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be 20 cm (8 in) long and continue to grow to an average length of 33 cm (13 in), though specimens up to 43.5 cm (17.1 in) have been reported. Their external gills resemble ostrich plumes and their size depends on the oxygen levels present in the water. In stagnant water, mudpuppies have larger gills, whereas in running streams where oxygen is more prevalent, they have smaller gills. The distal portions of the gills are very filamentous and contain many capillaries. Mudpuppies also have small, flattened limbs which can be used for slowly walking on the bottoms of streams or ponds, or they can be flattened against the body during short swimming spurts. They have
455:, until the eggs are fertilized. Females store the sperm until ovulation and internal fertilization take place, usually just prior to deposition in the spring. Before the eggs are deposited, male mudpuppies leave the nest. Once ready, the female deposits the eggs in a safe location, usually on the underside of a rock or log. They can lay from 20 to 200 eggs, usually an average of 60. The eggs are not pigmented and are about 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) mm in diameter. The female stays with her eggs during the incubation period (around 40 days). Hatchlings are about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long and grow to 3.6 cm (1.4 in) before the yolk is completely consumed.
352:, produce normal thyroid hormones (THs), but cells in the organism express thyroid hormone receptors (TR) that are mutated, and do not bond correctly with thyroid hormones, leading to some salamanders in a state of perpetual juvenile-hood. In contrast to axolotls, in mudpuppies, these THs are normally expressed. However, it is believed that instead of having TH-insensitive tissues that block the effects of THs, some mudpuppy tissues, such as the external gills, have lost the ability to be regulated by TH over time. This selective insensitivity to THs suggests a normal level of activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in developing mudpuppies, unlike other
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the teeth function to hold the prey inside the mouth and prevent the prey from escaping. At both sides of their mouths their lips interlock, which allows them to use suction feeding. They are carnivorous creatures and will eat almost anything they can get into their mouths. Typically they prey upon animals such as insects and their larvae, mollusks, annelids, crayfish, small fish, amphibians, earthworms, and
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instead. In common mudpuppies, the purpose of the absence of a parathyroid gland is poorly understood. One reason for the absence might be the lack of variability in the climate of mudpuppies, as the parathyroid glands of salamanders vary greatly depending on seasonal changes, or whether the organism
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do and develop differentiated teeth. Aquatic salamander teeth are used to hinder escape of the prey from the salamander; they do not have a crushing function. This aids the salamander when feeding. When the salamander performs the "suck and gape" feeding style, the prey is pulled into the mouth, and
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The common mudpuppy can be a rusty brown color with gray and black and usually has blackish-blue spots, but some albino adults have been reported in
Arkansas. In clear, light water, their skin gets darker, likewise in darker water, their skin gets lighter in color. At sexual maturity, mudpuppies can
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specimens live in streams, lakes, and ponds in the eastern part of North
America. They appear in the southern section of Canada, as far south as Georgia, and from the Midwest United States to North Carolina. Behaviorally, they hide under cover such as rocks and logs during the day and become more
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Mudpuppies use rows of teeth to eat their prey. Salamanders have three different sets of teeth: dentary, premaxillary, and vomerine teeth, which are named due to their location in the mouth. All the teeth, despite their different locations, are very similar. They are small and conical, meaning
291:. Because skin and lung respiration alone is not sufficient for gas exchange, the common mudpuppy must rely on external gills as its primary means of gas exchange. It is usually a rusty brown color and can grow to an average total length (including tail) of 13 in (330 mm). It is a
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A) Overall view of common mudpuppy mouth. B) Ventral view of vomerine and premaxillary teeth, located on the upper part of the mudpuppy mouth. C) Lower jaw, or dentary from a common mudpuppy showing the homodont dentary teeth. Specimen from the
Pacific Lutheran University Natural History
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active at night. However, in muddy waters, the mudpuppy may become active during the day. Mudpuppies can even live under the ice when lakes freeze. There is an introduced population in
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Mudpuppies take six years to reach sexual maturity. Mating typically takes place in autumn, though eggs are not laid till much later. When males are ready to breed, their
363:. The majority of salamanders with parathyroid glands rely on them to help with hypercalcemic regulation; hypercalcemic regulation in mudpuppies is primarily done by the
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creature, and is active during the day only if the water in which it lives is murky. Its diet consists of almost anything it can get into its mouth, including
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880:"Parathyroid Glands of Amphibians. I. Parathyroid Structure and Function in the Amphibian, with Emphasis on Regulation of Mineral Ions in Body Fluids"
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Vlaeminck-Guillem, Virginie; Safi, Rachid; Guillem, Philippe; Leteurtre, Emmanuelle; Duterque-Coquillaud, Martine; Laudet, Vincent (2004-09-01).
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due to their similar shape. The common mudpuppy never leaves its aquatic environment and therefore does not undergo morphogenesis; however, many
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in the substratum of the environment. The female will then pick them up with her cloaca and store them in a small specialized gland, a
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928:"Reptiles & Amphibians: Species Information: Wildlife: Fish & Wildlife: Maine Dept of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife"
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at six years of age, she can lay an average of 60 eggs. In the wild, the average lifespan of a common mudpuppy is 11 years.
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Encyclopedia of
Reptiles and Amphibians: An Essential Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World.
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415:. The jaw of a mudpuppy also plays a significant role in its diet. The mudpuppy jaw is considered
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765:. Animals, Animal Pictures, Wild Animal Facts – National Geographic. Web. 18 April 2010.
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1119:(1818). "Further Account of Discoveries in Natural History, in the Western States".
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Mudpuppies are one of many species of salamanders that fail to undergo
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989:(Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 71–72.
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Wessells, Norman K., and
Elizabeth M. Center (editors) (1981).
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Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy: A Laboratory Dissection Guide
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344:'s lack of metamorphosis concern the effectiveness of the
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Wessels, Norman K.; Center, Elizabeth M. (1992-01-01).
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Anatomy, Function, Evolution
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435:. Fishermen also frequently catch and discard them.
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878:Cortelyou, John R.; McWhinnie, Dolores J. (1967).
814:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
348:. The thyroid gland in some salamanders, like the
985:Kardong, Kenneth V.; Zalisko, Edward J. (2015).
867:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
763:"Mudpuppies, Mudpuppy Pictures, Mudpuppy Facts"
751:Vertebrates, a Laboratory Text, Second Edition
592:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T59433A64731610.en
1121:American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review
652:The Encyclopaedia of Reptiles and Amphibians.
467:are recognized as being valid, including the
283:in lakes, rivers, and ponds. It goes through
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705:Salamanders of the United States and Canada.
567:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
340:. Most hypotheses surrounding the origin of
1518:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1014:. New York: McGraw-HIll. pp. 215–225.
650:(editors) (1986). "Salamanders and Newts."
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328:which provide a slimy protective coating
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311:). Once a female common mudpuppy reaches
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753:. Los Altos, California: W. Kaufmann.
742:(1981). "The Mudpuppy". pp. 108–141.
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707:Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
447:become swollen. Males deposit their
1488:IUCN Red List least concern species
578:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1508:Extant Paleocene first appearances
1076:"AmphibiaWeb - Necturus maculosus"
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961:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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476:Necturus maculosus louisianensis
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1503:Amphibians of the United States
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780:www.devbio.biology.gatech.edu
626:Thunder Bay Press, pp. 32–33.
1513:Amphibians described in 1818
668:Chiasson, Richard B (1969).
488:Necturus maculosus maculosus
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1159:, Natural Resources Canada
501:Necturus maculosus stictus
1042:Hynobius guabangshanensis
1010:Kardong, Kenneth (1995).
509:(Lake Winnebago mudpuppy)
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861:Duellman, William Edward
676:. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown.
469:nominotypical subspecies
622:(2005). "Mudpuppy." in
1130:, new species, p. 41).
1038:Xiong, Jianli (2014).
670:Laboratory Anatomy of
646:Halliday, Tim R., and
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1437:Paleobiology Database
1148:at Wikimedia Commons
865:Biology of Amphibians
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585:: e.T59433A64731610.
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27:Species of salamander
1493:Amphibians of Canada
1099:Animal Diversity Web
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484:(Red River mudpuppy)
897:10.1093/icb/7.4.843
808:Necturus maculosus
571:Necturus maculosus
520:trinomial authority
59:Conservation status
1250:Necturus-maculosus
1237:necturus-maculosus
1210:Necturus maculosus
1180:Necturus maculosus
1155:Necturus maculosus
1146:Necturus maculosus
1092:Necturus maculosus
1048:Vertebrate Zoology
884:American Zoologist
701:Petranka, James W.
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307:(as well as other
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198:Necturus maculosus
18:Necturus maculosus
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372:Distribution
368:hibernates.
358:
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225:N. maculosus
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1385:NatureServe
1323:iNaturalist
1219:AmphibiaWeb
1204:Wikispecies
1094:(Mudpuppy)"
1054:: 215–220.
958:Vertebrates
937:5 September
648:Kraig Adler
598:19 November
526:other than
453:spermatheca
408:salamanders
1482:Categories
1153:Mudpuppy (
1126:: 39–42. (
790:2017-03-19
536:References
493:Rafinesque
465:subspecies
459:Subspecies
397:collection
354:salamander
319:Appearance
305:earthworms
270:salamander
244:Rafinesque
206:Rafinesque
1498:Proteidae
836:0214-6282
552:Necturus
515:Nota bene
404:homodonts
356:species.
293:nocturnal
277:Proteidae
223:Range of
174:Species:
156:Proteidae
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
40:Paleocene
1390:2.105412
1341:10189046
1189:Wikidata
863:(1994).
844:16741870
736:Gans, C.
703:(1998).
672:Necturus
529:Necturus
425:crayfish
342:Necturus
309:annelids
301:mollusks
232:Synonyms
167:Necturus
152:Family:
136:Amphibia
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
42:- Recent
1302:2432048
1195:Q604445
914:5625439
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495:, 1818)
445:cloacae
429:turtles
421:dentary
413:spiders
350:axolotl
332:Neoteny
297:insects
272:in the
266:species
264:) is a
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162:Genus:
146:Urodela
142:Order:
132:Class:
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1374:NAS:
1367:59433
1336:IRMNG
1328:27685
1276:463VD
902:JSTOR
524:genus
382:Maine
1398:NCBI
1362:IUCN
1349:ITIS
1315:1988
1310:GISD
1297:GBIF
1258:BOLD
1224:4226
1016:ISBN
991:ISBN
963:ISBN
939:2020
910:PMID
840:PMID
832:ISSN
600:2021
583:2015
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