37:
243:
where the rats were collected. The bacteria kept the name
Candidatus until 2019 when it was first cultivated. It has been isolated from rodents, which are believed to act as reservoirs for the pathogen, as well as from the ticks which act as vectors. The ticks have been found to mainly belong to the
396:
for NM are voles and mice. In one study done in southern Sweden, it was found that 8.8% of the rodents were carriers of NM. The pathogen has also been found in deer, wild boars and sheep, including mouflons. It can also infect humans, and between 2009 and 2019, 45 cases were found.
404:. The pathogen enters the ticks when it bites a mammal carrying the disease, and once inside the tick the bacteria replicates and collects in the salivary glands, ready to be introduced to the next host. In Sweden, the most common vector for transferring NM is
379:
of rat spleens have showed rounded, pleiomorphic structures with the correct size for NM, but seeing as no labelling was done using DNA-probes or specific antibodies, these have not been formally proven to be NM.
660:
Höper, Linnea; Skoog, Elisabet; Stenson, Martin; Grankvist, Anna; Wass, Linda; Olsen, Björn; Nilsson, Kenneth; Mårtensson, Andreas; Söderlind, Jacob; Sakinis, Augustinas; Wennerås, Christine (2021-10-05).
713:
Grankvist, A.; Andersson, P.-O.; Mattsson, M.; Sender, M.; Vaht, K.; Hoper, L.; Sakiniene, E.; Trysberg, E.; Stenson, M.; Fehr, J.; Pekova, S.; Bogdan, C.; Bloemberg, G.; Wenneras, C. (2014-06-15).
999:
Jahfari, Setareh; Fonville, Manoj; Hengeveld, Paul; Reusken, Chantal; Scholte, Ernst-Jan; Takken, Willem; Heyman, Paul; Medlock, Jolyon M; Heylen, Dieter; Kleve, Jenny; Sprong, Hein (2012-04-19).
271:
was performed, and sequencing the amplified material resulted in a 100% match for NM. Cultivation of the pathogen was not successful until 2019, when a research group at the
715:"Infections With the Tick-Borne Bacterium "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" Mimic Noninfectious Conditions in Patients With B Cell Malignancies or Autoimmune Diseases"
504:"Ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis of 'Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis' in the family Anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in Ixodes ovatus ticks"
502:
Kawahara, Makoto; Rikihisa, Yasuko; Isogai, Emiko; Takahashi, Mamoru; Misumi, Hitoko; Suto, Chiharu; Shibata, Shinichiro; Zhang, Chunbin; Tsuji, Masayoshi (2004-09-01).
170:, it is believed to be the third most common tick-borne pathogen able to infect humans. Between 2009 and 2019, 45 human cases of NM-infections were found in Sweden.
1222:
192:. To determine that NM is present in an animal, samples must be taken and analysed using PCR and sequencing . The primer used is specific for organisms of the
822:"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in rodents in an area with sympatric existence of the hard ticks Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, Germany"
1209:
766:
438:"Cultivation of the causative agent of human neoehrlichiosis from clinical isolates identifies vascular endothelium as a target of infection"
558:"Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and "Candidatus Neoehrlichia" bacteria: Pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review"
436:
Wass, Linda; Grankvist, Anna; Bell-Sakyi, Lesley; Bergström, Malin; Ulfhammer, Erik; Lingblom, Christine; Wennerås, Christine (2019-01-01).
215:
Routine microbiological methods can not be employed to find NM as intracellular bacteria cannot be cultivated on cell-free media.
375:
for NM has not yet been determined, but a study from 2019 showed that human endothelial cells are certainly one of the targets.
251:
In
September 2009 the first human case of an NM-infection was found. The patient was a Swedish, 77-year-old man with chronic
1063:"First Case of Human " Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" Infection in a Febrile Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"
1255:
36:
362:
935:Černý, Jiří; Lynn, Geoffrey; Hrnková, Johana; Golovchenko, Maryna; Rudenko, Natalia; Grubhoffer, Libor (2020-03-12).
317:
162:
as vectors, it spreads between animals - mainly rodents, but other mammals as well as humans can get infected. After
1227:
357:
of eukaryotic blood cell, which indicates that NM, too, should display similar characteristics. Furthermore, the
268:
189:
272:
1120:"Characterization of 'Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris' (family Anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (Procyon lotor)"
1118:
Yabsley, M. J.; Murphy, S. M.; Luttrell, M. P.; Wilcox, B. R.; Howerth, E. W.; Munderloh, U. G. (2008-12-01).
1061:
Welinder-Olsson, Christina; Kjellin, Eva; Vaht, Krista; Jacobsson, Stefan; Wennerås, Christine (2010-05-01).
392:, which can be transferred between different hosts, both animal and human, through various means. The main
1250:
1177:
346:
151:
121:
184:. It usually presents with symptoms such as fever and vascular complications of unclear origin, e.g.,
569:
334:
68:
98:
820:
Silaghi, Cornelia; Woll, Dietlinde; Mahling, Monia; Pfister, Kurt; Pfeffer, Martin (2012-12-07).
802:
557:
31:
937:"Management Options for Ixodes ricinus-Associated Pathogens: A Review of Prevention Strategies"
1157:
1139:
1100:
1082:
1040:
1022:
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690:
682:
637:
585:
533:
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475:
457:
393:
280:
276:
264:
205:
887:
663:"Vasculitis due to Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis: A Cohort Study of 40 Swedish Patients"
1147:
1131:
1090:
1074:
1030:
1012:
966:
948:
907:
899:
851:
833:
778:
726:
674:
627:
577:
515:
465:
449:
341:, but it is believed to have similar characteristics of the other bacteria belonging to the
662:
358:
342:
292:
252:
224:
204:
studies of the 16S rRNA-sequence are performed, along with sequencing of fragments of the
193:
185:
180:
155:
88:
573:
1152:
1119:
1095:
1062:
1035:
1000:
971:
936:
912:
856:
821:
767:"Ehrlichioses in Humans: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment"
765:
Dumler, J. Stephen; Madigan, John E.; Pusterla, Nicola; Bakken, Johan S. (2007-07-15).
470:
437:
406:
197:
58:
1244:
308:
304:
201:
78:
806:
1001:"Prevalence of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from North-west Europe"
372:
338:
888:"Wild Rodents and Novel Human Pathogen Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Sweden"
453:
1200:
581:
240:
228:
400:
NM is spread between the different reservoirs using ticks, mainly of the genus
632:
615:
376:
167:
1143:
1086:
1026:
962:
847:
790:
740:
686:
616:"Infections with the tick-borne bacterium Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis"
529:
461:
259:. Several blood cultures were taken, and though they all came back negative,
838:
354:
312:
300:
296:
1161:
1104:
1044:
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953:
921:
903:
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589:
537:
479:
1135:
520:
503:
1194:
1078:
731:
714:
389:
333:
Because of the difficulty in cultivating NM, not much is known about its
163:
48:
1214:
350:
322:
401:
365:
260:
256:
245:
1171:
782:
232:
209:
1124:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
941:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
508:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
315:. Several similar species have also been discovered, among them
159:
1175:
231:
in 1999, and another – nearly identical – was found in rats in
223:
During the last 20 years several bacteria within the family
227:
have been discovered. Among others, one was found in the
188:. Today, the disease is diagnosed using NM-specific
1184:
325:and is thought to be the closest relative to NM.
200:families. Once the material has been amplified,
8:
368:which range in size between 0.5 and 1.2 μm.
1172:
20:
1151:
1094:
1034:
1016:
970:
952:
911:
855:
837:
730:
631:
519:
469:
275:infected both tick-cell lines and human
419:
345:. All other bacteria in the family are
388:Rodents act as reservoirs for several
1056:
1054:
994:
992:
990:
556:Rar, Vera; Golovljova, Irina (2011).
349:that reproduce within membrane-bound
7:
881:
879:
877:
875:
760:
758:
708:
706:
704:
655:
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609:
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599:
551:
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497:
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493:
491:
489:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
263:was still suspected. A panbacterial
620:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
178:The disease caused by NM is called
614:Wennerås, Christine (2015-04-11).
442:Emerging Microbes & Infections
237:Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis
148:Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis
14:
562:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1067:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
886:Andersson, M. (September 2011).
235:. The latter was given the name
35:
347:obligate intracellular bacteria
321:, which has been isolated from
318:Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris
1:
454:10.1080/22221751.2019.1584017
892:Emerging Infectious Diseases
771:Clinical Infectious Diseases
719:Clinical Infectious Diseases
667:Clinical Infectious Diseases
582:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.019
329:Morphology and cell tropism
1272:
337:, life cycle and cellular
283:neoehrlichiosis patients.
146:(NM), previously known as
777:(Supplement_1): S45–S51.
633:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.030
291:NM belongs to the family
127:
120:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
273:University of Gothenburg
154:belonging to the family
1186:Neoehrlichia mikurensis
1005:Parasites & Vectors
839:10.1186/1756-3305-5-285
826:Parasites & Vectors
174:Disease and diagnostics
150:, is an intracellular,
143:Neoehrlichia mikurensis
131:Neoehrlichia mikurensis
25:Neoehrlichia mikurensis
1018:10.1186/1756-3305-5-74
954:10.3390/ijerph17061830
904:10.3201/eid1709.101058
384:Reservoirs and vectors
152:gram-negative bacteria
1136:10.1099/ijs.0.65836-0
521:10.1099/ijs.0.63260-0
371:The precise cellular
1079:10.1128/JCM.02423-09
679:10.1093/cid/ciaa1217
377:Electron micrographs
1256:Pathogenic bacteria
574:2011InfGE..11.1842R
69:Alphaproteobacteria
732:10.1093/cid/ciu189
673:(7): e2372–e2378.
390:zoonotic pathogens
113:N. mikurensis
1238:
1237:
1178:Taxon identifiers
1130:(12): 2794–2798.
725:(12): 1716–1722.
281:immunocompromised
279:using blood from
277:endothelial cells
255:with symptoms of
239:after the island
139:
138:
1263:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1073:(5): 1956–1959.
1058:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1020:
996:
985:
984:
974:
956:
932:
926:
925:
915:
898:(9): 1716–1718.
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811:
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762:
753:
752:
734:
710:
699:
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657:
646:
645:
635:
611:
594:
593:
568:(8): 1842–1861.
553:
542:
541:
523:
514:(5): 1837–1843.
499:
484:
483:
473:
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186:thromboembolisms
133:
40:
39:
21:
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359:Anaplasmataceae
343:Anaplasmataceae
331:
293:Anaplasmataceae
289:
253:B-cell lymphoma
225:Anaplasmataceae
221:
194:Anaplasmataceae
181:neoehrlichiosis
176:
156:Anaplasmataceae
135:
129:
116:
89:Anaplasmataceae
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1269:
1267:
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1110:
1050:
986:
927:
871:
812:
783:10.1086/518146
754:
700:
647:
626:(7): 621–630.
595:
543:
485:
448:(1): 413–425.
418:
417:
415:
412:
407:Ixodes ricinus
385:
382:
330:
327:
295:together with
288:
285:
220:
217:
208:-gene and the
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59:Pseudomonadota
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28:
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16:Human pathogen
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1251:Rickettsiales
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309:Aegyptianella
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305:Neorickettsia
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198:Rickettiaceae
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122:Binomial name
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79:Rickettsiales
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670:
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623:
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445:
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363:pleiomorphic
332:
316:
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250:
236:
222:
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202:phylogenetic
179:
177:
147:
142:
141:
140:
130:
128:
112:
111:
100:Neoehrlichia
99:
24:
18:
947:(6): 1830.
353:inside the
287:Systematics
241:Mikura-jima
229:Netherlands
1245:Categories
832:(1): 285.
414:References
394:reservoirs
335:morphology
168:Rickettsia
1201:Q10441672
1144:1466-5026
1087:0095-1137
1027:1756-3305
1011:(1): 74.
963:1660-4601
848:1756-3305
791:1537-6591
741:1058-4838
687:1058-4838
530:1466-5026
462:2222-1751
355:cytoplasm
313:Wolbachia
301:Anaplasma
297:Ehrlichia
107:Species:
1195:Wikidata
1162:19060060
1105:20220155
1045:22515314
981:32178257
922:21888802
866:23216786
807:25167899
799:17582569
749:24647019
695:32818961
642:25770773
590:21983560
538:15388752
480:30898074
351:vacuoles
265:16s rRNA
206:16s rRNA
164:Borrelia
158:. Using
85:Family:
55:Phylum:
49:Bacteria
45:Domain:
1215:3221451
1153:4278589
1096:2863919
1036:3395572
972:7143654
913:3322053
857:3533915
570:Bibcode
471:6455172
373:tropism
339:tropism
323:racoons
219:History
212:-gene.
95:Genus:
75:Order:
65:Class:
1160:
1150:
1142:
1103:
1093:
1085:
1043:
1033:
1025:
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805:
797:
789:
747:
739:
693:
685:
640:
588:
536:
528:
478:
468:
460:
402:Ixodes
261:sepsis
257:sepsis
246:Ixodes
244:genus
1228:89586
803:S2CID
366:cocci
267:gene
233:Japan
210:groEL
160:ticks
1223:NCBI
1210:GBIF
1158:PMID
1140:ISSN
1101:PMID
1083:ISSN
1041:PMID
1023:ISSN
977:PMID
959:ISSN
918:PMID
862:PMID
844:ISSN
795:PMID
787:ISSN
745:PMID
737:ISSN
691:PMID
683:ISSN
638:PMID
586:PMID
534:PMID
526:ISSN
476:PMID
458:ISSN
361:are
311:and
196:and
166:and
1148:PMC
1132:doi
1091:PMC
1075:doi
1031:PMC
1013:doi
967:PMC
949:doi
908:PMC
900:doi
852:PMC
834:doi
779:doi
727:doi
675:doi
628:doi
578:doi
516:doi
466:PMC
450:doi
269:PCR
190:PCR
1247::
1225::
1212::
1197::
1156:.
1146:.
1138:.
1128:58
1126:.
1122:.
1099:.
1089:.
1081:.
1071:48
1069:.
1065:.
1053:^
1039:.
1029:.
1021:.
1007:.
1003:.
989:^
975:.
965:.
957:.
945:17
943:.
939:.
916:.
906:.
896:17
894:.
890:.
874:^
860:.
850:.
842:.
828:.
824:.
801:.
793:.
785:.
775:45
773:.
769:.
757:^
743:.
735:.
723:58
721:.
717:.
703:^
689:.
681:.
671:73
669:.
665:.
650:^
636:.
624:21
622:.
618:.
598:^
584:.
576:.
566:11
564:.
560:.
546:^
532:.
524:.
512:54
510:.
506:.
488:^
474:.
464:.
456:.
444:.
440:.
422:^
410:.
307:,
303:,
299:,
248:.
1164:.
1134::
1107:.
1077::
1047:.
1015::
1009:5
983:.
951::
924:.
902::
868:.
836::
830:5
809:.
781::
751:.
729::
697:.
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