818:
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252:, and often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, they disappear from common use just as readily as they appeared. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. It is unusual for a word to gain popularity if it does not clearly resemble other words.
809:, often ending in –o, which could be where doggo-lingo was first used. The term has grown so that Merriam-Webster has acknowledged its use but notes the term needs to be found in published, edited work for a longer period of time before it can be deemed a new word, making it the perfect example of a neologism.
1425:
1996 – p. 3 "Proceeding now to the task of defining terms, I will begin with the more general term 'neologism'. ...A neologism is any new word, morpheme or locution and any new meaning for a pre-existent word, morpheme or locution that appears in a language. ... Likewise, any semantic extension of a
840:
In the scientific community, where
English is the predominant language for published research and studies, like-sounding translations (referred to as 'naturalization') are sometimes used. Alternatively, the English word is used along with a brief explanation of meaning. The four translation methods
316:
Neologisms are usually introduced when it is found that a specific notion is lacking a term, or when the existing vocabulary lacks detail, or when a speaker is unaware of the existing vocabulary. The law, governmental bodies, and technology have a relatively high frequency of acquiring neologisms.
864:
into other languages is crucial in various industries and legal systems. Inaccurate translations can lead to 'translation asymmetry' or misunderstandings and miscommunication. Many technical glossaries of
English translations exist to combat this issue in the medical, judicial, and technological
38:
is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered a neologism once it is published in a dictionary.
1411:
2006 – p. 68 "Extensions, by contrast, are applications of extant means in new usage. Note that since individual speakers differ in their command of their shared tradition of speaking, one person's
Extension may be experienced by another as a
860:(TAP), wherein translators find the most appropriate and natural sounding word through speech. As such, translators can use potential translations in sentences and test them with different structures and syntax. Correct translations from
490:. Technical subjects such as philosophy, sociology, physics, etc. are especially rich in neologisms. In philosophy, as an example, many terms became introduced into languages through processes of translation, e.g. from Ancient Greek to
164:
of
Russian "agitatsiya" (agitation) and "propaganda"). The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced several new neologisms in a very short amount of time, both in English and in most languages, including the common name for the disease
697:
is to create a somewhat secret language that only its speakers can understand. Words becoming mainstream is counterproductive. As a result, such newly common words are re-verlanised: reversed a second time. The common
889:, where a person may replace a word with a nonsensical one of their own invention (e.g., "I got so angry I picked up a dish and threw it at the gelsinger"). The use of neologisms may also be due to
805:
account use. The suspected origin of this way of referring to dogs stems from a
Facebook group founded in 2008 and gaining popularity in 2014 in Australia. In Australian English it is common to use
1333:
576:
to communicate without outsiders understanding. Some Polari terms have crossed over into mainstream slang, in part through their usage in pop song lyrics and other works. Example include:
518:' in relation to epistemology, e.g. a quality or attribute of a perceived object, as opposed to its essence. In physics, new terms were introduced sometimes via nonce formation (e.g.
856:
When translating from
English to other languages, the naturalization method is most often used. The most common way that professional translators translate neologisms is through the
292:
might study neologisms, how their uses span the scope of human expression, and how, due to science and technology, they spread more rapidly than ever before in the present times.
398:'s novel). Alternatively, the author's name may give rise to the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as "
1737:
280:, meaning "speech, utterance". In an academic sense, there is no professional neologist, because the study of such things (cultural or ethnic vernacular, for example) is
1842:
Kerremans, Koen (2014). "Studying the
Dynamics of Understanding and Legal Neologisms within a Linguistically Diverse Judicial Space: The Case of Motherhood in Belgium".
345:
1863:"Controversies in dermatology: One-Hundred Fifty English Words and Expressions in Dermatology That Present Difficulties or Pitfalls for Translation Into Spanish"
1771:
Linder, Daniel (2016). "Non-native scientists, research dissemination and
English neologisms: What happens in the early stages of reception and re-production?".
742:
2065:
1256:
2018:
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This process does not seem to be coincidental because neologisms themselves are prone to go through certain stages of transformation. They began as
205:
with existing words or simply through playing with sounds. A relatively rare form of neologism is when proper names are used as words (e.g.,
150:
885:
is used to describe words that have meaning only to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning. This can be seen in
1366:
714:
Neologism development may be spurred, or at least spread, by popular culture. Examples of pop-culture neologisms include the
American
317:
Another trigger that motivates the coining of a neologism is to disambiguate a term which may be unclear due to having many meanings.
2042:
1600:
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and youth language. It rests on a long French tradition of transposing syllables of individual words to create slang words. Some
1274:
169:, alongside other new words and phrases such as “covidiot”, “the ‘rona”, "Zoombombing", “covexit”, “WFH”, and “quaranteams.”
1635:
299:
has a broader meaning which also includes "a word which has gained a new meaning". Sometimes, the latter process is called
861:
1480:
Cowan, Robert. "Shadow of a Doubt: A Phantom
Caesura in Horace Odes 4.14." Classical Journal, The 109.4 (2014): 407–417.
1209:
846:
178:
325:
Neologisms may come from a word used in the narrative of fiction such as novels and short stories. Examples include "
1398:
2002 p. 214 "Neologisms can also be formed in another way, however, by assigning a new meaning to an existing word."
331:
1820:
Liu, Hui (2014). "A Probe Into Translation Strategies of Tech English Neologism in Petroleum Engineering Field".
1314:
687:("femme", which means "woman" roughly backwards), have become so commonplace that they have been included in the
81:
Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology. Popular examples of neologisms can be found in
960:
2015:
970:
2062:
1385:
1999 – p. 449 "A neologism is a newly coined word or phrase or a new usage of an existing word or phrase."
990:
902:
372:
1673:
Valdman, Albert (2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire".
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186:
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436:
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1807:
Lindblad, Jonathan. 2017. "Translation strategies of H.P. Lovecraft's neologisms into Japanese."
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McDonald, L. J. (2004). The meaning of e- : neologisms as markers of culture and technology.
922:
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However, in some limited cases, words break out of their original communities and spread through
487:
336:
43:
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The Influence of Computers, the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication on Everyday English
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Because neologisms originate in one language, translations between languages can be difficult.
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Names of famous characters are another source of literary neologisms. Some examples include:
1966:
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pre-existent word, morpheme or locution.. but is also, by accepted definition, a neologism."
1159:), that is, they are extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a small subculture
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Forgue, Guy (1978). "American Neologisms as a Reflection of Cultural Change since 1945".
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words, for example, "brunch" is a blend of the words "breakfast" and "lunch", or through
1971:
1938:
1651:
1257:"Coronavirus has led to an explosion of new words and phrases – and that helps us cope"
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689:
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141:
55:
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329:" (to intuitively understand) from the science fiction novel about a Martian entitled
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1954:
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1329:
886:
403:
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269:
245:
226:
1995:
Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargon aphasia
1923:
248:, including academic discourse in many fields renowned for their use of distinctive
214:
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Lexical Innovation in World Englishes: Cross-fertilization and Evolving Paradigms
465:, referring to people who are unfailingly optimistic like the title character of
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literally meaning "cardboard wine". This neologism was first recorded in 1982.
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797:, is an example of the latter which has specifically spread primarily through
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On Institutionalization and De-Institutionalization of Late 1990s Neologisms
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2010:
1980:
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Neologisms from the Internet – with Esther Dyson, Jimmy Wales and more...
1738:"Dogs Are Doggos: An Internet Language Built Around Love For The Puppers"
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International Conference; Meaning in Translation: Illusion of Precision
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82:
47:
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Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941–1991
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Dunn, Robin. 2003: "The Generative Edge." Foundation 87 (2003): 73–93.
1438:
Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics
1330:"THE MEANING OF "e-": Neologisms as Markers of Culture and Technology"
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850:
782:, all spread through their popular use being enhanced by mass media.
727:
647:
569:
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249:
182:
102:
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is such a term that is gaining usage but still not mainstream; and a
2028:
Fowler, H.W., "The King's English", Chapter I. Vocabulary, Neologism
1692:
Lefkowitz, Natalie J (1989). "Verlan: talking backwards in French".
1627:
Talking Backwards, Looking Forwards: The French Language Game Verlan
313:, one's unique patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
816:
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664:
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503:
491:
446:
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340:
202:
136:
122:
1210:"Who did actually invent the word "robot" and what does it mean?"
64:
is any single-use term that may or may not grow in popularity; a
793:", a term still below the threshold of a neologism according to
482:
Neologisms are often introduced in technical writing, so-called
326:
58:, in fact, identify the process of a "neological continuum": a
2057:
1654:
itself. These words are also given on the Larousse website:
1050:
177:
Neologisms are often formed by combining existing words (see
120:
Examples of words that were 20th-century neologisms include
1409:
Competing models of linguistic change: evolution and beyond
1035:
1023:
425:, referring to a misguided romantic quest like that of the
264:
is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French
2047:
1041:
1029:
663:
is the reverse of the expression "l'envers") is a type of
572:
is a cant used by some actors, circus performers, and the
547:). Neologisms therefore are vital component of scientific
388:
The title of a book may become a neologism, for instance,
78:
has become accepted or recognized by social institutions.
2052:
1361:(2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3.
1359:
Language contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1044:
70:
is such a term used exclusively within a small group; a
1809:
Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations
1383:
Writing from A to Z: the easy-to-use reference handbook
1114:"New-word formation and social disruption on metaverse"
357:" (widespread, interconnected digital technology) from
132:
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
2016:
Interpretation of the Formation of Internet Neologisms
1560:
A Christmas carol in prose: a ghost story of Christmas
1047:
1038:
1020:
1083:
Anderson, James M. (2006). Malmkjær, Kirsten (ed.).
1032:
371:" (Slavic slang for "rubbish"; German for a type of
1939:"Language in schizophrenia Part 1: an Introduction"
1026:
755:Neologisms spread mainly through their exposure in
1500:"What is Catch-22? And why does the book matter?"
1196:Proceedings of a Symposium on American Literature
841:are emphasized in order to translate neologisms:
1527:The ingenious hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha
1149:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 150.
346:Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture
97:), films and television, commercial branding,
8:
1118:English Review: Journal of English Education
486:or 'technical texts' through the process of
343:" (precarious, poorly-paid employment) from
1352:
1350:
514:, which subsequently became our notion of '
1112:Simatupang, E. C. M.; Heryono, H. (2022).
449:based on the avaricious main character in
307:. Neologisms are distinct from a person's
1970:
1878:
1423:Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French
1129:
1268:
1266:
539:, coined by combining the common prefix
1791:"The Translation of English Neologisms"
1453:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law
1075:
1007:
532:) or through derivation (e.g. John von
1529:. John Rutherford. New York: Penguin.
1525:Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (2003).
232:Neologisms can become popular through
27:Recent term that is gaining acceptance
1894:Berrios, G. E. (2009). "Neologisms".
1837:
1835:
1766:
1764:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
654:
268:(1734). The French word derives from
7:
1797:. European Parliament. 22 June 2015.
1171:Anesa, Patrizia (2018). "Three, 3".
510:), which Cicero rendered with Latin
181:) or by giving words new and unique
2058:Rice University Neologisms Database
506:introduced the Greek term ποιότης (
406:, referring to his dystopian novel
189:. Neologisms can also be formed by
1822:Studies in Literature and Language
151:R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)
25:
1736:Boddy, Jessica (April 23, 2017).
1396:Working With Specialized Language
693:. Like any slang, the purpose of
1955:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00216.x
1943:Language and Linguistics Compass
1562:. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House.
1016:
915:
50:. The most precise studies into
2011:Neologisms in Journalistic Text
1714:"The Translation of Neologisms"
1394:Lynne Bowker, Jennifer Pearson
1336:from the original on 2019-03-28
775:facial tissue, and "xerox" for
1795:Terminology Coordination Unit
1712:Sayadi, Forough (April 2011).
1595:. New York: Aladdin Classics.
1466:Greiffenstern, Sandra (2010).
1:
1880:10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70268-3
1754:Opslag "Papvin" på sproget.dk
862:English for specific purposes
746:
735:
1357:Zuckermann, Ghilʻad (2003).
1155:creations (otherwise called
1085:The Linguistics Encyclopedia
849:, the use of analogues, and
675:in a word, and is common in
42:Neologisms are one facet of
1937:Kuperberg, Gina R. (2010).
1624:Lefkowitz, Natalie (1991).
1591:Porter, Eleanor H. (2002).
179:compound noun and adjective
2111:
1867:Actas Dermosifiliográficas
1273:Bodle, Andy (2016-02-04).
562:
332:Stranger in a Strange Land
1558:Dickens, Charles (1999).
1436:Mesthrie, Rajend (1995).
1315:Oxford English Dictionary
1131:10.25134/erjee.v10i3.6722
671:, featuring inversion of
543:'thousand' with the noun
412:) and "Kafkaesque" (from
1908:10.1177/0957154x08348532
1451:Solan, Lawrence (2012).
1275:"How new words are born"
961:Morphology (linguistics)
1407:Ole Nedergaard Thomsen
971:Phono-semantic matching
117:, and popular culture.
1630:. Gunter Narr Verlag.
991:Syllabic abbreviations
834:
726:" (2009), the Russian
718:(2010s), the Canadian
1896:History of Psychiatry
1742:National Public Radio
820:
767:, such as "coke" for
652:French pronunciation:
478:Scientific literature
858:Think aloud protocol
409:Nineteen Eighty-Four
276:(="new") and λόγος /
1997:. Brain Lang, 1979
1861:Navarro, F (2008).
1718:Translation Journal
1145:Gryniuk, D (2015).
494:, or from Latin to
467:Eleanor H. Porter's
445:, a pejorative for
437:Miguel de Cervantes
394:(from the title of
284:. Anyone such as a
256:History and meaning
201:, by intentionally
2068:2011-10-04 at the
2021:2018-03-24 at the
1421:Michael D. Picone
1058:. Also known as a
923:Linguistics portal
835:
488:lexical innovation
337:Robert A. Heinlein
305:semantic extension
44:lexical innovation
1695:The French Review
1675:The French Review
1381:Sally Barr Ebest
951:Language planning
897:resulting from a
829:wine is known as
456:A Christmas Carol
301:semantic shifting
282:interdisciplinary
16:(Redirected from
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771:, "kleenex" for
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656:[vɛʁlɑ̃]
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553:termini technici
502:, and so on. So
351:Douglas Coupland
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867:
814:
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708:
690:Petit Larousse
574:gay subculture
563:Main article:
560:
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479:
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382:Finnegans Wake
365:William Gibson
322:
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174:
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56:word formation
26:
24:
14:
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2043:0-521-41377-X
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2033:Algeo, John.
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1569:1-56179-746-4
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1536:0-14-243723-9
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1455:. p. 36.
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1098:0-203-43286-X
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847:transcription
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448:
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428:
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410:
405:
404:George Orwell
401:
397:
396:Joseph Heller
393:
392:
386:
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378:
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373:dairy product
370:
366:
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286:lexicographer
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251:
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246:word of mouth
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213:), including
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108:
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100:
96:
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88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2034:
1994:
1989:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1749:
1741:
1717:
1708:
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1693:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1646:
1626:
1619:
1592:
1586:
1559:
1553:
1526:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1452:
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1437:
1431:
1422:
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1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
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1358:
1338:. Retrieved
1324:
1313:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1279:The Guardian
1278:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1175:. Routledge.
1172:
1166:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1084:
1078:
1059:
1010:
895:brain damage
882:
879:neuroscience
872:
855:
839:
836:
830:
813:Translations
787:social media
784:
780:photocopying
761:genericizing
754:
724:Snowmageddon
713:
703:
699:
694:
688:
684:
680:
660:
646:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
595:
589:
585:
581:
577:
568:
552:
544:
540:
536:
523:
511:
507:
483:
481:
469:
460:
454:
440:
430:
420:
418:
407:
389:
387:
380:
358:
344:
330:
324:
315:
308:
304:
300:
296:
294:
277:
273:
265:
261:
259:
231:
195:abbreviation
176:
155:
149:
140:(1921) from
135:
131:
121:
119:
80:
75:
71:
65:
59:
41:
35:
29:
2095:Terminology
1828:(1): 33–37.
1757:(in Danish)
1307:"Neologism"
1214:Karel Čapek
1124:(3): 1019.
1014:Pronounced
976:Protologism
903:head injury
881:, the term
807:diminutives
765:brand names
750: 2003
739: 2004
732:Monstration
720:portmanteau
642:rough trade
530:James Joyce
432:Don Quixote
414:Franz Kafka
377:James Joyce
360:Neuromancer
290:etymologist
162:portmanteau
146:Karel Čapek
126:(1970), an
115:visual arts
111:linguistics
67:protologism
32:linguistics
18:Neologistic
2090:Lexicology
2085:Neologisms
2079:Categories
2053:WordFusion
1637:3823340735
1412:Neologism"
1340:2019-03-28
1292:2023-08-05
1243:Britannica
1239:"agitprop"
1224:2017-02-05
1198:: 199–211.
1157:prelogisms
1087:. London:
1070:References
966:Nonce word
956:Mondegreen
941:Blend word
875:psychiatry
869:Other uses
827:bag-in-box
801:group and
791:DoggoLingo
757:mass media
355:cyberspace
321:Literature
266:néologisme
238:mass media
236:, through
173:Background
99:literature
87:technology
61:nonce word
1963:1749-818X
1593:Pollyanna
1578:190824043
1510:March 11,
1287:0261-3077
1089:Routledge
936:Backslang
931:Aureation
883:neologism
769:Coca-Cola
716:alt-Right
673:syllables
606:cottaging
534:Neumann's
484:Fachtexte
471:Pollyanna
462:Pollyanna
400:Orwellian
297:neologism
295:The term
262:neologism
260:The term
160:(1930; a
93:(notably
76:neologism
72:prelogism
36:neologism
2066:Archived
2019:Archived
1981:20936080
1924:13205195
1916:20481134
1850:: 46–52.
1779:: 35–58.
1650:See the
1611:48994834
1545:52187865
1504:BBC News
1334:Archived
1153:unstable
981:Retronym
909:See also
865:fields.
799:Facebook
743:Santorum
512:qualitas
422:Quixotic
402:" (from
391:Catch-22
310:idiolect
242:Internet
234:memetics
191:blending
187:prefixes
183:suffixes
157:agitprop
148:'s play
2048:Wordspy
1972:2950318
1773:Iberica
1245:. 2002.
1060:coinage
986:Sniglet
891:aphasia
803:Twitter
773:Kleenex
702:became
667:in the
630:strides
622:scarper
537:kiloton
516:quality
508:poiotēs
500:English
442:Scrooge
375:) from
209:, from
207:boycott
203:rhyming
199:acronym
167:"covid"
144:writer
128:acronym
91:fiction
83:science
48:lexicon
2041:
1979:
1969:
1961:
1922:
1914:
1634:
1609:
1599:
1576:
1566:
1543:
1533:
1365:
1285:
1095:
946:Calque
899:stroke
831:papvin
823:Danish
759:. The
728:parody
704:feumeu
695:verlan
681:verlan
661:verlan
648:Verlan
610:hoofer
582:barney
570:Polari
549:jargon
496:German
459:; and
447:misers
288:or an
250:jargon
244:, and
240:, the
225:, and
154:; and
113:, the
103:jargon
1920:S2CID
1662:ripou
1002:Notes
777:Xerox
677:slang
665:argot
638:trade
614:mince
602:khazi
591:butch
541:kilo-
525:quark
504:Plato
492:Latin
369:quark
367:and "
341:McJob
303:, or
278:lógos
272:νέο-
270:Greek
227:Karen
142:Czech
137:robot
123:laser
2039:ISBN
1977:PMID
1959:ISSN
1912:PMID
1702:(2).
1681:(6).
1659:meuf
1656:keuf
1632:ISBN
1607:OCLC
1597:ISBN
1574:OCLC
1564:ISBN
1541:OCLC
1531:ISBN
1512:2011
1363:ISBN
1283:ISSN
1093:ISBN
877:and
700:meuf
685:meuf
659:), (
626:slap
618:ogle
597:camp
586:blag
578:acdc
559:Cant
327:grok
223:Chad
219:dick
107:cant
54:and
34:, a
1967:PMC
1951:doi
1904:doi
1875:doi
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1900:20
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