807:
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241:, and often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, they disappear from common use just as readily as they appeared. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. It is unusual for a word to gain popularity if it does not clearly resemble other words.
798:, often ending in –o, which could be where doggo-lingo was first used. The term has grown so that Merriam-Webster has acknowledged its use but notes the term needs to be found in published, edited work for a longer period of time before it can be deemed a new word, making it the perfect example of a neologism.
1414:
1996 – p. 3 "Proceeding now to the task of defining terms, I will begin with the more general term 'neologism'. ...A neologism is any new word, morpheme or locution and any new meaning for a pre-existent word, morpheme or locution that appears in a language. ... Likewise, any semantic extension of a
829:
In the scientific community, where
English is the predominant language for published research and studies, like-sounding translations (referred to as 'naturalization') are sometimes used. Alternatively, the English word is used along with a brief explanation of meaning. The four translation methods
305:
Neologisms are usually introduced when it is found that a specific notion is lacking a term, or when the existing vocabulary lacks detail, or when a speaker is unaware of the existing vocabulary. The law, governmental bodies, and technology have a relatively high frequency of acquiring neologisms.
853:
into other languages is crucial in various industries and legal systems. Inaccurate translations can lead to 'translation asymmetry' or misunderstandings and miscommunication. Many technical glossaries of
English translations exist to combat this issue in the medical, judicial, and technological
27:
is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered a neologism once it is published in a dictionary.
1400:
2006 – p. 68 "Extensions, by contrast, are applications of extant means in new usage. Note that since individual speakers differ in their command of their shared tradition of speaking, one person's
Extension may be experienced by another as a
849:(TAP), wherein translators find the most appropriate and natural sounding word through speech. As such, translators can use potential translations in sentences and test them with different structures and syntax. Correct translations from
479:. Technical subjects such as philosophy, sociology, physics, etc. are especially rich in neologisms. In philosophy, as an example, many terms became introduced into languages through processes of translation, e.g. from Ancient Greek to
153:
of
Russian "agitatsiya" (agitation) and "propaganda"). The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced several new neologisms in a very short amount of time, both in English and in most languages, including the common name for the disease
686:
is to create a somewhat secret language that only its speakers can understand. Words becoming mainstream is counterproductive. As a result, such newly common words are re-verlanised: reversed a second time. The common
878:, where a person may replace a word with a nonsensical one of their own invention (e.g., "I got so angry I picked up a dish and threw it at the gelsinger"). The use of neologisms may also be due to
794:
account use. The suspected origin of this way of referring to dogs stems from a
Facebook group founded in 2008 and gaining popularity in 2014 in Australia. In Australian English it is common to use
1322:
565:
to communicate without outsiders understanding. Some Polari terms have crossed over into mainstream slang, in part through their usage in pop song lyrics and other works. Example include:
507:' in relation to epistemology, e.g. a quality or attribute of a perceived object, as opposed to its essence. In physics, new terms were introduced sometimes via nonce formation (e.g.
845:
When translating from
English to other languages, the naturalization method is most often used. The most common way that professional translators translate neologisms is through the
281:
might study neologisms, how their uses span the scope of human expression, and how, due to science and technology, they spread more rapidly than ever before in the present times.
387:'s novel). Alternatively, the author's name may give rise to the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as "
1726:
269:, meaning "speech, utterance". In an academic sense, there is no professional neologist, because the study of such things (cultural or ethnic vernacular, for example) is
1831:
Kerremans, Koen (2014). "Studying the
Dynamics of Understanding and Legal Neologisms within a Linguistically Diverse Judicial Space: The Case of Motherhood in Belgium".
334:
1852:"Controversies in dermatology: One-Hundred Fifty English Words and Expressions in Dermatology That Present Difficulties or Pitfalls for Translation Into Spanish"
1760:
Linder, Daniel (2016). "Non-native scientists, research dissemination and
English neologisms: What happens in the early stages of reception and re-production?".
731:
2054:
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2007:
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This process does not seem to be coincidental because neologisms themselves are prone to go through certain stages of transformation. They began as
194:
with existing words or simply through playing with sounds. A relatively rare form of neologism is when proper names are used as words (e.g.,
139:
874:
is used to describe words that have meaning only to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning. This can be seen in
1355:
703:
Neologism development may be spurred, or at least spread, by popular culture. Examples of pop-culture neologisms include the
American
306:
Another trigger that motivates the coining of a neologism is to disambiguate a term which may be unclear due to having many meanings.
2031:
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and youth language. It rests on a long French tradition of transposing syllables of individual words to create slang words. Some
1263:
158:, alongside other new words and phrases such as “covidiot”, “the ‘rona”, "Zoombombing", “covexit”, “WFH”, and “quaranteams.”
1624:
288:
has a broader meaning which also includes "a word which has gained a new meaning". Sometimes, the latter process is called
850:
1469:
Cowan, Robert. "Shadow of a Doubt: A Phantom
Caesura in Horace Odes 4.14." Classical Journal, The 109.4 (2014): 407–417.
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835:
167:
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Neologisms may come from a word used in the narrative of fiction such as novels and short stories. Examples include "
1387:
2002 p. 214 "Neologisms can also be formed in another way, however, by assigning a new meaning to an existing word."
320:
1809:
Liu, Hui (2014). "A Probe Into Translation Strategies of Tech English Neologism in Petroleum Engineering Field".
1303:
676:("femme", which means "woman" roughly backwards), have become so commonplace that they have been included in the
70:
Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology. Popular examples of neologisms can be found in
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2004:
959:
2051:
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1999 – p. 449 "A neologism is a newly coined word or phrase or a new usage of an existing word or phrase."
979:
891:
361:
1662:
Valdman, Albert (2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire".
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Lindblad, Jonathan. 2017. "Translation strategies of H.P. Lovecraft's neologisms into Japanese."
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McDonald, L. J. (2004). The meaning of e- : neologisms as markers of culture and technology.
911:
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However, in some limited cases, words break out of their original communities and spread through
476:
325:
32:
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The Influence of Computers, the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication on Everyday English
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Because neologisms originate in one language, translations between languages can be difficult.
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Names of famous characters are another source of literary neologisms. Some examples include:
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pre-existent word, morpheme or locution.. but is also, by accepted definition, a neologism."
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Forgue, Guy (1978). "American Neologisms as a Reflection of Cultural Change since 1945".
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words, for example, "brunch" is a blend of the words "breakfast" and "lunch", or through
1960:
1927:
1640:
1246:"Coronavirus has led to an explosion of new words and phrases – and that helps us cope"
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318:" (to intuitively understand) from the science fiction novel about a Martian entitled
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Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargon aphasia
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237:, including academic discourse in many fields renowned for their use of distinctive
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Lexical Innovation in World Englishes: Cross-fertilization and Evolving Paradigms
454:, referring to people who are unfailingly optimistic like the title character of
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literally meaning "cardboard wine". This neologism was first recorded in 1982.
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On Institutionalization and De-Institutionalization of Late 1990s Neologisms
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1999:
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Neologisms from the Internet – with Esther Dyson, Jimmy Wales and more...
1727:"Dogs Are Doggos: An Internet Language Built Around Love For The Puppers"
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2016:
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International Conference; Meaning in Translation: Illusion of Precision
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Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941–1991
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Dunn, Robin. 2003: "The Generative Edge." Foundation 87 (2003): 73–93.
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Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics
1319:"THE MEANING OF "e-": Neologisms as Markers of Culture and Technology"
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771:, all spread through their popular use being enhanced by mass media.
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171:
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is such a term that is gaining usage but still not mainstream; and a
2017:
Fowler, H.W., "The King's English", Chapter I. Vocabulary, Neologism
1681:
Lefkowitz, Natalie J (1989). "Verlan: talking backwards in French".
1616:
Talking Backwards, Looking Forwards: The French Language Game Verlan
302:, one's unique patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
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329:
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111:
1199:"Who did actually invent the word "robot" and what does it mean?"
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is any single-use term that may or may not grow in popularity; a
782:", a term still below the threshold of a neologism according to
471:
Neologisms are often introduced in technical writing, so-called
315:
47:, in fact, identify the process of a "neological continuum": a
2046:
1643:
itself. These words are also given on the Larousse website:
1039:
166:
Neologisms are often formed by combining existing words (see
109:
Examples of words that were 20th-century neologisms include
1398:
Competing models of linguistic change: evolution and beyond
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1012:
414:, referring to a misguided romantic quest like that of the
253:
is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French
2036:
1030:
1018:
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is the reverse of the expression "l'envers") is a type of
561:
is a cant used by some actors, circus performers, and the
536:). Neologisms therefore are vital component of scientific
377:
The title of a book may become a neologism, for instance,
67:
has become accepted or recognized by social institutions.
2041:
1350:(2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3.
1348:
Language contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1033:
59:
is such a term used exclusively within a small group; a
1798:
Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations
1372:
Writing from A to Z: the easy-to-use reference handbook
1103:"New-word formation and social disruption on metaverse"
346:" (widespread, interconnected digital technology) from
121:
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
2005:
Interpretation of the Formation of Internet Neologisms
1549:
A Christmas carol in prose: a ghost story of Christmas
1036:
1027:
1009:
1072:
Anderson, James M. (2006). Malmkjær, Kirsten (ed.).
1021:
360:" (Slavic slang for "rubbish"; German for a type of
1928:"Language in schizophrenia Part 1: an Introduction"
1015:
744:Neologisms spread mainly through their exposure in
1489:"What is Catch-22? And why does the book matter?"
1185:Proceedings of a Symposium on American Literature
830:are emphasized in order to translate neologisms:
1516:The ingenious hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha
1138:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 150.
335:Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture
86:), films and television, commercial branding,
8:
1107:English Review: Journal of English Education
475:or 'technical texts' through the process of
332:" (precarious, poorly-paid employment) from
1341:
1339:
503:, which subsequently became our notion of '
1101:Simatupang, E. C. M.; Heryono, H. (2022).
438:based on the avaricious main character in
296:. Neologisms are distinct from a person's
1959:
1867:
1412:Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French
1118:
1257:
1255:
528:, coined by combining the common prefix
1780:"The Translation of English Neologisms"
1442:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law
1064:
996:
521:) or through derivation (e.g. John von
1518:. John Rutherford. New York: Penguin.
1514:Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (2003).
221:Neologisms can become popular through
16:Recent term that is gaining acceptance
1883:Berrios, G. E. (2009). "Neologisms".
1826:
1824:
1755:
1753:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
643:
257:(1734). The French word derives from
7:
1786:. European Parliament. 22 June 2015.
1160:Anesa, Patrizia (2018). "Three, 3".
499:), which Cicero rendered with Latin
170:) or by giving words new and unique
2047:Rice University Neologisms Database
495:introduced the Greek term ποιότης (
395:, referring to his dystopian novel
178:. Neologisms can also be formed by
1811:Studies in Literature and Language
140:R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)
14:
1725:Boddy, Jessica (April 23, 2017).
1385:Working With Specialized Language
682:. Like any slang, the purpose of
1944:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00216.x
1932:Language and Linguistics Compass
1551:. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House.
1005:
904:
39:. The most precise studies into
2000:Neologisms in Journalistic Text
1703:"The Translation of Neologisms"
1383:Lynne Bowker, Jennifer Pearson
1325:from the original on 2019-03-28
764:facial tissue, and "xerox" for
1784:Terminology Coordination Unit
1701:Sayadi, Forough (April 2011).
1584:. New York: Aladdin Classics.
1455:Greiffenstern, Sandra (2010).
1:
1869:10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70268-3
1743:Opslag "Papvin" på sproget.dk
851:English for specific purposes
735:
724:
1346:Zuckermann, Ghilʻad (2003).
1144:creations (otherwise called
1074:The Linguistics Encyclopedia
838:, the use of analogues, and
664:in a word, and is common in
31:Neologisms are one facet of
1926:Kuperberg, Gina R. (2010).
1613:Lefkowitz, Natalie (1991).
1580:Porter, Eleanor H. (2002).
168:compound noun and adjective
2100:
1856:Actas Dermosifiliográficas
1262:Bodle, Andy (2016-02-04).
551:
321:Stranger in a Strange Land
1547:Dickens, Charles (1999).
1425:Mesthrie, Rajend (1995).
1304:Oxford English Dictionary
1120:10.25134/erjee.v10i3.6722
660:, featuring inversion of
532:'thousand' with the noun
401:) and "Kafkaesque" (from
1897:10.1177/0957154x08348532
1440:Solan, Lawrence (2012).
1264:"How new words are born"
950:Morphology (linguistics)
1396:Ole Nedergaard Thomsen
960:Phono-semantic matching
106:, and popular culture.
1619:. Gunter Narr Verlag.
980:Syllabic abbreviations
823:
715:" (2009), the Russian
707:(2010s), the Canadian
1885:History of Psychiatry
1731:National Public Radio
809:
756:, such as "coke" for
641:French pronunciation:
467:Scientific literature
847:Think aloud protocol
398:Nineteen Eighty-Four
265:(="new") and λόγος /
1986:. Brain Lang, 1979
1850:Navarro, F (2008).
1707:Translation Journal
1134:Gryniuk, D (2015).
483:, or from Latin to
456:Eleanor H. Porter's
434:, a pejorative for
426:Miguel de Cervantes
383:(from the title of
273:. Anyone such as a
245:History and meaning
190:, by intentionally
2057:2011-10-04 at the
2010:2018-03-24 at the
1410:Michael D. Picone
1047:. Also known as a
912:Linguistics portal
824:
477:lexical innovation
326:Robert A. Heinlein
294:semantic extension
33:lexical innovation
1684:The French Review
1664:The French Review
1370:Sally Barr Ebest
940:Language planning
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818:wine is known as
445:A Christmas Carol
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803:
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679:Petit Larousse
563:gay subculture
552:Main article:
549:
546:
468:
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371:Finnegans Wake
354:William Gibson
311:
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246:
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45:word formation
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2032:0-521-41377-X
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2022:Algeo, John.
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2013:
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837:
836:transcription
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827:
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394:
393:George Orwell
390:
386:
385:Joseph Heller
382:
381:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
362:dairy product
359:
355:
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309:
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275:lexicographer
272:
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242:
240:
236:
235:word of mouth
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228:
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209:
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202:), including
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
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148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
114:
113:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2023:
1983:
1978:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1738:
1730:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1635:
1615:
1608:
1581:
1575:
1548:
1542:
1515:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1347:
1327:. Retrieved
1313:
1302:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1268:The Guardian
1267:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1202:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1164:. Routledge.
1161:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1073:
1067:
1048:
999:
884:brain damage
871:
868:neuroscience
861:
844:
828:
825:
819:
802:Translations
776:social media
773:
769:photocopying
750:genericizing
743:
713:Snowmageddon
702:
692:
688:
683:
677:
673:
669:
649:
635:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
578:
574:
570:
566:
557:
541:
533:
529:
525:
512:
500:
496:
472:
470:
458:
449:
443:
429:
419:
409:
407:
396:
378:
376:
369:
347:
333:
319:
313:
304:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
266:
262:
254:
250:
248:
220:
184:abbreviation
165:
144:
138:
129:(1921) from
124:
120:
110:
108:
69:
64:
60:
54:
48:
30:
24:
18:
2084:Terminology
1817:(1): 33–37.
1746:(in Danish)
1296:"Neologism"
1203:Karel Čapek
1113:(3): 1019.
1003:Pronounced
965:Protologism
892:head injury
870:, the term
796:diminutives
754:brand names
739: 2003
728: 2004
721:Monstration
709:portmanteau
631:rough trade
519:James Joyce
421:Don Quixote
403:Franz Kafka
366:James Joyce
349:Neuromancer
279:etymologist
151:portmanteau
135:Karel Čapek
115:(1970), an
104:visual arts
100:linguistics
56:protologism
21:linguistics
2079:Lexicology
2074:Neologisms
2068:Categories
2042:WordFusion
1626:3823340735
1401:Neologism"
1329:2019-03-28
1281:2023-08-05
1232:Britannica
1228:"agitprop"
1213:2017-02-05
1187:: 199–211.
1146:prelogisms
1076:. London:
1059:References
955:Nonce word
945:Mondegreen
930:Blend word
864:psychiatry
858:Other uses
816:bag-in-box
790:group and
780:DoggoLingo
746:mass media
344:cyberspace
310:Literature
255:néologisme
227:mass media
225:, through
162:Background
88:literature
76:technology
50:nonce word
1952:1749-818X
1582:Pollyanna
1567:190824043
1499:March 11,
1276:0261-3077
1078:Routledge
925:Backslang
920:Aureation
872:neologism
758:Coca-Cola
705:alt-Right
662:syllables
595:cottaging
523:Neumann's
473:Fachtexte
460:Pollyanna
451:Pollyanna
389:Orwellian
286:neologism
284:The term
251:neologism
249:The term
149:(1930; a
82:(notably
65:neologism
61:prelogism
25:neologism
2055:Archived
2008:Archived
1970:20936080
1913:13205195
1905:20481134
1839:: 46–52.
1768:: 35–58.
1639:See the
1600:48994834
1534:52187865
1493:BBC News
1323:Archived
1142:unstable
970:Retronym
898:See also
854:fields.
788:Facebook
732:Santorum
501:qualitas
411:Quixotic
391:" (from
380:Catch-22
299:idiolect
231:Internet
223:memetics
180:blending
176:prefixes
172:suffixes
146:agitprop
137:'s play
2037:Wordspy
1961:2950318
1762:Iberica
1234:. 2002.
1049:coinage
975:Sniglet
880:aphasia
792:Twitter
762:Kleenex
691:became
656:in the
619:strides
611:scarper
526:kiloton
505:quality
497:poiotēs
489:English
431:Scrooge
364:) from
198:, from
196:boycott
192:rhyming
188:acronym
156:"covid"
133:writer
117:acronym
80:fiction
72:science
37:lexicon
2030:
1968:
1958:
1950:
1911:
1903:
1623:
1598:
1588:
1565:
1555:
1532:
1522:
1354:
1274:
1084:
935:Calque
888:stroke
820:papvin
812:Danish
748:. The
717:parody
693:feumeu
684:verlan
670:verlan
650:verlan
637:Verlan
599:hoofer
571:barney
559:Polari
538:jargon
485:German
448:; and
436:misers
277:or an
239:jargon
233:, and
229:, the
214:, and
143:; and
102:, the
92:jargon
1909:S2CID
1651:ripou
991:Notes
766:Xerox
666:slang
654:argot
627:trade
603:mince
591:khazi
580:butch
530:kilo-
514:quark
493:Plato
481:Latin
358:quark
356:and "
330:McJob
292:, or
267:lógos
261:νέο-
259:Greek
216:Karen
131:Czech
126:robot
112:laser
2028:ISBN
1966:PMID
1948:ISSN
1901:PMID
1691:(2).
1670:(6).
1648:meuf
1645:keuf
1621:ISBN
1596:OCLC
1586:ISBN
1563:OCLC
1553:ISBN
1530:OCLC
1520:ISBN
1501:2011
1352:ISBN
1272:ISSN
1082:ISBN
866:and
689:meuf
674:meuf
648:), (
615:slap
607:ogle
586:camp
575:blag
567:acdc
548:Cant
316:grok
212:Chad
208:dick
96:cant
43:and
23:, a
1956:PMC
1940:doi
1893:doi
1864:doi
1837:231
1115:doi
890:or
862:In
810:In
778:. "
752:of
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730:),
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540:or
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352:by
342:; "
338:by
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324:by
263:néo
204:guy
186:or
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