m/m) 707:1.000 % (m/m) 684:1.000 % (m/m) 657:0.100 % (m/m) 631:0.001 % (m/m) 605:0.100 % (m/m) 582:0.040 % (m/m) 559:Max. sulfur content 540: 5503:Petroleum products 3189:by standard number 2897:. Marine Insight. 2267:on 1 November 2004 1829:Marine diesel oil 1826:No. 3 diesel fuel 1768:No. 1 diesel fuel 1730: 1663: 538: 266: 211: 203: 193:A fuel station in 110:to generate heat ( 55:obtained from the 51:is any of various 46: 5480: 5479: 3203:ISO romanizations 2874:on 7 January 2015 2848:on 21 August 2018 2814:. 31 March 2017. 2547:Ship & Bunker 2175:Petroleum naphtha 2018:, Panama; Sakha, 1919: 1918: 1909:Furnace fuel oil 1883:Furnace fuel oil 1846:No. 4 distillate 1823:No. 3 distillate 1794:No. 2 distillate 1765:No. 1 distillate 1631: 1630: 1248: 1247: 948:centrifugal force 834:Marine diesel oil 760: 759: 512:Number 6 fuel oil 501:Number 5 fuel oil 491:Number 4 fuel oil 485:Number 3 fuel oil 459:Number 2 fuel oil 433:Number 1 fuel oil 309:steam locomotives 269:Residual fuel oil 114:), or used in an 16:(Redirected from 5510: 5470: 5469: 3190: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3155: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3056:. Archived from 3046: 3040: 3039: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2657:. Archived from 2656: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2570:. Archived from 2569: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2513: 2507: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2432: 2417: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2388:. Archived from 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2315: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2263:. Archived from 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2204: 2171: 2116: 1906:Marine fuel oil 1733: 1698:furnace fuel oil 1250: 960: 775:sulfur-free fuel 664:, 35-second oil 654:> 55 °C 628:> 55 °C 611:, 28-second oil 556:Min. flash point 541: 351:For comparison, 21: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5458: 5382: 5108: 4260: 3209: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3134:Wayback Machine 3123: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2915: 2904: 2902: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2812:Cruise Law News 2806: 2805: 2801: 2787: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2630: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2504:Wayback Machine 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2435: 2419:Kent, James A. 2418: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2392:on 13 July 2021 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2169: 2142:Hot-bulb engine 2114: 2094: 2080: 2069: 2054: 2048: 1988: 1941: 1936: 1900:Heavy fuel oil 1894:No. 6 fuel oil 1874:Heavy fuel oil 1868:No. 5 fuel oil 1843:No. 4 fuel oil 1820:No. 3 fuel oil 1809:Marine gas oil 1791:No. 2 fuel oil 1762:No. 1 fuel oil 1655: 1649: 923:- Marine gasoil 872: 815: 795: 529: 419: 414: 386: 279:, particularly 187: 179:lubricating oil 145:, particularly 95:, and others. 77:marine fuel oil 75:(bunker fuel), 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5485: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149:NOAA Oil Types 3146: 3141: 3136: 3122: 3121:External links 3119: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3071: 3060:on 16 May 2018 3041: 2991: 2963: 2930: 2885: 2859: 2829: 2799: 2764: 2737:(4): 667–676. 2718: 2683:(2): 318–323. 2667: 2643: 2609: 2580: 2556: 2533: 2508: 2489: 2459: 2433: 2403: 2373: 2345: 2278: 2252: 2225: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2078: 2067: 2047: 2044: 2012:Balboa, Panama 1987: 1986:Transportation 1984: 1940: 1937: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1725:Greenhouse gas 1690:heavy fuel oil 1653:Heavy fuel oil 1651:Main article: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 988: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 965: 964: 940: 939: 933: 924: 918: 912: 906: 900: 894: 871: 868: 864: 863: 857: 851: 845: 839: 829: 814: 811: 794: 791: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 712: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 689: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 666: 665: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 639: 638: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 613: 612: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 564: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 528: 527:United Kingdom 525: 418: 415: 413: 410: 385: 384:Health impacts 382: 338:carbon dioxide 285:sulfur dioxide 283:, which forms 186: 183: 167:boiling points 73:heavy fuel oil 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5515: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207:IEC standards 3204: 3200: 3199:ISO standards 3194: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3107: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:Briefing Book 3082: 3075: 3072: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2992: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:"bunker fuel" 2803: 2800: 2796: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2660: 2653: 2652:"DMA and DMB" 2647: 2644: 2640: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2565:"RMG and RMK" 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:0-442-20164-8 2426: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2186:Pyrolysis oil 2184: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2058:air pollution 2053: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757:Chain length 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:water vessels 1671: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 961: 958: 955: 951: 949: 945: 937: 934: 932: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 888: 887: 885: 880: 876: 869: 867: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 835: 830: 827: 824: 823: 822: 820: 812: 810: 808: 804: 799: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 736: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 713: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 690: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 667: 663: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 640: 637: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 614: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 588: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 565: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 542: 536: 534: 526: 524: 522: 518: 513: 509: 507: 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 486: 482: 480: 476: 472: 471:cetane number 468: 464: 460: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428: 424: 417:United States 416: 411: 409: 407: 402: 398: 394: 390: 383: 381: 377: 375: 374:air stripping 370: 365: 363: 362:sulfuric acid 357: 354: 349: 345: 341: 339: 333: 332:end of 2015. 330: 326: 325:New York City 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 298: 296: 291: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 262: 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 207: 200: 196: 191: 184: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 134:(petrol) and 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 5498:Liquid fuels 5325:27000 series 3968: 3109: 3097:. Retrieved 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3058:the original 3053: 3044: 3011: 3007: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2978: 2966: 2954:. Retrieved 2943: 2933: 2903:. Retrieved 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2872:the original 2862: 2850:. Retrieved 2846:the original 2841: 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2811: 2802: 2793: 2786:. Retrieved 2778:the Guardian 2777: 2767: 2734: 2730: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2659:the original 2646: 2638: 2631:. Retrieved 2622: 2612: 2604: 2597:. Retrieved 2593:the original 2583: 2572:the original 2559: 2546: 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2520: 2511: 2506:ISO8217:2017 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2471: 2462: 2454: 2420: 2394:. Retrieved 2390:the original 2385: 2376: 2364:. Retrieved 2360: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2269:. Retrieved 2265:the original 2255: 2245:14 September 2243:. Retrieved 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2202: 2062:road traffic 2055: 2026:, Spain and 1989: 1971: 1955:oil industry 1952: 1949: 1942: 1923:cruise ships 1920: 1806:Rail diesel 1803:Road diesel 1720: 1710: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686:navy special 1685: 1681: 1677: 1670:bunker crude 1669: 1665: 1664: 956: 952: 941: 935: 926: 920: 914: 908: 902: 896: 890: 873: 865: 859: 853: 847: 841: 831: 825: 816: 796: 787: 768: 761: 532: 530: 520: 511: 510: 505: 500: 499: 494: 490: 489: 484: 483: 474: 467:diesel no. 2 458: 457: 445:diesel no. 1 432: 431: 423:carbon chain 420: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 378: 366: 358: 350: 346: 342: 334: 317:LNG carriers 299: 295:power plants 267: 212: 195:Zigui County 151:cycloalkanes 143:hydrocarbons 140: 127: 112:heating oils 99: 97: 89:heating oils 80: 57:distillation 48: 47: 29: 5113:20000–29999 4265:10000–19999 3014:: 123–134. 2868:"Bunkering" 2842:Stand.earth 2521:www.imo.org 2482:18 February 2361:theicct.org 2136:Heating oil 2105:Diesel fuel 2099:Coconut oil 2040:Rhine River 1992:oil tankers 1927:exhaust gas 1836:Distillate 1812:Distillate 1799:diesel fuel 1783:Distillate 1717:centistokes 1666:Bunker fuel 1647:Bunker fuel 1505:Flash point 1203:Cloud point 1129:Flash point 807:diesel fuel 750:66 °C 727:66 °C 704:66 °C 681:66 °C 645:Distillate 619:Distillate 602:38 °C 593:Distillate 579:43 °C 570:Distillate 517:mineral oil 479:manufacture 463:heating oil 321:heating oil 249:as well as 247:natural gas 235:natural gas 227:electricity 221:, and some 175:diesel fuel 124:flash point 120:motor fuels 104:liquid fuel 93:diesel fuel 81:furnace oil 65:distillates 5487:Categories 4892:16949 (TS) 4489:11941 (TR) 3187:standards 3099:9 February 2956:16 January 2905:16 January 2878:16 January 2431:pp.492-493 2298:(1): 406. 2194:References 1943:The term " 1932:See also: 1684:) or just 1548:Pour point 1154:Pour point 884:centistoke 662:red diesel 313:steamships 277:pollutants 251:heat pumps 87:(gasoil), 38:oil tanker 4847:15926 WIP 4211:9592/9593 4136:9000/9001 4024:8805/8806 3036:133571823 3028:1361-9209 2984:4 October 2852:21 August 2822:21 August 2788:21 August 2623:Bloomberg 2322:2041-1723 2271:21 August 2160:Lubricant 2036:pipelines 2028:Rotterdam 2024:Algeciras 2016:Cristobal 2000:Singapore 1945:bunkering 1939:Bunkering 1912:Residual 1903:Bunker C 1886:Residual 1877:Bunker B 1852:Bunker A 1642:systems.) 1550:, Summer 1258:Parameter 1156:, Summer 968:Parameter 779:biodiesel 741:Residual 718:Residual 695:Residual 672:Residual 660:Gas oil, 585:Paraffin 427:Viscosity 231:polluting 155:aromatics 98:The term 61:petroleum 53:fractions 42:bunkering 5472:Category 3197:List of 3130:Archived 3093:Archived 2950:Archived 2919:cite web 2899:Archived 2816:Archived 2782:Archived 2759:93958844 2705:19840885 2627:Archived 2551:Archived 2526:3 August 2500:Archived 2476:Archived 2396:30 April 2366:30 April 2340:29410475 2239:Archived 2218:22 April 2212:Archived 2154:Kerosene 2148:Jet fuel 2130:Gasoline 2092:See also 2004:Fujairah 1777:Jet fuel 1772:Kerosene 1638:silicon. 1425:% (m/m) 1294:RMK 700 1085:% (m/m) 819:maritime 803:kerosene 609:Kerosene 521:Bunker C 506:Bunker B 495:Bunker A 453:jet fuel 449:kerosene 441:gasoline 437:kerosene 369:asbestos 306:railroad 163:kerosene 132:gasoline 128:fuel oil 100:fuel oil 69:residues 49:Fuel oil 5373:29199-2 5245:23094-2 5240:23094-1 5230:23090-3 5099:19794-5 5094:19775-1 4882:16612-2 4872:16355-1 4561:13406-2 4519:12234-2 4287:10118-3 3087:# 784. 2911:cookies 2739:Bibcode 2713:8271813 2685:Bibcode 2633:11 July 2599:11 July 2331:5802819 2300:Bibcode 1996:Houston 1959:Nigeria 1422:Sulfur 1335:1010.0 1329:1010.0 1291:RMH 700 1288:RMK 380 1285:RMH 380 1282:RMG 380 1279:RMF 180 1276:RME 180 1082:Sulfur 944:density 897:IFO 180 891:IFO 380 817:In the 469:with a 353:BS 2869 302:boilers 273:viscous 199:Yangtze 197:on the 159:propane 147:alkanes 136:naphtha 85:gas oil 79:(MFO), 5387:30000+ 4226:9797-1 4034:8820-5 3979:8501-1 3535:1073-2 3530:1073-1 3214:1–9999 3064:16 May 3034: 3026: 2757: 2711: 2703: 2427: 2338: 2328: 2320: 2032:barges 1998:, US; 1967:spills 1915:20-70 1889:12-70 1863:12-70 1815:10-20 1797:No. 2 1466:mg/kg 1384:% V/V 1381:Water 1376:700.0 1373:700.0 1370:380.0 1367:380.0 1364:380.0 1361:180.0 1358:180.0 1332:991.0 1326:991.0 1323:991.0 1320:991.0 1317:991.0 1314:980.0 1311:975.0 1308:960.0 1273:RMD 80 1270:RMB 30 1267:RMA 30 1108:mg/kg 1062:% V/V 1059:Water 1009:920.0 1006:900.0 1003:890.0 936:ULSMGO 909:LS 180 903:LS 380 793:Russia 562:Alias 475:gasoil 451:, and 311:, and 281:sulfur 215:trucks 153:, and 116:engine 108:boiler 83:(FO), 5454:80000 5449:56000 5444:55000 5439:50001 5434:45001 5429:42010 5424:40500 5419:39075 5414:38500 5409:37001 5404:32000 5399:31000 5394:30170 5378:29500 5368:29148 5364:29110 5360:28000 5355:27729 5350:27006 5345:27005 5340:27002 5335:27001 5330:27000 5320:26324 5315:26300 5310:26262 5305:26000 5300:25964 5295:25178 5290:24728 5285:24707 5280:24617 5275:24613 5270:24517 5265:23941 5260:23360 5255:23271 5250:23270 5235:23092 5225:23009 5220:23008 5215:23003 5210:23000 5205:22537 5200:22395 5195:22301 5190:22300 5185:22275 5180:22000 5175:21827 5170:21500 5165:21122 5160:21047 5155:21001 5150:21000 5145:20830 5140:20802 5135:20400 5130:20121 5125:20022 5120:20000 5104:19831 5089:19770 5084:19757 5079:19752 5074:19600 5069:19510 5064:19509 5059:19508 5054:19507 5049:19506 5044:19505 5039:19503 5034:19502 5029:19501 5024:19500 5019:19439 5014:19407 5009:19136 5004:19125 4999:19115 4994:19114 4977:19092 4972:19011 4967:19005 4962:18916 4957:18629 4952:18245 4947:18181 4942:18014 4937:18004 4932:17799 4927:17506 4922:17442 4917:17369 4912:17203 4907:17100 4902:17025 4897:17024 4887:16750 4877:16485 4867:16262 4862:16023 4857:15938 4852:15930 4842:15926 4837:15924 4832:15919 4827:15897 4822:15707 4810:15706 4805:15693 4800:15686 4795:15511 4790:15504 4785:15438 4780:15445 4763:15444 4758:15408 4753:15398 4748:15291 4743:15288 4738:15189 4733:15022 4728:14971 4723:14882 4718:14764 4713:14698 4708:14651 4703:14649 4698:14644 4693:14617 4641:14496 4636:14443 4631:14396 4626:14289 4621:14224 4616:14031 4611:14000 4606:13818 4601:13816 4596:13616 4591:13584 4586:13568 4581:13567 4576:13490 4571:13485 4566:13450 4556:13399 4551:13250 4546:13216 4529:13211 4524:12620 4514:12207 4509:12182 4504:12052 4499:12006 4494:11992 4484:11941 4474:11940 4469:11898 4464:11889 4459:11801 4454:11785 4449:11784 4444:11783 4439:11544 4434:11404 4429:11179 4424:11172 4419:11170 4414:11073 4409:10967 4404:10962 4399:10957 4394:10861 4389:10746 4384:10664 4379:10646 4374:10628 4369:10589 4364:10585 4359:10383 4327:10303 4322:10279 4317:10218 4312:10206 4307:10179 4302:10165 4297:10161 4292:10160 4282:10116 4277:10007 4272:10006 3032:S2CID 3004:(PDF) 2975:(PDF) 2755:S2CID 2709:S2CID 2662:(PDF) 2655:(PDF) 2575:(PDF) 2568:(PDF) 2020:Egypt 1786:9-16 1751:Alias 1748:Alias 1745:Alias 1742:Alias 1739:Alias 1706:steam 1696:) or 1355:80.0 1352:30.0 1349:30.0 1343:mm/s 1302:kg/m 1264:Limit 1039:mm/s 1032:14.0 1029:11.0 1017:mm/s 994:kg/m 974:Limit 927:LSMGO 832:MDO ( 798:Mazut 764:lamps 544:Class 290:boats 219:ships 201:River 4352:-238 4256:9995 4251:9985 4246:9984 4241:9945 4236:9899 4231:9897 4221:9660 4216:9594 4206:9564 4201:9529 4196:9506 4191:9496 4186:9407 4181:9362 4176:9314 4171:9293 4166:9241 4161:9227 4156:9141 4151:9126 4146:9075 4141:9036 4131:8879 4084:-8-I 4039:8859 4029:8807 4019:8691 4014:8652 4009:8651 4004:8632 3999:8613 3994:8601 3989:8583 3984:8571 3974:8373 3969:8217 3964:8178 3959:8093 3954:8000 3949:7942 3944:7816 3939:7813 3934:7812 3929:7811 3924:7810 3919:7736 3914:7637 3902:7498 3897:7200 3892:7185 3887:7098 3882:7064 3877:7027 3872:7010 3867:7002 3862:7001 3857:6943 3852:6709 3847:6523 3842:6438 3837:6429 3832:6425 3827:6385 3822:6373 3817:6346 3812:6344 3807:6166 3802:5964 3797:5807 3792:5800 3787:5776 3782:5775 3777:5725 3772:5428 3767:5427 3762:5426 3757:5218 3752:4909 3747:4217 3742:4165 3737:4157 3732:4031 3727:3977 3722:3950 3717:3901 3712:3864 3707:3602 3702:3601 3697:3307 3692:3297 3670:3166 3665:3103 3660:3029 3655:2921 3650:2852 3645:2848 3640:2788 3635:2720 3630:2711 3625:2709 3620:2533 3615:2281 3610:2240 3605:2146 3600:2145 3595:2108 3590:2047 3585:2033 3580:2022 3575:2015 3570:2014 3565:1989 3560:1745 3555:1629 3550:1538 3545:1413 3540:1155 3525:1007 3520:1004 3515:1000 3338:68-1 3101:2022 3066:2018 3024:ISSN 2986:2020 2958:2015 2925:link 2907:2015 2880:2015 2854:2018 2824:2018 2790:2018 2701:PMID 2635:2013 2601:2013 2528:2022 2484:2009 2425:ISBN 2398:2020 2368:2020 2336:PMID 2318:ISSN 2273:2009 2247:2017 2220:2011 2071:and 1754:Type 1736:Name 1721:e.g. 1682:NSFO 1597:Max 1556:Max 1512:Min 1469:Max 1458:3.5 1455:3.5 1452:3.5 1449:3.5 1446:3.5 1443:3.5 1440:3.5 1437:3.5 1434:3.5 1431:3.5 1428:Max 1417:0.5 1414:0.5 1411:0.5 1408:0.5 1405:0.5 1402:0.5 1399:0.5 1396:0.5 1393:0.5 1390:0.5 1387:Max 1346:Max 1305:Max 1261:Unit 1232:Min 1213:-16 1210:Max 1185:Max 1162:Max 1136:Min 1111:Max 1100:2.0 1097:2.0 1094:1.5 1091:1.0 1088:Max 1077:0.3 1074:0.3 1065:Max 1048:1.5 1045:1.4 1042:Min 1026:6.0 1023:5.5 1020:Max 997:Max 986:DMC 971:Unit 942:The 877:and 875:CCAI 805:and 636:ULSD 547:Type 329:soot 223:cars 185:Uses 177:and 4686:-20 4681:-17 4676:-14 4671:-12 4666:-11 4661:-10 4347:-28 4342:-22 4337:-21 4332:-11 4124:-16 4119:-15 4114:-14 4109:-13 4104:-12 4099:-11 4094:-10 3510:999 3505:965 3500:898 3495:860 3490:843 3485:838 3480:764 3475:732 3470:704 3465:690 3460:668 3455:657 3450:646 3418:639 3413:519 3408:518 3403:500 3398:361 3393:306 3388:302 3383:262 3378:261 3373:259 3368:233 3363:228 3358:226 3353:217 3348:216 3343:128 3331:-13 3326:-12 3321:-11 3316:-10 3185:ISO 3016:doi 2747:doi 2693:doi 2681:408 2326:PMC 2308:doi 1957:in 1702:FFO 1694:HFO 1668:or 1627:30 1624:30 1621:30 1618:30 1615:30 1612:30 1609:30 1606:30 1603:24 1594:°C 1586:30 1583:30 1580:30 1577:30 1574:30 1571:30 1568:30 1565:30 1562:24 1553:°C 1542:60 1539:60 1536:60 1533:60 1530:60 1527:60 1524:60 1521:60 1518:60 1515:60 1509:°C 1499:80 1496:80 1493:80 1490:80 1487:80 1484:80 1481:80 1478:80 1475:80 1472:80 1241:35 1238:40 1235:45 1207:°C 1191:-6 1182:°C 1159:°C 1148:60 1145:60 1142:60 1139:43 1133:°C 1123:25 983:DMB 980:DMA 977:DMX 921:MGO 915:MDO 879:CII 616:A2 590:C2 567:C1 59:of 36:An 5489:: 4987:-2 4982:-1 4815:-2 4773:-9 4768:-3 4656:-6 4651:-3 4646:-2 4539:-2 4534:-1 4478:-2 4089:-9 4079:-8 4074:-7 4069:-6 4064:-5 4059:-4 4054:-3 4049:-2 4044:-1 3907:-1 3685:-3 3680:-2 3675:-1 3443:-6 3438:-5 3433:-3 3428:-2 3423:-1 3311:-9 3306:-8 3301:-7 3296:-6 3291:-5 3286:-4 3281:-3 3276:-1 3271:-0 3266:31 3261:17 3256:16 3205:– 3201:– 3091:. 3083:. 3052:. 3030:. 3022:. 3012:70 3010:. 3006:. 2977:. 2948:. 2942:. 2921:}} 2917:{{ 2840:. 2810:. 2792:. 2780:. 2776:. 2753:. 2745:. 2735:42 2733:. 2721:^ 2707:. 2699:. 2691:. 2679:. 2637:. 2625:. 2621:. 2603:. 2549:. 2545:. 2519:. 2474:. 2470:. 2436:^ 2406:^ 2384:. 2359:. 2348:^ 2334:. 2324:. 2316:. 2306:. 2294:. 2290:. 2077:CO 2075:. 2073:PM 2066:SO 2042:. 2022:; 2014:, 2010:; 2006:, 2002:; 1969:. 1600:0 1559:6 1244:- 1222:- 1219:- 1216:- 1197:0 1194:0 1188:- 1174:6 1171:6 1168:0 1165:- 1120:- 1117:- 1114:- 1071:- 1068:- 1054:- 1051:- 1000:- 756:— 738:H 715:G 692:F 675:— 669:E 642:D 576:— 573:— 508:. 497:. 481:. 447:, 376:. 364:. 304:, 257:. 217:, 149:, 138:. 4480:) 4476:( 3251:9 3246:7 3241:6 3236:4 3231:3 3226:2 3221:1 3177:e 3170:t 3163:v 3103:. 3068:. 3038:. 3018:: 2988:. 2960:. 2927:) 2913:. 2882:. 2856:. 2826:. 2761:. 2749:: 2741:: 2715:. 2695:: 2687:: 2530:. 2486:. 2400:. 2370:. 2342:. 2310:: 2302:: 2296:9 2275:. 2249:. 2222:. 2079:2 2068:2 1700:( 1692:( 1680:( 836:) 781:( 44:" 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.