773:, the British minister, to inform the cardinal that he (Nelson) would do nothing to break the armistice; while Captains Bell and Troubridge wrote that they had Nelson's authority to state that the latter would not oppose the embarcation of the Republicans. Although these expressions were equivocal, the Republicans were satisfied and embarked on the vessels prepared for them. However, on 28 June, Nelson received despatches from the court (in reply to his own), in consequence of which he had the vessels brought under the guns of his ships, and many of the Republicans were arrested. Caracciolo, who had been caught whilst attempting to escape from Naples, was tried by a court-martial of Royalist officers under Nelson's auspices on board the admiral's flagship, condemned to death and hanged at the yard arm. The last jacobin stronghold,
786:
881:
915:
423:
398:
903:
86:
107:
79:
170:
1390:
880:
749:
still held out and bombarded the streets, while the Franco-Spanish fleet might arrive at any moment. Consequently, Ruffo was desperately anxious to come to terms with the
Republicans for the evacuation of the castles, in spite of the Queen's orders to make no terms with the rebels. After some
761:
While the vessels were being prepared for the voyage to Toulon all the hostages in the castles were liberated save four; but on 24 June 1799, Nelson arrived with his fleet, and on hearing of the capitulation he refused to recognise it except insofar as it concerned the French.
182:
1157:
677:
but they were doctrinaire and impractical, and they knew very little of the lower classes of their own country. The new government soon found itself in financial difficulties, owing to
Championnet's demands for money (he was later relieved for
1150:
668:
on the site of the future city of Naples. The
Republic had no real domestic constituency and existed solely due to the power of the French Army. The Republic's leaders were men of culture, high character and birth, such as
1143:
585:
authority. However, after a sudden French counter-attack, his troops were forced to retreat and were eventually routed. A contemporary satirist said of the King's conquest of Rome: "He came, he saw, he fled".
501:
fled before advancing French troops. The republic existed from 21 January to 13 June 1799, collapsing when
Ferdinand returned to restore monarchial authority and forcibly subdued republican activities.
1664:
2962:
618:
massacred numbers of persons suspected of republican sympathies, while the nobility and the educated classes, finding themselves abandoned by their King, began to contemplate a
2957:
769:, it must be respected, and on Nelson's refusal, he said that he would not help him to capture the castles. On 26 June 1799, Nelson changed his attitude and authorised Sir
1657:
169:
737:
continued to pillage and massacre, and Ruffo was unable, even if willing, to restrain them. However, the
Royalists were not masters of the city, for the French in
2927:
682:); it failed to organise an army (and was therefore dependent on French protection) and met with little success in its attempts to "democratise" the provinces.
765:
Cardinal Ruffo indignantly declared that once the treaty was signed, not only by himself but by the
Russian and Turkish commandants and by the British captain
1650:
1050:
106:
914:
2972:
785:
2015:
538:
did not at first actively oppose reform; but after the fall of the French monarchy they became violently opposed to it, and in 1793, joined the
2952:
2967:
78:
2317:
2035:
704:
649:
parties of Naples surged, and civil war broke out. On 20 January 1799, the
Republicans under General Championnet conquered the fortress of
2830:
2573:
2521:
758:. The capitulation was signed by Ruffo, and British, Russian and Turkish officers, as well as, for the Republicans, the French commander.
754:), whereby the castles were to be evacuated, the hostages liberated and the garrisons free to remain in Naples unmolested or to sail for
902:
695:
573:
in
September 1798, where he was enthusiastically received. The Neapolitan army had 70,000 men hastily summoned under the command of the
96:
2712:
2383:
1533:
1319:
1081:
2824:
2432:
1375:
1115:
1007:
977:
866:
1673:
1613:
2842:
2942:
869:
on 3 February 1800 criticising what he alleged to be
British acquiescence to Ferdinand's repression of Neapolitan republicans.
531:
498:
2818:
2666:
1824:
2922:
2722:
1563:
1543:
608:
1135:
2707:
2641:
2440:
2172:
2095:
1946:
1528:
1420:
1299:
1274:
730:
1629:
1166:
195:
2947:
2836:
2788:
2479:
1966:
770:
641:
rebelled. Though ill-armed and ill-disciplined, they resisted the enemy with desperate courage. In the meantime, the
631:
2782:
2776:
2727:
2717:
2147:
2132:
1995:
1571:
1548:
1538:
1505:
1465:
1425:
850:, the newspaper of the republican government. More than 500 other people were imprisoned (222 for life), 288 were
85:
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1500:
1170:
839:
535:
494:
319:
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1941:
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to organize a counter-revolution. He succeeded beyond expectation with his "Christian army of the Holy Faith" (
542:
against France, instituting severe persecutions against all who were remotely suspected of French sympathies.
2932:
2888:
2563:
2455:
2417:
1912:
1842:
1480:
969:
578:
181:
112:
858:. The subsequent censorship and oppression of all political movement was far more debilitating for Naples.
2977:
2794:
2742:
2732:
2568:
2511:
2182:
1576:
1553:
1445:
815:
91:
2812:
2608:
2594:
2422:
2162:
2075:
2025:
1704:
1687:
1490:
1460:
1218:
803:
653:, and the French entered the city the next day. The casualties were 8,000 Neapolitans and 1,000 French.
490:
369:
250:
199:
2584:
827:
117:
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2737:
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2244:
2050:
1894:
1792:
1736:
1470:
1455:
1430:
1314:
1294:
942:
581:. On 29 November, this army entered Rome, which had been evacuated by the French, wishing to restore
554:
661:
On 21 or 23 January 1799, the
Parthenopean Republic was proclaimed. The name referred to an ancient
2882:
2613:
2516:
2499:
2489:
2344:
2267:
2090:
2085:
2020:
1920:
1830:
1440:
1254:
1244:
738:
650:
511:
309:
288:
227:
2806:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2671:
2636:
2631:
2589:
2553:
2412:
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2229:
2202:
2142:
2045:
2030:
1868:
1848:
1592:
1523:
1435:
1365:
1304:
1264:
1259:
1249:
937:
642:
569:, Maria Carolina induced Ferdinand to go to war with France once more. Nelson himself arrived at
566:
1360:
746:
2651:
2646:
2579:
2538:
2532:
2373:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2080:
2060:
2010:
2000:
1981:
1485:
1355:
1337:
1309:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1239:
1202:
1111:
1077:
1003:
973:
862:
646:
527:
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416:
403:
346:
240:
2868:
2450:
2445:
2368:
2302:
2297:
2167:
2137:
2105:
1961:
1906:
1885:
1863:
1234:
932:
819:
719:
679:
591:
474:
454:
222:
140:
45:
2391:
2359:
2354:
2334:
2197:
2157:
2127:
2110:
2070:
2055:
2040:
1971:
1956:
1873:
1853:
1726:
1608:
1389:
1370:
1183:
1174:
892:
823:
729:
On 13 June 1799. Ruffo and his troops reached Naples, and after a desperate battle at the
715:
539:
462:
59:
17:
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2874:
2770:
2764:
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2339:
2212:
2207:
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1858:
1836:
1780:
1719:
888:
686:
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623:
562:
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1900:
1774:
1746:
1475:
1045:
1040:
831:
811:
794:
670:
596:
543:
2848:
1931:
1786:
1766:
1642:
766:
742:
662:
637:
When the news of the surrender to the French reached Naples and the provinces, the
293:
830:, the minister of war under the republic; Massa, the defender of Castel dell'Ovo;
963:
2484:
2349:
1586:
1347:
1329:
722:, withdrew. The scattered Republican detachments were defeated, only Naples and
718:, now marched on the capital, whence the French, except for a small force under
547:
843:
1751:
750:
negotiation, the parties concluded an armistice and agreed on capitulation (
627:
1108:
Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780–1860
965:
Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780–1860
2469:
1951:
1756:
1699:
1401:
891:
with a yellow stripe in the place of the white one. It is similar to the
851:
690:
619:
482:
365:
254:
711:, it was recalled to Palermo, as the Franco–Spanish fleet was expected.
1731:
1692:
1495:
1412:
1212:
1194:
1054:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
835:
774:
723:
700:
604:
574:
810:
Of some 8,000 political prisoners, 99 were executed, including Prince
2239:
1600:
755:
703:, but after a few engagements with the Republican fleet commanded by
570:
515:
332:
209:
714:
Ruffo, supported by Russian and Turkish ships under the command of
699:). A British squadron approached Naples and occupied the island of
2217:
1741:
1714:
1623:
1515:
1226:
855:
789:
Painting of the Revolution of 1799 with blue-yellow-red tricolours
784:
558:
441:
1709:
708:
582:
1646:
1139:
1023:
Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy
818:, who had written the republican constitution; the scientist,
553:
In 1796, peace with France was concluded, but in 1798, during
801:. At four o'clock that afternoon, he went aboard the British
1039:
807:, which was to be his headquarters for the next four weeks.
174:
The Kingdom of Naples briefly became a Republic in 1799.
634:. Pignatelli also fled to Palermo on 16 January 1799.
514:, an ancient Greek settlement now part of the city of
1130:
Nelson at Naples: Revolution and Retribution in 1799)
887:
The flag of the Parthenopean Republic was the French
595:(the lowest class of the people) were devoted to the
1074:
Nelson at Naples, Revolution and Retribution in 1799
2858:
2755:
2685:
2624:
2607:
2531:
2468:
2431:
2405:
2382:
2327:
2316:
2258:
2228:
1980:
1930:
1884:
1815:
1802:
1765:
1680:
1622:
1599:
1585:
1562:
1514:
1411:
1400:
1346:
1328:
1225:
1211:
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1182:
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361:
343:
329:
315:
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272:
260:
246:
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215:
205:
191:
32:
733:, entered the city. For weeks the Calabresi and
599:and ready to defend it, he embarked on Nelson's
861:After news of these events arrived in Britain,
546:, however, gained ground, especially among the
814:, who was publicly beheaded, the intellectual
685:Meanwhile, the court at Palermo sent Cardinal
589:The King hurried back to Naples. Although the
2963:States and territories disestablished in 1799
1658:
1151:
611:took over the city and the fleet was burned.
132:
37:
8:
2061:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
793:On 10 July 1799, King Ferdinand entered the
51:
895:which would be adopted in the 19th century.
626:. On 12 January 1799, Pignatelli signed in
2958:States and territories established in 1799
2855:
2621:
2324:
1812:
1665:
1651:
1643:
1408:
1190:
1158:
1144:
1136:
1002:(2009 ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
838:, who had been captured by treachery; and
180:
168:
29:
1394:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
614:The wildest confusion prevailed, and the
510:The Parthenopean Republic is named after
1033:
1031:
689:, a wealthy and influential prelate, to
2016:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
993:
991:
989:
954:
876:
481:) was a short-lived, semi-autonomous
342:
328:
324:
281:
271:
267:
259:
7:
2928:Client states of the Napoleonic Wars
630:the surrender to the French general
846:turned revolutionary and editor of
696:Esercito Cristiano della Santa Fede
162:"Hymn to the Parthenopean Republic"
1101:The Bourbons of Naples (1731–1825)
1000:The Bourbons of Naples (1731–1825)
493:. The republic emerged during the
25:
2825:United Provinces of Central Italy
1076:. Stroud: Amberley. p. 304.
160:(Inno alla Repubblica Partenopea)
1674:List of historic states of Italy
1388:
1110:(Oxford University Press, 2006.
913:
901:
879:
421:
396:
105:
84:
77:
2973:1799 disestablishments in Italy
2807:Provisional Government of Milan
707:, an ex-officer in the Bourbon
622:under French auspices to avoid
2006:City of Fiume and its District
609:Francesco Pignatelli Strongoli
69:January 21, 1799–June 13, 1799
1:
2953:Early modern history of Italy
2441:County of Apulia and Calabria
1947:Campagna e Marittima Province
797:on a Neapolitan frigate, the
2968:1799 establishments in Italy
186:Map of Parthenopean Republic
2843:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2837:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2789:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1967:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1038:Rose, John Holland (1911).
603:and fled with his court to
339:21 January January 21, 1799
2994:
2783:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2777:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2178:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
2148:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2133:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1426:Confederation of the Rhine
1025:, Tommaso Astarita, p. 250
777:, surrendered on June 30.
27:Republic of Naples of 1799
18:Neapolitan Republic (1799)
2895:Free Territory of Trieste
2413:Principality of Benevento
1386:
920:Variant flag with emblem.
840:Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel
495:French Revolutionary Wars
467:République Parthénopéenne
375:
357:
325:
320:French Revolutionary Wars
301:
268:
179:
167:
151:
128:
73:
68:
53:République Parthénopéenne
2801:Italian United Provinces
2153:Principality of Piombino
1942:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1072:North, Jonathan (2018).
632:Jean Étienne Championnet
2889:Italian Social Republic
2564:Principality of Taranto
2456:Principality of Taranto
2418:Principality of Salerno
2173:Bishopric of Tarantasia
1996:Bishopric of Bressanone
1913:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1481:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
1051:Encyclopædia Britannica
970:Oxford University Press
752:onorevole capitolazione
741:and the Republicans in
526:On the outbreak of the
522:Origins of the Republic
2943:18th century in Naples
2795:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2569:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2473:(from the 9th century)
2183:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
998:Acton, Harold (1957).
848:il Monitore Napoletano
790:
532:Ferdinand IV of Naples
478:
466:
458:
133:
52:
38:
2923:Parthenopean Republic
2813:Republic of San Marco
2595:Crown Colony of Malta
2423:Principality of Capua
2163:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2026:County of Santa Fiora
1688:Etruscan civilization
865:made a speech in the
788:
731:Ponte della Maddalena
491:French First Republic
489:and supported by the
479:Repubblica Napoletana
459:Repubblica Partenopea
451:Parthenopean Republic
353:13 June June 13, 1799
216:Common languages
134:LibertĂ e Uguaglianza
39:Repubblica Partenopea
34:Parthenopean Republic
2609:French Revolutionary
2549:State of the Presidi
2273:Republic of Florence
2245:Domini di Terraferma
1895:Exarchate of Ravenna
1793:Western Roman Empire
1737:Nuragic civilization
1171:French Revolutionary
962:Davis, John (2006).
943:Altamuran Revolution
705:Francesco Caracciolo
146:Freedom and Equality
2883:Free State of Fiume
2831:Kingdom of Sardinia
2574:Neapolitan Republic
2522:Kingdom of Sardinia
2517:Republic of Sassari
2345:Catepanate of Italy
2268:Republic of Cospaia
2091:Duchy of Montferrat
2086:March of Montferrat
2021:County of Guastalla
1921:Exarchate of Africa
1376:Swiss Confederation
607:in a panic. Prince
485:located within the
471:Neapolitan Republic
310:Legislative Council
2948:History of Salerno
2713:Lucca and Piombino
2590:Malta Protectorate
2554:Duke of San Donato
2308:Republic of Ancona
2230:Republic of Venice
2143:Duchy of Mirandola
2031:Duchy of Guastalla
1869:Duchy of Tridentum
1849:Duchy of Benevento
1816:Barbarian kingdoms
1534:Lucca and Piombino
1121:Gregory, Desmond.
938:Giuseppe Abbamonte
834:, the defender of
791:
567:Battle of the Nile
370:Neapolitan carlino
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2751:
2750:
2718:Massa and Carrara
2603:
2602:
2580:Hospitaller Malta
2539:Kingdom of Naples
2533:Kingdom of Sicily
2464:
2463:
2374:Duchy of Sorrento
2293:Republic of Genoa
2288:Republic of Siena
2283:Republic of Massa
2278:Republic of Lucca
2011:County of Gorizia
2001:Corsican Republic
1982:Holy Roman Empire
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1539:Massa and Carrara
1384:
1383:
1128:North, Jonathan.
896:
863:Charles James Fox
828:Gabriele Manthoné
528:French Revolution
487:Kingdom of Naples
447:
446:
433:
432:
429:
428:
417:Kingdom of Naples
409:
408:
404:Kingdom of Naples
241:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
2985:
2938:Former republics
2869:Kingdom of Italy
2856:
2622:
2451:County of Sicily
2446:County of Aversa
2369:Byzantine Sicily
2355:Theme of Lucania
2325:
2303:Republic of Pisa
2298:Republic of Noli
2168:Duchy of Spoleto
2138:Duchy of Merania
2036:Kingdom of Italy
1962:Duchy of Ferrara
1907:Duchy of Perugia
1886:Byzantine Empire
1864:Duchy of Spoleto
1831:Ostrogothic rule
1813:
1681:Pre-Roman period
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1191:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1123:Napoleon's Italy
1088:
1087:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
995:
984:
983:
959:
933:Naples Lazzaroni
917:
905:
886:
883:
867:House of Commons
820:Domenico Cirillo
771:William Hamilton
739:Castel Sant'Elmo
651:Castel Sant'Elmo
425:
424:
413:
412:
400:
399:
393:
392:
377:
376:
297:
184:
172:
144:
136:
121:
109:
100:
88:
81:
63:
55:
49:
41:
30:
21:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2900:
2854:
2757:
2756:Post-Napoleonic
2747:
2681:
2617:
2611:
2599:
2541:
2537:
2536:(1130–1816) and
2535:
2527:
2472:
2460:
2427:
2401:
2392:Emirate of Bari
2378:
2365:Theme of Sicily
2360:Duchy of Naples
2335:Duchy of Amalfi
2320:
2312:
2260:
2259:Other Republics
2254:
2232:
2224:
2218:County of Tenda
2198:County of Savoy
2158:Duchy of Reggio
2128:Duchy of Mantua
2056:March of Friuli
1988:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1972:Duchy of Urbino
1957:Duchy of Castro
1934:
1926:
1880:
1874:Duchy of Tuscia
1854:Duchy of Friuli
1817:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1777:(753 BC–509 BC)
1761:
1676:
1671:
1641:
1632:
1618:
1595:
1581:
1558:
1510:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1380:
1342:
1324:
1221:
1207:
1185:
1178:
1175:Napoleonic Wars
1164:
1099:Acton, Harold.
1096:
1094:Further reading
1091:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1010:
997:
996:
987:
980:
961:
960:
956:
952:
947:
928:
921:
918:
909:
906:
897:
893:flag of Romania
884:
875:
824:Luisa Sanfelice
783:
747:Castel dell'Ovo
716:Admiral Ushakov
659:
597:Bourbon dynasty
565:victory at the
540:first coalition
524:
508:
422:
397:
350:
336:
291:
285:
275:
232:
187:
175:
163:
161:
159:
147:
138:
124:
123:
122:
115:
110:
102:
101:
94:
89:
82:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Italian states
2930:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:Italian Empire
2865:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2819:Roman Republic
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2771:Duchy of Lucca
2768:
2765:Duchy of Genoa
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Duchy of Gaeta
2337:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2318:Southern Italy
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2261:(c. 1000–1797)
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:County of Nice
2210:
2208:Duchy of Aosta
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:Savoyard state
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Duchy of Milan
2120:
2118:Duchy of Ivrea
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Duchy of Ivrea
1856:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1825:Odoacer's rule
1821:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:(27 BC–395 AD)
1784:
1783:(509 BC–27 BC)
1781:Roman Republic
1778:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1720:Cisalpine Gaul
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:978-1445679372
1082:
1057:
1046:Chisholm, Hugh
1027:
1015:
1008:
985:
978:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
912:
910:
907:
900:
898:
885:
878:
874:
871:
782:
779:
687:Fabrizio Ruffo
675:Cassano Irpino
658:
655:
536:Maria Carolina
523:
520:
507:
504:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
419:
410:
407:
406:
401:
389:
388:
383:
373:
372:
363:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
344:
341:
340:
337:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:Historical era
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
299:
298:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
231:
230:
225:
219:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
193:
189:
188:
185:
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
149:
148:
145:
126:
125:
111:
104:
103:
90:
83:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2990:
2979:
2978:1799 in Italy
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Duchy of Sora
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2397:Muslim Sicily
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:Duchy of Rome
1899:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:Roman Kingdom
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Magna Graecia
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1564:Mediterranean
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Salm-Horstmar
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Aschaffenburg
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:Client states
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:9780198207559
1113:
1109:
1106:Davis, John.
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1041:"Italy"
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1009:9780571249015
1005:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
986:
981:
979:9780198207559
975:
971:
967:
966:
958:
955:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
925:
916:
911:
908:Variant flag.
904:
899:
894:
890:
882:
877:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Ettore Carafa
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Gennaro Serra
808:
806:
805:
800:
796:
795:Bay of Naples
787:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
726:holding out.
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
672:
671:Gennaro Serra
667:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
544:Republicanism
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
505:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
443:
440:
438:Today part of
436:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
405:
402:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
334:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
300:
295:
290:
289:Ignazio Ciaia
287:
278:Carlo Lauberg
277:
263:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
183:
178:
171:
166:
158:
154:
150:
142:
135:
131:
127:
119:
114:
108:
98:
93:
87:
80:
72:
67:
61:
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
2910:
2871:(1861–1946)
2849:Papal States
2677:Transpadania
2656:
2250:Stato da MĂ r
1932:Papal States
1843:Lombard rule
1807:Early Modern
1795:(395–476 AD)
1787:Roman Empire
1767:Ancient Rome
1315:Transpadania
1289:
1129:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1073:
1049:
1022:
1018:
999:
964:
957:
860:
847:
816:Mario Pagano
809:
802:
798:
792:
767:Edward Foote
764:
760:
751:
743:Castel Nuovo
734:
728:
713:
694:
684:
673:, Prince of
665:
663:Greek colony
660:
638:
636:
615:
613:
600:
590:
588:
552:
525:
509:
499:Ferdinand IV
470:
450:
448:
386:Succeeded by
385:
380:
284:• 1799
274:• 1799
196:client state
157:La Nazionale
156:
152:
130:Motto:
129:
2897:(1947–1954)
2891:(1943–1945)
2885:(1920–1924)
2877:(1882–1960)
2861:unification
2851:(1814–1870)
2845:(1815–1866)
2839:(1816–1861)
2833:(1814–1860)
2827:(1859–1860)
2821:(1849–1850)
2815:(1848–1849)
2797:(1815–1859)
2791:(1814–1859)
2785:(1814–1859)
2779:(1814–1829)
2773:(1815–1847)
2767:(1815–1848)
2657:Parthenopea
2618:(1792–1815)
2576:(1647–1648)
2542:(1282–1816)
2524:(1324–1861)
2485:Agugliastra
2350:Longobardia
1987:independent
1837:Vandal rule
1587:Netherlands
1501:WĂĽrttemberg
1348:Switzerland
1330:Netherlands
1290:Parthenopea
1177:(1792–1815)
557:absence in
548:aristocracy
497:after King
381:Preceded by
306:Legislature
292: [
251:Directorial
116: [
95: [
2917:Categories
2728:Pontecorvo
2686:Monarchies
2672:Subalpinia
2637:Cispadania
2632:Cisalpinia
2614:Napoleonic
2321:(774–1139)
2233:(697–1797)
1935:(754–1870)
1897:(584–751)
1845:(568–774)
1549:Pontecorvo
1491:Westphalia
1466:Regensburg
1402:Napoleonic
1305:Subalpinia
1265:Cispadania
1260:Cisalpinia
950:References
844:court-poet
804:Foudroyant
666:Parthenope
647:Republican
561:and after
555:Napoleon's
534:and Queen
512:Parthenope
247:Government
228:Neapolitan
2703:Guastalla
2693:Benevento
2625:Republics
2480:Judicates
2328:Byzantine
1985:and other
1923:(585–698)
1915:(554–752)
1909:(554–752)
1903:(533–751)
1888:(584–751)
1839:(435–534)
1833:(493–553)
1827:(476–493)
1818:(476–774)
1752:Iapygians
1451:Frankfurt
1405:creations
1310:Tiberinia
1186:republics
781:Aftermath
735:lazzaroni
639:lazzaroni
628:Sparanise
616:lazzaroni
592:lazzaroni
579:Karl Mack
506:Etymology
349:invasion
335:invasion
237:Religion
2662:Piedmont
2512:Oristano
2505:Logudoro
2495:Cagliari
2470:Sardinia
2203:Piedmont
1952:Holy See
1803:Medieval
1757:Picentes
1700:Samnites
1506:WĂĽrzburg
1366:Rauracia
1356:Helvetia
1295:Piedmont
1219:Connacht
926:See also
889:tricolor
852:deported
691:Calabria
657:Republic
620:republic
601:Vanguard
577:general
575:Austrian
563:Nelson's
483:republic
366:Tornesel
362:Currency
347:Sicilian
261:Director
255:Republic
2743:Corsica
2733:Tuscany
2698:Etruria
2647:Liguria
2500:Gallura
2490:Arborea
2406:Lombard
2106:Tuscany
2096:Trieste
1732:Ligures
1693:Etruria
1593:Holland
1554:Tuscany
1524:Etruria
1496:Wetzlar
1436:Bavaria
1413:Germany
1361:Lemania
1338:Batavia
1280:Liguria
1255:Brescia
1250:Bologna
1245:Bergamo
1213:Ireland
1195:Germany
1169:of the
1048:(ed.).
873:Gallery
854:and 67
836:Pescara
775:Pescara
724:Pescara
701:Procida
643:Jacobin
624:anarchy
605:Palermo
475:Italian
455:Italian
345:•
331:•
223:Italian
206:Capital
153:Anthem:
141:Italian
46:Italian
2809:(1848)
2803:(1831)
2758:states
2723:Naples
2433:Norman
2240:Dogado
2111:Verona
2076:Mantua
2071:Istria
2051:Finale
2041:Ancona
1989:states
1809:states
1727:Veneti
1705:Latins
1614:Danzig
1609:Warsaw
1601:Poland
1544:Naples
1486:Saxony
1446:Erfurt
1371:Valais
1320:Venice
1240:Ancona
1184:Sister
1132:(2018)
1125:(2001)
1114:
1103:(2009)
1080:
1006:
976:
856:exiled
799:Sirena
756:Toulon
720:MĂ©jean
571:Naples
516:Naples
463:French
333:French
264:
210:Naples
200:France
192:Status
155:
137:
113:Emblem
60:French
56:
42:
2859:Post-
2708:Italy
2652:Lucca
2642:Italy
2193:Savoy
2101:Turin
2081:Milan
2066:Ivrea
1742:Umbri
1715:Celts
1630:Spain
1624:Spain
1577:Egypt
1572:Malta
1529:Italy
1516:Italy
1461:Leyen
1456:Hesse
1431:Baden
1285:Lucca
1275:Italy
1270:Crema
1227:Italy
1203:Mainz
1044:. In
680:graft
583:Papal
559:Egypt
530:King
469:) or
442:Italy
296:]
120:]
99:]
2738:Elba
2667:Rome
2616:eras
2612:and
2585:Gozo
2384:Arab
2367:and
2046:Ceva
1710:Osci
1471:Salm
1441:Berg
1300:Rome
1235:Alba
1173:and
1112:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1004:ISBN
974:ISBN
745:and
709:navy
645:and
449:The
92:Flag
1805:and
198:of
2919::
1060:^
1030:^
988:^
972:.
968:.
842:,
826:;
822:;
550:.
518:.
477::
465::
461:,
457::
368:,
294:it
253:,
118:it
97:it
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1159:e
1152:t
1145:v
1118:)
1086:.
1012:.
982:.
473:(
453:(
143:)
139:(
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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