635:
1144:
1156:
1132:
1168:
611:
36:
940:
623:
1100:(cutting away affected tissue) is the mainstay of treatment for necrotizing fasciitis. Early medical treatment is often presumptive; thus, antibiotics should be started as soon as this condition is suspected. Tissue cultures (rather than wound swabs) are taken to determine appropriate antibiotic coverage, and antibiotics may be changed in light of results. Besides blood pressure control and hydration, support should be initiated for those with unstable vital signs and low urine output.
114:
1006:. Various scoring systems are being developed to determine the likelihood of getting necrotizing fasciitis, but a scoring system developed by Wong and colleagues in 2004 is the most commonly used. It is the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score, which can be used to stratify by risk those people having signs of severe cellulitis or abscess to determine the likelihood of necrotizing fasciitis being present. It uses six laboratory values:
557:, thus making the diagnosis at early stages difficult. Hardening of the skin and soft tissue and swelling beyond the area of skin changes are commonly present in those with early necrotizing changes. The redness and swelling usually blend into surrounding normal tissues. The overlying skin may appear shiny and tense. Other signs which are more suggestive of necrotizing changes (but present in later stages in 7 to 44% of the cases) are: formation of
1109:
induration. However, cellulitic soft tissues are sometimes spared from debridement for later skin coverage of the wound. More than one operation may be used to remove additional necrotic tissue. In some cases when an extremity is affected by a NSTI, amputation may be the surgical treatment of choice. After the wound debridement, adequate dressings should be applied to prevent exposure of bones,
917:
989:(MRI) are more sensitive modalities than plain radiography. However, both the CT scan and MRI are not sensitive enough to rule out necrotizing changes completely. CT scan may show fascial thickening, edema, subcutaneous gas, and abscess formation. In MRI, when fluid collection with deep fascia involvement occurs, thickening or enhancement with
961:. While a number of laboratory and imaging modalities can raise the suspicion for necrotizing fasciitis, none can rule it out. The gold standard for diagnosis is a surgical exploration in a setting of high suspicion. When in doubt, a small incision can be made into the affected tissue, and if a finger easily separates the tissue along the
1283:"gangrenous erysipelas", "crepitant cellulitis", "gangrenous cellulitis", "Meleney cellulitis", "necrotizing synergistic cellulitis", "hemolytic streptococcal gangrene", "progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene", or "necrotizing abscess". Later, "hospital gangrene" became more commonly used. In 1871
925:
1282:
in the 18th century. At that time, necrotizing soft-tissue infections were known variously as "phagedaenic ulcer" (ulceration that spreads and destroys surrounding tissue), "gangrenous phagedena", "gangrenous ulcer", "malignant ulcer", "putrid ulcer", "fulminating gangrene", "necrotizing erysipelas",
1277:
all over the body while the cause was only a trivial accident. Bones, flesh, and sinew (cord, tendon, or nerve) would fall off from the body and there were many deaths". The first
English description for necrotizing soft-tissue infection was by British surgeon Leonard Gillespie and British physicians
1075:
However, the scoring system has not been validated. The values would be falsely positive if any other inflammatory conditions are present. Therefore, the values derived from this scoring system should be interpreted with caution. About 10% of patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the original study
1120:
For necrotizing infection of the perineal area (Fournier's gangrene), wound debridement and wound care in this area can be difficult because of the excretory products that often render this area dirty and affect the wound-healing process. Therefore, regular dressing changes with a fecal management
1187:
While studies have compared moxifloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (a penicillin) and evaluated appropriate duration of treatment (varying from 7 to 21 days), no definitive conclusions on the efficacy of treatment, ideal duration of treatment, or the adverse effects could be
661:
More than 70% of cases are recorded in people with at least one of these clinical situations: immunosuppression, diabetes, alcoholism/drug abuse/smoking, malignancies, and chronic systemic diseases. For reasons that are unclear, it occasionally occurs in people with an apparently normal general
1443:, Canadian science fiction author, contracted the disease. On his blog, Watts reported, "I'm told I was a few hours away from being dead ... If there was ever a disease fit for a science-fiction writer, flesh-eating disease has got to be it. This ... spread across my leg as fast as a
795:
and theta-toxin. Alpha-toxin causes excessive platelet aggregation which blocks blood vessels and deprives the vital organs of oxygen supply. This creates an acidic, oxygen-deficient environment for the proliferation of bacteria. When alpha-toxin is absorbed by soft tissues, it can inhibit the
1237:
Necrotizing fasciitis affects about 0.4 in every 100,000 people per year in the United States. About 1,000 cases of necrotizing fasciitis occur per year in the United States, but the rates have been increasing. This could be due to increasing awareness of this condition, leading to increased
1183:
Empiric antibiotics are usually initiated as soon as the diagnosis of NSTI has been made, and then later changed to culture-guided antibiotic therapy. In the case of NSTIs, empiric antibiotics are broad-spectrum, covering gram-positive (including MRSA), gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria.
1108:
Aggressive wound debridement should be performed early, usually as soon as the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is made. Surgical incisions often extend beyond the areas of induration (the hardened tissue) to remove the damaged blood vessels that are responsible for the
1216:: No clear difference between using IVIG and placebo has been shown in the treatment of NSTIs, and one study showed serious adverse effects with IVIG use, including acute kidney injury, allergic reactions, aseptic meningitis syndrome, haemolytic anaemia, thrombi, and transmissible agents.
981:), which is strongly suggestive of necrotizing changes, but it is not sensitive enough to detect all the cases, because necrotizing skin infections caused by bacteria other than clostridial infections usually do not show subcutaneous emphysema. If the diagnosis is still in doubt,
536:
Necrotizing fasciitis occurs in about 4 people per million per year in the U.S., and about 1 per 100,000 in
Western Europe. Both sexes are affected equally. It becomes more common among older people and is rare in children. It has been described at least since the time of
677:
connecting skin to the internal body organs. Skin infections such as abscess and ulcers can also complicate necrotizing fasciitis. Spreading of infection through blood has been suggested for those with streptococcal pharyngitis. For infection of the perineum and genitals
1261:. Prostaglandin has been responsible for fever, inflammation, and pain. The inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production reduces inflammatory response and leukocyte adhesion, and thus reduces immune response against bacterial invasion, giving rise to soft-tissue infection.
993:, necrotizing fasciitis should be strongly suspected. Meanwhile, ultrasonography can show superficial abscess formation, but is not sensitive enough to diagnose necrotizing fasciitis. CT scan is able to detect about 80% of cases, while MRI may pick up slightly more.
756:
species). Populations of those affected are typically older with medical comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and immunodeficiency. Usually, trauma is not the cause of such infections. Previous history of abscess infection or gut perforation with
1222:: One study assessed the efficacy of a new type of treatment that affects the immune response, called AB103. The study showed no difference in mortality with use of this therapy, but it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions due to low-quality evidence.
1975:
2852:
2634:
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Wong, Chin-Ho; Khin, Lay-Wai; Heng, Kien-Seng; Tan, Kok-Chai; Low, Cheng-Ooi (2004). "The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk
Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: A tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections".
3076:
3061:
1206:
growth, increase the killing ability of white blood cells, inhibit bacterial toxin release, and increase antibiotic efficacy, no high-quality trials have been shown to support or refute the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with
1476:
2014: Ricky
Bartlett, CBS Radio Morning Host, had his left leg amputated. He got the disease during a trip to Wyoming and South Dakota, USA. He lost his right leg to bone disease (associated with the flesh eating disease he contacted) in
57:
Citation 3 (CDC) is not an academic source. Information supported by this citation appears to be partially or completely incorrect in some places. Review of all content supported by citation 3 and replacement with high-quality sources is
2300:
1432:, contracted the disease. He died of liver failure two years later, on May 2, 2013, and it was speculated that his infection was the cause of death. However, on May 9, 2013, the official cause of death was announced as alcohol-related
673:. Only a few of such cases arise from the chest and abdomen. Trauma is the usual cause of the infection, such as from intravenous drug injection, insulin injection, animal and insect bites, catheter insertion over the skin, or a
708:: This is the most common type of infection, and accounts for 70 to 80% of cases. It is caused by a mixture of bacterial types, usually in abdominal or groin areas. This type of infection is usually caused by various species of
701:
Types of soft-tissue necrotizing infection can be divided into four classes according to the types of bacteria infecting the soft tissue. This classification system was first described by
Giuliano and his colleagues in 1977.
930:
929:
926:
931:
1303:, but also other soft-tissue infection. Despite being disfavored by the medical community, the term "galloping gangrene" is frequently used in sensationalistic news media to refer to outbreaks of necrotizing fasciitis.
816:
can also produce two major toxins: all known virulent strains produce the essential virulence factor lethal toxin (TcsL), and a number also produce haemorrhagic toxin (TcsH). TcsL and TcsH are both members of the
880:, stimulating a massive systemic immune response which is not effective against the bacterial antigen, precipitating shock. Type II infection more commonly affects young, healthy adults with a history of injury.
1001:
A white blood cell count greater than 15,000 cells/mm and serum sodium level less than 135 mmol/L have a sensitivity of 90% in detecting the necrotizing soft tissue infection. It also has a 99% chance of
1332:
1994: A cluster of cases occurred in
Gloucestershire, in the west of England. Of five confirmed and one probable infection, two died. The cases were believed to be connected. The first two had acquired the
1995:
928:
845:
can progress rapidly after initial injury or infection, and once the state of shock is established, the chance of dying exceeds 50%. Another bacterium associated with similar rapid disease progression is
2844:
1503:
in his lower leg, which became infected. Smith narrowly avoided amputation, and eventually returned to playing professional football in
October 2020. Smith's injury and recovery is the subject of the
1228:: Supportive therapy, often including intravenous hydration, wound care, anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolic events, pain control, etc. should always be provided to patients when appropriate.
2615:
2292:
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transplantation) may not show typical symptoms. Immunocompromised persons also have twice the risk of death from necrotizing infections, so higher suspicion should be maintained in this group.
3024:
634:
977:
Imaging has a limited role in the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. The time delay in performing imaging is a major concern. Plain radiography may show subcutaneous emphysema (gas in the
3651:
483:. It does not typically spread between people. The disease is classified into four types, depending on the infecting organism. Between 55 and 80% of cases involve more than one type of
2822:
2314:
Su, Yi-Chun; Chen, Hung-Wen; Hong, Yu-Cheng; Chen, Chih-Tsung; Hsiao, Cheng-Ting; Chen, I-Chuan (2008). "Laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis score and the outcomes".
3921:
1143:
1337:
bacteria during surgery; the remaining four were community-acquired. The cases generated much newspaper coverage, with lurid headlines such as "Flesh Eating Bug Ate My Face".
610:
2592:
622:
896:, is a rare cause of this infection, which occurs through a break in the skin. Disease progression is similar to type II but sometimes with little visible skin changes.
3441:
2958:
1238:
reporting, or bacterial virulence or increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics. In some areas of the world, it is as common as one in every 100,000 people.
1155:
2984:
1363:, contracted the disease in his left leg. He had six operations and later recovered. The condition confined him in his later years to performing comedy from a chair.
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3179:
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of blood vessels), presence of gas in tissues, and reduced or absent sensation over the skin (due to the necrosis of the underlying nerves). Rapid progression to
927:
1131:
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488:
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4223:
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users. Those with clostridial infections typically have severe pain at the wound site, where the wound typically drains foul-smelling blood mixed with
3731:
2754:
1467:, spent several months in a hospital after being diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis on his back in early 2014. After recovering, he wrote the album
2658:
2101:
2845:"Pain of Salvation Frontman Daniel Gildenlöw On Recovering From Flesh-Eating Infection – 'I'm Lucky Compared To So Many Other People In This World'"
2065:
Sarani, Babak; Strong, Michelle; Pascual, Jose; Schwab, C. William (2009). "Necrotizing
Fasciitis: Current Concepts and Review of the Literature".
3741:
3637:
1456:
revealed in 2022 that she had contracted the disease several weeks after starting at
Cambridge University and that it had almost claimed her life.
1003:
2486:
1421:, British journalist and historian, contracted the disease in March after injuring his foot while swimming. His leg was amputated above the knee.
1167:
2883:
1076:
still had a LRINEC score <6. A validation study showed that patients with a LRINEC score ≥6 have a higher rate of both death and amputation.
4016:
250:
533:. Delays in surgery are associated with a much higher risk of death. Despite high-quality treatment, the risk of death is between 25 and 35%.
436:. It is a severe disease of sudden onset that spreads rapidly. Symptoms usually include red or purple skin in the affected area, severe pain,
3955:
2814:
1382:
1241:
Higher rates of necrotizing fasciitis are seen in those with obesity or diabetes, and those who are immunocompromised or alcoholic, or have
4134:
3696:
1398:
1246:
1588:
4584:
3929:
3431:
3172:
2717:
792:
4116:
3314:
1903:
2415:
Ballesteros JR, Garcia-Tarriño R, Ríos M, Domingo A, Rodríguez-Roiz JM, Llusa-Pérez M, García-Ramiro S, Soriano-Viladomiu A. (2016).
2163:"What Is the Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and the LRINEC Score for the Diagnosis of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection?"
1299:. The term "necrotizing fasciitis" was coined by Wilson in 1952. Its definition has become broader, to include not only infection of
4542:
4280:
4139:
4042:
1876:
1582:
1249:
may increase the rates of necrotizing infections due to the modification of immune response in the body, because NSAIDs inhibit the
80:
2584:
3950:
3937:
577:
despite antibiotic therapy is another indication of necrotizing fasciitis. Necrotizing changes affecting the groin are known as
4448:
4024:
1755:
847:
864:
bacteria, alone or in combination with staphylococcal infections. Both types of bacteria can progress rapidly and manifest as
4189:
4011:
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4682:
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4159:
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2139:
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4129:
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3258:
818:
2732:
4672:
4621:
4242:
4154:
1469:
1378:
1030:. A score of 6 or more indicates that necrotizing fasciitis should be seriously considered. The scoring criteria are:
107:
Flesh-eating bacteria, flesh-eating bacteria syndrome, necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI), fasciitis necroticans
2100:
Buchanan, Patrick J.; Mast, Bruce A.; Lottenburg, Lawrence; Kim, Tad; Efron, Philip A.; Ang, Darwin N. (June 2013).
1436:. Hanneman and his family had apparently been unaware of the extent of the condition until shortly before his death.
4641:
4443:
3599:
1279:
1211:
986:
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1242:
1202:: While human and animal studies have shown that high oxygen tension in tissues helps to reduce edema, stimulate
873:
812:
480:
326:
549:
Symptoms may include fever, swelling, and complaints of excessive pain. The initial skin changes are similar to
4438:
4144:
4111:
3821:
3736:
3687:
3476:
3091:
1496:
1414:
that his long absence as a columnist had been caused by his contracting the disease while on holiday in France.
2932:
2534:
Cartwright, K.; Logan, M.; McNulty, C.; Harrison, S; George, R.; Efstratiou, A.; McEvoy, M.; Begg, N. (1995).
2676:
1671:"Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes"
693:
The risk of developing necrotizing fasciitis from a wound can be reduced by good wound care and handwashing.
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4369:
4106:
4081:
4001:
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3329:
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797:
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1371:
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860:: This infection accounts for 20 to 30% of cases, mainly involving the extremities. This mainly involves
740:
720:
665:
Necrotizing fasciitis can occur at any part of the body, but it is more commonly seen at the extremities,
346:
262:
2487:"The Once and Future Scourge: Could common anti-inflammatory drugs allow bacteria to take a deadly turn?"
1287:
surgeon Joseph Jones reported 2,642 cases of hospital gangrene with a mortality rate of 46%. In 1883, Dr
4596:
4487:
3800:
2366:
Hua, C; Bosc, R; Sbidian, E; De Prost, N; Hughes, C; Jabre, P; Chosidow, O; Le Cleach, L (31 May 2018).
1492:
1352:, contracted the disease. He had seven surgeries in a little more than a week and later fully recovered.
779:
714:
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4300:
4289:
3916:
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2875:
1544:
1440:
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773:
476:
322:
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alpha-toxin. Myonecrotic infections caused by these clostridial species commonly occur in injecting
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978:
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113:
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of necrotizing fasciitis, showing necrosis (center of image) of the dense connective tissue, i.e.
4564:
4475:
3886:
3871:
3861:
3387:
3339:
3304:
2509:
2467:
2339:
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1847:
1484:, Estonian politician, had his right leg amputated. He got the disease during a trip to Thailand.
1390:
1367:
1007:
826:
257:
1536:, a rare fungal infection that can resemble necrotizing fasciitis (See type IV NF listing above)
1125:
may be necessary to divert the excretory products to keep the wound at the perineal area clean.
2933:"A timeline of Alex Smith's remarkable comeback – from life-threatening injury to the playoffs"
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1987:
1928:
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1572:
1550:
1464:
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1198:
888:
679:
642:
578:
333:
245:
1245:. However, the disease may also occur in young, healthy adults with no underlying illnesses.
46:
4626:
4547:
4361:
4329:
3334:
2635:"Don Rickles was politically incorrect before it was incorrect. And at 90, he's still going"
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2029:
1976:"Fasceita necrozantă cervico-toracică: caz clinic și recenzie a literaturii de specialitate"
1829:
1690:
1682:
1345:
1258:
1011:
904:
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456:
302:
217:
138:
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3019:
1318:
1273:
described necrotizing soft tissue infection as a disease where those affected would have "
990:
687:
495:
339:
3351:
854:). Meanwhile, other bacterial infections require two or more days to become symptomatic.
4646:
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2017:
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585:
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451:
Typically, the infection enters the body through a break in the skin such as a cut or
50:
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4606:
4423:
4319:
4275:
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1500:
1425:
1418:
1360:
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729:
709:
17:
3142:
2471:
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902:: The type IV infection, which accounts for less than 1% of cases, is caused by the
4611:
4537:
4433:
4205:
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3614:
3587:
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808:, damage to the integrity of the blood vessels, and suppression of heart function.
784:
593:
589:
518:
359:
1978:[Necrotizing cervical fasciitis: clinical case and review of literature].
1865:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W. J.; Hobson, Richard (2018).
951:
3096:
2117:
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Hakkarainen, Timo W.; Kopari, Nicole M.; Pham, Tam N.; Evans, Heather L. (2014).
4616:
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4174:
4006:
3816:
3786:
3591:
3126:
2985:"E60 Documents NFL QB Alex Smith's Courageous Recovery From Gruesome Leg Injury"
1499:(NFL), contracted the disease after being injured during a game. He suffered an
1356:
1270:
1254:
1097:
966:
752:
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601:
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522:
510:
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3107:
2959:"Alex Smith plays in first NFL game since gruesome leg injury in November 2018"
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4504:
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3525:
3521:
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2551:
2536:"A cluster of cases of streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in Gloucestershire"
1834:
1817:
1488:
1405:
1274:
1203:
1085:
1023:
1015:
958:
943:
805:
761:
may be elicited. Clostridial infection accounts for 10% of type I infection.
628:
Early symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis. The darker red center is going black.
570:
562:
550:
530:
526:
514:
502:
472:
387:
369:
351:
318:
2815:"Pain of Salvation To Release 'In The Passing Light Of Day' Album In January"
1991:
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3137:
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1952:
1445:
1433:
1410:
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1114:
801:
425:
394:
121:
Person with necrotizing fasciitis. The left leg shows extensive redness and
2401:
2335:
2270:
2229:
2188:
2086:
2051:
1932:
1843:
1816:
Paz Maya, S; Dualde Beltrán, D; Lemercier, P; Leiva-Salinas, C (May 2014).
1704:
1325:, Canada, who was infected while leader of the federal official opposition
1322:
616:
The first symptom of NF. The center is clearly getting darker red (purple).
2659:"Cornell Discusses His Recovery from Necrotizing Fasciitis with Reporters"
2569:
2463:
2018:"TcsL Is an Essential Virulence Factor in Clostridium sordellii ATCC 9714"
1359:, American stand-up comedian, actor, and author, known especially for his
920:
Necrotizing fasciitis producing gas in the soft tissues as seen on CT scan
4579:
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4237:
3726:
3701:
3629:
3299:
2033:
1528:
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system can help to keep the wound at the perineal area clean. Sometimes,
957:
Early diagnosis is difficult, as the disease often looks early on like a
893:
666:
597:
566:
484:
460:
445:
429:
306:
286:
122:
3157:
3053:
4559:
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4314:
3901:
2907:"Alex Smith's comeback: Inside the fight to save the QB's leg and life"
2784:
2513:
1292:
1027:
950:, interposed between fat lobules (top-right and bottom-left of image),
674:
670:
554:
468:
314:
798:
migration of white blood cells from blood vessels into the soft tissue
4554:
3550:
3065:
3033:
1429:
1408:, British writer and satirist, announced in his Christmas column for
1300:
1117:
so that such structures do not dry out and to promote wound healing.
1110:
1019:
962:
947:
834:
464:
310:
290:
2505:
1748:"Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Rare Disease, Especially for the Healthy"
4413:
2755:"Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman: Official Cause Of Death Revealed"
2684:
1473:, a concept album about his experience during the hospitalization.
938:
923:
915:
437:
266:
1004:
ruling out necrotizing changes if the values have shown otherwise
4482:
4403:
2368:"Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults"
1504:
1394:
1253:-1 and cycloxygenase-2 enzymes which are important in producing
541:. The term "necrotizing fasciitis" first came into use in 1952.
452:
3633:
3161:
29:
27:
Infection that results in the death of the body's soft tissue
584:
However, those who are immunocompromised (have cancer, use
197:
191:
174:
165:
156:
147:
188:
2440:"Necrotising fasciitis, hospital gangrene, and phagedena"
440:, and vomiting. The most commonly affected areas are the
226:
203:
185:
171:
1980:
Revista de
Chirurgie Oro-Maxilo-Facială și Implantologie
1291:
described the necrotizing infection of the perineum and
2202:
Puvanendran, R; Huey, JC; Pasupathy, S (October 2009).
908:
fungus. Risk factors include age and immunodeficiency.
517:. Often, a combination of antibiotics is used, such as
62:
2421:
International Journal of Advanced Joint Reconstruction
1084:
Necrotizing fasciitis can be partly prevented by good
1974:
Pricop M, Urechescu H, Sîrbu A, Urtilă E (Mar 2011).
1868:
Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine E-Book
229:
223:
220:
206:
182:
179:
168:
159:
150:
144:
3043:
2102:"Candida albicans Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection"
1149:
Necrotic tissue from the left leg surgically removed
200:
162:
153:
4461:
4381:
4360:
4251:
4198:
4059:
4050:
4041:
3994:
3850:
3841:
3809:
3784:
3768:
3715:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3586:
3549:
3542:
3510:
3465:
3420:
3401:
3380:
3371:
3290:
3204:
3195:
3117:
3047:
2677:"In Memoriam – Alexandru A. Marin (1945–2005)"
1381:, an experimental particle physicist, professor at
965:plane, the diagnosis is confirmed and an extensive
501:Necrotizing fasciitis may be prevented with proper
403:
393:
379:
365:
345:
332:
296:
281:
273:
256:
244:
194:
141:
129:
103:
98:
2957:Middlehurst-Schwartz, Michael (October 11, 2020).
2707:
1895:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2014 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
829:called alpha-toxin, though it is unrelated to the
569:(skin turning from red to purple and black due to
3442:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
2905:Smith, Elizabeth; Bell, Stephania (May 1, 2020).
2293:"LRINEC scoring system for necrotising fasciitis"
1374:, lost his left arm and shoulder to the disease.
1951:Trent, Jennifer T.; Kirsner, Robert S. (2002).
806:destruction of red blood cells in blood vessels
2417:"Necrotizing soft tissue infections: A review"
1137:Wound after aggressive acute debridement of NF
494:(MRSA) is involved in up to a third of cases.
3645:
3173:
1463:, Swedish singer and songwriter for the band
8:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1818:"Necrotizing fasciitis: an urgent diagnosis"
804:function. The two toxins together can cause
2372:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2067:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
1919:Wilson, B (1952). "Necrotizing fasciitis".
1491:, an American football quarterback for the
935:Necrotizing fasciitis as seen on ultrasound
498:is often helpful to confirm the diagnosis.
4637:Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema
4056:
4047:
3923:Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex
3847:
3682:
3673:
3652:
3638:
3630:
3546:
3417:
3377:
3201:
3180:
3166:
3158:
3044:
2878:[Edgar Savisaar's leg amputated].
2585:"SCIENCE: Vital clues to a mystery killer"
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1161:Postsurgical debridement and skin grafting
269:, purple colored skin in the affected area
112:
95:
3732:Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection
2559:
2391:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2219:
2178:
2041:
1898:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 767.
1871:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 227.
1833:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1694:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1577:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 193.
640:Necrotizing fasciitis type III caused by
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
3228:Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
3023:) is being considered for deletion. See
1344:, former agent and partial owner of the
2661:. NIST. April 13, 2005 . Archived from
2618:. Major League Baseball. Archived from
2616:"Moorad's life changed by rare disease"
1571:Rakel, David; Rakel, Robert E. (2015).
1563:
1127:
606:
4693:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
1428:, guitarist for the thrash metal band
3956:Rapid growing mycobacterium infection
2789:No Moods, Ads or Cutesy Fucking Icons
2614:Bloom, Barry M. (September 5, 2009).
2595:from the original on 14 December 2013
2161:April, MD; Long, B (13 August 2018).
1173:After knee disarticulation amputation
1068:Creatinine (umol/L) >141: 2 points
511:surgery to remove the infected tissue
384:Surgery to remove the infected tissue
7:
4135:Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis
3697:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
2709:"Before I was so rudely interrupted"
4585:Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer
3432:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
2485:Seachrist, Lisa (October 7, 1995).
1188:made due to poor-quality evidence.
2876:"Edgar Savisaare jalg amputeeriti"
2720:from the original on 29 June 2011.
2263:10.1097/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D
2132:"UOTW#58 – Ultrasound of the Week"
1758:from the original on 9 August 2016
25:
4543:Superficial pustular folliculitis
4140:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
3027:to help reach a consensus. ›
2795:from the original on 20 June 2015
2180:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.029
2142:from the original on 18 July 2016
2079:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.032
1329:party, lost a leg to the illness.
1065:Sodium (mmol/L) <135: 2 points
959:simple superficial skin infection
3951:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
2931:Scott, Allen (January 6, 2021).
2731:Johnson, R. W. (6 August 2009).
2706:Coren, Alan (20 December 2006).
2583:Dixon, Bernard (11 March 1996).
2328:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04713.x
2303:from the original on 2011-09-14.
2297:EMT Emergency Medicine Tutorials
1591:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1071:Glucose (mmol/L) >10: 1 point
633:
621:
609:
216:
137:
34:
4449:Gram-negative toe web infection
4025:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
2886:from the original on 2016-03-26
2855:from the original on 2017-01-11
2825:from the original on 2017-01-12
2683:. December 2005. Archived from
848:group A streptococcal infection
63:check for citation inaccuracies
4190:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
4012:Cutaneous diphtheria infection
3966:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
3877:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
3867:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
2384:10.1002/14651858.CD011680.pub2
690:abscess are the usual causes.
1:
4214:Primary gonococcal dermatitis
4160:Flinders Island spotted fever
3437:Shoulder impingement syndrome
3280:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
2874:Mets, Risto (23 March 2015).
2456:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90574-6
1449:space disease in time-lapse."
787:(also known as myonecrosis).
565:which is present before skin
509:. It is usually treated with
4602:Blistering distal dactylitis
4130:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
4018:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
3971:Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
3755:Chronic recurrent erysipelas
3259:Synovial osteochondromatosis
2983:Hall, Andy (28 April 2020).
2761:. 2013-05-09. Archived from
2739:. p. 41. Archived from
2633:Heller, Karen (2016-05-25).
2167:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2118:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31823fac60
1687:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001
841:(serosanguinous discharge).
791:produces two deadly toxins:
4622:Blastomycosis-like pyoderma
4243:Chromobacteriosis infection
4155:Mediterranean spotted fever
1675:Current Problems in Surgery
1574:Textbook of Family Medicine
1470:In the Passing Light of Day
819:large clostridial cytotoxin
4719:
4642:Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
4444:Gram-negative folliculitis
2540:Epidemiology and Infection
1269:In the fifth century BCE,
1212:Intravenous immunoglobulin
987:magnetic resonance imaging
3946:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
3931:Mycobacterium haemophilum
2552:10.1017/s0950268800058544
2208:Canadian Family Physician
2106:Annals of Plastic Surgery
1835:10.1007/s00256-013-1813-2
1523:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
1243:peripheral artery disease
1034:CRP (mg/L) ≥150: 4 points
813:Paraclostridium sordellii
481:peripheral artery disease
327:peripheral artery disease
120:
111:
4439:Lymphogranuloma venereum
4145:Flea-borne spotted fever
4118:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
4112:American tick bite fever
3822:Erysipeloid of Rosenbach
3737:Streptococcal intertrigo
3477:Iliotibial band syndrome
3025:templates for discussion
2016:Carter, Glen P. (2011).
1509:E60 Presents: Project 11
1497:National Football League
1493:Washington Football Team
1401:, died from the disease.
783:, which typically cause
407:0.7 per 100,000 per year
4570:Trichomycosis axillaris
4107:African tick bite fever
4082:North Asian tick typhus
4002:Cutaneous actinomycosis
3610:Aggressive fibromatosis
3600:Dupuytren's contracture
2204:"Necrotizing fasciitis"
1953:"Necrotizing fasciitis"
1892:Ferri, Fred F. (2013).
1285:Confederate States Army
892:, a bacterium found in
831:Clostridium perfringens
789:Clostridium perfringens
768:Clostridium perfringens
759:bacterial translocation
684:urinary tract infection
455:. Risk factors include
432:of parts of the body's
277:Sudden, spreads rapidly
55:. The reason given is:
4282:Haemophilus influenzae
4226:Pasteurella hemolytica
4150:Japanese spotted fever
4102:Bacillary angiomatosis
4092:Flying squirrel typhus
4087:Queensland tick typhus
3976:Tuberculous cellulitis
3939:Mycobacterium kansasii
3661:Bacterial skin disease
3274:villonodular synovitis
2737:London Review of Books
2316:ANZ Journal of Surgery
2251:Critical Care Medicine
2136:Ultrasound of the Week
2022:Infection and Immunity
1501:open compound fracture
1452:2013: British actress
1372:Nobel Prize in Physics
1335:Streptococcus pyogenes
954:
936:
921:
862:Streptococcus pyogenes
852:Streptococcus pyogenes
825:virulence factor is a
821:(LCC) family. The key
741:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
721:Streptococcus pyogenes
563:bleeding into the skin
489:Methicillin-resistant
347:Differential diagnosis
4597:Elephantiasis nostras
4575:Necrotizing fasciitis
4488:Hospital furunculosis
4170:Brill–Zinsser disease
3801:Dermatitis gangrenosa
3189:Soft tissue disorders
3030:Necrotizing fasciitis
2791:. February 15, 2011.
2785:"The Plastinated Man"
1370:, winner of the 2001
969:should be performed.
942:
934:
919:
780:Clostridium sordellii
765:species involved are
715:Staphylococcus aureus
491:Staphylococcus aureus
414:Necrotizing fasciitis
99:Necrotizing fasciitis
18:Necrotising fasciitis
4683:Causes of amputation
4632:Chronic lymphangitis
4301:Hot tub folliculitis
4290:Pseudomonal pyoderma
3917:Miliary tuberculosis
3907:Lichen scrofulosorum
3707:Toxic shock syndrome
3605:Plantar fibromatosis
3233:De Quervain syndrome
2523:on December 2, 2007.
2138:. 7 September 2015.
2034:10.1128/IAI.00968-10
1921:The American Surgeon
1545:Toxic shock syndrome
1393:, and researcher at
1350:Arizona Diamondbacks
1321:, future premier of
1289:Jean-Alfred Fournier
866:toxic shock syndrome
823:Clostridium septicum
774:Clostridium septicum
682:), trauma, surgery,
600:, or prior organ or
477:intravenous drug use
457:poor immune function
428:that results in the
422:flesh-eating disease
323:intravenous drug use
303:Poor immune function
4678:Disorders of fascia
4521:Acute lymphadenitis
4514:Perianal cellulitis
4509:Pyogenic paronychia
4419:Chlamydia infection
4335:Granuloma inguinale
4309:Green nail syndrome
4305:Ecthyma gangrenosum
4180:Cat-scratch disease
3986:Tuberculoid leprosy
3897:Lepromatous leprosy
3744:Streptococcus iniae
3487:Achilles tendinitis
3482:Patellar tendinitis
3253:osteochondromatosis
3240:Transient synovitis
3223:Calcific tendinitis
3039:LRINEC Score Online
2937:The Washington Post
2639:The Washington Post
2450:(8934): 1416–1419.
1307:Society and culture
1278:Gilbert Blaine and
1037:WBC count (×10/mm)
983:computed tomography
979:subcutaneous tissue
744:), and anaerobes, (
338:Based on symptoms,
4673:Bacterial diseases
4565:Pitted keratolysis
4476:Periapical abscess
3887:Erythema induratum
3872:Borderline leprosy
3862:Aquarium granuloma
3388:Ligamentous laxity
3118:External resources
2438:Loudon I. (1994).
1822:Skeletal Radiology
1391:Harvard University
1368:Eric Allin Cornell
1226:Supportive therapy
1054:>13.5: 0 points
1051:Hemoglobin (g/dL)
1008:C-reactive protein
991:contrast injection
955:
937:
922:
884:Type III infection
876:, which acts as a
827:pore-forming toxin
545:Signs and symptoms
513:, and intravenous
285:Multiple types of
251:Infectious disease
4655:
4654:
4590:Fournier gangrene
4457:
4456:
4356:
4355:
4297:hot-foot syndrome
4270:Vibrio vulnificus
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
3981:Tuberculous gumma
3837:
3836:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3447:Rotator cuff tear
3367:
3366:
3359:Calcific bursitis
3155:
3154:
1754:. June 15, 2016.
1551:Vibrio vulnificus
1465:Pain of Salvation
1387:Boston University
1297:Fournier gangrene
1199:Hyperbaric oxygen
1088:and handwashing.
932:
900:Type IV infection
889:Vibrio vulnificus
858:Type II infection
800:, thus impairing
680:Fournier gangrene
643:Vibrio vulnificus
579:Fournier gangrene
424:, is a bacterial
420:), also known as
411:
410:
334:Diagnostic method
93:Medical condition
91:
90:
83:
16:(Redirected from
4710:
4627:Bullous impetigo
4548:Sycosis vulgaris
4362:Campylobacterota
4311:
4057:
4048:
3848:
3683:
3674:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3547:
3515:
3470:
3425:
3418:
3378:
3202:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3045:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2819:Blabbermouth.net
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2759:Blabbermouth.net
2751:
2745:
2744:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2516:. Archived from
2491:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2363:
2348:
2347:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2257:(7): 1535–1541.
2245:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2028:(3): 1025–1032.
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1813:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1744:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1666:
1593:
1592:
1568:
1461:Daniel Gildenlöw
1346:San Diego Padres
1259:prostaglandin E2
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1060:<11: 2 points
1057:11–13.5: 1 point
1046:>25: 2 points
1040:<15: 0 points
1012:white blood cell
933:
905:Candida albicans
872:species produce
735:Escherichia coli
706:Type I infection
637:
625:
613:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
116:
96:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4463:
4453:
4377:
4352:
4288:
4247:
4233:Meningococcemia
4194:
4165:Verruga peruana
4072:Epidemic typhus
4029:
3990:
3892:Histoid leprosy
3853:
3833:
3805:
3780:
3771:Corynebacterium
3764:
3711:
3663:
3658:
3628:
3619:
3582:
3530:
3511:
3506:
3466:
3461:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3373:
3363:
3286:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3113:
3112:
3056:
3028:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2989:ESPN Press Room
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2882:(in Estonian).
2880:Tartu Postimees
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2589:The Independent
2582:
2581:
2577:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2506:10.2307/4018245
2489:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2378:(5): CD011680.
2365:
2364:
2351:
2322:(11): 968–972.
2313:
2312:
2308:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2214:(10): 981–987.
2201:
2200:
2196:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1982:(in Romanian).
1973:
1972:
1968:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1815:
1814:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1712:
1668:
1667:
1596:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1518:
1379:Alexandru Marin
1319:Lucien Bouchard
1314:
1309:
1267:
1235:
1194:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1106:
1094:
1082:
999:
985:(CT) scans and
975:
973:Medical imaging
924:
914:
699:
688:Bartholin gland
659:
654:
647:
638:
629:
626:
617:
614:
547:
496:Medical imaging
340:medical imaging
240:
219:
215:
178:
140:
136:
94:
87:
76:
70:
67:
60:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4647:Tropical ulcer
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4526:Pilonidal cyst
4523:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Rat-bite fever
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4286:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4259:Pasteurellosis
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4216:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Rickettsialpox
4122:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Endemic typhus
4063:
4061:
4054:
4052:Pseudomonadota
4045:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3912:Lupus vulgaris
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:Mycobacterium-
3845:
3843:Actinomycetota
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3688:Staphylococcus
3680:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3513:other/general:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:Calcaneal spur
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3452:Golfer's elbow
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3415:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Retrocalcaneal
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3266:Plica syndrome
3263:
3262:
3261:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3088:
3073:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:Classification
3042:
3041:
3036:
3012:
3008:
3007:External links
3005:
3002:
3001:
2975:
2949:
2923:
2897:
2866:
2836:
2821:. 2016-11-10.
2806:
2776:
2765:on 7 June 2013
2746:
2743:on 2009-08-03.
2723:
2698:
2668:
2665:on 2009-08-25.
2650:
2625:
2622:on 2009-09-08.
2606:
2575:
2546:(3): 387–397.
2526:
2500:(15): 234–35.
2477:
2430:
2407:
2349:
2306:
2284:
2235:
2194:
2153:
2123:
2112:(6): 739–741.
2092:
2073:(2): 279–288.
2057:
2008:
1966:
1938:
1927:(4): 416–431.
1911:
1905:978-0323084314
1904:
1884:
1877:
1857:
1828:(5): 577–589.
1769:
1710:
1681:(8): 344–362.
1594:
1583:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:Noma (disease)
1537:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1485:
1482:Edgar Savisaar
1478:
1474:
1457:
1454:Georgie Henley
1450:
1437:
1422:
1415:
1402:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1338:
1330:
1327:Bloc Québécois
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1280:Thomas Trotter
1266:
1263:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1193:
1192:Add-on therapy
1190:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1105:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:15–25: 1 point
1041:
1035:
998:
997:Scoring system
995:
974:
971:
913:
910:
698:
695:
686:, stones, and
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
639:
632:
630:
627:
620:
618:
615:
608:
586:corticosteroid
546:
543:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
399:~30% mortality
397:
391:
390:
386:, intravenous
381:
377:
376:
367:
363:
362:
349:
343:
342:
336:
330:
329:
300:
294:
293:
283:
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
239:
238:
133:
131:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
92:
89:
88:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4715:
4704:
4703:Rare diseases
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Inflammations
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Botryomycosis
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:Boil/furuncle
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Leptospirosis
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Salmonellosis
4318:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:Rhinoscleroma
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Scrofuloderma
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3760:Scarlet fever
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:Streptococcus
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Metatarsalgia
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3393:Hypermobility
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:Synovial cyst
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:Ganglion cyst
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:Tenosynovitis
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2687:on 2007-05-06
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1998:on 2016-03-22
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1963:(8): 284–292.
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1878:9780702070266
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1584:9780323313087
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
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1458:
1455:
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1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Jeff Hanneman
1423:
1420:
1419:R. W. Johnson
1416:
1413:
1412:
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1400:
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1361:insult comedy
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1312:Notable cases
1311:
1306:
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1298:
1295:, now called
1294:
1290:
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1276:
1272:
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1256:
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1251:cycloxygenase
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1005:
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952:H&E stain
949:
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911:
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906:
901:
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890:
885:
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879:
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871:
870:Streptococcus
867:
863:
859:
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853:
849:
844:
840:
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737:
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731:
730:Gram-negative
727:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
710:Gram-positive
707:
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696:
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685:
681:
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459:such as from
458:
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305:such as from
304:
301:
299:
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289:, occasional
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132:
130:Pronunciation
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
97:
85:
82:
74:
64:
59:
54:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
4612:Malakoplakia
4574:
4538:Folliculitis
4462:Unspecified
4434:Lyme disease
4371:Helicobacter
4370:
4345:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4225:
4206:Gonococcemia
4117:
4097:Trench fever
4077:Scrub typhus
4017:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3882:Buruli ulcer
3851:
3826:
3796:Gas gangrene
3785:
3769:
3743:
3716:
3686:
3615:Knuckle pads
3588:Fibromatosis
3578:Eosinophilic
3572:
3512:
3467:
3457:Tennis elbow
3422:
3413:Tendinopathy
3403:Enthesopathy
3352:Baker's cyst
3315:Trochanteric
3272:
3251:
3206:Synoviopathy
3136:
3125:
3101:
3090:
3075:
3060:
3018:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
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2888:. Retrieved
2879:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2818:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2788:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:the original
2758:
2749:
2741:the original
2736:
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2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2680:
2671:
2663:the original
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2628:
2620:the original
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2588:
2578:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2518:the original
2497:
2494:Science News
2493:
2480:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2375:
2371:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2296:
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2250:
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2207:
2197:
2173:(1): 22–24.
2170:
2166:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2135:
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2109:
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2070:
2066:
2060:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1983:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1825:
1821:
1760:. Retrieved
1751:
1678:
1674:
1573:
1566:
1549:
1534:Mucormycosis
1521:
1508:
1507:documentary
1468:
1444:
1409:
1342:Ken Kendrick
1334:
1268:
1240:
1236:
1233:Epidemiology
1225:
1219:
1210:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1026:, and blood
1000:
976:
956:
903:
899:
898:
887:
883:
882:
878:superantigen
869:
861:
857:
856:
851:
830:
822:
811:
810:
788:
785:gas gangrene
778:
772:
766:
762:
751:
745:
739:
733:
719:
713:
705:
704:
700:
692:
664:
660:
657:Risk factors
641:
594:chemotherapy
590:radiotherapy
583:
548:
535:
519:penicillin G
500:
490:
450:
421:
417:
413:
412:
360:gas gangrene
298:Risk factors
123:tissue death
77:
68:
56:
49:that do not
45:may contain
44:
4617:Pyomyositis
4325:Shigellosis
4295:Pseudomonas
4219:Melioidosis
4185:Oroya fever
4175:Brucellosis
4007:Nocardiosis
3817:Listeriosis
3787:Clostridium
3592:contracture
3573:Necrotizing
3551:Fasciopathy
3372:Noncapsular
3320:Subacromial
3310:Prepatellar
3127:MedlinePlus
3013:‹ The
2849:Brave Words
2681:ATLAS eNews
1441:Peter Watts
1357:Don Rickles
1271:Hippocrates
1255:thromboxane
1179:Antibiotics
1098:debridement
967:debridement
793:alpha-toxin
763:Clostridium
753:Clostridium
747:Bacteroides
726:enterococci
662:condition.
602:bone marrow
539:Hippocrates
523:clindamycin
515:antibiotics
507:handwashing
434:soft tissue
388:antibiotics
374:handwashing
356:pyomyositis
274:Usual onset
263:Severe pain
104:Other names
4662:Categories
4505:Paronychia
4500:Cellulitis
4373:cellulitis
4284:cellulitis
4224:Cutaneous
3828:Mycoplasma
3778:Erythrasma
3751:Erysipelas
3742:Cutaneous
3526:Tendinosis
3522:Tendinitis
3468:lower limb
3423:upper limb
3408:Enthesitis
3292:Bursopathy
3103:DiseasesDB
2691:5 November
2644:2019-12-05
2444:The Lancet
2002:2016-04-07
1986:(1): 1–6.
1558:References
1489:Alex Smith
1406:Alan Coren
1275:erysipelas
1204:fibroblast
1086:wound care
1080:Prevention
1024:creatinine
1016:hemoglobin
944:Micrograph
571:thrombosis
551:cellulitis
531:gentamicin
527:vancomycin
503:wound care
473:alcoholism
370:Wound care
366:Prevention
352:Cellulitis
319:alcoholism
58:necessary.
4495:Carbuncle
4348:infection
4346:Aeromonas
4340:Chancroid
4264:Tularemia
4228:infection
4210:Gonorrhea
4120:infection
4020:infection
3941:infection
3933:infection
3925:infection
3746:infection
3678:Bacillota
3559:Fasciitis
3502:Bone spur
3340:Iliopsoas
3305:Olecranon
3214:Synovitis
3143:emerg/332
3138:eMedicine
2963:USA Today
2714:The Times
1992:2069-3850
1762:13 August
1446:Star Trek
1434:cirrhosis
1411:The Times
1123:colostomy
1115:cartilage
1096:Surgical
1092:Treatment
912:Diagnosis
894:saltwater
874:M protein
802:phagocyte
426:infection
404:Frequency
395:Prognosis
380:Treatment
246:Specialty
71:July 2024
47:citations
4698:Necrosis
4668:Gangrene
4580:Gangrene
4531:Pyoderma
4464:pathogen
4394:Syphilis
4389:Syphilid
4238:Glanders
4043:Gram -ve
3727:Impetigo
3702:Impetigo
3669:Gram +ve
3543:Nonjoint
3381:Symptoms
3325:Achilles
3300:Bursitis
3196:Capsular
3146:derm/743
3015:template
2884:Archived
2853:Archived
2823:Archived
2793:Archived
2718:Archived
2593:Archived
2472:38589136
2402:29851032
2344:10467377
2336:18959694
2301:Archived
2279:15126133
2271:15241098
2230:19826154
2189:30115465
2140:Archived
2087:19228540
2052:21199912
1933:14915014
1844:24469151
1756:Archived
1705:25069713
1589:Archived
1529:Gangrene
1516:See also
1010:, total
850:(mostly
732:rods, (
712:cocci, (
697:Bacteria
671:genitals
667:perineum
598:HIV/AIDS
567:necrosis
485:bacteria
461:diabetes
446:perineum
307:diabetes
287:bacteria
258:Symptoms
53:the text
4560:Ecthyma
4471:Abscess
4399:Chancre
4315:Q fever
3902:Leprosy
3854:related
3568:Nodular
3563:Plantar
3335:Ischial
3097:D019115
3017:below (
2994:18 July
2968:18 July
2942:18 July
2916:18 July
2890:18 July
2859:18 July
2829:18 July
2799:19 June
2733:"Diary"
2570:8557070
2561:2271581
2514:4018245
2464:7968080
2427:(1): 9.
2393:6494525
2221:2762295
2043:3067498
1852:9705500
1696:4199388
1495:of the
1293:scrotum
1265:History
1111:tendons
1104:Surgery
1028:glucose
1014:count,
963:fascial
675:fistula
555:abscess
469:obesity
315:obesity
61:Please
4555:Pimple
4330:Plague
3995:Others
3810:Others
3132:001443
3086:728.86
3034:Curlie
3020:Curlie
2769:10 May
2599:28 May
2568:
2558:
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2470:
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2146:27 May
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1957:Wounds
1931:
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1703:
1693:
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1487:2018:
1480:2015:
1459:2014:
1439:2011:
1430:Slayer
1424:2011:
1417:2009:
1404:2006:
1389:, and
1377:2005:
1366:2004:
1355:2004:
1340:1997:
1323:Québec
1317:1994:
1301:fascia
1247:NSAIDs
1214:(IVIG)
1207:NSTIs.
1113:, and
1020:sodium
948:fascia
835:heroin
777:, and
724:, and
669:, and
559:bullae
529:, and
479:, and
465:cancer
311:cancer
291:fungus
282:Causes
237:
51:verify
4414:Bejel
4409:Pinta
4382:Other
4252:Gamma
4060:Alpha
3374:joint
3198:joint
3108:31119
3071:M72.6
2521:(PDF)
2510:JSTOR
2490:(PDF)
2468:S2CID
2340:S2CID
2275:S2CID
1848:S2CID
1477:2022.
1220:AB103
843:Shock
839:serum
652:Cause
588:, on
575:shock
525:, IV
442:limbs
438:fever
430:death
267:fever
4404:Yaws
4199:Beta
3092:MeSH
3081:9-CM
2996:2024
2970:2024
2944:2024
2918:2024
2911:ESPN
2892:2024
2861:2024
2831:2024
2801:2015
2771:2013
2693:2007
2601:2013
2566:PMID
2460:PMID
2398:PMID
2376:2018
2332:PMID
2267:PMID
2226:PMID
2185:PMID
2148:2017
2083:PMID
2048:PMID
1988:ISSN
1929:PMID
1900:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1840:PMID
1764:2016
1701:PMID
1579:ISBN
1505:ESPN
1399:JINR
1397:and
1395:CERN
1348:and
1257:and
750:and
505:and
453:burn
444:and
3077:ICD
3062:ICD
3032:at
2556:PMC
2548:doi
2544:115
2502:doi
2498:148
2452:doi
2448:344
2388:PMC
2380:doi
2324:doi
2259:doi
2216:PMC
2175:doi
2114:doi
2075:doi
2071:208
2038:PMC
2030:doi
1830:doi
1752:CDC
1691:PMC
1683:doi
1383:MIT
728:),
553:or
463:or
309:or
214:or
4664::
4507:/
4307:/
4303:/
4299:/
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