275:. It did, however, survive by the Moravian Orphanage at Nyherrenhut near Tutu well into the twentieth century. As older former orphans were volunteers the old Creole dialect persisted around the orphanage with the encouragement of the elders of the denomination. There was a television special on WBNB in the 1970s which had some former orphans who were by that time quite old.
290:
eenmaal na sender, maski die ben
Hollandisch of na die Hoogduytsch, soo die sal maak sender moeschi bli, en ons sal lees die Brief voor sender na Creol. Na St. Croix die hab meer van die Negers, die sender kan verstaan English, as na St. Thomas en St. Jan, maar doch sender English Praat ka mingel ook altoeveel met die Creol- en Guinee-taal... Da Neger-English die ben.
224:
244:
development of
Negerhollands. On Saint John a similar observation can be made, with a 1721 census establishing that 25 (64%) of the 39 planters there were Dutch, and only nine (23%) were Danes. Another theory is that the language was taken to the Caribbean by slaves from the Dutch slave forts in West Africa and Central Africa (e.g. the
309:
dan schrijft, of in het
Hollands of in het Hoogduits, wat hen heel erg blij zal maken, en wij zullen die brief aan hen voorlezen in het Creool. Op St. Kruis zijn er meer van die negers, die Engels kunnen verstaan dan op St. Thomas en St. Jan, maar toch is hun Engels veelal gemixt met de Creool- en Guineese talen. Dat is Neger-Engels.
267:. From 1765 till 1834, many texts were produced in this language, which gives Negerhollands an almost unparalleled amount of source texts among creole languages. In 1770, Moravian missionaries printed a primer and a small Lutheran catechism, followed in 1781 by a translation of the New Testament into Hoch Kreol.
327:
in Dutch or High German, for this will make them very happy, and we will read the letter for them in Creole. On St. Croix there are more blacks who can understand
English than in St. Thomas and St. John, but still their English speech is mixed very much with the Creole and Guinea languages. It is Negro-English.
393:
The old cow is at full term and will soon have calf. The mule has escaped and gone over the hill; I have sent the youth to catch it. The pig is in the pen; I'm going to look for sweet-potato vine for food for it. A cow has come over the fence and has destroyed all the new plantation; when I catch it,
376:
Die how cirj bin fol, en sal gaw ha calluf. Die boricka ka marro en calĂł over die bergi, mi ka stier die jung fo lo fang die. Die farki bin na cot, mi lolo suk bateta-tow fo jeet fo die. Een cuj ka kom over die barcad en ka destroi alga die jung plantsoon; wen mi fang die mi sal drag die na fort, mak
360:
Maar, wanneer zullen wij vandaag thee krijgen? Het water kan niet nogal koken. Kunnen zij de boterham niet snijden? Ja, maar zij hebben geen kaas en blanken geven niet zo zeer om boterhammen zonder. Laat staan dat zij het warm krijgen van het roken van karang. Cassave met de karang zal meer zoet zijn
326:
There are some among the black people who have learned to understand a bit of the
Hollander language, as they live in town, and hear it every day from the whites, but the plantation folk cannot understand it. This should not be an impediment if the dear brethren will write to them sometimes, albeit
308:
Onder het zwarte volk zijn er wel twee of drie die hebben geleerd om een beetje van de
Hollandse taal te verstaan, omdat zij in de stad wonen, en het iedere dag van de blanken horen, maar het plantagevolk kan het niet verstaan. Doch, dit zal hen niet verhinderen, omdat de lieve broeder hun zo nu en
243:
after it had been raided by the
English in 1666. A census on Saint Thomas from 1688 indeed shows that of the 317 European households on Saint Thomas, 66 (21%) were Dutch, 32 (10%) were English, and 20 (6%) were Danish. This also helps explain the considerable influence English and Danish had on the
270:
The language began to decline in the early-mid 19th century as
English became the dominant language of the islands. The service in the Lutheran church was held in Hoch Kreol for the native congregation until the 1830s. As younger generations learned English as a native language, use of Hoch Kreol,
289:
Die hab well twee drie onder die swart Volk, die sender a leer voor verstaan beetje van die hollandisch Taal, as sender woon na die Stadt, en hoor die ider Dag van die Blanko, maar die
Plantey-Volk no kan vor verstaan die soo. Doch, die no sal maak een Verhinder, as die lieve Broeer will skriev
341:
Maer, wanneer ons sa krieg Tee van Dag? Die Waeter no ka kook nogal. Die
Boterham sender no ka snie? Ja, maer die no hab Kaes, en Tata no keer voor Botterham soso. Lastaen sender braen van die rook Karang sender. Kassavie sa wees meer suet mit die Karang as Broot. Ju bin een Creol
655:
van Sluijs, Robbert. 2013. Negerhollands. In: Michaelis, S., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M., & Huber, M. (eds.) The Survey of Pidgin and Creole languages. Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
239:, then Danish colonies. According to one of the most prevalent theories about its origin, slaves took the embryonic creole language to the island of Saint Thomas when they accompanied the Dutch planters who fled the island of
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Map of today's US Virgin Islands. Negerhollands emerged on the islands of Saint Thomas and Saint John, the upper two islands highlighted on the map.
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664:(via "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Negerhollands". The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
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616:(in Danish). Kiøbenhavn: Trykt udi det Kongelige Wäysenhusets Bogtrykkerie, af Gerhard Giese Salikath – via Google Books.
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I will bring it to the jail, make the owner pay. I am going to town; I am looking for a bit of salt meat to throw into my pot.
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Grammatica over det creolske Sprog: Som bruges paa de trende danske Eilande, St. Croix, St. Thomas og St. Jans i America
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whose use became limited to church services, was slowly abandoned, having been replaced by the English-based
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594:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press – via Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.
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English translation of Pontoppidan (1881) by Anne Gramberg and Robin Sabino hosted on www.auburn.edu
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Het Negerhollands der Deense Antillen: Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandse taal in Amerika
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605:(in Dutch). Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff – via Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.
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This article is about an extinct Creole language. For the ethnonym in the United States, see
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Dr. Martin Luther sie klein Katechismus ka set ower na die Creol Tael van J. J. Prætorius
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elements incorporated. Notwithstanding its name, Negerhollands drew primarily from the
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die eigenaer betal. Mi lolo na taphus, mi lolo suk stekki sowed gut fo mi goj na pot.
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623:"Einige Notizen über die Kreolensprache der dänischwestindischen Inseln"
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Language Contact in the Danish West Indies: Giving Jack His jacket
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missionaries began visiting the Virgin Islands, who introduced an
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Alice Stevenson, likely the last native speaker, died in 1987.
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Negerhollands emerged around 1700 on the Virgin Islands
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651:. Kopenhagen: Graebe. 1827 – via Google Books.
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715:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands
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730:17th-century establishments in North America
680:APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Negerhollands
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588:van Rossem, C.; van der Voort, H. (1996).
333:Moravian missionary Johan Auerbach in 1774
316:Moravian missionary Johan Auerbach in 1774
297:Moravian missionary Johan Auerbach in 1774
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740:1980s disestablishments in North America
725:Languages attested from the 17th century
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75:1987, with the death of Alice Stevens
27:Extinct Dutch creole in the Caribbean
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666:https://apics-online.info/surveys/27
488:https://apics-online.info/surveys/27
361:dan brood. Jij bent een ware creool.
524:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
512:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
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720:Extinct languages of North America
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745:Languages of the African diaspora
610:Magens, Joachim Melchior (1770).
486:van Sluijs, Robbert. 2013. (via
263:version of the language, called
700:Dutch-based pidgins and creoles
735:Languages extinct in the 1980s
710:Dutch language in the Americas
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750:Afro-Virgin Islander culture
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599:Hesseling, D. C. (1905).
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621:Pontoppidan, E. (1881).
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273:Virgin Islands Creole
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407:Berbice Creole Dutch
185:superstrate language
255:From 1732 onwards,
250:Dutch Loango-Angola
177:U.S. Virgin Islands
175:, now known as the
60:U.S. Virgin Islands
705:Danish West Indies
641:– via EVIFA.
412:Skepi Creole Dutch
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633:: 130–138.
536:Magens 1770
526:, p. 9
514:, p. 8
465:, p. 8
453:, p. 7
438:, p. 1
32:Black-Dutch
694:Categories
581:References
553:, p.
538:, p.
342:waer-waer.
265:Hoch Kreol
261:acrolectal
237:Saint John
36:Afro-Dutch
384:from 1881
368:from 1770
349:from 1770
213:Hollandic
209:Zeelandic
149:Glottolog
133:ISO 639-3
639:23026860
401:See also
382:—
366:—
347:—
331:—
314:—
295:—
257:Moravian
183:was its
156:nege1244
219:History
205:African
201:Spanish
193:English
71:Extinct
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637:
203:, and
197:French
189:Danish
56:Region
635:JSTOR
423:Notes
187:with
181:Dutch
115:Latin
658:ISBN
235:and
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555:138
252:).
248:or
140:dcr
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631:13
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