222:
enhanced understanding of newborn physiology, improved sanitation practices, and development of specialized units for neonatal intensive care. Around the mid-19th century, the care of newborns was in its infancy and was led mainly by obstetricians; however, the early 1900s, pediatricians began to assume a more direct role in caring for neonates. The term neonatology was coined by Dr. Alexander
Schaffer in 1960. The American Board of Pediatrics established an official sub-board certification for neonatology in 1975.
283:
226:
Denuce was the first to publish a description of his own similar incubator design, and was the first physician to describe its utility in the support of premature infants in medical literature. By 1931, Dr. A Robert Bauer added more sophisticated upgrades to the incubator which allowed for humidity control and oxygen delivery in addition to heating capabilities, further contributing to improved survival in newborns.
2479:
2509:
2519:
404:
151:
2499:
52:
2489:
415:(NICU). They may also act as general pediatricians, providing well newborn evaluation and care in the hospital where they are based. Some neonatologists, particularly those in academic settings who perform clinical and basic science research, may follow infants for months or even years after hospital discharge to better assess the long-term outcomes.
798:
Encouragingly, an increasing number of programs focused on collaboration of newborn care are now being established all over the world. The
International Neonatal Consortium Newborn Care International, Newborn Care International, and the Global Newborn Society are some notable examples. The goal is
794:
Between 2000 and 2012, the number of neonatal stays (births) in the United States fluctuated around 4.0 million stays, reaching a high of 4.3 million in 2006. Maternal and neonatal stays constituted 27 percent of hospital stays in the United States in 2012. However, the mean hospital costs remained
225:
In 1835, the
Russian physician Georg von Ruehl developed a rudimentary incubator made from two nestled metal tubs enclosing a layer of warm water. By the mid-1850s, these "warming tubs" were in regular use at the Moscow Foundling Hospital for the support of premature infants. 1857, Jean-Louis-Paul
790:
is one of the most common reasons for hospitalization. The average hospital costs from 2003 to 2011 for the maternal and neonatal surgical services were the lowest hospital costs in the U.S. In 2012, maternal or neonatal hospital stays constituted the largest proportion of hospitalizations among
221:
Though high infant mortality rates were recognized by the medical community at least as early as the 1860s, advances in modern neonatal intensive care have led to a significant decline in infant mortality in the modern era. This has been achieved through a combination of technological advances,
376:
and in the sub-specialty of
Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine also by the American Board of Pediatrics or American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics. Most countries now run similar programs for post-graduate training in Neonatology, as a subspecialisation of pediatrics.
795:
the lowest of the three types of hospital stay (medical, surgical, or maternal and neonatal). The mean hospital cost for a maternal/neonatal stay was $ 4,300 in 2012 (as opposed to $ 8,500 for medical stays and $ 21,200 for surgical stays in 2012).
778:
Neonatologists earn significantly more than general pediatricians. In 2018, a typical pediatrician salary in the United States ranged from $ 221,000 to $ 264,000, whereas the average salary for a neonatologist was about $ 299,000 to $ 355,000.
251:(NICU) was established at Yale-Newhaven Hospital in Connecticut in 1965. Prior to the development of the NICU, premature and critically ill infants were attended to in nurseries without specialized resuscitation equipment.
392:, a physician wishing to become a neonatologist would enroll in an eight-year paediatric specialty training programme. The last two to three years of this would be devoted to training in neonatology as a subspecialty.
1349:
1370:
1404:
262:) could be successfully treated through exposure to artificial blue light. This led to widespread use of phototherapy, which has now become a mainstay of treatment of neonatal jaundice.
1507:
364:, then completes an additional training called a fellowship (for 3 years in the US) in neonatology. In the United States of America most, but not all neonatologists, are
1613:
1465:
685:
1575:
1537:
293:
1341:
991:"Diseases of the Newborn, ed. 3, by Alexander J. Schaffer, M.D., and Mary Ellen Avery, M.D. Philadelphia/London/Toronto: W. B. Saunders, 1971, 919 pp., $ 22.00"
1374:
2008:
1396:
2349:
121:
373:
1948:
265:
In the 1980s, the development of pulmonary surfactant replacement therapy further improved survival of extremely premature infants and decreased
726:
2248:
625:
580:
1491:
2384:
1726:
1271:
741:
736:
1018:
327:
411:
Rather than focusing on a particular organ system, neonatologists focus on the care of newborns who require hospitalization in the
1201:
767:
520:
500:
535:
530:
490:
450:
419:
244:, used for standardized assessment of infants immediately upon delivery, to guide further steps in resuscitation if necessary.
190:
1597:
2502:
2374:
1808:
1454:
485:
445:
353:
115:
1433:
690:
1559:
2354:
1529:
1045:
715:
680:
585:
565:
555:
412:
369:
248:
174:
1998:
822:"A history of neonatal medicine-past accomplishments, lessons learned, and future challenges. Part 1-the first century"
919:
545:
540:
1978:
1688:
1663:
700:
620:
610:
475:
460:
266:
2407:
762:
731:
560:
2199:
2121:
2116:
2036:
1796:
670:
635:
480:
309:
1638:
2179:
2153:
710:
630:
590:
495:
194:
1771:
1719:
455:
230:
2422:
2308:
2281:
2254:
2206:
2160:
1855:
650:
430:
31:
169:
that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a
2543:
2442:
2402:
2269:
2083:
2078:
2058:
1993:
1845:
695:
655:
525:
440:
435:
389:
206:
77:
2522:
2464:
2447:
2106:
1823:
757:
720:
640:
2508:
2412:
2369:
2359:
2148:
2101:
2068:
2063:
1813:
1791:
1263:
1169:
675:
645:
349:
109:
1046:"The First Published Report of an Incubator for Use in the Care of the Premature Infant (1857)"
2482:
2364:
2334:
2313:
2276:
2259:
2174:
2138:
2128:
2023:
1943:
1887:
1850:
1835:
1776:
1743:
1712:
1605:
1567:
1499:
1323:
1315:
1255:
1247:
1161:
1153:
1112:
1073:
1065:
1010:
971:
963:
911:
903:
859:
841:
746:
575:
505:
259:
155:
269:, one of the complications of mechanical ventilation, among less severely premature infants.
2184:
2169:
2046:
1921:
1877:
1305:
1239:
1143:
1104:
1057:
1002:
953:
895:
849:
833:
660:
600:
570:
305:
186:
1227:
2512:
2457:
2318:
2303:
2286:
2226:
2221:
2165:
2143:
1840:
1786:
1766:
990:
787:
615:
605:
470:
365:
1061:
426:, are far from fully developed. Diseases of concern during the neonatal period include:
2344:
2298:
2111:
2041:
1860:
958:
941:
854:
821:
465:
385:
381:
237:
210:
1294:"Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation"
1190:
1108:
2537:
2427:
2216:
2211:
2073:
2013:
1916:
899:
550:
515:
510:
423:
357:
341:
182:
1267:
1173:
1092:
2492:
2432:
2417:
2243:
1968:
1818:
1803:
1749:
705:
407:
A 30 minutes old infant in Iran. The nurse is providing necessary care after birth.
361:
255:
198:
1131:
1425:
1148:
17:
2291:
2133:
1988:
1963:
1781:
665:
403:
241:
2379:
1492:"Trends and Projections in Inpatient Hospital Costs and Utilization, 2003–2013"
1292:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia (July 2004).
233:
of the newborn, allowing for survival at an increasingly smaller birth weight.
2264:
2231:
2003:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1911:
1901:
837:
820:
Lussky, Richard C.; Cifuentes, Raul F.; Siddappa, Ashajyothi M. (April 2005).
395:
Neonatal nursing is subspecialty of nursing that specialize in neonatal care.
166:
150:
89:
38:
1319:
1251:
1157:
1116:
1069:
1014:
967:
907:
845:
229:
The 1950s brought a rapid escalation in neonatal services with the advent of
2452:
2194:
2189:
2053:
2031:
1906:
1870:
595:
1609:
1571:
1503:
1327:
1310:
1293:
1243:
1165:
975:
883:
863:
799:
to organize and standardize newborn care, and coordinate research efforts.
1259:
1077:
1006:
915:
51:
1958:
1735:
170:
138:
1684:
1659:
1132:"Dr. Virginia Apgar and the Apgar Score: How the Apgar Score Came to Be"
2437:
1897:
1865:
1758:
751:
178:
202:
142:
1560:"Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012"
1634:
1604:(181). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1566:(186). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1536:(180). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1498:(175). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
149:
1228:"Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity by phototherapy"
1708:
1093:"A Combination Resuscitator and Incubator for New-Born Infants"
258:
demonstrated that hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity (a form of
154:
Physician performing a physical exam on a newborn baby after a
276:
292:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1704:
1226:
Lucey, Jerold; Ferreiro, Mario; Hewitt, Jean (1968-06-01).
791:
infants, adults aged 18–44, and those covered by
Medicaid.
181:
infants who are ill or require special medical care due to
27:
Medical care of newborns, especially the ill or premature
301:
826:
The
Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics
177:(NICUs). The principal patients of neonatologists are
1598:"Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012"
1596:
Moore B; Levit K & Elixhauser A (October 2014).
1455:"2018 Compilation of Physician Compensation Surveys"
2395:
2333:
2094:
2022:
1977:
1886:
1757:
1742:
130:
101:
96:
83:
71:
63:
58:
1373:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
1191:"Neonatal Intensive Care: A History of Excellence"
1558:Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A (December 2014).
360:, the physician initially receives training as a
1050:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
686:Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
1490:Weiss AJ; Barrett ML; Steiner CA (July 2014).
1720:
1528:Wiess, AJ & Elixhauser A (October 2014).
422:, and its physiological systems, such as the
290:The examples and perspective in this article
173:-based specialty and is usually practised in
8:
44:
1097:Journal of the American Medical Association
2009:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1754:
1727:
1713:
1705:
884:"A 50-year overview of perinatal medicine"
50:
2350:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1309:
1147:
957:
853:
328:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1530:"Overview of Hospital Utilization, 2012"
1397:"Training and development (paediatrics)"
402:
374:American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
940:Philip, Alistair G. S. (October 2005).
807:
581:Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
368:in the specialty of Pediatrics by the
356:) practicing neonatology. To become a
43:
1471:from the original on October 24, 2020
1207:from the original on October 25, 2021
727:anomalous pulmonary venous connection
7:
2488:
2249:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1185:
1183:
1062:10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130310062020
1039:
1037:
1035:
877:
875:
873:
815:
813:
811:
626:Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
2498:
1635:"International Neonatal Consortium"
2385:Medical Scientist Training Program
1371:"Specialties & Subspecialties"
959:10.1203/01.PDR.0000151693.46655.66
742:Transposition of the great vessels
737:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
236:In 1952, the anesthesiologist Dr.
25:
1109:10.1001/jama.1937.92780220002008a
768:Vertically transmitted infections
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2478:
2477:
521:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
501:Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis
420:adaptations to extrauterine life
281:
2518:
1691:from the original on 2022-01-20
1666:from the original on 2022-01-23
1641:from the original on 2022-01-23
1616:from the original on 2014-11-29
1578:from the original on 2018-09-24
1540:from the original on 2014-12-24
1510:from the original on 2014-08-03
1436:from the original on 2021-09-20
1407:from the original on 2021-09-13
1352:from the original on 2021-09-26
1274:from the original on 2021-09-20
1091:Bauer, A. Robert (1937-05-29).
1021:from the original on 2021-09-20
922:from the original on 2021-09-20
536:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
531:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
491:Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
451:Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis
191:intrauterine growth restriction
2375:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1809:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1044:Cone, Thomas E. (1981-07-01).
989:Vulliamy, David (1972-09-01).
942:"The Evolution of Neonatology"
486:Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
446:Atrioventricular septal defect
418:The infant is undergoing many
116:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1:
1198:National Institutes of Health
1130:Calmes, Selma H. (May 2015).
691:Persistent truncus arteriosus
175:neonatal intensive care units
2355:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2122:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1660:"Newborn Care International"
1149:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000659
900:10.1016/0378-3782(92)90056-m
716:Supraventricular tachycardia
681:Periventricular leukomalacia
586:Neonatal lupus erythematosus
566:Neonatal abstinence syndrome
556:Meconium aspiration syndrome
413:Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
388:and completing the two-year
370:American Board of Pediatrics
249:neonatal intensive care unit
546:Intraventricular hemorrhage
541:Inborn errors of metabolism
304:, discuss the issue on the
2560:
1426:"What is Neonatal Nursing"
1342:"What is a Neonatologist?"
1136:Anesthesia & Analgesia
882:Avery, M. E. (June 1992).
701:Retinopathy of prematurity
621:Neonatal diabetes mellitus
611:Neonatal bowel obstruction
461:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
67:Doctor, Medical Specialist
36:
29:
2473:
838:10.5863/1551-6776-10.2.76
763:Ventricular septal defect
758:VACTERL/VATER association
732:Tracheoesophageal fistula
561:Necrotizing enterocolitis
49:
2309:Transplantation medicine
2200:Clinical neurophysiology
2117:Obstetric anesthesiology
2037:Interventional radiology
1797:Digestive system surgery
1685:"Global Newborn Society"
1464:. AMN Healthcare. 2018.
671:Patent ductus arteriosus
636:Neonatal hemochromatosis
496:Congenital heart disease
481:Coarctation of the aorta
384:, after graduation from
195:congenital malformations
37:Not to be confused with
2180:Intensive care medicine
2154:Mass gathering medicine
1999:Maternal–fetal medicine
888:Early Human Development
711:Spinal muscular atrophy
631:Neonatal herpes simplex
591:Neonatal conjunctivitis
217:Historical developments
1772:Cardiothoracic surgery
1602:HCUP Statistical Brief
1564:HCUP Statistical Brief
1534:HCUP Statistical Brief
1496:HCUP Statistical Brief
1311:10.1542/peds.114.1.297
1244:10.1542/peds.41.6.1047
456:Brachial plexus injury
408:
231:mechanical ventilation
159:
2423:Personalized medicine
2282:Reproductive medicine
2207:Occupational medicine
2161:Evolutionary medicine
1007:10.1542/peds.50.3.508
651:Neonatal hypoglycemia
431:Anemia of prematurity
406:
165:is a subspecialty of
153:
32:Neonatology (journal)
30:For the journal, see
2443:Traditional medicine
2403:Alternative medicine
2270:Addiction psychiatry
2084:Transfusion medicine
2079:Medical microbiology
1994:Gynecologic oncology
1846:Reproductive surgery
696:Pulmonary hypoplasia
656:Neonatal cholestasis
526:Hirschsprung disease
441:Atrial septal defect
436:Apnea of prematurity
390:foundation programme
310:create a new article
302:improve this article
267:chronic lung disease
247:The first dedicated
207:pulmonary hypoplasia
2465:History of medicine
2448:Veterinary medicine
2255:Preventive medicine
2107:Adolescent medicine
1949:Infectious diseases
1346:HealthyChildren.org
725:Total (or partial)
721:Tetralogy of Fallot
641:Neonatal meningitis
46:
2413:Molecular oncology
2370:Doctor of Medicine
2360:Master of Medicine
2277:Radiation oncology
2149:Emergency medicine
2102:Addiction medicine
2069:Clinical chemistry
2064:Clinical pathology
1856:Transplant surgery
1814:Orthopedic surgery
1792:Colorectal surgery
946:Pediatric Research
676:Perinatal asphyxia
646:Neonatal hepatitis
596:Neonatal pneumonia
409:
160:
110:Doctor of Medicine
103:Education required
2531:
2530:
2365:Master of Surgery
2329:
2328:
2314:Tropical medicine
2260:Prison healthcare
2175:Hospital medicine
2139:Disaster medicine
2129:Aviation medicine
1944:Hospital medicine
1851:Surgical oncology
1836:Pediatric surgery
1830:
1777:Endocrine surgery
1377:on 13 August 2015
1200:. October 1992 .
747:Tricuspid atresia
576:Neonatal jaundice
506:DiGeorge syndrome
338:
337:
330:
312:, as appropriate.
273:Academic training
260:neonatal jaundice
156:Caesarean section
148:
147:
18:Neonatal medicine
16:(Redirected from
2551:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2185:Medical genetics
2170:General practice
2047:Nuclear medicine
1922:Gastroenterology
1878:Vascular surgery
1828:
1755:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1238:(6): 1047–1054.
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1195:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1142:(5): 1060–1064.
1127:
1121:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1041:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
986:
980:
979:
961:
937:
931:
930:
928:
927:
879:
868:
867:
857:
817:
661:Neonatal seizure
601:Neonatal tetanus
399:Spectrum of care
348:is a physician (
333:
326:
322:
319:
313:
285:
284:
277:
187:low birth weight
85:Activity sectors
54:
47:
21:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2469:
2458:Chief physician
2391:
2336:
2325:
2319:Travel medicine
2304:Sports medicine
2287:Sexual medicine
2227:Palliative care
2222:Pain management
2166:Family medicine
2144:Diving medicine
2090:
2018:
1980:
1973:
1889:
1882:
1841:Plastic surgery
1787:General surgery
1767:Cardiac surgery
1748:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:Merritt Hawkins
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1022:
988:
987:
983:
939:
938:
934:
925:
923:
881:
880:
871:
819:
818:
809:
805:
788:Premature birth
785:
776:
616:Neonatal stroke
606:Neonatal sepsis
571:Neonatal cancer
471:CHARGE syndrome
401:
366:board certified
334:
323:
317:
314:
299:
286:
282:
275:
219:
135:
133:
104:
86:
74:
73:Occupation type
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2396:Related topics
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:Medical school
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:Sleep medicine
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2112:Anesthesiology
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:Neuroradiology
2039:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:Obstetrics and
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1861:Trauma surgery
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1824:Otolaryngology
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1750:subspecialties
1740:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1676:
1651:
1626:
1588:
1550:
1520:
1482:
1446:
1417:
1403:. 2015-04-21.
1401:Health Careers
1388:
1362:
1333:
1304:(1): 297–316.
1284:
1218:
1179:
1122:
1083:
1056:(7): 658–660.
1031:
1001:(3): 508–509.
981:
952:(4): 799–815.
932:
894:(1–3): 43–50.
869:
806:
804:
801:
784:
783:Hospital costs
781:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Cerebral palsy
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
400:
397:
386:medical school
382:United Kingdom
336:
335:
296:of the subject
294:worldwide view
289:
287:
280:
274:
271:
240:developed the
238:Virginia Apgar
218:
215:
211:birth asphyxia
146:
145:
136:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
119:
113:
105:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2556:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Public health
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Allied health
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Oral medicine
2215:
2213:
2212:Ophthalmology
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Cytopathology
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:Urogynecology
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Endocrinology
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1211:September 20,
1203:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
789:
782:
780:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Lissencephaly
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:Gastroschisis
514:
512:
511:Encephalocele
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
425:
424:immune system
421:
416:
414:
405:
398:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:neonatologist
355:
351:
347:
346:neonatologist
343:
342:United States
332:
329:
321:
318:December 2010
311:
307:
303:
297:
295:
288:
279:
278:
272:
270:
268:
263:
261:
257:
254:In 1968, Dr.
252:
250:
245:
243:
239:
234:
232:
227:
223:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:birth defects
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
157:
152:
144:
140:
137:
129:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
106:
100:
95:
91:
88:
82:
79:
76:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
45:Neonatologist
40:
33:
19:
2433:Rural health
2418:Nanomedicine
2236:
1969:Rheumatology
1900: /
1819:Hand surgery
1804:Neurosurgery
1693:. Retrieved
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1601:
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1495:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1461:
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1381:23 September
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1235:
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1197:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1103:(22): 1874.
1100:
1096:
1086:
1053:
1049:
1023:. Retrieved
998:
994:
984:
949:
945:
935:
924:. Retrieved
891:
887:
832:(2): 76–89.
829:
825:
797:
793:
786:
777:
774:Compensation
706:Spina bifida
476:Cleft palate
417:
410:
394:
379:
362:pediatrician
345:
339:
324:
315:
291:
264:
256:Jerold Lucey
253:
246:
235:
228:
224:
220:
162:
161:
124:(MBBS/MBChB)
2544:Neonatology
2503:Wikiproject
2292:Venereology
2237:Neonatology
2134:Dermatology
1989:Gynaecology
1981:gynaecology
1964:Pulmonology
1782:Eye surgery
1744:Specialties
1475:October 23,
666:Omphalocele
242:Apgar score
183:prematurity
163:Neonatology
97:Description
2265:Psychiatry
2251:(PM&R)
2244:Phlebology
2232:Pediatrics
2059:Anatomical
2024:Diagnostic
2004:Obstetrics
1954:Nephrology
1939:Hematology
1934:Geriatrics
1927:Hepatology
1912:Cardiology
1902:Immunology
1695:2022-01-23
1670:2022-01-23
1645:2022-01-23
1620:2014-11-26
1582:2015-04-06
1544:2014-10-20
1514:2014-08-01
1440:2021-09-20
1411:2021-09-13
1356:2021-09-13
1298:Pediatrics
1278:2021-09-20
1232:Pediatrics
1025:2021-09-20
995:Pediatrics
926:2021-09-20
803:References
167:pediatrics
134:employment
92:(medicine)
90:Pediatrics
59:Occupation
39:Neontology
2453:Physician
2337:education
2195:Neurology
2190:Narcology
2054:Pathology
2032:Radiology
1907:Angiology
1871:Andrology
1320:1098-4275
1252:0031-4005
1158:0003-2999
1117:0002-9955
1070:1072-4710
1015:0031-4005
968:1530-0447
908:0378-3782
846:1551-6776
306:talk page
139:Hospitals
132:Fields of
78:Specialty
2538:Category
2483:Category
1959:Oncology
1890:medicine
1888:Internal
1736:Medicine
1689:Archived
1664:Archived
1639:Archived
1614:Archived
1610:25521003
1576:Archived
1572:25695124
1538:Archived
1508:Archived
1504:25165806
1466:Archived
1434:Archived
1405:Archived
1350:Archived
1328:15231951
1272:Archived
1268:41816888
1202:Archived
1174:41296774
1166:25899273
1019:Archived
976:15718376
920:Archived
864:23118629
754:13/18/21
300:You may
171:hospital
2523:Outline
2493:Commons
2438:Therapy
2335:Medical
1898:Allergy
1866:Urology
1759:Surgery
1260:5652916
1078:7018217
916:1396277
855:3468063
752:Trisomy
380:In the
372:or the
340:In the
179:newborn
143:Clinics
2513:Portal
2380:MD–PhD
1608:
1570:
1502:
1326:
1318:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1115:
1076:
1068:
1013:
974:
966:
914:
906:
862:
852:
844:
203:sepsis
2095:Other
1469:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1264:S2CID
1205:(PDF)
1194:(PDF)
1170:S2CID
308:, or
209:, or
64:Names
1606:PMID
1568:PMID
1500:PMID
1477:2020
1430:NANN
1383:2012
1324:PMID
1316:ISSN
1256:PMID
1248:ISSN
1213:2021
1162:PMID
1154:ISSN
1113:ISSN
1074:PMID
1066:ISSN
1011:ISSN
972:PMID
964:ISSN
912:PMID
904:ISSN
860:PMID
842:ISSN
344:, a
118:(DO)
112:(MD)
1829:ENT
1747:and
1306:doi
1302:114
1240:doi
1144:doi
1140:120
1105:doi
1101:108
1058:doi
1054:135
1003:doi
954:doi
896:doi
850:PMC
834:doi
352:or
201:),
2540::
2168:/
1687:.
1662:.
1637:.
1612:.
1600:.
1574:.
1562:.
1532:.
1506:.
1494:.
1460:.
1432:.
1428:.
1399:.
1348:.
1344:.
1322:.
1314:.
1300:.
1296:.
1270:.
1262:.
1254:.
1246:.
1236:41
1234:.
1230:.
1196:.
1182:^
1168:.
1160:.
1152:.
1138:.
1134:.
1111:.
1099:.
1095:.
1072:.
1064:.
1052:.
1048:.
1034:^
1017:.
1009:.
999:50
997:.
993:.
970:.
962:.
950:58
948:.
944:.
918:.
910:.
902:.
892:29
890:.
886:.
872:^
858:.
848:.
840:.
830:10
828:.
824:.
810:^
354:DO
350:MD
213:.
205:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
141:,
1728:e
1721:t
1714:v
1698:.
1673:.
1648:.
1623:.
1585:.
1547:.
1517:.
1479:.
1443:.
1414:.
1385:.
1359:.
1330:.
1308::
1281:.
1242::
1215:.
1176:.
1146::
1119:.
1107::
1080:.
1060::
1028:.
1005::
978:.
956::
929:.
898::
866:.
836::
331:)
325:(
320:)
316:(
298:.
197:(
158:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
