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column clearly visible, and is the cheapest and simplest tube to make. Traditional neon glasses in
America over 20 years old are lead glass that are easy to soften in gas fires, but recent environmental and health concerns of the workers has prompted manufacturers to seek more environmentally safe special soft glass formulas. One of the vexing problems avoided this way is lead glass' tendency to burn into a black spot emitting lead fumes in a bending flame too rich in the fuel/oxygen mixture. Another traditional line of glasses was colored soda lime glasses coming in a myriad of glass color choices, which produce the highest quality, most hypnotically vibrant and saturated hues. Still more color choices are afforded in either coating, or not coating, these colored glasses with the various available exotic phosphors.
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the 150 mA to 1,500 mA range, starting low and increasing towards the end of the process to ensure that the electrodes are adequately heated without melting the glass tube. The bombarding current is provided by a large transformer with an open-circuit voltage of roughly 15,000VAC to 23,000VAC. The bombarding transformer acts as an adjustable constant current source, and the actual voltage during operation depends on the length and pressure of the tube. Typically the operator will maintain the pressure as high as the bombarder will allow to ensure maximum power dissipation and heating. Bombarding transformers may be specially made for this use, or may be repurposed electrical utility distribution transformers (the type seen mounted on utility poles) operated backwards to produce a high voltage output.
231:
They had been invented, or at least put in common use, while I was up in the mountains and in that short time the whole aspect of the world had changed. In place of dumpy little bulbs sputteringly spelling out Café or
Theatre, there were long swooping spirals of pure brilliant colour. A waiter outlined in bright red with a blazing white napkin over his arm flashed on and off over a large Café. Puget Sound Power and Light Company cut through the rain and darkness, bright blue and cheery. Cafês, theatres, cigar stores, stationery stores, real estate offices with their names spelled out in molten colour, welcomed me to the city.
435:, as well as some cooler or softer shades of pink) produced by filling with another inert gas, argon, and a drop of mercury (Hg) which is added to the tube immediately after purification. When the tube is ionized by electrification, the mercury evaporates into mercury vapor, which fills the tube and produces strong ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light thus produced excites the various phosphor coatings designed to produce different colors. Even though this class of neon tubes use no neon at all, they are still denoted as "neon." Mercury-bearing lamps are a type of cold-cathode
1046:(RFIH) coil. While this is less productive, it creates a cleaner custom tube with significantly less cathode damage, longer life and brilliance, and can produce tubes of very small sizes and diameters, down to 6 mm OD. The tube is heated thoroughly under high vacuum without external electrical application, until the outgassed gases can be seen to have been totally depleted and the pressure drops to a high vacuum again. Then the tube is filled, sealed and the mercury dropped and shaken.
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694:, carefully following a pattern. They use a blow hose to keep the tube's shape and avoid overheating sections. Bends are tricky, requiring quick work before the glass hardens. Mistakes are a pain, potentially forcing a restart. Tubes are welded together, pumped clean, and filled with mercury. Any mistake after filling means scrapping the whole thing, as mercury fumes are dangerous. Completed tubes are connected in series, with proper insulation to prevent damage.
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885:, or a mixture of them, and sometimes a small amount of mercury. This gas fill pressure represents roughly 1/100th of the pressure of the atmosphere. The required pressure depends on the gas used and the diameter of the tube, with optimal values ranging from 6 Torr (0.8 kPa) (for a long 20 mm tube filled with argon/mercury) to 27 Torr (3.6 kPa) (for a short 8 mm diameter tube filled with pure neon).
852:, mainly oxygen, carbon dioxide, and especially water vapor. The current also heats the electrode metal to over 600 °C, producing a bright orange incandescent color. The cathodes are prefabricated hollow metal shells with a small opening (sometimes a ceramic donut aperture) which contains in the interior surface of the shell a light dusting of a cold cathode low work function powder (usually a powder ceramic molar
568:. This longevity is crucial to their economic viability, given the labor-intensive creation process. Interestingly, smaller diameter tubes produce brighter neon light, but also have higher resistance. The primary reason for eventual neon tube failure is the slow absorption of neon gas into the glass walls, but even this process can take over 50 years. This extended lifespan makes neon lights ideal for
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of using a hot wire thermoelectric cathode such as is used in conventional fluorescent lamps. And for that reason, neon tubes are extremely long lived when properly processed, in contrast to fluorescent tubing, because there is no wire filament as there is in a fluorescent tube to burn out like a common light bulb. The principal purpose of doing this is to purify the interior of the tube
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produced inexpensively from a single glowing tube. Over time, elevated temperatures, thermal cycling, or exposure to weather may cause the colored coating to flake off the glass or change its hue. A more expensive alternative is to use high-quality colored glass tubing, which retains a more stable appearance as it ages.
1164:, usually running at voltages ranging between 2–15 kV and currents between 18 and 30 mA (higher currents available on special order.) These power supplies operate as constant-current sources (a high voltage supply with a very high internal impedance), since the tube has a negative characteristic
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The standard traditional neon transformer, a magnetic shunt transformer, is a special non-linear type designed to keep the voltage across the tube raised to whatever level is necessary to produce the fixed current needed. The voltage drop of a tube is proportional to length and so the maximum voltage
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is forced through the low-pressure air in the tube via the electrodes (in a process known as "bombarding"). This current and voltage is far above the level that occurs in final operation of the tube. The current depends on the specific electrodes used and the diameter of the tube but is typically in
230:
Suddenly we were in down-town
Seattle and lights were exploding around me like skyrockets on the Fourth of July. Red lights, blue lights, yellow lights, green, purple, white, orange, punctured the night in a million places and tore the black satin pavement to shreds. I hadn’t seen neon lights before.
130:
results. Geissler tubes were popular in the late 19th century, and the different colors they emitted were characteristics of the gases within. They were unsuitable for general lighting, as the pressure of the gas inside typically declined with use. The direct predecessor of neon tube lighting was the
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are used by artists for special purposes but are not used alone in normal signs. A premixed combination of argon and helium is often used in lieu of pure argon when a tube is to be installed in a cold climate, since the helium increases voltage drop (and thus power dissipation), warming the tube to
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the tube is sealed off so that when it is operated, these gases and impurities are not driven off and released by the plasma and the heat generated into the sealed tube, which would quickly burn the metal cathodes and mercury droplets (if pumped with argon/mercury) and oxidize the interior gases and
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Each type of neon tubing produces two different possible colors, one with neon gas and the other with argon/mercury. Some "neon" tubes are made without phosphor coatings for some of the colors. Clear tubing filled with neon gas produces the ubiquitous yellowish orange color with the interior plasma
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included the observation of a brilliant red glow in
Geissler tubes. Travers wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget." Following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties. A sign created by
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The most common current rating is 30 mA for general use, with 60 mA used for high-brightness applications like channel letters or architectural lighting. 120 mA sources are occasionally seen in illuminating applications, but are uncommon since special electrodes are required to withstand
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of the electrode for cathodic emission. Barium Oxide has a work function of roughly 2 eV whereas tungsten at room temperature has a work of 4.0 eV. This represents the cathode drop or electron energy required to remove electrons from the surface of the cathode. This avoids the necessity
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Tubing in external diameters ranging from about 8–15 mm with a 1 mm wall thickness is most commonly used, although 6 mm tubing is now commercially available in colored glass tubes. The tube is heated in sections using several types of burners that are selected according to the amount
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This very high power dissipation in the tube heats the glass walls to a temperature of several hundred degrees
Celsius, and any dirt and impurities within are drawn off in the gasified form by the vacuum pump. The greatest impurities that are driven off this way are the gases that coat the inside
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The interior of the tubes may be coated with a thin phosphorescent powder coating, affixed to the interior wall of the tube by a binding material. The tube is filled with a purified gas mixture, and the gas ionized by a high voltage applied between the ends of the sealed tube through cold cathodes
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tubing into shapes. A worker skilled in this craft is known as a glass bender, neon bender or tube bender. The neon tube is made out of 4 or 5-foot long straight sticks of hollow glass sold by sign suppliers to neon shops worldwide, where they are manually assembled into individual custom designed
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purchased the two signs reading "Packard" for $ 1,250 apiece. Neon lighting quickly became a popular fixture in outdoor advertising. The signs – dubbed "liquid fire" – were visible in daylight; people would stop and stare. What may be the oldest surviving neon sign in
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A highly opaque special black or gray glass paint can be used to "black out" parts of a tube, as between letters of a word. In most mass-produced low-priced signs today, clear glass tubing is coated with translucent paint to produce colored light. In this way, several different colors can be
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An alternative way of processing finished neon tubes has also been used. Because the only purpose of bombardment by electrical means is to purify the interior of tubes, it is also possible to produce a tube by heating the tube externally either with a torch or with an oven, while heating the
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cause immediate tube failure. The more thorough the purification of the tube is, the longer lasting and stable the tube will be in actual operation. Once these gases and impurities are liberated under pre-filling bombardment into the tube interior they are quickly evacuated by the pump.
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1179:(RFI) is needed, such as in locations near high-fidelity sound equipment. At the typical frequency of these solid state transformers, the plasma electron-ion recombination time is too long to extinguish and reignite the plasma at each cycle, unlike the case at
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Pages 221–223 describe Moore tubes. Pages 369–374 describe neon tube lighting. Page 385 discusses Risler's contributions to fluorescent coatings in the 1920s. Pages 388–391 discuss the development of the commercial fluorescent at
General Electric in the
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was adorned with neon tube lighting. Over the next several years, patents were granted to Claude for two innovations still used today: a "bombardment" technique to remove impurities from the working gas of a sealed sign, and a design for the internal
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layer. Different phosphor-coated tubing sections may be butt welded together using glass working torches to form a single tube of varying colors, for effects such as a sign where each letter displays a different color letter within a single word.
217:
The next major technological innovation in neon lighting and signs was the development of fluorescent tube coatings. Jacques Risler received a French patent in 1926 for these. Neon signs that use an argon/mercury gas mixture emit a good deal of
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are also traditionally lead glass and contain a small metal shell with two wires protruding through the glass to which the sign wiring will later be attached. All welds and seals must be leak-proof at high vacuum before proceeding further.
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of glass to be heated for each bend. These burners include ribbon, cannon, or crossfires, as well as a variety of gas torches. Ribbon burners are strips of fire that make the gradual bends, while crossfires are used to make sharp bends.
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403:"Neon" is used to denote the general type of lamp, but neon gas is only one of the types of tube gases principally used in commercial application. Pure neon gas is used to produce only about one-third of the colors (mostly shades of
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222:. When this light is absorbed by a fluorescent coating, preferably inside the tube, the coating (called a "phosphor") glows with its own color. While only a few colors were initially available to sign designers, after the
163:, began producing industrial quantities of neon, essentially as a byproduct of their air liquefaction business. From December 3–18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two 12-metre (39 ft) long bright red neon tubes at the
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2119:
These anecdotes and the phrase "liquid fire" are often used in references discussing the first neon tube lights in Los
Angeles, but the primary source is not provided. One example of a typical, tertiary reference is
1168:. Standard tube tables established in the early days of neon are still used that specify the gas fill pressures, in either Ne or Hg/Ar, as a function of tube length in feet, tube diameter and transformer voltage.
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light upon electrification. This ultraviolet emission allows finished argon/mercury tubes to glow with a variety of bright colors when the tube has been coated on the interior with ultraviolet-sensitive
226:, phosphor materials were researched intensively for use in color televisions. About two dozen colors were available to neon sign designers by the 1960s, and today there are nearly 100 available colors.
135:, which used nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the luminous gas and a patented mechanism for maintaining pressure. Moore tubes were sold for commercial lighting for a number of years in the early 1900s.
1322:
1365:, given the steady advance in LED luminosity and decreasing cost of high-brightness LEDs. However, proponents of neon technology maintain that they still have significant advantages over LEDs.
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1198:, while fluorescents produce 50 to 100 lumens. Neon light efficiency ranges from 10 lumens per watt for red, up to 60 lumens for green and blue when these colors result from internal
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and length of tubing fed from a given transformer is limited. Generally, the loaded voltage drops to about 800 VAC at full current. The short-circuit current is about the same.
177:(a large exhibition hall). Claude's associate, Jacques Fonsèque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a large sign for the vermouth
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While still attached to the manifold, the tube is allowed to cool while pumping down to the lowest pressure the system can achieve. It is then filled to a low pressure of a few
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in Paris; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of it. It is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see
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of 1904, although this claim has been disputed; in any event, the scarcity of neon would have precluded the development of a lighting product. After 1902,
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is added. Argon by itself is very dim pale lavender when lit, but the droplet of mercury fills the tube with mercury vapor when sealed, which then emits
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RRB JE ME CBT-1 : Mechanical & Allied
Engineering Exam Book 2023 (English Edition) | Computer Based Test | 15 Practice Tests (1500 Solved MCQs)
96:. The signage industry has declined in the past several decades, and cities are now concerned with preserving and restoring their antique neon signs.
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84:, were famed, and there were nearly 2,000 small shops producing neon signs by 1940. In addition to signage, neon lighting is used frequently by
44:, as rebuilt in 2006. The large letters on the tower are illuminated in a timed sequence that repeats, "S", "ST", "STA", "STAT", "STATE", off.
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Light-emitting tubes form colored lines with which a text can be written or a picture drawn, including various decorations, especially in
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the current, and an accidental shock from a 120 mA transformer is much more likely to be fatal than from the lower current supplies.
1966:"The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Appliance for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy"
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76:. While they are used worldwide, neon signs were popular in the United States from about the 1920s to 1950s. The installations in
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In 1923, Georges Claude and his French company Claude Neon introduced neon gas signs to the United States by selling two to a
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1354:. By programming sequences of switching parts on and off, there are many possibilities for dynamic light patterns that form
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1183:. The plasma does not broadcast high frequency switching noise and remains ionized continually, becoming radio noise free.
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by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsey.
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An enormous number of colors can be created by combinations of different gases and fluorescent coatings in the tube.
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Compact high frequency inverter-converter transformers developed in the early 1990s are used, especially when low
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Kercher, Eric M.; Zhang, Kai; Waguespack, Matt; Lang, Ryan T.; Olmos, Alejandro; Spring, Bryan Q. (2020-06-01).
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faster. Neon glows bright red or reddish orange when lit. When argon or argon/helium is used, a tiny droplet of
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in marketing and in the historic restoration of architectural landmarks from the neon era. Architecture in the
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are exceptionally long-lasting due to their vibrant colors and the ability to craft tubes that function for
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built into the façade of a 1930s or 1940s structure; many of these buildings now qualify for inclusion on
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1773:"High-power light-emitting diode array design and assembly for practical photodynamic therapy research"
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Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world : from the airplane to the zipper
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Electronic
Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day
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arrays can be formed and covered with a light diffuser to simulate the appearance of neon lamps.
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41:
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The efficiency of neon lighting ranges between that of ordinary incandescent lights and that of
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2570:– industry standard reference on practices, methods, and technologies used by neon fabricators
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the United States, still in use for its original purpose, is the sign "Theatre" (1929) at the
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in homes, where they can be shaped to fit tight spaces and provide years of illumination.
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126:). When a voltage is applied to electrodes inserted through the glass, an electrical
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pump. The tube is then evacuated of air until it reaches a vacuum level of a few
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emitted by the tube may be just that coming from the gas, or the light from the
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Website of an organization devoted to preserving Polish neon signs; in
English.
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1990:
1989:
Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of
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Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting, 4th edition
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Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting, 4th edition
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The tube is attached to a manifold which is then attached to a high-quality
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1822:
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2249:"The Luminous Tube: An illuminating description of how neon signs operate"
1194:, depending on color. On a per-watt basis, incandescents produce 10 to 20
17:
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Article about neon signage's flowering and decline in Warsaw and Poland.
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1084: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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820:
282: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Claude's 1910 demonstration of neon lighting lit the peristyle of the
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The first commercial use was at a motor show in Paris in December 1910
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A neon "OPEN" sign, popular among U.S. businesses since the mid-1980s.
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In some applications, neon tubes are increasingly being replaced with
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illuminated the night sky in Paris, and by 1919 the entrance to the
68:, which was first demonstrated in a modern form in December 1910 by
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860:), combined with other alkaline earth oxides, which reduces to BaO
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Collection of photographs of Swedish neon signs; text in Swedish.
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2200:. ST Media Group International. January 18, 2012. Archived from
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Fading Neon Lights: An Archive of Hong Kong's Visual Culture
1712:
Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.
190:
of the sign that prevented their degradation by sputtering.
2124:"The History of Neon Signs: Georges Claude and Liquid Fire"
1368:
Neon illumination is valuable to invoke the 1940s or 1950s
415:). The greatest number of colors (including all shades of
151:
and displaying the word "neon" may have been shown at the
2274:
Neon, Claude, 1905; Neon Signs, Miller & Fink, 1935.
2431:"Enlightened businessman saw a niche in neon industry"
2406:"Sign o' the Times: The origins of the neon OPEN sign"
2226:
1388:
if their historic integrity is faithfully maintained.
1156:
The finished glass pieces are illuminated by either a
1727:(April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel".
370:
Neon tube signs are produced by the craft of bending
138:
The discovery of neon in 1898 by British scientists
864:
when heated to about 500 degrees F, and reduces the
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3001:
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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
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1937:Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)
3179:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
2286:"Neon and Fluorescents: A Circus of Similarities"
823:) to each end of the tube as it is finished. The
64:or other gases. They are the most common use for
2309:"How Much Electricity Do LED Neon Signs Consume"
2061:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon No. 402"
228:
2225:. ST Media Group International. Archived from
1697:Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards
2615:
2194:"ST Media Group International | Publications"
1973:Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
1904:
1902:
1900:
1524:. EduGorilla Community Pvt. Ltd. p. 99.
118:The neon sign is an evolution of the earlier
8:
2498:"Neon Museum saving Las Vegas' iconic signs"
2461:. Heritage Vancouver Society. Archived from
411:, and some warmer or more intense shades of
366:A neon sample display case in a glass studio
56:are electric signs lighted by long luminous
2833:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
1545:
1543:
1541:
1244:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
965:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
736:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
614:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
485:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2744:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
2643:
2622:
2608:
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2147:. City University of HK Press. p. 2.
1812:
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1664:
1556:. New York University Press. p. 42.
1308:Learn how and when to remove this message
1144:Learn how and when to remove this message
1029:Learn how and when to remove this message
881:(millimeters of mercury) with one of the
800:Learn how and when to remove this message
678:Learn how and when to remove this message
549:Learn how and when to remove this message
342:Learn how and when to remove this message
1622:
1620:
40:1936 neon marquee sign for a theater in
2080:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon"
1700:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71.
1594:
1592:
1590:
1518:Experts, EduGorilla Prep (2023-09-12).
1510:
1395:
1329:Club Prima Donna animated neon sign in
839:. The evacuation is paused, and a high
391:welded onto the ends. The color of the
2479:"Where Did All the Hong Kong Neon Go?"
1891:"Lamp Inventors 1880–1940: Moore Lamp"
2270:
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1940:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 287.
1926:
1924:
94:plasma display panels and televisions
7:
2880:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
2381:"The Preservation of Historic Signs"
2032:The dates of the show are listed at
1386:National Register of Historic Places
1242:adding citations to reliable sources
1082:adding citations to reliable sources
963:adding citations to reliable sources
734:adding citations to reliable sources
612:adding citations to reliable sources
483:adding citations to reliable sources
280:adding citations to reliable sources
2954:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
2141:KWOK, Brian Sze-hang (2023-03-10).
1729:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
3153:Large-screen television technology
2099:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 51.
1376:era often deployed neon to accent
25:
2827:Organic light-emitting transistor
2517:Crowley, David (September 2007).
2003:Howard, John K. (February 2009).
1909:Claude, Georges (November 1913).
1042:electrode with a radio frequency
27:Electrified, luminous tube lights
3190:Comparison of display technology
2558:. ST Media Group International.
2379:Michael J. Auer (October 1991).
2172:. ST Media Group International.
1603:. H. N. Abrams. pp. 16–33.
1455:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1398:
1214:
1058:
935:
893:are the most common gases used;
706:
584:
455:
256:
2821:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
2496:Bass, Shermakaye (2007-06-06).
2459:"2010 Top Ten Endangered Sites"
2037:. Mercedes Benz. Archived from
1911:"The Development of Neon Tubes"
1836:Dummer, G. W. A. (2013-10-22).
1671:Thielen, Marcus (August 2005).
1494:Timeline of lighting technology
1069:needs additional citations for
382:Blue neon sign in a pastry shop
267:needs additional citations for
2892:Laser-powered phosphor display
2539:Keen, Judy (October 6, 2008).
2093:Manheim, Steven (2023-02-01).
1893:. The Smithsonian Institution.
1627:Bright, Arthur A. Jr. (1949).
92:, and (in a modified form) in
80:, many originally designed by
1:
3158:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
3148:History of display technology
3036:Computer-generated holography
2429:Winston, Chris (2003-05-25).
2404:Dolan, Michael (1998-03-05).
2005:"OSA's First Four Presidents"
923:after being bent into shape.
690:Neon sign makers bend heated
153:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
2738:Organic light-emitting diode
2732:Light-emitting diode display
2541:"Save neon signs, fans urge"
2477:Beech, Hannah (2023-12-09).
1777:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1550:van Dulken, Stephen (2001).
1177:Radio Frequency Interference
2336:. Media Group International
2009:Optics & Photonics News
1863:Hirsh, Merle (2012-12-02).
167:. This demonstration lit a
3235:
2948:Vacuum fluorescent display
2672:Electroluminescent display
2435:Spartanburg Herald-Journal
2307:NeonGrand (January 2022).
1657:. Oxford University Press.
1629:The Electric-Lamp Industry
1378:structural pigmented glass
1162:switched-mode power supply
29:
3187:
2795:Liquid crystal on silicon
2554:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
2247:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
2168:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
1985:10.1080/14786440409463212
1797:10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063811
1694:Myers, Robert L. (2002).
1601:The New Let There Be Neon
927:Heat processed neon tubes
212:Lake Worth Beach, Florida
2986:Fourteen-segment display
2789:Digital Light Processing
2035:"Chronik 1901 – 1910/en"
1915:The Engineering Magazine
1842:. Elsevier. p. 59.
1581:"The Golden Age of Neon"
1431:Promotional signage neon
1206:Blocking out and coating
2992:Sixteen-segment display
2678:Rear-projection display
1869:. Elsevier. p. 3.
1749:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440
1419:Neon bowling alley sign
241:Anybody Can Do Anything
2839:Field-emission display
2754:Liquid-crystal display
2519:"Life in the Darkness"
1673:"Happy Birthday Neon!"
1334:
856:mixture including BaCO
848:wall of the tubing by
570:architectural lighting
383:
375:and fabricated lamps.
367:
359:
245:
159:'s company in France,
115:
60:that contain rarefied
45:
2976:Eight-segment display
2970:Seven-segment display
2583:"Svenska Neonskyltar"
2385:National Park Service
1328:
1158:neon sign transformer
908:operating temperature
381:
365:
357:
113:
39:
3098:Display capabilities
2981:Nine-segment display
2683:Plasma display panel
2330:"Lighting & LED"
1599:Stern, Rudi (1988).
1238:improve this section
1181:power line frequency
1166:electrical impedance
1078:improve this article
959:improve this section
730:improve this section
608:improve this section
479:improve this section
276:improve this article
208:Lake Worth Playhouse
124:atmospheric pressure
100:Light emitting diode
3127:See-through display
3031:Holographic display
2709:Quantum dot display
1866:Gaseous Electronics
1789:2020JBO....25f3811K
1741:2006ITPS...34..268W
1499:Neon Museum, Warsaw
58:gas-discharge tubes
3219:1910 introductions
3169:Color Light Output
3163:High Dynamic Range
2965:Dot-matrix display
2960:Lightguide display
2631:Display technology
2581:Johansson, Feddy.
2483:The New York Times
2355:"Knowledge Center"
2288:. SignIndustry.com
2253:Signs of the Times
2198:Signs of the Times
2059:Testelin, Xavier.
1932:Weeks, Mary Elvira
1677:Signs of the Times
1382:historic registers
1374:streamline moderne
1352:commercial signage
1335:
384:
368:
360:
239:, recalling 1931,
197:car dealership in
116:
46:
42:Auburn, California
3196:
3195:
3122:Always-on display
2913:Electromechanical
2901:
2900:
2594:. NeonMuzeum.com.
2565:978-0-944094-27-3
2503:Los Angeles Times
2359:Brighter Thinking
2284:Caba, Randall L.
2223:"SignWeb website"
2179:978-0-944094-27-3
2154:978-962-937-592-8
2106:978-1-4671-0929-1
2096:Mississippi Signs
1947:978-0-7661-3872-8
1876:978-0-323-14095-9
1849:978-1-4831-4521-1
1707:978-0-471-49946-6
1610:978-0-8109-1299-1
1563:978-0-8147-8812-7
1531:978-93-90332-73-1
1489:Westinghouse Sign
1384:such as the U.S.
1326:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1292:
1192:fluorescent lamps
1154:
1153:
1146:
1128:
1050:Electrical wiring
1044:induction heating
1039:
1038:
1031:
1013:
825:hollow electrodes
810:
809:
802:
784:
688:
687:
680:
662:
559:
558:
551:
533:
437:fluorescent lamps
352:
351:
344:
326:
220:ultraviolet light
149:Perley G. Nutting
144:Morris W. Travers
16:(Redirected from
3226:
3174:Flexible display
3136:Related articles
3016:Autostereoscopic
2715:Electronic paper
2661:Cathode-ray tube
2644:
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2361:. The Neon Group
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2020:
2011:. Archived from
2000:
1994:
1988:
1975:. Sixth Series.
1970:
1964:(October 1904).
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1679:. Archived from
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:Grove Art Online
1641:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1583:. 30 March 2021.
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224:Second World War
203:Earle C. Anthony
165:Paris Motor Show
74:Paris Motor Show
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3069:Movie projector
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1725:Weber, Larry F.
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1443:Neon sign of a
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1356:animated images
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328:
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261:
250:
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237:Betty MacDonald
235:
108:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2857:
2855:Liquid crystal
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2639:Video displays
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2575:External links
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2122:Bellis, Mary.
2112:
2105:
2085:
2051:
2025:
1995:
1962:Fleming, J. A.
1953:
1946:
1920:
1896:
1882:
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1848:
1828:
1763:
1735:(2): 268–278.
1716:
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1683:on 2012-03-03.
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854:eutectic point
819:is melted (or
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157:Georges Claude
140:William Ramsay
128:glow discharge
107:
104:
70:Georges Claude
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3209:Neon lighting
3207:
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2823:(ELQD/QD-LED)
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2593:
2592:"Neon Muzeum"
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2465:on 2011-07-24
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2229:on 2011-02-02
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2041:on 2011-08-15
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2015:on 2011-07-28
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1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
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1661:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:Popper, Frank
1640:
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1617:
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1595:
1593:
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1467:
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1407:
1401:
1396:
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1298:November 2018
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
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1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259: –
1258:
1254:
1253:Find sources:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1223:This section
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
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1137:
1134:November 2018
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
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1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095: –
1094:
1090:
1089:Find sources:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1067:This section
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1033:
1030:
1022:
1019:November 2018
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980: –
979:
975:
974:Find sources:
968:
964:
960:
954:
953:
949:
944:This section
942:
938:
933:
932:
926:
924:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
872:
867:
866:work function
855:
851:
845:
842:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
818:
815:
804:
801:
793:
790:November 2018
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751: –
750:
746:
745:Find sources:
739:
735:
731:
725:
724:
720:
715:This section
713:
709:
704:
703:
697:
695:
693:
682:
679:
671:
668:November 2018
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
629: –
628:
624:
623:Find sources:
617:
613:
609:
603:
602:
598:
593:This section
591:
587:
582:
581:
575:
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571:
567:
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553:
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542:
539:November 2018
531:
528:
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514:
510:
507:
503:
500: –
499:
495:
494:Find sources:
488:
484:
480:
474:
473:
469:
464:This section
462:
458:
453:
452:
447:Long lifetime
446:
444:
440:
438:
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422:
418:
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335:
332:November 2018
324:
321:
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314:
310:
307:
303:
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296:
293: –
292:
288:
287:Find sources:
281:
277:
271:
270:
265:This section
263:
259:
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253:
247:
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238:
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227:
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175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
136:
134:
129:
125:
121:
120:Geissler tube
112:
105:
103:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Douglas Leigh
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:neon lighting
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
38:
33:
32:Neon lighting
19:
3084:Transparency
3073:
3057:Static media
3011:Stereoscopic
2555:
2544:
2528:. Retrieved
2522:
2507:. Retrieved
2501:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:the original
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2388:. Retrieved
2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2279:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:the original
2217:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2197:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2115:
2095:
2088:
2074:Grand Palais
2072:
2064:. Retrieved
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2028:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2008:
1998:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1936:
1914:
1885:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1761:Paid access.
1732:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1696:
1689:
1681:the original
1676:
1652:
1639:
1631:. MacMillan.
1628:
1600:
1575:
1567:
1552:
1520:
1513:
1484:Pundit Light
1479:Plasma globe
1474:Crackle tube
1445:public sauna
1367:
1360:
1345:
1342:Applications
1336:
1331:Reno, Nevada
1304:
1295:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1252:
1236:Please help
1224:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1131:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1088:
1076:Please help
1071:verification
1068:
1040:
1025:
1016:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
973:
957:Please help
945:
876:
870:
846:
830:
814:cold cathode
811:
796:
787:
777:
770:
763:
756:
744:
728:Please help
716:
689:
674:
665:
655:
648:
641:
634:
622:
606:Please help
594:
576:Tube bending
560:
545:
536:
526:
519:
512:
505:
493:
477:Please help
465:
441:
402:
389:
385:
369:
338:
329:
319:
312:
305:
298:
286:
274:Please help
269:verification
266:
240:
229:
216:
192:
174:Grand Palais
172:
137:
117:
98:
78:Times Square
53:
47:
3048:Fog display
3021:Multiscopic
2938:Fiber-optic
2850:Quantum dot
2311:. NeonGrand
1991:radio waves
1979:(46): 417.
1783:(6): 1–13.
1348:advertising
1257:"Neon sign"
1093:"Neon sign"
978:"Neon sign"
916:ultraviolet
883:noble gases
749:"Neon sign"
698:Bombardment
692:glass tubes
627:"Neon sign"
562:Neon lights
498:"Neon sign"
291:"Neon sign"
248:Fabrication
199:Los Angeles
183:Paris Opera
161:Air Liquide
3203:Categories
3089:Laser beam
3043:Volumetric
3003:3D display
2943:Nixie tube
2923:Split-flap
2808:generation
2782:Blue Phase
2702:generation
2649:generation
2530:2021-10-11
2509:2009-09-12
2488:2023-12-09
2469:2010-12-05
2440:2024-06-29
2415:2024-06-29
2390:2021-10-11
2365:2012-03-06
2340:2012-03-06
2315:2022-11-12
2258:2010-12-10
2233:2011-03-08
2208:2010-03-08
2066:2010-12-06
2045:2010-11-25
2019:2009-02-21
1917:: 271–274.
1505:References
1268:newspapers
1202:coatings.
1104:newspapers
989:newspapers
850:adsorption
760:newspapers
638:newspapers
509:newspapers
302:newspapers
188:electrodes
133:Moore tube
90:architects
54:neon signs
52:industry,
30:See also:
18:Neon signs
3143:Scan line
3117:DisplayID
3074:Neon sign
3064:Monoscope
2906:Non-video
2667:Jumbotron
2546:USA Today
2128:ThoughtCo
1805:1083-3668
1370:nostalgia
1225:does not
946:does not
921:phosphors
817:electrode
717:does not
595:does not
466:does not
169:peristyle
114:Neon sign
3026:Hologram
2933:Eggcrate
2918:Flip-dot
2864:display
2845:Laser TV
2816:microLED
2746:(AMOLED)
2700:Current
2656:Eidophor
1934:(2003).
1823:32297489
1757:20290119
1647:(2009).
1468:See also
1449:Helsinki
1200:phosphor
397:phosphor
234:—
3214:Signage
3110:CEA-861
2740:(OLED)
2725:Gyricon
2334:SignWeb
2292:4 March
1814:7156854
1785:Bibcode
1737:Bibcode
1392:Gallery
1282:scholar
1246:removed
1231:sources
1118:scholar
1003:scholar
967:removed
952:sources
912:mercury
895:krypton
841:current
774:scholar
738:removed
723:sources
652:scholar
616:removed
601:sources
566:decades
523:scholar
487:removed
472:sources
316:scholar
195:Packard
179:Cinzano
171:of the
106:History
86:artists
72:at the
50:signage
48:In the
2994:(SISD)
2888:(TDEL)
2882:(FLCD)
2829:(OLET)
2797:(LCoS)
2756:(LCD)
2734:(LED)
2711:(QLED)
2685:(PDP)
2562:
2176:
2151:
2103:
1944:
1873:
1846:
1821:
1811:
1803:
1755:
1704:
1649:"Neon"
1634:1930s.
1607:
1560:
1528:
1333:, 1955
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1196:lumens
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
976:
903:helium
901:, and
871:before
833:vacuum
821:welded
776:
769:
762:
755:
747:
654:
647:
640:
633:
625:
525:
518:
511:
504:
496:
431:, and
429:violet
421:yellow
409:orange
318:
311:
304:
297:
289:
3165:(HDR)
2988:(FSD)
2972:(SSD)
2956:(LEC)
2950:(VFD)
2894:(LPD)
2841:(FED)
2835:(SED)
2806:Next
2791:(DLP)
2720:E Ink
2674:(ELD)
2663:(CRT)
2410:Slate
2383:. US
1969:(PDF)
1753:S2CID
1289:JSTOR
1275:books
1160:or a
1125:JSTOR
1111:books
1010:JSTOR
996:books
899:xenon
891:argon
879:torrs
781:JSTOR
767:books
659:JSTOR
645:books
530:JSTOR
516:books
433:white
425:green
393:light
372:glass
323:JSTOR
309:books
3105:EDID
2927:Vane
2873:TMOS
2868:IMoD
2862:MEMS
2689:ALiS
2647:Past
2560:ISBN
2294:2011
2174:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2101:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1819:PMID
1801:ISSN
1702:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1406:Neon
1363:LEDs
1350:and
1261:news
1229:any
1227:cite
1097:news
982:news
950:any
948:cite
887:Neon
837:torr
753:news
721:any
719:cite
631:news
599:any
597:cite
502:news
470:any
468:cite
417:blue
413:pink
407:and
295:news
142:and
88:and
62:neon
2777:LED
2770:IPS
2760:TFT
1981:doi
1809:PMC
1793:doi
1745:doi
1447:in
1240:by
1080:by
961:by
889:or
732:by
610:by
481:by
405:red
278:by
210:in
3205::
2765:TN
2543:.
2521:.
2500:.
2481:.
2433:.
2408:.
2357:.
2332:.
2267:^
2251:.
2196:.
2126:.
2007:.
1971:.
1923:^
1913:.
1899:^
1817:.
1807:.
1799:.
1791:.
1781:25
1779:.
1775:.
1751:.
1743:.
1733:34
1731:.
1710:.
1675:.
1663:^
1651:.
1619:^
1589:^
1566:.
1540:^
1358:.
897:,
812:A
439:.
427:,
423:,
419:,
214:.
201:.
2623:e
2616:t
2609:v
2585:.
2568:.
2549:.
2533:.
2512:.
2491:.
2472:.
2443:.
2418:.
2393:.
2368:.
2343:.
2318:.
2296:.
2261:.
2236:.
2211:.
2182:.
2157:.
2130:.
2109:.
2082:.
2069:.
2048:.
2022:.
1987:.
1983::
1977:8
1950:.
1879:.
1852:.
1825:.
1795::
1787::
1759:.
1747::
1739::
1613:.
1534:.
1311:)
1305:(
1300:)
1296:(
1286:·
1279:·
1272:·
1265:·
1248:.
1234:.
1147:)
1141:(
1136:)
1132:(
1122:·
1115:·
1108:·
1101:·
1074:.
1032:)
1026:(
1021:)
1017:(
1007:·
1000:·
993:·
986:·
969:.
955:.
862:2
858:2
803:)
797:(
792:)
788:(
778:·
771:·
764:·
757:·
740:.
726:.
681:)
675:(
670:)
666:(
656:·
649:·
642:·
635:·
618:.
604:.
552:)
546:(
541:)
537:(
527:·
520:·
513:·
506:·
489:.
475:.
345:)
339:(
334:)
330:(
320:·
313:·
306:·
299:·
272:.
20:)
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