508:
555:
31:
125:. It was largely similar to that of living humans. Although the original excavators claimed that the similarity of this bone with that of living humans implied Neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech, it is not possible to reconstruct the vocal tract with information supplied by the hyoid. In particular, it does not allow to determine if the larynx of its owner was in a low-lying position, a feature considered important in producing speech.
5499:
5523:
302:
106:
5511:
476:
of the
Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona, the individuals (three children aged from two to nine, three teenagers, and six adults) appear to have been "killed and eaten, with their bones and skulls split open to extract the marrow, tongue and brains." Scientists speculate that the lack of
284:
through the dry distillation of birch bark. It was long thought that birch tar made by
Neanderthals required them to follow a complex recipe and that it thus showed complex cognitive skills (to arrive at this recipe) and cultural transmission (of this recipe). A study from 2019 showed that birch tar
523:
A large number of claims of
Neanderthal art, adornment, and structures have been made, which would show Neanderthals were capable of symbolic thought and a degree of human rationality. However, none of them are widely accepted as evidence of symbolism, as the dating often interlaps with anatomically
159:
might hence have been different in
Neanderthals. Although the gene appears necessary for language, it is not sufficient. It is not known whether FOXP2 evolved for or in conjunction with language, nor whether there are other language-related genes that Neanderthals may or may not have had. Similarly,
136:
to conclude that the
Neanderthal hyoid showed microscopic features more similar to a modern human's hyoid than to a chimpanzee hyoid. To the authors, that suggested the Neanderthal hyoid was used similarly to that in living humans, that is, to produce speech. Because the authors did not compare the
58:
and not scavengers. Although very little is known of their social organization, it appears patrilines would make up the nucleus of the tribe, and women would seek out partners in neighbouring tribes once reaching adolescence, presumably to avoid inbreeding. An analysis based on finger-length ratios
468:
Analysis of bones from Abri Moula in France does seem to suggest cannibalism was practised here. Cut-marks are concentrated in places expected in the case of butchery, instead of defleshing. Additionally, the treatment of the bones was similar to that of roe deer bones, assumed to be food remains,
337:
However, further excavations of the site which began in 2014 led to new discoveries and multiple lines of evidence that the
Neanderthal was deliberately buried, including the fact that the sediment layer around the body is visibly different to the layer below. Additionally, the sediment below the
410:
Burned food remnants, thought to be about 70,000 years old, were found in the
Shanidar Caves, 500 miles north of Baghdad. Dr Ceren Kabukcu, an archaeobotanist at the University of Liverpool said, 'We present evidence for the first time of soaking and pounding pulse seeds by both Neanderthals and
4438:
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie
4068:
Jaubert, J.; Verheyden, S.; Genty, D.; Soulier, M.; Cheng, H.; Blamart, D.; Burlet, C.; Camus, H.; Delaby, S.; Deldicque, D.; Edwards, R. L.; Ferrier, C.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Lévêque, F.; Maksud, F.; Mora, P.; Muth, X.; Régnier, É.; Rouzaud, J.-N.; Santos, F. (2016). "Early
Neanderthal
209:
sites, produced by modern humans after about 50,000 BP. In both early anatomically modern humans and
Neanderthals, there is little innovation in the technology. In 2020 a 50,000-year-old three-ply cord fragment made from bark was found at the Abri du Maras, France site. Bruce Hardy of
292:
dye and deliberate grooving have also been found in one single stratigraphically disturbed
Neanderthal archaeological layer, but whether these items were ever in the hands of Neanderthals or were mixed into their archaeological layers from overlying modern human ones is debated.
735:
Skov, Laurits; Peyrégne, Stéphane; Popli, Divyaratan; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Devièse, Thibaut; Slon, Viviane; Zavala, Elena I.; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Sümer, Arev P.; Grote, Steffi; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; López Herráez, David; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Richter, Julia (2022-10-19).
269:(manganese dioxide) to accelerate the combustion of wood. "With archaeological evidence for fireplaces and the conversion of the manganese dioxide to powder, that Neanderthals at Pech-de-l’Azé I used manganese dioxide in fire-making and produced fire on demand." MnO
631:, and Doña Trinidad–were dated to be older than 66,000 years ago. If the dating is correct, they were painted at least 20,000 years before the arrival of anatomically modern humans in western Europe, and demonstrate Neanderthals were capable of symbolic behaviour.
251:
weapons is controversial. They seem to have had wooden spears, but it is unclear whether they were used as projectiles or as thrusting spears. Wood implements rarely survive, but several 320,000-year-old wooden spears about 2 metres in length were found near
614:
industry dated to 43–38 kya were reported. Given there are 17 of these objects at seven different sites in the area, and the notches on all of them are more or less equidistant to each other, they are very unlikely to have originated from simple
2389:
305:
A claimed Neanderthal burial at Kebara Cave (Carmel Range, Israel). Thermoluminescence dates place Neanderthal levels at Kebara at ca. 60,000 BP. Skeleton of an adult man nicknamed Moshe (25–35 years old, height 1.70 m) found in
3202:
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. GarcĂa-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. ZilhĂŁo; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de BalbĂn; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018).
1254:
D’Anastasio, Ruggero; Wroe, Stephen; Tuniz, Claudio; Mancini, Lucia; Cesana, Deneb T.; Dreossi, Diego; Ravichandiran, Mayoorendra; Attard, Marie; Parr, William C.H.; Agur, Anne; Capasso, Luigi; Frayer, David (18 December 2013).
456:
According to some studies, fragments of bones from Krapina show marks similar to those on bones from secondary burials at a Michigan ossuary (14th century AD), and are indicative of removing the flesh of a partially decomposed
175:
at least as large as humans, suggesting they had part of the neurological requirements for language. The canal carries the hypoglossal nerve, which controls the muscles of the tongue, necessary to produce language. However, a
507:
3674:
F. Welkera; M. Hajdinjak; S. Talamo; K. Jaouen; M. Dannemann; F. David; M. Julien; M. Meyer; J. Kelso; I. Barnes; S. Brace; P. Kamminga; R. Fischer; B.M. Kessler; J.R. Stewart; S. Pääbo; M.J. Collins; J.-J. Hublin (2016).
618:
In 2018, red-painted symbols comprising hand stencils, a ladder-shaped figure, dots, discs, lines, and representations of animals on the cave walls of several caves across Spain 700 km (430 mi) apart, including
62:
The quality of stone tools at archaeological sites suggests Neanderthals were good at "expert" cognition, a form of observational learning and practice – acquired through apprenticeship – that relies heavily on long-term
3759:
Finlayson, C.; Brown, K.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Negro, J. JosĂ©; Bortolotti, G. R.; Finlayson, G.; Sánchez Marco, A.; Giles Pacheco, F.; RodrĂguez Vidal, J.; CarriĂłn, J. S.; Fa, D. A.; RodrĂguez Llanes, J. M. (2012).
549:
Bird bones were argued to show evidence for feather plucking in a 2012 study examining 1,699 ancient sites across Eurasia, which the authors controversially took to mean Neanderthals wore bird feathers as personal
535:
In 1975, a piece of flat flint with a piece of bone pushed through a hole on the midsection–dating to 32, 40, or 75 kya–has been purported to resemble the upper half of a face, with the bone representing eyes–the
225:. These were often produced using soft hammer percussion, with hammers made of materials like bones, antlers, and wood, rather than hard hammer percussion, using stone hammers. A result of this is that their
655:
In 2023 markings found in a cave in La Roche-Cotard were identified as the oldest known Neanderthal engravings and have been dated to more than 57,000 years ago, before modern humans arrived in the region.
599:, France, were reported in 2016. Being so far inside the cave also shows the use of artificial lighting in underground environments. Other red-painted stalagmites in Spain were dated to 65,500 years ago.
472:
At El Sidron in Northern Spain, scientists have found evidence pointing to the cannibalism of 12 individuals by what is hypothesized to have been a neighbouring group of Neanderthals. According to
460:
According to others, the marks on the bones found at Krapina are indicative of defleshing, although whether this was for nutritional or ritual purposes cannot be determined with certainty.
4011:
RodrĂguez-Hidalgo, A.; Morales, J. I.; CebriĂ , A.; Courtenay, L. A.; Fernández-Marchena, J. L.; GarcĂa-Argudo, G.; MarĂn, J.; SaladiĂ©, P.; Soto, M.; Tejero, J.-M.; Fullola, J.-M. (2019).
4400:
646:
mixtures. The pigments on the seashells were dated to 115,000 years old, making these "the oldest personal ornamentation known anywhere in the world," predating the presence of
438:
in Croatia and Grotta Guattari in Italy) have all been cited as bearing cut marks made by stone tools. However, the results of technological tests have revealed varied causes.
328:, convincingly eliminated: "A recent examination of the microfauna from the strata into which the grave was cut suggests that the pollen was deposited by the burrowing rodent
2477:"Neanderthals' main food source was definitely meat - Isotope analyses performed on single amino acids in Neanderthals' collagen samples shed new light on their debated diet"
4350:
481:
Evidence indicating cannibalism would not distinguish Neanderthals from modern humans, which are known to have practised both cannibalism and mortuary defleshing (e.g., the
2472:
3430:
1932:
Tozzi, Carlo; Vitagliano, Silvana; Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Pollarolo, Luca; Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Degano, Ilaria (2019-06-20).
2507:, M.; Vandermeersch, B. (2005). "Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-CĂ©saire I Neanderthal: Review and use of a multi-source mixing model".
5561:
7510:
7428:
7319:
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6656:
5396:
2064:
1599:
1538:
1477:
680:
2738:
2189:
H. Dibble; V. Aldeias; P. Goldberg; D. Sandgathe; T.E. Steele (2015). "A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional burial".
67:. Neanderthal toolmaking changed little over hundreds of thousands of years. The lack of innovation may imply a reduced capacity for thinking by analogy and less
3994:
244:
has a healed fracture in its cranial vault likely caused by something sharp, suggesting interpersonal violence. The wound healed and the Neanderthal survived.
7275:
6784:
7970:
7107:
6558:
2978:
1869:"Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology"
4632:
2838:
4592:
4642:
5484:
5328:
441:
Re-evaluation of these marks using high-powered microscopes, comparisons to contemporary butchered animal remains, and recent ethnographic cases of
427:. This hypothesis was formulated after researchers found marks on Neanderthal bones similar to the bones of a dead deer butchered by Neanderthals.
285:
production can instead be a very simple process - merely involving the burning of birch bark near smooth vertical surfaces in open-air conditions.
2332:
4637:
5386:
407:
Traces of fossilized plants have been extracted from Neanderthal teeth tartar found in Belgium and Iraq, suggesting they also consumed plants.
4647:
4416:
2780:"Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)"
5391:
5269:
2591:
2566:
2367:
976:
2678:
Fiorenza, Luca; Benazzi, Stefano; Tausch, Jeremy; Kullmer, Ottmar; Bromage, Timothy G.; Schrenk, Friedemann (2011). Rosenberg, Karen (ed.).
91:), archaeological signs of cultural development and potential for cumulative cultural evolution. Few Neanderthals lived past the age of 35.
83:
to modern humans, but nevertheless having a considerable degree of rationality. There is genetic evidence that supports interbreeding with
5554:
1138:
W.T. Fitch (2002). "Comparative vocal production and the evolution of speech: reinterpreting the descent of the larynx". In A. Wray (ed.).
3386:
Marquet, J.-C.; Lorblanchet, M. (2003). "A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France)".
2119:
Gargett, R.H. (1999). "Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-CĂ©saire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh".
4511:
113:
It is not known whether Neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech and whether they spoke. The only bone in the vocal tract is the
7421:
5348:
1329:
3499:"Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian"
5457:
3109:
3075:"Neanderthals Capable of Incorporating Symbolic Objects into Their Culture, Discovery Suggests | Archaeology | Sci-News.com"
177:
117:, but it is so fragile that no Neanderthal hyoid was found until 1983, when excavators discovered a well-preserved one on Neanderthal
1593:
MartĂnez I, Rosa M, Arsuaga JL, Jarabo P, Quam R, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Carretero JM, BermĂşdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E (July 2004).
140:
Although some researchers think Neanderthal tool-making is too complex for them not to have had language, tool-making experiments of
6685:
5591:
5323:
584:, Croatia along with Neanderthal bones, had been modified to be used as jewellery. A similar talon necklace was reported in 2019 at
218:, concluded that the creation of the cord suggested a cognitive understanding of numeracy and context-sensitive operational memory.
8044:
8026:
6779:
2928:
2911:
193:, the Neanderthal's ancestor, suggests they had an auditory sensitivity similar to modern humans and different from chimpanzees.
1325:"Transmission of tool-making through verbal and non-verbal communication: Preliminary experiments in Levallois flake production"
7982:
7304:
6695:
5733:
5547:
5467:
5363:
5244:
3445:
2943:
Defleur A, White T, Valensi P, Slimak L, Cregut-Bonnoure E (1999). "Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France".
1027:
Arensburg B, Tillier AM, Vandermeersch B, Duday H, Schepartz LA, Rak Y (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone".
8015:
7575:
7414:
5462:
4763:
449:
At Grotta Guattari, the purposefully widened base of the skull (for access to the brain) is caused by carnivore action, with
4229:
1810:
Heyes, Peter J.; Anastasakis, Konstantinos; De Jong, Wiebren; Van Hoesel, Annelies; Roebroeks, Wil; Soressi, Marie (2016).
1078:
J.T. Laitman; B. Johansson (1990). "The Kebara hyoid: What can it tell us about the evolution of the hominid vocal tract".
554:
6917:
6447:
5707:
4585:
3734:
546:
beads have been attributed to Neanderthals, but the dating is uncertain and the beads may have been made by modern humans.
498:
137:
microscopic structure of the Kebara 2 hyoid with that of speech-hindered living humans, the result is not yet conclusive.
4013:"The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes"
7851:
6912:
6452:
5925:
5333:
5210:
5096:
642:
and perforated marine shells, red and yellow colourants, and shell "makeup containers" that feature residues of complex
532:, Iraq, had in 1975 been argued to be a flower burial, but the pollen could have also been deposited by natural events.
180:
research team showed no correlation between canal size and speech, as several extant non-human primates and fossilized
7585:
5878:
5527:
5431:
5249:
4770:
4624:
2877:
144:
technology, the most common Neanderthal toolmaking technique, have found that living humans can learn it in silence.
5775:
4545:
Lieberman, Philip (October 2007). "Current views on Neanderthal speech capabilities: A reply to Boe et al. (2002)".
2385:"Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores"
7965:
7180:
6981:
5515:
5289:
5220:
4756:
4749:
4742:
3820:
265:
Neanderthals used fire on occasion, but it is not certain whether they were able to produce it. They may have used
3617:"Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian"
7955:
7570:
6892:
6801:
5472:
5368:
5264:
3677:"Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne"
1934:"Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves"
573:, Gibraltar, were dated to older than 39 kya in 2012, which some have controversially interpreted as Neanderthal
221:
Tools produced by Middle Palaeolithic humans in Eurasia (both Neanderthals and early modern humans) are known as
202:
334:(Persian jird), which is common in the Shanidar microfauna and whose burrowing activity can be observed today".
8058:
7694:
7654:
7175:
6267:
5812:
5503:
4806:
4578:
3431:"Is this the infancy of art? Or the art of an infant? A possible Neanderthal face from La Roche-Cotard, France"
397:
2553:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. pp. 191–208.
2504:
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5893:
5625:
5441:
5378:
5338:
4784:
3074:
2892:
2445:
2261:
Sommer, J. D. (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual".
537:
339:
152:
133:
2543:
273:
lowers the combustion temperature of wood from 350 degrees Celsius to 250 degrees Celsius and is common in
7658:
7518:
7380:
7254:
6860:
6751:
6739:
6435:
6176:
6015:
5652:
5586:
5570:
5436:
5411:
5406:
5299:
5254:
5215:
4777:
3615:
J.-J. Hublin; S. Talamo; M. Julien; F. David; N. Connet; P. Bodu; B. Vandermeersch; M.P. Richards (2012).
477:
any evidence of fire makes it likely that the event happened in winter, during times when food was scarce.
351:
6322:
54:, but animal protein formed the majority of their dietary protein, showing them to have been carnivorous
8098:
7996:
7478:
7119:
7055:
6929:
6622:
6548:
6317:
6255:
6131:
6079:
6072:
5618:
4820:
4382:
4366:
129:
3497:
Higham, T.; Jacobi, R.; Julien, M.; David, F.; Basell, L.; Wood, R.; Davies, W.; Ramsey, C. B. (2010).
4441:"The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France"
7505:
7472:
7336:
7331:
7314:
7309:
7287:
7077:
6791:
6644:
6536:
6440:
6233:
5918:
5888:
5717:
5660:
5401:
5304:
5205:
5166:
5111:
5016:
4720:
4713:
4452:
4307:
4294:
Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, ValentĂn; Zapata, Josefina; ZilhĂŁo, JoĂŁo (2018).
4160:
4078:
4024:
3867:
3773:
3688:
3628:
3569:
3510:
3305:
D.J. Sommer (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual".
3271:
3216:
3165:
3013:
2791:
2691:
2624:
2398:
2227:
2216:
Solecki, Ralph S. (November 1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq".
2073:
2012:
1945:
1880:
1823:
1693:
1608:
1547:
1486:
1268:
1177:
1036:
749:
689:
258:
189:
8076:
8051:
8039:
8021:
8008:
7856:
7679:
7616:
7554:
7495:
7375:
6986:
6845:
6678:
6211:
6084:
5965:
5940:
4813:
3128:
2743:
635:
628:
624:
502:
141:
5522:
342:, “That’s quite good evidence that something was dug out and that’s what the body’s been put in.”
59:
suggests that Neanderthals were more sexually competitive and promiscuous than modern-day humans.
30:
8032:
7991:
7960:
7842:
7738:
7326:
7229:
7131:
6944:
6339:
6126:
5856:
5822:
5358:
5225:
5200:
5076:
4130:
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3411:
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2642:
2476:
2286:
2243:
2171:
1449:
1201:
1060:
1009:
801:
595:
ring structures several metres wide, more than 300 m (980 ft) from the entrance within
511:
Proposed Neanderthal jewelry: white-tailed eagle claw with striations at the Neanderthal site of
473:
317:
311:
181:
100:
7886:
7548:
7544:
1999:
Schmidt P, Blessing M, Rageot M, Iovita R, Pfleging J, Nickel KG, Righetti L, Tennie, C (2019).
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165:
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4863:
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4534:
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4408:
4333:
4188:
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4050:
3895:
3801:
3716:
3656:
3597:
3538:
3403:
3244:
3041:
2960:
2819:
2719:
2660:
2587:
2562:
2524:
2426:
2363:
2278:
2218:
2136:
2101:
2040:
1981:
1963:
1914:
1896:
1849:
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1721:
1636:
1575:
1514:
1422:
1381:
1296:
1236:
1193:
1052:
972:
878:
783:
765:
717:
420:
401:
206:
172:
64:
4296:"Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago"
1219:
P. Lieberman (1994). "Hyoid bone position and speech: reply to Dr. Arensburg et al. (1990)".
674:
Richards M.P.; Pettitt P.B.; Trinkaus E.; Smith F.H.; Paunović M.; Karavanić I. (June 2000).
7818:
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4383:
Archaeologists Have Discovered the World's Oldest Cave Paintings—And They’re by Neanderthals
4367:
Archaeologists Have Discovered the World's Oldest Cave Paintings—And They're by Neanderthals
4323:
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4251:
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W.T. Fitch (2009). "Fossil cues to the evolution of speech". In R. Botha; C. Knight (eds.).
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559:
324:
IV as having been ritually buried with flowers was seriously questioned in the past, and to
241:
229:
was relatively simple. They routinely made stone implements. Neanderthal tools consisted of
38:
tool retoucher on a bone-shaft from the French site of La Quina, used to modify stone tools.
240:
There is evidence of violence among Neanderthals. The 40,000-year-old Neanderthal skull of
8002:
7466:
7445:
7385:
7244:
7214:
6976:
6904:
6882:
6840:
6735:
6705:
6570:
6565:
6216:
6099:
5670:
5160:
5133:
5031:
4989:
4601:
2765:
2613:"Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes"
1257:"Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and Its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals"
676:"Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes"
325:
156:
7813:
580:
In 2015, a study argued that several 130,000-year-old eagle talons found in a cache near
161:
4483:
4456:
4440:
4311:
4269:
4164:
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4028:
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3514:
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3169:
3017:
2795:
2695:
2628:
2402:
2231:
2077:
2016:
1949:
1884:
1827:
1697:
1612:
1595:"Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain"
1551:
1490:
1272:
1181:
1040:
753:
693:
7784:
7644:
7353:
7280:
7102:
7067:
6998:
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6759:
6467:
6052:
6042:
5844:
4980:
4684:
4670:
4609:
4328:
4295:
4183:
4149:"A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea"
4148:
4045:
4012:
3890:
3855:
3796:
3761:
3711:
3676:
3651:
3616:
3592:
3557:
3533:
3498:
3036:
3001:
2878:"Researchers discover the first evidence of Neanderthal cannibalism in northern Europe"
2814:
2779:
2714:
2679:
2421:
2384:
2035:
2000:
1976:
1933:
1909:
1868:
1844:
1811:
1291:
1256:
1107:"What sayeth thou Neanderthal? A look at the evolution of their vocal tract and speech"
873:
846:
778:
737:
596:
585:
338:
body shows signs of having been disturbed by digging. According to Emma Pomeroy of the
211:
68:
1716:
1681:
1631:
1594:
831:
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7891:
7861:
7759:
7704:
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7170:
7045:
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6700:
6661:
6649:
6637:
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5930:
5873:
5851:
5760:
5692:
5687:
5665:
5148:
5001:
4691:
4106:
3981:
3930:
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3415:
3341:
3326:
3185:
2655:
2612:
2608:
2481:
2290:
2175:
2096:
2059:
1570:
1533:
1509:
1472:
1440:
965:
712:
675:
529:
381:
369:
253:
226:
55:
3342:"The Neanderthal Dead, exploring mortuary variability in Middle Paleolithic Eurasia"
3291:
2247:
1205:
1013:
930:
Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Sadler, Greg; Gill, Christopher (2018-04-21).
802:"Neanderthals were more promiscuous than modern humans, fossil finger bones suggest"
17:
7938:
7912:
7877:
7684:
7648:
7626:
7460:
7454:
7158:
7114:
7095:
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6850:
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6482:
6109:
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5935:
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5765:
5677:
5154:
5142:
5084:
4958:
4906:
4871:
4796:
4703:
4206:
3475:
3262:
R. S. Solecki (1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq".
1654:
1360:"A recent evolutionary change affects a regulatory element in the human FOXP2 gene"
1064:
648:
574:
431:
330:
230:
7207:
3149:
Pike, A. W.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Pettitt, P. B.; GarcĂa-Diez, M.; ZilhĂŁo, J. (2017).
3000:
Radovčić, D.; Sršen, A. O.; Radovčić, J.; Frayer, D. W.; Petraglia, M. D. (2015).
1773:
301:
4465:
4173:
3786:
3283:
3177:
3129:"Neandertal Symbolism: Evidence Suggests a Biological Basis for Symbolic Thought"
3026:
2956:
2704:
2558:
2520:
2239:
1958:
1680:
C.P.E. Zollikofer; M.S. Ponce de LeĂłn; B. Vandermeersch & F. LĂ©vĂŞque (2002).
1281:
445:
mortuary practises have shown that perhaps this was a case of ritual defleshing.
7931:
7866:
7808:
7793:
7789:
7749:
7713:
7600:
7437:
7197:
7187:
7143:
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6865:
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6541:
6334:
6302:
6287:
6277:
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6206:
6121:
6089:
6037:
5970:
5807:
5682:
5038:
4965:
4937:
4930:
4878:
3365:"New dating of the "mask" of La Roche-Cotard (Langeais, Indre-et-Loire, France)"
2154:
Gargett, R.H. (1989). "Grave Shortcomings: The Evidence for Neandertal Burial".
442:
424:
274:
47:
4558:
4255:
3205:"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"
3002:"Evidence for Neandertal Jewelry: Modified White-Tailed Eagle Claws at Krapina"
2390:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1892:
1417:
1400:
761:
7719:
7539:
7341:
7234:
7192:
7008:
6971:
6934:
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6057:
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5950:
5863:
5780:
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5702:
5613:
5581:
5023:
4944:
3972:
3959:
3922:
3832:
3399:
3364:
3363:
Marquet, J.; Lorblanchet, M.; Oberlin, C.; Thamo-Bozso, E.; Aubry, T. (2016).
3318:
2274:
2202:
896:
Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Sadler, Greg; Gill, Christopher (2018).
863:
620:
592:
540:. It is contested whether it represents a face, or if it even constitutes art.
482:
266:
248:
222:
114:
105:
80:
35:
4474:
4412:
4246:
Marris, Emma (2018). "Neanderthal artists made oldest-known cave paintings".
3995:
Eagle Talon Jewelry Suggests Neanderthals Were Capable of Human-Like Thought.
3407:
3091:
Heavy Brows, High Art?: Newly Unearthed Painted Shells Show Neandertals Were
2282:
1967:
1900:
1789:
769:
71:. Researchers have speculated that Neanderthal behaviour would probably seem
7918:
7732:
7534:
7249:
7148:
7040:
7018:
7003:
6818:
6601:
6586:
6511:
6494:
6412:
6297:
6228:
6223:
6146:
6025:
5913:
5839:
5606:
5596:
5090:
4995:
4512:"The potential Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans"
3880:
3701:
3641:
3582:
3523:
3229:
3204:
3110:"Neanderthals were not less intelligent than modern humans, scientists find"
2804:
2411:
2025:
1621:
1376:
1359:
1232:
1123:
1106:
1091:
611:
385:
281:
72:
51:
4530:
4510:
Boë, Louis-Jean; Jean-Louis Heim; Kiyoshi Honda; Shinji Maeda (July 2002).
4492:
4337:
4319:
4192:
4098:
4054:
4036:
3899:
3805:
3720:
3660:
3601:
3558:"Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?"
3542:
3248:
3045:
2964:
2823:
2723:
2664:
2637:
2528:
2430:
2317:
2140:
2132:
2105:
2086:
2060:"Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant"
2044:
1985:
1918:
1867:
Kozowyk, P.R.B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G.H.J. (2017-08-31).
1853:
1725:
1706:
1640:
1560:
1499:
1426:
1385:
1300:
882:
787:
721:
702:
1579:
1518:
1240:
1197:
1056:
7769:
7709:
7674:
7664:
7023:
6959:
6764:
6504:
6499:
6407:
6282:
6104:
6067:
6047:
5539:
4951:
4916:
4893:
4614:
4401:"French cave markings said to be oldest known engravings by Neanderthals"
3150:
2450:
524:
modern human presence in Europe. Some notable findings are listed below.
377:
373:
321:
234:
118:
76:
4090:
1343:
1324:
7774:
7085:
6991:
6877:
6835:
6811:
6591:
6397:
6307:
6161:
6062:
6020:
5883:
5802:
5755:
5743:
5101:
4677:
3239:
2360:
Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable
2001:"Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity"
1757:
1740:
643:
581:
516:
512:
435:
393:
389:
361:
357:
151:
gene as living humans, but are different in one position of the gene's
2929:
10.1002/1099-1212(200009/10)10:5<379::AID-OA558>3.0.CO;2-4
2839:"Oldest cooked leftovers ever found suggest Neanderthals were foodies"
2680:"Molar Macrowear Reveals Neanderthal Eco-Geographic Dietary Variation"
2646:
2544:"Neanderthals and Cave Hyenas: Co-existence, Competition or Conflict?"
1835:
7724:
7153:
6830:
6690:
6668:
6521:
6457:
6402:
5792:
5770:
5738:
5712:
3913:
E. Callaway (2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art".
3762:"Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids"
2739:"Fossilized food stuck in Neandertal teeth indicates plant-rich diet"
2446:"Isotopes found in bones suggest Neanderthals were fresh meat eaters"
1189:
1048:
948:
931:
914:
897:
607:
122:
1682:"Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. CĂ©saire Neanderthal"
2167:
1358:
T. Maricic; V. GĂĽnther; O. Georgiev; S. Gehre; et al. (2013).
1005:
256:, northern Germany, and are thought to be the product of the older
7669:
7219:
6939:
6823:
6673:
6627:
6489:
6344:
6292:
6238:
5868:
5834:
5176:
5067:
5057:
4570:
1105:
J.T. Laitman; .S. Reidenberg; D.R. Friedland; P.J. Gannon (1991).
639:
603:
553:
506:
486:
450:
300:
289:
148:
104:
88:
29:
7165:
7126:
6806:
6606:
6462:
6392:
6312:
6184:
5697:
4835:
2333:"70,000-year-old remains suggest Neanderthals buried their dead"
1741:"Of assegais and bayonets: Reconstructing prehistoric spear use"
365:
215:
205:
archaeological sites show a simpler toolkit than those found in
7410:
6733:
6372:
5638:
5543:
4574:
1473:"The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behaviour"
818:
Wynn T, Coolidge F (14 January 2012). "The inner Neanderthal".
813:
811:
738:"Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals"
7406:
6769:
6477:
6243:
6201:
4069:
constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France".
3060:"Neanderthals were not inferior to modern humans, study finds"
606:
bones from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site,
320:
is universally accepted. An interpretation of pre-Neanderthal
1445:"Neanderthals Had Important Speech Gene, DNA Evidence Shows"
1168:
Lieberman, P. (1989). "Folk physiology and talking hyoids".
847:"Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation"
168:, used for speech generation in modern humans, is debated.
3854:
RodrĂguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Pacheco, F. G. (2014).
3151:"Dating Palaeolithic cave art: Why U–Th is the way to go"
1655:"50,000-year-old string found at France Neanderthal site"
1812:"Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals"
4351:
World's Oldest Cave Art Found—And Neanderthals Made It.
2987:, London, 24 November 2013. Retrieved on 19 April 2015.
992:
P. Lieberman (2007). "The evolution of human speech".
3856:"A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar"
2611:; Smith, F. H.; Paunović, M.; Karavanić, I. (2000).
1157:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–134.
46:
remain highly controversial. From their physiology,
8068:
7981:
7948:
7904:
7875:
7840:
7831:
7747:
7635:
7609:
7593:
7584:
7563:
7527:
7488:
7444:
7263:
7076:
6903:
6750:
6615:
6579:
6428:
6385:
6175:
6006:
5979:
5904:
5821:
5726:
5651:
5450:
5424:
5377:
5315:
5234:
5193:
5186:
5132:
5065:
5056:
4979:
4904:
4851:
4834:
4794:
4730:
4701:
4656:
4623:
4608:
4230:
World's Oldest Cave Art Found—Made by Neanderthals?
3681:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
3621:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
2778:Henry, A.G.; Brooks, A. "S.; Piperno, D.R. (2010).
2058:Kuhn SL, Stiner MC, Reese DS, Güleç E (June 2001).
380:, as they were the most abundant game, but also on
147:Neanderthals had the same DNA-coding region of the
5080:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
2864:"The caves that prove Neanderthals were cannibals"
2473:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1532:DeGusta D, Gilbert WH, Turner SP (February 1999).
964:
360:in their diet from animal sources. Evidence-based
171:In 1998, researchers suggested Neanderthals had a
2383:Jaouen, Klervia; et al. (19 February 2019).
4289:
4287:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
3945:"Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave"
3860:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3821:"Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art"
3562:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3503:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3197:
3195:
2784:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2617:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2065:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1600:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1539:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1478:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
681:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
288:Pendants and other jewellery showing traces of
2912:"Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe"
2304:Pettitt, Paul (2002). "The Neanderthal dead".
932:"Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach"
898:"Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach"
187:The morphology of the outer and middle ear of
160:the size and functionality of the Neanderthal
7422:
5555:
4586:
3960:"Neanderthals wore eagle talons as jewellery"
2995:
2993:
2979:"We’ll have our neighbours for dinner – raw"
2893:"Neanderthals Were Cannibals, Study Confirms"
1774:"Odd man out: Neanderthals and modern humans"
528:Flower pollen on the body of pre-Neanderthal
364:studies show that Neanderthals ate primarily
8:
3735:"Did Neanderthals use feathers for fashion?"
2503:Bocherens, H.; Drucker, D. G.; Billiou, D.;
453:tooth marks found on the skull and mandible.
109:The hyoid bone and larynx in a modern human.
3144:
3142:
1534:"Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech"
1401:"The human condition. A molecular approach"
851:Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki
419:Neanderthals are thought to have practised
7837:
7590:
7429:
7415:
7407:
6747:
6730:
6382:
6369:
5827:
5648:
5635:
5562:
5548:
5540:
5190:
5062:
4855:
4848:
4662:
4620:
4593:
4579:
4571:
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1471:Kay RF, Cartmill M, Balow M (April 1998).
4482:
4464:
4327:
4182:
4172:
4044:
3971:
3889:
3879:
3795:
3785:
3710:
3700:
3650:
3640:
3591:
3581:
3532:
3522:
3238:
3228:
3035:
3025:
2927:
2916:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
2813:
2803:
2713:
2703:
2654:
2636:
2420:
2410:
2095:
2085:
2034:
2024:
1975:
1957:
1908:
1843:
1756:
1715:
1705:
1630:
1620:
1569:
1559:
1508:
1498:
1416:
1375:
1342:
1290:
1280:
1221:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1122:
1111:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1080:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
947:
913:
872:
862:
777:
711:
701:
5485:Human evolutionary developmental biology
4131:It's Official: Neanderthals Created Art.
2549:. In Clark, J. L.; Speth, J. D. (eds.).
372:, and fed predominantly on deer, namely
3369:Paleo Revue d'Archéologie Préhistorique
2551:Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins
1323:K. Ohnuma; K. Aoki; T. Akazawa (1997).
666:
3073:Lazaro, Enrico de (January 18, 2017).
2766:Neanderthals cooked and ate vegetables
2737:Harmon, Katherine (27 December 2010).
2331:Marshall, Michael (18 February 2020).
430:Neanderthal bones from various sites (
128:A 2013 study on the Kebara hyoid used
5270:Evolutionary models of human drug use
316:No claim of a deliberate Neanderthal
7:
5510:
4147:d’Errico, F.; Tsvelykh, A. (2017).
2891:Andrea Thompson (4 December 2006).
1330:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
87:language capability (including the
4270:"Neanderthal 'make-up' discovered"
4133:Chris Standish and Alistair Pike.
2837:Geddes, Linda (23 November 2022).
2582:Papagianni, D.; Morse, M. (2013).
1142:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
464:Evidence of cannibalism includes:
25:
6686:Megalithic architectural elements
4207:"Neanderthals thought like we do"
2607:Richards, M. P.; Pettitt, P. B.;
2191:Journal of Archaeological Science
963:Stringer, C.; Gamble, C. (1993).
5521:
5509:
5498:
5497:
3307:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2263:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
591:Two artificial 176,000-year-old
184:have larger hypoglossal canals.
7305:Evolutionary origin of religion
3079:Sci.News: Breaking Science News
1772:Pettitt, Paul (February 2000).
1364:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3476:10.1126/science.302.5652.1890a
2768:." BBC News. 27 December 2010.
2444:Yika, Bob (19 February 2019).
27:Behavior of Neanderthal people
1:
6918:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
6448:British megalith architecture
2584:The Neanderthals Rediscovered
1739:Churchill, Steven E. (2002).
971:. London: Thames and Hudson.
967:In Search of the Neanderthals
832:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)60110-9
499:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
368:. Neanderthals were probably
7576:Southwest Asian Neanderthals
6913:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
6453:Nordic megalith architecture
4466:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568
4399:Sample, Ian (21 June 2023).
4174:10.1371/journal.pone.0173435
3787:10.1371/journal.pone.0045927
3470:(5, 652): 1890a–1890. 2003.
3284:10.1126/science.190.4217.880
3178:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.013
3027:10.1371/journal.pone.0119802
2957:10.1126/science.286.5437.128
2705:10.1371/journal.pone.0014769
2559:10.1007/978-94-007-6766-9_12
2521:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.003
2240:10.1126/science.190.4217.880
1959:10.1371/journal.pone.0213473
1282:10.1371/journal.pone.0082261
602:In 2017, incision-decorated
237:, many of which were sharp.
5528:Evolutionary biology Portal
493:Claims of art and adornment
8120:
7966:Neanderthal genome project
7061:British Isles and Brittany
6982:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
4559:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.07.002
4272:. BBC News. 9 January 2010
4256:10.1038/d41586-018-02357-8
4236:. Published June 14, 2012.
2542:Dusseldorp, G. L. (2013).
2509:Journal of Human Evolution
2121:Journal of Human Evolution
1893:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7
1418:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.036
1313:Wynn & Coolidge, p. 27
1140:The Transition to Language
762:10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y
496:
469:found in the same shelter.
434:and Abri Moula in France,
349:
309:
155:, and the extent of FOXP2
98:
50:are presumed to have been
7971:In Search of Lost Genomes
7610:Intermediate (250–130 ka)
6746:
6729:
6381:
6368:
5830:
5647:
5634:
5577:
5493:
5473:Evolutionary anthropology
4858:
4665:
3973:10.1038/nature.2015.17095
3923:10.1038/nature.2014.15805
3833:10.1038/nature.2014.15805
3400:10.1017/s0003598x00061627
3319:10.1017/s0959774300015249
2275:10.1017/S0959774300015249
2203:10.1016/j.jas.2014.04.019
1745:Evolutionary Anthropology
864:10.1186/s40709-016-0054-7
203:anatomically modern human
8059:The Neanderthal Parallax
7695:Krapina Neanderthal site
7655:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1
4234:National Geographic News
3947:. BBC. 1 September 2014.
3158:Quaternary International
2910:Pathou-Mathis M (2000).
398:straight-tusked elephant
7293:Evolutionary musicology
6696:Oldest extant buildings
6623:Archaeological features
6142:Prepared-core technique
5379:Origin of modern humans
3881:10.1073/pnas.1411529111
3866:(37): 13, 301–13, 306.
3702:10.1073/pnas.1605834113
3642:10.1073/pnas.1212924109
3583:10.1073/pnas.1014588107
3524:10.1073/pnas.1007963107
3429:Pettitt, P. B. (2003).
3340:Pettitt, P. B. (2002).
3230:10.1126/science.aap7778
2805:10.1073/pnas.1016868108
2586:. Thames & Hudson.
2412:10.1073/pnas.1814087116
2026:10.1073/pnas.1911137116
1622:10.1073/pnas.0403595101
1233:10.1002/ajpa.1330940211
1124:10.1002/ajpa.1330340505
1092:10.1002/ajpa.1330810204
845:Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016).
558:The scratched floor of
538:Mask of la Roche-Cotard
340:University of Cambridge
134:finite element analysis
7571:Gibraltar Neanderthals
7255:Unchambered long cairn
7103:Mound Builders culture
6436:Neolithic architecture
5571:Prehistoric technology
4531:10.1006/jpho.2002.0170
4320:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255
4037:10.1126/sciadv.aax1984
2638:10.1073/pnas.120178997
2318:10.3828/bfarm.2002.1.4
2133:10.1006/jhev.1999.0301
2087:10.1073/pnas.121590798
1707:10.1073/pnas.082111899
1561:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800
1500:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417
1399:Pääbo, Svante (2014).
1155:The Cradle of Language
703:10.1073/pnas.120178997
562:
520:
411:early modern humans.'
392:, and less frequently
356:Neanderthals obtained
352:Pleistocene human diet
307:
280:Neanderthals produced
277:archaeological sites.
201:Neanderthal and early
110:
39:
7479:Homo neanderthalensis
6930:List of Stone Age art
6132:Microblade technology
6080:Langdale axe industry
5678:Ard / plough
5387:Recent African origin
4625:Last common ancestors
4540:on November 24, 2006.
3958:Callaway, E. (2015).
2358:Ungar, Peter (2007).
1377:10.1093/molbev/mss271
638:in Spain has yielded
557:
510:
497:Further information:
310:Further information:
304:
130:X-ray microtomography
108:
44:Neanderthal behaviour
33:
7905:Contemporary species
7832:Fossils with claimed
7680:Saccopastore 1 and 2
7473:Homo heidelbergensis
7337:Prehistoric medicine
7332:Prehistoric counting
7315:Prehistoric religion
7310:Paleolithic religion
7288:Behavioral modernity
6645:Causewayed enclosure
6537:Abri de la Madeleine
5661:Neolithic Revolution
5402:Behavioral modernity
5392:Multiregional origin
5172:archaic Homo sapiens
5167:Homo heidelbergensis
5112:Red Deer Cave people
4547:Journal of Phonetics
4519:Journal of Phonetics
4389:. February 23, 2018.
4373:. February 23, 2018.
3999:Smithsonian Magazine
3819:E. Callaway (2014).
3556:Mellars, P. (2010).
2475:(19 February 2019).
2156:Current Anthropology
994:Current Anthropology
259:Homo heidelbergensis
190:Homo heidelbergensis
18:Neanderthal language
8077:Prehistoric Autopsy
8022:The Ugly Little Boy
8009:The Neanderthal Man
7617:Saccopastore skulls
7555:Levallois technique
7376:Prehistoric warfare
6122:Magdalenian culture
6085:Levallois technique
6016:Earliest toolmaking
5039:H. neanderthalensis
4959:H. e. tautavelensis
4457:2023PLoSO..1886568M
4357:. 22 February 2018.
4355:National Geographic
4312:2018SciA....4.5255H
4165:2017PLoSO..1273435M
4091:10.1038/nature18291
4083:2016Natur.534..111J
4029:2019SciA....5.1984R
3872:2014PNAS..11113301R
3778:2012PLoSO...745927F
3693:2016PNAS..11311162W
3633:2012PNAS..10918743H
3627:(46): 18743–18748.
3574:2010PNAS..10720147M
3568:(47): 20147–20148.
3515:2010PNAS..10720234H
3509:(47): 20234–20239.
3444:(3). Archived from
3276:1975Sci...190..880S
3221:2018Sci...359..912H
3170:2017QuInt.432...41P
3133:Scientific American
3018:2015PLoSO..1019802R
2796:2011PNAS..108..486H
2744:Scientific American
2696:2011PLoSO...614769F
2629:2000PNAS...97.7663R
2403:2019PNAS..116.4928J
2232:1975Sci...190..880S
2078:2001PNAS...98.7641K
2017:2019PNAS..11617707S
2011:(36): 17707–17711.
1950:2019PLoSO..1413473D
1885:2017NatSR...7.8033K
1828:2016NatSR...622159H
1778:British Archaeology
1698:2002PNAS...99.6444Z
1613:2004PNAS..101.9976M
1552:1999PNAS...96.1800D
1491:1998PNAS...95.5417K
1443:(19 October 2007).
1344:10.1537/ase.105.159
1273:2013PLoSO...882261D
1182:1989Natur.342..486M
1041:1989Natur.338..758A
754:2022Natur.610..519S
694:2000PNAS...97.7663R
636:Cave of Los Aviones
629:Cave of El Castillo
625:Cave of Maltravieso
519:, circa 130,000 BP.
503:Cave of Maltravieso
8033:Dance of the Tiger
8027:Neanderthal Planet
7992:The Quest for Fire
7961:Neanderthal Museum
7843:H. heidelbergensis
7834:Neanderthal traits
7327:Origin of language
7320:Spiritual drug use
7230:Rectangular dolmen
7132:Dartmoor kistvaens
6945:Carved stone balls
6657:Circular enclosure
6616:Other architecture
6559:Alp pile dwellings
6147:Solutrean industry
6058:Gravettian culture
5708:Secondary products
5226:Self-domestication
5017:H. heidelbergensis
4966:H. e. yuanmouensis
4931:H. e. lantianensis
4658:Australopithecines
4001:. 1 November 2019.
3462:"But is it art?".
3451:on 2 October 2011.
3127:N. Branan (2010).
3108:I. Sample (2014).
1873:Scientific Reports
1816:Scientific Reports
1758:10.1002/evan.10027
1450:The New York Times
563:
521:
474:Carles Lalueza-Fox
312:Paleolithic burial
308:
233:and task-specific
182:australopithecines
153:regulatory regions
111:
101:Origin of language
42:The details about
40:
8086:
8085:
7925:Homo floresiensis
7900:
7899:
7827:
7826:
7665:La Quina 5 and 18
7586:Notable specimens
7564:Regional variants
7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7349:Prehistoric music
7298:music archaeology
6955:Cup and ring mark
6780:Clothing/textiles
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6167:Yubetsu technique
6152:Striking platform
6117:Lithic technology
6002:
6001:
5987:Game drive system
5906:Projectile points
5798:Mortar and pestle
5537:
5536:
5478:Paleoanthropology
5420:
5419:
5397:Archaic admixture
5275:Stoned ape theory
5211:Endurance running
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
4975:
4974:
4938:H. e. nankinensis
4894:H. tsaichangensis
4830:
4829:
4385:. Sarah Cascone,
4369:. Sarah Cascone,
4353:Michael Greshko,
4077:(7605): 111–114.
2593:978-0-500-05177-1
2568:978-94-007-6765-2
2397:(11): 4928–4933.
2369:978-0-19-518346-7
1836:10.1038/srep22159
978:978-0-500-05070-5
748:(7932): 519–525.
569:on the floor of
425:ritual defleshing
402:woolly rhinoceros
331:Meriones tersicus
247:Whether they had
207:Upper Paleolithic
173:hypoglossal canal
65:procedural memory
16:(Redirected from
8111:
8040:Earth's Children
7956:Excavation sites
7852:Bontnewydd tooth
7838:
7753:range (50–40 ka)
7594:Archaic (430 ka)
7591:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7408:
7364:Divje Babe flute
7271:Archaeoastronomy
7014:Petrosomatoglyph
6748:
6731:
6580:Water management
6383:
6370:
6273:Denticulate tool
6095:Lithic reduction
5828:
5649:
5636:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5541:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5501:
5500:
5437:Human prehistory
5412:Recent evolution
5407:Early migrations
5349:Thermoregulation
5250:Expensive tissue
5221:Sexual selection
5191:
5063:
4945:H. e. pekinensis
4856:
4849:
4764:A. bahrelghazali
4733:Australopithecus
4663:
4633:Chimpanzee–human
4621:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4562:
4541:
4539:
4533:. Archived from
4516:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4468:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4415:. Archived from
4396:
4390:
4380:
4374:
4364:
4358:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4300:Science Advances
4291:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4243:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4176:
4144:
4138:
4128:
4111:
4110:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4023:(11): eaax1984.
4017:Science Advances
4008:
4002:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3789:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3687:(40): 11162–67.
3671:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3394:(298): 661–670.
3383:
3377:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3270:(4217): 880–81.
3259:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3215:(6378): 912–15.
3199:
3190:
3189:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3029:
2997:
2988:
2984:The Sunday Times
2977:Leake, Jonathan
2975:
2969:
2968:
2951:(5437): 128–31.
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2775:
2769:
2764:Ghosh, Pallab. "
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2640:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2337:newscientist.com
2328:
2322:
2321:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2226:(4217): 880–81.
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2028:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1961:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1190:10.1038/342486b0
1165:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1049:10.1038/338758a0
1035:(6218): 758–60.
1024:
1018:
1017:
989:
983:
982:
970:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:10.3390/h7020039
927:
921:
919:
917:
915:10.3390/h7020039
893:
887:
886:
876:
866:
842:
836:
835:
815:
806:
805:
798:
792:
791:
781:
732:
726:
725:
715:
705:
671:
166:Wernicke's areas
21:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8064:
8003:The Grisly Folk
7983:Popular culture
7977:
7944:
7896:
7887:Peștera cu Oase
7871:
7833:
7823:
7804:Saint-CĂ©saire 1
7752:
7743:
7637:
7631:
7605:
7580:
7559:
7545:Châtelperronian
7528:Tool traditions
7523:
7511:Admixture with
7484:
7467:Homo antecessor
7440:
7435:
7405:
7392:
7259:
7245:Stone box grave
7215:Megalithic tomb
7120:Cotswold-Severn
7072:
6977:Guardian stones
6905:Prehistoric art
6899:
6742:
6717:
6706:Timber trackway
6611:
6575:
6571:Wattle and daub
6424:
6403:Standing stones
6377:
6356:
6171:
5998:
5975:
5900:
5817:
5727:Food processing
5722:
5671:New World crops
5643:
5630:
5573:
5568:
5538:
5533:
5489:
5446:
5432:Human evolution
5416:
5373:
5317:
5311:
5290:Cooperative eye
5235:Specific models
5230:
5182:
5161:Homo antecessor
5116:
5052:
5046:H. rhodesiensis
5010:H. floresiensis
4971:
4952:H. e. soloensis
4924:H. e. georgicus
4900:
4864:H. gautengensis
4839:
4837:
4826:
4790:
4726:
4697:
4652:
4643:Orangutan–human
4612:
4604:
4602:Human evolution
4599:
4569:
4544:
4537:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4451:(6): e0286568.
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4419:on 21 June 2023
4398:
4397:
4393:
4381:
4377:
4365:
4361:
4349:
4345:
4306:(2): eaar5255.
4293:
4292:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4159:(3): e0173435.
4146:
4145:
4141:
4129:
4114:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3993:
3989:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3012:(3): e0119802.
2999:
2998:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2623:(13): 7663–66.
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2339:. New Scientist
2330:
2329:
2325:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2072:(13): 7641–46.
2057:
2056:
2052:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1944:(6): e0213473.
1931:
1930:
1926:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1661:. 13 April 2020
1653:
1652:
1648:
1607:(27): 9976–81.
1592:
1591:
1587:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1176:(6249): 486–7.
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1026:
1025:
1021:
991:
990:
986:
979:
962:
961:
957:
929:
928:
924:
895:
894:
890:
844:
843:
839:
826:(2847): 26–27.
817:
816:
809:
800:
799:
795:
734:
733:
729:
688:(13): 7663–36.
673:
672:
668:
663:
544:Châtelperronian
505:
495:
417:
354:
348:
326:Paul B. Pettitt
314:
299:
272:
199:
103:
97:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8117:
8115:
8107:
8106:
8104:Human behavior
8101:
8091:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8036:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8016:The Inheritors
8012:
8005:
8000:
7987:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7921:
7916:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7881:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7787:
7785:SidrĂłn remains
7782:
7772:
7767:
7756:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7722:
7717:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7652:
7645:La Ferrassie 1
7641:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7516:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7378:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7354:Alligator drum
7346:
7345:
7344:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7281:lunar calendar
7278:
7267:
7265:
7264:Other cultural
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7082:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7068:Venus figurine
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6999:Megalithic art
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6950:Cave paintings
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6752:Material goods
6744:
6743:
6734:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6475:
6470:
6468:Cliff dwelling
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6053:Fire hardening
6050:
6045:
6043:Clovis culture
6040:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5966:Manis Mastodon
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5845:throwing stick
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5657:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5519:
5507:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5442:Human timeline
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Drunken monkey
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5194:General models
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5073:
5071:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4983:
4981:Archaic humans
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4910:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4886:H. rudolfensis
4882:
4875:
4868:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4807:P. aethiopicus
4802:
4800:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4685:Sahelanthropus
4681:
4674:
4671:Nakalipithecus
4666:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4568:
4567:External links
4565:
4564:
4563:
4542:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4439:(2023-06-21).
4430:
4391:
4375:
4359:
4343:
4283:
4261:
4238:
4222:
4198:
4139:
4137:. 22 May 2018.
4112:
4060:
4003:
3997:Megan Gannon,
3987:
3950:
3936:
3905:
3846:
3811:
3751:
3726:
3666:
3607:
3548:
3489:
3454:
3438:Before Farming
3421:
3378:
3355:
3346:Before Farming
3332:
3297:
3254:
3191:
3138:
3119:
3100:
3084:
3065:
3051:
2989:
2970:
2935:
2902:
2899:. LiveScience.
2897:Health SciTech
2883:
2869:
2855:
2829:
2770:
2757:
2729:
2670:
2599:
2592:
2574:
2567:
2534:
2495:
2464:
2436:
2375:
2368:
2350:
2323:
2306:Before Farming
2296:
2253:
2208:
2181:
2168:10.1086/203725
2146:
2111:
2050:
1991:
1924:
1859:
1802:
1764:
1731:
1692:(9): 6444–48.
1672:
1646:
1585:
1546:(4): 1800–04.
1524:
1485:(9): 5417–19.
1463:
1441:Wade, Nicholas
1432:
1391:
1350:
1315:
1306:
1267:(12): e82261.
1246:
1211:
1160:
1145:
1130:
1097:
1070:
1019:
1006:10.1086/509092
984:
977:
955:
922:
888:
837:
807:
793:
727:
665:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
653:
632:
616:
600:
597:Bruniquel Cave
589:
578:
567:Deep scratches
552:
551:
547:
541:
533:
494:
491:
479:
478:
470:
462:
461:
458:
454:
416:
413:
370:apex predators
347:
344:
298:
295:
270:
212:Kenyon College
198:
195:
96:
93:
69:working memory
56:apex predators
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8116:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:Documentaries
8067:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7892:Lagar Velho 1
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7820:
7819:Mezmaiskaya 1
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7760:Neanderthal 1
7758:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7705:Teshik-Tash 1
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7622:Ehringsdorf 9
7620:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7549:controversial
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7420:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7240:Simple dolmen
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7225:Passage grave
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7171:Gallery grave
7169:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7086:Burial mounds
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7046:Statue menhir
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7034:Stone carving
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6873:Sewing needle
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6701:Timber circle
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6650:Tor enclosure
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6638:fulacht fiadh
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:spear-thrower
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:Bow and arrow
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Grinding slab
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5693:Domestication
5691:
5689:
5688:Digging stick
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:Founder crops
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5607:New Stone Age
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5314:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:Life history
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5149:Homo ergaster
5145:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5078:H. s. sapiens
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:Modern humans
5055:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5032:H. luzonensis
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4990:H. antecessor
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4917:H. e. erectus
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4833:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:A. deyiremeda
4768:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4692:Kenyanthropus
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Gorilla–human
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4553:(4): 552–63.
4552:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:(3): 465–84.
4524:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3772:(9): e45927.
3771:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3740:
3739:New Scientist
3736:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:(1): 127–29.
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3098:Mental Equals
3094:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2922:(5): 379–95.
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:(2): 486–91.
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:(3): e14769.
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2482:Science Daily
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:(1): 127–29.
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:(2): 157–90.
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1751:(5): 185–86.
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1411:(1): 216–26.
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1370:(4): 844–52.
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1337:(3): 159–68.
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:(2): 275–78.
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
985:
980:
974:
969:
968:
959:
956:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
923:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:New Scientist
814:
812:
808:
803:
797:
794:
789:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
728:
723:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
670:
667:
660:
654:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:Gorham's Cave
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:Gorham's Cave
556:
548:
545:
542:
539:
534:
531:
527:
526:
525:
518:
514:
509:
504:
500:
492:
490:
488:
484:
475:
471:
467:
466:
465:
459:
455:
452:
448:
447:
446:
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
414:
412:
408:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
345:
343:
341:
335:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
313:
303:
297:Burial claims
296:
294:
291:
286:
283:
278:
276:
268:
263:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
227:bone industry
224:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
196:
194:
192:
191:
185:
183:
179:
174:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
138:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
107:
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
85:Homo sapiens,
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
8099:Neanderthals
8075:
8057:
8050:
8038:
8031:
8014:
8007:
7990:
7969:
7939:Homo sapiens
7937:
7930:
7923:
7913:Homo erectus
7911:
7878:Homo sapiens
7876:
7841:
7814:Fontéchevade
7700:Shanidar 1-4
7690:Mt. Circeo 1
7685:Altamura man
7512:
7500:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7461:Homo erectus
7459:
7455:Homo habilis
7453:
7181:wedge-shaped
7166:Funeral pyre
7159:Great dolmen
7115:Chamber tomb
7096:Round barrow
7051:Stone circle
6923:Blombos Cave
6851:Grooved ware
6775:Chalcolithic
6679:Thornborough
6597:Flush toilet
6532:Blombos Cave
6527:Rock shelter
6483:Quiggly hole
6375:Architecture
6350:illustration
5992:Buffalo jump
5813:Storage pits
5776:Aşıklı Höyük
5766:Ground stone
5602:Subdivisions
5526:
5514:
5502:
5369:Gender roles
5364:Intelligence
5177:Homo sapiens
5175:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5155:Homo erectus
5153:
5147:
5143:Homo habilis
5141:
5102:Manot people
5091:H. s. idaltu
5089:
5085:Jebel Irhoud
5077:
5068:Homo sapiens
5066:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5000:
4988:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4907:Homo erectus
4905:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4852:Proto-humans
4841:
4838:proto-humans
4819:
4812:
4805:
4797:Paranthropus
4795:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4757:A. anamensis
4755:
4750:A. africanus
4748:
4743:A. afarensis
4741:
4731:
4719:
4712:
4704:Ardipithecus
4702:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4648:Gibbon–human
4550:
4546:
4535:the original
4522:
4518:
4448:
4444:
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:the original
4405:The Guardian
4404:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4303:
4299:
4274:. Retrieved
4264:
4247:
4241:
4233:
4232:. Ker Than.
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4210:
4201:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4134:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4020:
4016:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3963:
3953:
3939:
3914:
3908:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3824:
3814:
3769:
3765:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3446:the original
3441:
3437:
3424:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3212:
3208:
3161:
3157:
3132:
3122:
3114:The Guardian
3113:
3103:
3093:Homo sapiens
3092:
3087:
3078:
3068:
3054:
3009:
3005:
2982:
2973:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2896:
2886:
2872:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2843:The Guardian
2842:
2832:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2742:
2732:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2620:
2616:
2609:Trinkaus, E.
2602:
2583:
2577:
2550:
2537:
2515:(1): 71–87.
2512:
2508:
2505:Patou-Mathis
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2480:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2394:
2388:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2336:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2127:(1): 27–90.
2124:
2120:
2114:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1781:
1777:
1767:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1482:
1476:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1448:
1435:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1117:(S12): 109.
1114:
1110:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1000:(1): 39–66.
997:
993:
987:
966:
958:
939:
935:
925:
905:
901:
891:
854:
850:
840:
823:
819:
796:
745:
741:
730:
685:
679:
669:
649:Homo sapiens
647:
575:abstract art
522:
480:
463:
440:
432:Combe-Grenal
429:
418:
409:
406:
355:
336:
329:
315:
287:
279:
264:
257:
246:
239:
231:stone flakes
220:
200:
188:
186:
170:
146:
139:
127:
112:
84:
61:
48:Neanderthals
43:
41:
8052:Neanderthal
7932:Homo naledi
7867:Azykhantrop
7809:Le Moustier
7790:Gibraltar 1
7770:Spy 1 and 2
7750:radiocarbon
7638:(130–50 ka)
7438:Neanderthal
7203:unchambered
7198:Long barrow
7188:Grave goods
7144:Court cairn
7139:Clava cairn
7091:Bowl barrow
7029:Rock cupule
6972:Golden hats
6965:Hill figure
6866:Unstan ware
6846:Cord-marked
6711:Sweet Track
6633:Burnt mound
6554:Stilt house
6542:Sibudu Cave
6335:Tally stick
6303:Quern-stone
6288:Hammerstone
6278:Fire plough
6249:Pesse canoe
6207:Bannerstone
6177:Other tools
6090:Lithic core
6038:Aurignacian
5926:Bare Island
5808:Quern-stone
5300:Grandmother
5255:Shore-based
5216:Aquatic ape
5107:Tam Pa Ling
5002:H. ergaster
4821:P. robustus
4135:Sapiens.org
3915:Nature News
3825:Nature News
3240:10498/21578
2848:23 November
2750:5 September
2488:21 February
2457:19 February
2343:25 December
2312:(1): 1–26.
1879:(1): 8033.
615:butchering.
586:Cova ForadĂ
550:adornments.
443:excarnation
421:cannibalism
415:Cannibalism
275:Neanderthal
242:St. CĂ©saire
8093:Categories
7627:Altamura 1
7540:Mousterian
7519:Extinction
7513:H. sapiens
7342:trepanning
7235:Ring cairn
7193:Jar burial
7176:transepted
7108:U.S. sites
7009:Petroglyph
6935:Bird stone
6893:wine press
6566:Stone roof
6549:Roundhouse
6441:long house
6418:Stonehenge
6386:Ceremonial
6330:Stone tool
6157:Tool stone
6127:Metallurgy
6031:Mousterian
6008:Toolmaking
5946:Cumberland
5919:Transverse
5889:Schöningen
5781:Qesem cave
5749:Earth oven
5703:Irrigation
5614:Technology
5582:Prehistory
5339:Skin color
5324:Bipedalism
5285:Killer ape
5097:Cro-Magnon
4996:Denisovans
4872:H. habilis
4836:Humans and
4721:A. ramidus
4714:A. kadabba
4216:2019-07-05
4211:www.mpg.de
3375:: 253–263.
2197:: 649–57.
1086:(2): 254.
936:Humanities
902:Humanities
661:References
621:La Pasiega
593:stalagmite
530:Shanidar 4
483:sky burial
350:See also:
267:pyrolusite
254:Schöningen
249:projectile
223:Mousterian
157:expression
99:See also:
89:FOXP2 gene
81:xenophobic
36:Mousterian
7919:Denisovan
7857:Atapuerca
7535:Acheulean
7501:Behaviour
7446:Ancestors
7386:symbolism
7250:Tor cairn
7208:Grønsalen
7149:Cremation
7041:Sculpture
7019:Pictogram
7004:Petroform
6824:amber use
6792:Cosmetics
6602:Reservoir
6587:Check dam
6517:Pueblitos
6512:Pit-house
6495:Longhouse
6429:Dwellings
6298:Microlith
6229:Bow drill
6224:Bone tool
6217:prismatic
6026:Acheulean
5941:Cresswell
5914:Arrowhead
5840:Boomerang
5756:Granaries
5718:Terracing
5597:Stone Age
5458:Theorists
5425:Timelines
5305:Patriarch
5281:Behavior
5206:Gathering
5134:Ancestors
4879:H. naledi
4814:P. boisei
4785:A. sediba
4475:1932-6203
4413:0261-3077
4107:205249458
3982:191368693
3931:163840392
3841:163840392
3484:149146480
3416:162609308
3408:0003-598X
3388:Antiquity
3327:162496872
3186:130629624
3164:: 41–49.
2291:162496872
2283:0959-7743
2176:146781901
1968:1932-6203
1901:2045-2322
1822:: 22159.
1790:1357-4442
942:(2): 39.
908:(2): 39.
770:1476-4687
612:Micoquian
588:in Spain.
386:wild boar
282:birch tar
262:species.
235:hand axes
142:Levallois
73:neophobic
52:omnivores
7949:Research
7720:Tabun C1
7710:Kebara 2
7675:Scladina
7601:MiguelĂłn
7506:Genetics
7024:Rock art
6987:painting
6960:Geoglyph
6785:timeline
6765:Beadwork
6505:Mehrgarh
6500:Mudbrick
6408:megalith
6283:Fire-saw
6105:debitage
6100:analysis
6068:Hand axe
6048:Cupstone
5626:Glossary
5587:Timeline
5504:Category
5359:Language
5329:Skeleton
5024:H. longi
4778:A. garhi
4615:Hominins
4610:Taxonomy
4493:37343032
4484:10284424
4445:PLOS ONE
4338:29507889
4193:28355292
4153:PLOS ONE
4099:27251286
4055:31701003
3900:25197076
3806:23029321
3766:PLOS ONE
3721:27638212
3661:23112183
3602:21078972
3543:20956292
3292:71625677
3249:29472483
3046:25760648
3006:PLOS ONE
2965:10506562
2824:21187393
2724:21445243
2684:PLOS ONE
2665:10852955
2529:15869783
2451:Phys.org
2431:30782806
2248:71625677
2141:10375476
2106:11390976
2045:31427508
1986:31220106
1938:PLOS ONE
1919:28860591
1854:26922901
1726:11972028
1665:15 April
1659:BBC News
1641:15213327
1427:24679537
1386:23197593
1301:24367509
1261:PLOS ONE
1206:31049444
1014:28651524
883:27429943
788:36261548
722:10852955
378:reindeer
374:red deer
322:Shanidar
178:Berkeley
119:Kebara 2
95:Language
77:dogmatic
7775:Engis 2
7636:Typical
7496:Anatomy
7489:Biology
7381:Symbols
6992:pigment
6878:Weaving
6841:Cardium
6836:Pottery
6831:Mirrors
6819:Jewelry
6760:Baskets
6740:culture
6592:Cistern
6398:Pyramid
6340:Weapons
6318:Scraper
6308:Racloir
6268:Cleaver
6256:Chopper
6162:Uniface
6073:Grooves
6063:Hafting
6021:Oldowan
5980:Systems
5931:Cascade
5894:woomera
5884:harpoon
5857:history
5823:Hunting
5803:Pottery
5744:Cooking
5653:Farming
5619:history
5592:Outline
5516:Commons
5468:Fossils
5334:Muscles
5245:Cooking
5201:Hunting
4678:Orrorin
4504:Sources
4453:Bibcode
4423:22 June
4387:Art Net
4371:Art Net
4329:5833998
4308:Bibcode
4184:5371307
4161:Bibcode
4079:Bibcode
4046:6824858
4025:Bibcode
3891:4169962
3868:Bibcode
3797:3444460
3774:Bibcode
3744:16 June
3712:5056053
3689:Bibcode
3652:3503158
3629:Bibcode
3593:2996706
3570:Bibcode
3534:2996711
3511:Bibcode
3464:Science
3272:Bibcode
3264:Science
3217:Bibcode
3209:Science
3166:Bibcode
3037:4356571
3014:Bibcode
2945:Science
2815:3021051
2792:Bibcode
2715:3060801
2692:Bibcode
2625:Bibcode
2422:6421459
2399:Bibcode
2228:Bibcode
2219:Science
2074:Bibcode
2036:6731756
2013:Bibcode
1977:6586293
1946:Bibcode
1910:5579016
1881:Bibcode
1845:4770591
1824:Bibcode
1694:Bibcode
1609:Bibcode
1580:9990105
1548:Bibcode
1519:9560291
1487:Bibcode
1292:3867335
1269:Bibcode
1241:8085618
1198:2685609
1178:Bibcode
1065:4309147
1057:2716823
1037:Bibcode
874:4947341
779:9581778
750:Bibcode
690:Bibcode
644:pigment
582:Krapina
517:Croatia
513:Krapina
436:Krapina
394:mammoth
390:aurochs
362:isotope
358:protein
162:Broca's
7725:Amud 1
7359:flutes
7154:Dolmen
7078:Burial
6888:winery
6861:Linear
6691:Midden
6669:Cursus
6662:Goseck
6522:Pueblo
6473:Dugout
6458:Burdei
6137:Mining
5961:Lamoka
5956:Folsom
5936:Clovis
5793:Metate
5771:Hearth
5739:Basket
5713:Sickle
5451:Others
5354:Speech
5316:Topics
5261:Drugs
5187:Models
4491:
4481:
4473:
4411:
4336:
4326:
4276:20 May
4248:Nature
4191:
4181:
4105:
4097:
4071:Nature
4053:
4043:
3980:
3964:Nature
3929:
3898:
3888:
3839:
3804:
3794:
3719:
3709:
3659:
3649:
3600:
3590:
3541:
3531:
3482:
3414:
3406:
3325:
3290:
3247:
3184:
3044:
3034:
2963:
2822:
2812:
2722:
2712:
2663:
2653:
2647:122870
2645:
2590:
2565:
2527:
2429:
2419:
2366:
2289:
2281:
2246:
2174:
2139:
2104:
2094:
2043:
2033:
1984:
1974:
1966:
1917:
1907:
1899:
1852:
1842:
1795:18 May
1788:
1724:
1717:122968
1714:
1639:
1632:454200
1629:
1578:
1568:
1517:
1507:
1456:18 May
1425:
1384:
1299:
1289:
1239:
1204:
1196:
1170:Nature
1063:
1055:
1029:Nature
1012:
975:
881:
871:
857:: 17.
786:
776:
768:
742:Nature
720:
710:
640:ochred
608:Crimea
318:burial
123:Israel
7670:Krijn
7276:sites
7220:Mummy
6940:Cairn
6856:JĹŤmon
6807:shoes
6802:Hides
6674:Henge
6628:Broch
6490:Jacal
6345:Wheel
6293:Knife
6239:Canoe
6234:Burin
6212:Blade
6110:flake
5971:Plano
5879:baton
5869:Spear
5835:Arrow
5788:Manos
5641:Tools
5463:Books
5241:Diet
4538:(PDF)
4515:(PDF)
4103:S2CID
3978:S2CID
3927:S2CID
3837:S2CID
3480:S2CID
3449:(PDF)
3434:(PDF)
3412:S2CID
3323:S2CID
3288:S2CID
3182:S2CID
3154:(PDF)
3096:'
2656:16602
2643:JSTOR
2547:(PDF)
2287:S2CID
2244:S2CID
2172:S2CID
2097:34721
1571:15600
1510:20276
1202:S2CID
1061:S2CID
1010:S2CID
713:16602
604:raven
487:Tibet
457:body.
451:hyena
290:ochre
197:Tools
149:FOXP2
115:hyoid
8045:film
7997:film
7862:Samu
7798:site
7792:and
7779:site
7764:site
7739:OR-1
7733:site
7727:and
7714:site
7659:site
7649:site
7470:) →
7369:gudi
7127:Cist
7056:list
6883:Wine
6812:Ă–tzi
6797:Glue
6770:Beds
6738:and
6736:Arts
6607:Well
6463:Cave
6393:Kiva
6323:side
6313:Rope
6261:tool
6195:bone
6185:Adze
5951:Eden
5864:Nets
5734:Fire
5698:Goad
5683:Celt
5344:Hair
5164:) →
4842:Homo
4489:PMID
4471:ISSN
4425:2023
4409:ISSN
4334:PMID
4278:2010
4189:PMID
4095:PMID
4051:PMID
3896:PMID
3802:PMID
3746:2017
3717:PMID
3657:PMID
3598:PMID
3539:PMID
3404:ISSN
3352:(4).
3245:PMID
3042:PMID
2961:PMID
2850:2022
2820:PMID
2752:2014
2720:PMID
2661:PMID
2588:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2525:PMID
2490:2019
2459:2019
2427:PMID
2364:ISBN
2345:2021
2310:2002
2279:ISSN
2137:PMID
2102:PMID
2041:PMID
2005:PNAS
1982:PMID
1964:ISSN
1915:PMID
1897:ISSN
1850:PMID
1797:2009
1786:ISSN
1722:PMID
1686:PNAS
1667:2020
1637:PMID
1576:PMID
1515:PMID
1458:2009
1423:PMID
1405:Cell
1382:PMID
1297:PMID
1237:PMID
1194:PMID
1053:PMID
973:ISBN
879:PMID
784:PMID
766:ISSN
718:PMID
634:The
501:and
400:and
382:ibex
376:and
366:meat
346:Diet
306:1983
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