309:(IL-2). Since IL-2 is known to activate the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of T-cells to become effector T-cells; this is a self-serving effect that creates a new population of cells which HIV-1 is able to infect. Self-activation of the infected cell by IL-2 also stimulates the cell to become an effector cell and initiate the machinery which HIV-1 relies upon for its own proliferation.
37:
240:, which function to manipulate the host's cellular machinery and thus allow infection, survival or replication of the pathogen. Nef stands for "Negative Factor" and although it is often considered indispensable for HIV-1 replication, in infected hosts the viral protein markedly elevates viral titers.
372:
The Sydney blood bank cohort (SBBC) were a group of eight patients who were asymptomatic many years after initial infection by transfusion from an infected blood donor. Later analyses showed that the virus strain was a Nef-deleted variant.
280:, Nef creates a narrow TCR response which likely optimizes HIV-1 viral production and generates a susceptible population of cells to further infect. Nef retargets kinase-active Lck away from the plasma membrane to early and recycling
260:
remodeling, and signal transduction. Since the activation state of the infected cell plays an important role in the success rate of HIV-1 infection, it is important that resting T-cells be primed to respond to
300:
takes place in intracellular compartments including the Golgi apparatus. Nef induced enrichment of active Lck in these compartments results in an increase of localized RAS activity and enhanced activation of
328:
such as HIV-1 have acquired proteins such as Nef which perform a wide array of functions including the identification of CTLA-4 before it reaches the PM and tagging it for degradation. Nef is also known to
626:
El-Far M, Isabelle C, Chomont N, Bourbonnière M, Fonseca S, Ancuta P, Peretz Y, Chouikh Y, Halwani R, Schwartz O, Madrenas J, Freeman GJ, Routy JP, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP (January 2013).
288:(TGN). RE/TGN associated Lck sub-populations in Nef expressing cells are in the catalytically active conformation and thus signaling competent. While TCR signaling takes place at the
1204:
1199:
2626:
542:
Laguette N, Bregnard C, Benichou S, Basmaciogullari S (June 2010). "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus Nef proteins".
173:
726:
Daniel MD, Kirchhoff F, Czajak SC, Sehgal PK, Desrosiers RC (December 1992). "Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene".
41:
1256:
129:
117:
685:
Learmont JC, Geczy AF, Mills J, Ashton LJ, Raynes-Greenow CH, Garsia RJ, Dyer WB, McIntyre L, Oelrichs RB, Rhodes DI, Deacon NJ, Sullivan JS (June 1999).
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1731:
1726:
2106:
1764:
1759:
1235:
1230:
1225:
949:
687:"Immunologic and virologic status after 14 to 18 years of infection with an attenuated strain of HIV-1. A report from the Sydney Blood Bank Cohort"
256:
infection. Viral expression of Nef induces numerous changes within the infected cell including the modulation of protein cell surface expression,
2487:
2250:
97:
835:
1062:
312:
To further evade the host immune response, Nef down-regulates the cell surface and total expression of the negative immune modulator
2220:
2154:
1381:
769:
Muthumani K, Choo AY, Hwang DS, Premkumar A, Dayes NS, Harris C, Green DR, Wadsworth SA, Siekierka JJ, Weiner DB (September 2005).
1848:
1516:
352:
Cytoskeletal remodeling is thought to reduce TCR signaling during early infection and is also modulated to some degree by Nef.
334:
324:
which activates T-cells, CTLA-4 is essentially an “off-switch” which would inhibit the viral production if it were activated.
418:
193:
2367:
466:
356:
remodeling is generally modulated by the actin severing factor cofilin. Nef is able to associate with the cellular kinase
221:
1841:
1836:
942:
2469:
2404:
2076:
2052:
1859:
1744:
1650:
1576:
1501:
1396:
1280:
1215:
1135:
1101:
1052:
1145:
1072:
1037:
17:
2027:
1831:
1032:
2526:
2414:
2340:
2278:
2230:
2182:
2134:
2086:
1965:
1814:
1709:
1470:
1376:
1356:
1339:
1189:
1077:
1012:
398:
181:
935:
1179:
2589:
2425:
2310:
1150:
2559:
2450:
2330:
2202:
2062:
177:
2361:
2299:
1986:
1430:
1421:
1343:
1290:
1111:
1002:
735:
639:
110:
2032:
1426:
1416:
1335:
285:
2554:
2431:
847:
2621:
2006:
1754:
1693:
1458:
892:
839:
800:
751:
708:
667:
608:
559:
524:
433:
237:
168:
46:
252:
activation and the establishment of a persistent state of infection, two basic attributes of
2268:
1874:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1565:
882:
872:
831:
790:
782:
743:
698:
657:
647:
598:
590:
551:
514:
504:
266:
861:"HIV-1 Nef Binds the DOCK2–ELMO1 Complex to Activate Rac and Inhibit Lymphocyte Chemotaxis"
385:-deleted virus vaccine has not been tried in humans although it was successfully tested in
160:
2498:
1955:
1945:
1698:
289:
262:
229:
739:
643:
2572:
2455:
2000:
1825:
1720:
1326:
1246:
913:
795:
770:
662:
627:
603:
578:
519:
492:
386:
122:
887:
860:
2615:
2172:
1633:
1270:
987:
962:
958:
771:"HIV-1 Nef-induced FasL induction and bystander killing requires p38 MAPK activation"
330:
306:
293:
102:
851:
78:
2241:
2193:
2145:
2097:
2018:
1803:
1639:
1316:
1125:
992:
966:
342:
338:
325:
257:
213:
156:
927:
594:
441:
134:
877:
652:
269:, but is not sufficient to cause activation in the absence of exogenous stimuli.
90:
2581:
2124:
1444:
1407:
703:
686:
786:
2463:
2395:
1992:
1798:
1629:
1625:
555:
302:
2509:
2504:
2445:
2439:
1683:
1560:
1550:
1538:
1311:
975:
836:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(199904/06)9:2<111::AID-RMV245>3.0.CO;2-P
747:
509:
346:
317:
281:
225:
896:
843:
804:
712:
671:
612:
563:
528:
437:
755:
106:
1091:
233:
85:
361:
209:
50:
2351:
2289:
2037:
1976:
1869:
1367:
1023:
822:
Piguet V, Trono D (1999). "The Nef protein of primate lentiviruses".
313:
297:
249:
188:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1489:
1484:
1479:
493:"HIV-1 Nef: a multifaceted modulator of T cell receptor signaling"
353:
21:
208:(Negative Regulatory Factor) is a small 27-35 kDa myristoylated
2474:
2305:
1917:
1902:
1331:
1067:
357:
321:
265:(TCR) stimuli. HIV-1 Nef lowers the threshold for activation of
150:
73:
931:
36:
2535:
2531:
2514:
1660:
1511:
277:
273:
253:
217:
248:
The expression of Nef early in the viral life cycle ensures
859:
Janardhan A, Swigut T, Hill B, et al. (January 2004).
914:"HIV protein hides infected cells from immune system"
2580:
2571:
2548:
2485:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2350:
2338:
2329:
2288:
2276:
2267:
2240:
2228:
2219:
2192:
2180:
2171:
2144:
2132:
2123:
2096:
2084:
2075:
2050:
2017:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1939:
1857:
1812:
1797:
1742:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1648:
1624:
1574:
1559:
1546:
1537:
1499:
1468:
1457:
1406:
1394:
1366:
1354:
1325:
1307:
1278:
1269:
1244:
1213:
1187:
1178:
1167:
1133:
1124:
1099:
1090:
1050:
1022:
1010:
1001:
983:
974:
187:
167:
149:
144:
128:
116:
96:
84:
72:
64:
59:
29:
628:"Down-Regulation of CTLA-4 by HIV-1 Nef Protein"
579:"Structure–function relationships in HIV-1 Nef"
577:Geyer M, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM (July 2001).
272:By down regulating cell surface expression of
943:
8:
2577:
2568:
2409:
2400:
2347:
2335:
2285:
2273:
2237:
2225:
2189:
2177:
2141:
2129:
2093:
2081:
1972:
1960:
1951:
1809:
1704:
1689:
1645:
1571:
1556:
1543:
1465:
1403:
1363:
1351:
1322:
1275:
1184:
1175:
1130:
1096:
1019:
1007:
998:
980:
950:
936:
928:
465:Marcey D, Somple M, Silva N (2007-01-01).
141:
44:structure of the NEF protein based on the
35:
2107:Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
886:
876:
794:
702:
661:
651:
602:
518:
508:
471:The Online Macromolecular Museum Exhibits
364:and interferes with early TCR signaling.
345:thus protecting the infected cells from
2627:Viral regulatory and accessory proteins
491:Abraham L, Fackler OT (December 2012).
409:
224:(SIV). Nef localizes primarily to the
26:
2251:Respiratory syncytial virus G protein
360:which phosphorylates and inactivates
7:
30:Negative factor, (F-Protein) or Nef
14:
2155:Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
1517:Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase
497:Cell Communication and Signaling
473:. California Lutheran University
419:"Biology of the HIV Nef protein"
1348:(non-enveloped circular ds-DNA)
417:Das SR, Jameel S (April 2005).
236:-expressed proteins, known as
218:Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
1:
2368:Vesiculovirus matrix proteins
316:by targeting the protein for
222:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
145:Available protein structures:
878:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020006
653:10.1371/journal.pone.0054295
320:degradation. In contrast to
2405:Structure and genome of HIV
1462:(circular partially ds-DNA)
704:10.1056/NEJM199906033402203
595:10.1093/embo-reports/kve141
2643:
1038:Herpesvirus glycoprotein B
787:10.1182/blood-2005-03-0932
228:but also partially to the
18:Nucleotide exchange factor
15:
1033:HHV capsid portal protein
556:10.1016/j.mam.2010.05.003
140:
34:
399:HIV structure and genome
292:(PM), activation of the
232:(PM) and is one of many
16:Not to be confused with
2028:Influenza hemagglutinin
748:10.1126/science.1470917
510:10.1186/1478-811X-10-39
2590:Gag-onc fusion protein
305:and the production of
220:(HIV-1 and HIV-2) and
2560:murine leukemia virus
2451:Reverse transcriptase
2331:Indiana vesiculovirus
2203:Measles hemagglutinin
368:Clinical significance
1291:Early 35 kDa protein
284:(RE) as well as the
54: coordinates.
740:1992Sci...258.1938D
644:2013PLoSO...854295E
467:"HIV-1 Nef Protein"
286:Trans-Golgi network
212:encoded by primate
2555:Rous sarcoma virus
916:. MedPageToday.com
426:Indian J. Med. Res
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2544:
2543:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2071:
2070:
2046:
2045:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1793:
1792:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1620:
1619:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1390:
1389:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1265:
1264:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1120:
1119:
1086:
1085:
1046:
1045:
734:(5090): 1938–41.
238:virulence factors
203:
202:
199:
198:
194:structure summary
2634:
2578:
2569:
2410:
2401:
2348:
2336:
2286:
2274:
2269:Zaire ebolavirus
2238:
2226:
2190:
2178:
2142:
2130:
2094:
2082:
1973:
1961:
1952:
1875:3C-like protease
1810:
1705:
1690:
1646:
1572:
1566:Duplornaviricota
1557:
1544:
1466:
1404:
1364:
1352:
1323:
1276:
1185:
1176:
1131:
1097:
1020:
1008:
999:
981:
952:
945:
938:
929:
924:
922:
921:
900:
890:
880:
855:
809:
808:
798:
766:
760:
759:
723:
717:
716:
706:
682:
676:
675:
665:
655:
623:
617:
616:
606:
574:
568:
567:
544:Mol. Aspects Med
539:
533:
532:
522:
512:
488:
482:
481:
479:
478:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
446:
440:. Archived from
423:
414:
216:. These include
142:
53:
39:
27:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2593:
2540:
2499:transactivators
2481:
2374:
2317:
2255:
2207:
2159:
2111:
2067:
2042:
2013:
1956:Influenza virus
1946:Negarnaviricota
1943:
1941:
1927:
1853:
1801:
1789:
1738:
1699:Kitrinoviricota
1696:
1681:
1679:
1665:
1637:
1616:
1563:
1548:
1521:
1495:
1461:
1449:
1436:
1386:
1347:
1329:
1315:
1309:
1295:
1261:
1240:
1209:
1171:
1170:(Duplodnaviria,
1169:
1168:circular ds-DNA
1155:
1116:
1082:
1042:
991:
985:
970:
956:
919:
917:
912:Michael Smith.
911:
908:
903:
858:
824:Rev. Med. Virol
821:
817:
815:Further reading
812:
768:
767:
763:
725:
724:
720:
697:(22): 1715–22.
691:N. Engl. J. Med
684:
683:
679:
625:
624:
620:
576:
575:
571:
541:
540:
536:
490:
489:
485:
476:
474:
464:
463:
459:
450:
448:
444:
421:
416:
415:
411:
407:
395:
387:Rhesus macaques
379:
370:
333:and inactivate
290:plasma membrane
267:CD4 lymphocytes
263:T-cell receptor
246:
230:Plasma membrane
118:OPM superfamily
55:
45:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2575:
2573:Fusion protein
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:HIV-1 protease
2453:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2421:
2419:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2362:matrix protein
2357:
2355:
2345:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2300:matrix protein
2295:
2293:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2001:viral envelope
1997:
1996:
1995:
1987:matrix protein
1982:
1980:
1970:
1958:
1949:
1942:negative-sense
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1826:viral envelope
1821:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1721:viral envelope
1716:
1714:
1702:
1687:
1680:positive-sense
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1569:
1554:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1349:
1327:Polyomaviridae
1320:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1182:
1173:
1172:Varidnaviria?)
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1005:
1003:Herpes simplex
996:
978:
972:
971:
959:Viral proteins
957:
955:
954:
947:
940:
932:
926:
925:
907:
906:External links
904:
902:
901:
856:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:
781:(6): 2059–68.
761:
718:
677:
618:
569:
534:
483:
457:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
394:
391:
378:
375:
369:
366:
341:member of the
245:
242:
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185:
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138:
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56:
40:
32:
31:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2639:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Parainfluenza
2074:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Neuraminidase
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Baculoviridae
1268:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
989:
988:Duplodnaviria
984:linear ds-DNA
982:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
934:
933:
930:
915:
910:
909:
905:
898:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:(2): 111–20.
829:
825:
820:
819:
814:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
714:
710:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
638:(1): e54295.
637:
633:
629:
622:
619:
614:
610:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:(5): 418–33.
549:
545:
538:
535:
530:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
484:
472:
468:
461:
458:
447:on 2017-08-10
443:
439:
435:
432:(4): 315–32.
431:
427:
420:
413:
410:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
390:
388:
384:
376:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:phosphorylate
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
307:Interleukin-2
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
28:
23:
19:
2521:
2497:
2486:
2462:
2438:
2424:
2413:
2360:
2339:
2298:
2277:
2242:glycoprotein
2229:
2194:glycoprotein
2181:
2146:glycoprotein
2133:
2098:glycoprotein
2085:
2051:
2019:glycoprotein
1999:
1985:
1964:
1858:
1849:Nucleocapsid
1824:
1813:
1804:Pisuviricota
1743:
1719:
1708:
1649:
1640:Pisuviricota
1575:
1500:
1469:
1395:
1355:
1317:Monodnaviria
1279:
1245:
1214:
1188:
1180:Epstein–Barr
1134:
1126:Adenoviridae
1100:
1051:
1011:
993:Varidnaviria
918:. Retrieved
868:
864:
827:
823:
778:
774:
764:
731:
727:
721:
694:
690:
680:
635:
631:
621:
589:(7): 580–5.
586:
583:EMBO Reports
582:
572:
547:
543:
537:
500:
496:
486:
475:. Retrieved
470:
460:
449:. Retrieved
442:the original
429:
425:
412:
382:
380:
371:
351:
343:Bcl-2 family
339:proapoptotic
326:Lentiviruses
311:
271:
258:cytoskeletal
247:
214:lentiviruses
205:
204:
2582:oncoprotein
1694:Hepatitis C
1459:Hepatitis B
1445:Agnoprotein
1408:oncoprotein
1382:VP2 and VP3
130:OPM protein
60:Identifiers
2616:Categories
2007:M2 protein
1993:M1 protein
1799:SARS-CoV-2
920:2008-09-26
477:2008-08-06
451:2008-08-07
405:References
303:Erk kinase
157:structures
2549:Multiple
2446:Integrase
1684:Riboviria
1561:Rotavirus
1551:Riboviria
1312:Riboviria
871:(1): e6.
865:PLOS Biol
503:(1): 39.
347:apoptosis
318:lysosomal
282:endosomes
226:cytoplasm
91:IPR001558
68:F-protein
2622:HIV/AIDS
1842:Membrane
1837:Envelope
1431:SV40 Tag
1092:Vaccinia
897:14737186
852:25108310
844:10386338
805:15928037
713:10352163
672:23372701
632:PLOS ONE
613:11463741
564:20594957
529:23227982
438:15817946
393:See also
244:Function
234:pathogen
174:RCSB PDB
86:InterPro
2173:Measles
1626:Rhinov.
1073:ICP34.5
796:1895138
756:1470917
736:Bibcode
728:Science
663:3553160
640:Bibcode
604:1083955
520:3534016
377:Vaccine
362:cofilin
210:protein
79:PF00469
2352:capsid
2290:capsid
2038:HA-tag
1977:capsid
1940:ss-RNA
1870:ORF1ab
1678:ss-RNA
1638:etc. (
1547:ds-RNA
1368:capsid
1236:EBNA-3
1231:EBNA-2
1226:EBNA-1
1024:capsid
895:
888:314466
885:
850:
842:
803:
793:
754:
711:
670:
660:
611:
601:
562:
527:
517:
436:
314:CTLA-4
298:GTPase
250:T-cell
189:PDBsum
163:
153:
111:SUPFAM
65:Symbol
2488:VRAPs
2470:gp120
2125:Mumps
1923:ORF9b
1913:ORF7b
1908:ORF7a
1898:ORF3d
1893:ORF3c
1888:ORF3b
1883:ORF3a
1877:(NS5)
1832:Spike
1634:Hep A
1630:Polio
1490:HBeAg
1485:HBcAg
1480:HBsAg
1344:HaPyV
1340:MCPyV
1308:other
1247:ncRNA
1205:LMP-2
1200:LMP-1
1078:ICP47
1063:vmw65
963:early
848:S2CID
775:Blood
445:(PDF)
422:(PDF)
354:Actin
107:SCOPe
98:SCOP2
22:S100B
2475:gp41
2415:VSPs
2341:VSPs
2311:VP24
2306:VP40
2279:VSPs
2231:VSPs
2183:VSPs
2135:VSPs
2087:VSPs
2053:VNPs
1966:VSPs
1918:ORF8
1903:ORF6
1860:VNPs
1815:VSPs
1785:NS5B
1780:NS5A
1775:NS4B
1770:NS4A
1745:VNPs
1710:VSPs
1651:VNPs
1612:NSP6
1607:NSP5
1602:NSP4
1597:NSP3
1592:NSP2
1587:NSP1
1577:VNPs
1502:VNPs
1471:VSPs
1427:LTag
1422:MTag
1417:STag
1397:VNPs
1357:VSPs
1336:MPyV
1332:SV40
1281:VNPs
1257:EBER
1216:VNPs
1190:VSPs
1136:VNPs
1112:B13R
1102:VNPs
1068:ICP8
1053:VNPs
1013:VSPs
967:late
965:and
893:PMID
840:PMID
801:PMID
752:PMID
709:PMID
668:PMID
609:PMID
560:PMID
525:PMID
434:PMID
358:PAK2
337:, a
322:CD28
276:and
182:PDBj
178:PDBe
161:ECOD
151:Pfam
135:2nef
103:1avv
74:Pfam
51:2NEF
2536:Vpx
2534:or
2532:Vpu
2527:Vif
2522:Nef
2515:Vpr
2510:Rev
2505:Tat
2464:env
2440:pol
2432:p24
2426:gag
2221:RSV
2063:NS1
1765:NS3
1760:NS2
1661:VPg
1539:RNA
1512:HBx
1377:VP1
1151:E1B
1146:E1A
976:DNA
883:PMC
873:doi
832:doi
791:PMC
783:doi
779:106
744:doi
732:258
699:doi
695:340
658:PMC
648:doi
599:PMC
591:doi
552:doi
515:PMC
505:doi
430:121
383:Nef
335:Bad
294:Ras
278:Lck
274:CD4
254:HIV
206:Nef
169:PDB
123:269
47:PDB
42:NMR
20:or
2618::
2396:RT
1755:P7
1732:E2
1727:E1
1632:,
1628:,
1342:,
1338:,
1334:,
891:.
881:.
867:.
863:.
846:.
838:.
826:.
799:.
789:.
777:.
773:.
750:.
742:.
730:.
707:.
693:.
689:.
666:.
656:.
646:.
634:.
630:.
607:.
597:.
585:.
581:.
558:.
548:31
546:.
523:.
513:.
501:10
499:.
495:.
469:.
428:.
424:.
389:.
381:A
349:.
180:;
176:;
159:/
109:/
105:/
49::
2584::
2490::
2417::
2354::
2343::
2292::
2281::
2244::
2233::
2196::
2185::
2148::
2137::
2100::
2089::
2055::
2021::
1979::
1968::
1948:)
1944:(
1862::
1817::
1806:)
1802:(
1747::
1712::
1701:)
1697:(
1686:)
1682:(
1653::
1642:)
1636:,
1579::
1568:)
1564:(
1553:)
1549:(
1504::
1473::
1433:)
1429:(
1410::
1399::
1370::
1359::
1346:)
1330:(
1319:)
1314:,
1310:(
1283::
1249::
1218::
1192::
1138::
1104::
1055::
1026::
1015::
995:)
990:,
986:(
969:)
961:(
951:e
944:t
937:v
923:.
899:.
875::
869:2
854:.
834::
828:9
807:.
785::
758:.
746::
738::
715:.
701::
674:.
650::
642::
636:8
615:.
593::
587:2
566:.
554::
531:.
507::
480:.
454:.
296:-
24:.
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