Adipose tissue - Knowledge (XXG)

1125:), which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning. Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes. FGF21, a hormone secreted mainly by the liver, has garnered a great deal of interest after being identified as a potent stimulator of glucose uptake and a browning regulator through its effects on PGC-1α. It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet-induced obesity FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet, although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated. Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning. In mice, it was found that beiging can occur through the production of 1423: 1177:) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample. Incorporating RNA-Seq into browning studies is of great value, as it offers better specificity, sensitivity, and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods. RNA-Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce the beige phenotype. One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type 1347:, then uses information on the person's weight, height, age, and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person's body fat percentage. The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body (lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat), and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information. The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis. This method is quick and readily accessible, but imprecise. Alternative methods are: 319: 652: 68: 514: 1435: 1411: 1216:(also called the famine hypothesis) states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity. This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the 53: 948: 586:, and other obesity-related diseases. Likewise, the accumulation of neck fat (or cervical adipose tissue) has been shown to be associated with mortality. Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometric measures, and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference. 399: 617:

fat versus total fat. High-intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat. An energy-restricted diet combined with exercise will reduce total body fat and the ratio of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggesting a preferential mobilization for visceral fat over subcutaneous fat.

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were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C. The most significantly up- and downregulated genes were then identified and used for analysis of differentially expressed pathways. It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as

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layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from

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leads to visceral fat reduction in those without metabolic-related disorders. Resistance training and caloric restriction also reduce visceral fat, although their effect may not be cumulative. Both exercise and hypocaloric diet cause loss of visceral fat, but exercise has a larger effect on visceral

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Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat. Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process. These include peroxisome proliferator-activated

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Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1

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There is a constant flux of FFAs entering and leaving adipose tissue. The net direction of this flux is controlled by insulin and leptin—if insulin is elevated, then there is a net inward flux of FFA, and only when insulin is low can FFA leave adipose tissue. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high

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which can give rise to fat cells, bone cells as well as other cell types. The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction/ anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots. Exercise regulates MAT, decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing the size of marrow

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Until recently, brown adipose tissue in humans was thought to be primarily limited to infants, but new evidence has overturned that belief. Metabolically active tissue with temperature responses similar to brown adipose was first reported in the neck and trunk of some human adults in 2007, and the

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is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously, and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice

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The specific cause for the accumulation of ectopic fat is unknown. The cause is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that are involved in excess energy intake and decreased physical activity. Substantial weight loss can reduce ectopic fat stores in all organs and

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The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and Wormersley, who rigorously tested many types of skinfold, and, as a result, created two formulae to

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between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a "frosting" of white adipose tissue; sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor

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Leptin, however, plays a different role in diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. However, hunger remains, and—when leptin levels drop due to weight loss—hunger increases. The drop of leptin is better viewed as a

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regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein-DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes. Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific

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The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the

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have higher levels of visceral fat in their bodies. This suggests a possible cause-and-effect link between the two, wherein stress promotes the accumulation of visceral fat, which in turn causes hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to heart disease and other health problems.

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mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice. Thus, EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging.

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sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

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chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation. Using ChIP-seq in conjunction with other tools, recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development.

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gene (one of which was the first ever identified cause of genetic obesity in humans)—two families of Pakistani origin living in the UK, one family living in Turkey, one in Egypt, and one in Austria—and two other families have been found that carry a mutated

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Hens W, Taeyman J, Cornelis J, Gielen J, Van Gaal L, Vissers D (June 2016). "The Effect of Lifestyle Interventions on Excess Ectopic Fat Deposition Measured by Noninvasive Techniques in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Factors such as sex, age, population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable, and, as of 2012, Durnin and Wormersley's equations remain only estimates of a person's true level of fatness. New formulae are still being created.

671:, and some evidence even suggests it might be protective. The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat. 1149:

tools to improve study within this field. Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

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Hens W, Vissers D, Hansen D, Peeters S, Gielen J, Van Gaal L, Taeymans J (November 2017). "The effect of diet or exercise on ectopic adiposity in children and adolescents with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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seen within a 24-hour period. A study by Rosenwald et al. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained.

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adipocytes. The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots. Moreover, increased MAT in obesity further suggests a similarity to white fat depots.

1090:, like CL316,243, have also been developed and tested in humans. However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral 939:(adipose cytokines), which play a role in obesity-associated complications. Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect the contractile function of the vessels that they surround. 31: 856:. A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots (i.e. abdominal, omental, pericardial) yield adipose-derived stem cells with different characteristics. These depot-dependent features include 1169:

deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning. These two studies demonstrate the potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning.

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from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into

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adipose tissue (EAT) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect

122: 358:. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes 735:. This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is associated with insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes. It is stored in relatively high amounts around the organs of the 2572:

Ohkawara K, Tanaka S, Miyachi M, Ishikawa-Takata K, Tabata I (December 2007). "A dose-response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials".

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calculate the body density of both men and women. These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density—as the sum of skinfolds increases, the body density decreases.

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The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. Among these molecules are

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Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK, Ravasi AA (September 2021). "Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta-analysis".

1422: 702:(MAT), is a poorly understood adipose depot that resides in the bone and is interspersed with hematopoietic cells as well as bony elements. The adipocytes in this depot are derived from 495:. A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual. It may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person loses large amounts of fat (a common result of 746:

In the latter case, non-invasive weight loss interventions like diet or exercise can decrease ectopic fat (particularly in heart and liver) in overweight or obese children and adults.

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Pezeshkian M, Noori M, Najjarpour-Jabbari H, Abolfathi A, Darabi M, Darabi M, et al. (April 2009). "Fatty acid composition of epicardial and subcutaneous human adipose tissue".

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receptor. Others have been identified as genetically partially deficient in leptin, and, in these individuals, leptin levels on the low end of the normal range can predict obesity.

1165:, and pyruvate metabolism. This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 °C. Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that 2492: 5984:

Clément K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, et al. (March 1998). "A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction".

872:, as well as sensitivity to hypoxic culture conditions. Oxygen levels seem to play an important role on the metabolism and in general the function of adipose-derived stem cells. 1035:

therapy in the future, encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs. A review on the eventual therapeutic targeting of

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Farvid MS, Ng TW, Chan DC, Barrett PH, Watts GF (July 2005). "Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia".

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Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (May 2001). "Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance".

1247:. When leptin levels drop, the body interprets this as a loss of energy, and hunger increases. Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size. 2651: 1070:

The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes. The drug

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Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F (July 1995). "Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice".

2319:"Anthropometric Assessment of Neck Adipose Tissue and Airway Volume Using Multidetector Computed Tomography: An Imaging Approach and Association With Overall Mortality" 1103: 2417:"Anthropometrically-predicted visceral adipose tissue and mortality among men and women in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)" 410:. This causes the mouse to be hungry and eat more, which results in obesity. For comparison, a mouse with a normal amount of adipose tissue is shown on the right. 5869:"Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy" 2652:"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue" 154: 6410: 3998:"Comparison of human adipose-derived stem cells isolated from subcutaneous, omental, and intrathoracic adipose tissue depots for regenerative applications" 3894:

Atzmon G, Yang XM, Muzumdar R, Ma XH, Gabriely I, Barzilai N (November 2002). "Differential gene expression between visceral and subcutaneous fat depots".

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similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the 1930s. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including

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Mazen I, El-Gammal M, Abdel-Hamid M, Amr K (August 2009). "A novel homozygous missense mutation of the leptin gene (N103K) in an obese Egyptian patient".

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Adipose tissue has a density of ~0.9 g/ml. Thus, a person with more adipose tissue will float more easily than a person of the same weight with more

3275:"Expansion of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue During Caloric Restriction Is Associated With Increased Circulating Glucocorticoids and Not With Hypoleptinemia" 601:

and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines, fat migrates from the buttocks, hips and thighs to the waist; later fat is stored in the abdomen.

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Ravussin E, Smith SR (2013). "Chapter 11: Role of the Adipocyte in Metabolism and Endocrine Function". In Weir GC, Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (eds.).

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Brodie D, Moscrip V, Hutcheon R (March 1998). "Body composition measurement: a review of hydrodensitometry, anthropometry, and impedance methods".

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Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD (March 1998). "A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity".

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BAT activation may also occur in response to overfeeding. UCP1 activity is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to

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Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Kamath S, Jones S, Gibson WT, Trussell R, et al. (November 2001). "Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity".

2063: 479:. Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected, comprising about 30% of dissectible fat. 6356: 6329: 5661: 5593: 5568: 5516: 3767:

Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA (May 2009). "Central obesity and multivariable cardiovascular risk as assessed by the Framingham prediction scores".

3057: 2549: 1901: 1266:) are rare in human obesity. As of July 2010, only 14 individuals from five families have been identified worldwide who carry a mutated 1220:

himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when first advanced" in other contexts.

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Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of

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Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S (October 2008). "Mutations in ligands and receptors of the leptin-melanocortin pathway that lead to obesity".

4736:"Mitochondrial turnover: a phenotype distinguishing brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue" 6249:"CCR2 deficiency leads to increased eosinophils, alternative macrophage activation, and type 2 cytokine expression in adipose tissue" 852:. The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human 306:(BAT), which generates body heat. Adipose tissue—more specifically brown adipose tissue—was first identified by the Swiss naturalist 6707: 5499:

Speakerman JR (2007). "Genetics of Obesity: Five Fundamental Problems with the Famine Hypothesis". In Fantuzzi G, Mazzone T (eds.).

1259:. The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research. 903: 475:, which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major muscles behind the knees, each containing one large 442:, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the 6403: 1466: 1360: 1336: 1311: 788:

In humans, lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids) is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic

6724: 1410: 544:. Fat in the lower body, as in thighs and buttocks, is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue, whereas fat in the 6035:

Pankov YA (June 1999). "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ regulating growth, puberty, and other physiological functions".

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in the human body. Different meters use various methods to determine the ratio. They tend to under-read body fat percentage.

6208:"Specific force deficit in skeletal muscles of old rats is partially explained by the existence of denervated muscle fibers" 4785:

Rosenwald M, Perdikari A, Rülicke T, Wolfrum C (June 2013). "Bi-directional interconversion of brite and white adipocytes".

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A program of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), and the United States Olympians and Paralympians Association (USOP)

1434: 454:) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much 6248: 5036:"EBF2 transcriptionally regulates brown adipogenesis via the histone reader DPF3 and the BAF chromatin remodeling complex" 4456:

Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B (August 2007). "Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans".

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that results in UCP1 activation. Nearly half of the nerves present in adipose tissue are sensory neurons connected to the

845: 499:). Obesity is treated through exercise, diet, and behavioral therapy. Reconstructive surgery is one aspect of treatment. 149: 5945:"A new missense mutation in the leptin gene causes mild obesity and hypogonadism without affecting T cell responsiveness" 1031:

have so far been unsuccessful. Techniques to manipulate the differentiation of "brown fat" could become a mechanism for

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van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. (April 2009).

2083: 6672: 6584: 6396: 1545: 1339:(BIA) in order to determine an individual's body fat percentage. To achieve this, the meter passes a small, harmless, 574:(BVI) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat. Excess visceral fat is also linked to 6821: 994: 225: 6192: 3939:"Functional differences in visceral and subcutaneous fat pads originate from differences in the adipose stem cell" 1059:

Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT.

6826: 5351:"Brown and white adipose tissues: intrinsic differences in gene expression and response to cold exposure in mice" 1651:"Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations" 1535: 1158: 974: 590: 989:, where it may effectively act in heat exchange. BAT is robustly activated upon cold exposure by the release of 6763: 6655: 6377: 3143:

Manolopoulos KN, Karpe F, Frayn KN (June 2010). "Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health".

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Like all other fat organs, subcutaneous fat is an active part of the endocrine system, secreting the hormones

2368:"Anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue and blood-based biomarkers: a cross-sectional analysis" 6699: 6664: 1287: 1213: 318: 243:

Previously treated as being hormonally inert, in recent years adipose tissue has been recognized as a major

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that the genetically obese mouse lacked. Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the

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Researchers think that the lack of estrogen at menopause plays a role in driving our fat northward. See:

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have also been identified as causing obesity in a larger portion of the population than leptin mutations.

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in tissues other than adipose tissue, that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat, such as the

597:(female sex hormone) causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women. When women reach 583: 496: 284: 161: 2800:"Mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to energy restriction and exercise" 528:, packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Visceral fat is different from 4195:

Cannon B, Nedergaard J (January 2004). "Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance".

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Marette A (December 2003). "Molecular mechanisms of inflammation in obesity-linked insulin resistance".

1344: 1162: 1017: 703: 699: 271:). In obesity, adipose tissue is implicated in the chronic release of pro-inflammatory markers known as 5943:

Fischer-Posovszky P, von Schnurbein J, Moepps B, Lahr G, Strauss G, Barth TF, et al. (June 2010).

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Carlsson B, Lindell K, Gabrielsson B, Karlsson C, Bjarnason R, Westphal O, et al. (January 1997).

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Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes and its formation appears to be controlled in part by the

3834:"Human and mouse adipose-derived cells support feeder-independent induction of pluripotent stem cells" 6687: 6682: 6566: 6537: 6460: 6071: 5993: 5780: 5618: 5532:

Neel JV (1989). "The study of natural selection in primitive and civilized human populations. 1958".

5302: 5096: 4939: 3950: 3845: 3803: 2954: 1803: 1036: 998: 982: 962: 956: 781:, with obese and lean individuals tending towards the high and low ends of this range, respectively. 609: 556: 524:

Visceral fat or abdominal fat (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat) is located inside the

382: 303: 299: 3526:"Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions" 3425:"Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL/6 Mice" 637:, suggesting a location-specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism. 6383: 3273:

Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Parlee SD, Pham HA, Learman BS, Redshaw CM, et al. (February 2016).

2060: 1960: 1557: 1478: 1356: 1348: 1332: 1321: 1224: 1207: 1005: 853: 832: 663:. This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity-related pathologies, such as 646: 386: 5867:

Gibson WT, Farooqi IS, Moreau M, DePaoli AM, Lawrence E, O'Rahilly S, Trussell RA (October 2004).

5085:"A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis" 3122: 1067:(UCP1). In doing so, these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes. 6556: 6181: 6138: 6095: 6017: 5849: 5806: 5289:

Brestoff JR, Kim BS, Saenz SA, Stine RR, Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, et al. (March 2015).

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De Coster T, Claus P, Kazbanov IV, Haemers P, Willems R, Sipido KR, et al. (February 2018).

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take on a multilocular appearance (containing several lipid droplets) and increase expression of

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is mostly visceral and semi-fluid. Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots, including

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Laeger T, Henagan TM, Albarado DC, Redman LM, Bray GA, Noland RC, et al. (September 2014).

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Baglioni S, Cantini G, Poli G, Francalanci M, Squecco R, Di Franco A, et al. (4 May 2012).

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Estrogen causes fat to be stored around the pelvic region, hips, butt and thighs (pelvic region)

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Vernon RG, Flint DJ (2003). "Adipose Tissue / Structure and Function of White Adipose Tissue".

4879:"Prdm16 is required for the maintenance of brown adipocyte identity and function in adult mice" 6778: 6755: 6419: 6352: 6325: 6278: 6229: 6173: 6130: 6087: 6044: 6009: 5966: 5925: 5890: 5841: 5798: 5749: 5708: 5657: 5634: 5589: 5564: 5541: 5512: 5481: 5429: 5380: 5328: 5271: 5214: 5173: 5122: 5065: 5034:

Shapira SN, Lim HW, Rajakumari S, Sakers AP, Ishibashi J, Harms MJ, et al. (April 2017).

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Devlin MJ, Cloutier AM, Thomas NA, Panus DA, Lotinun S, Pinz I, et al. (September 2010).

3206: 3160: 3104: 3053: 3027: 2992: 2923: 2862: 2821: 2780: 2731: 2674: 2624: 2589: 2545: 2539: 2468: 2446: 2397: 2348: 2299: 2250: 2207: 2172: 2131: 2043: 1994: 1934: 1897: 1870: 1821: 1772: 1721: 1680: 1620: 1071: 970: 861: 820: 571: 537: 517: 508: 190: 73: 6312:

Stock MJ, Cinti S (2003). "Adipose Tissue / Structure and Function of Brown Adipose Tissue".

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Rosell M, Kaforou M, Frontini A, Okolo A, Chan YW, Nikolopoulou E, et al. (April 2014).

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Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, Heglind M, Westergren R, Niemi T, et al. (April 2009).

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Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. (November 2003).

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Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, et al. (November 2008).

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depots. Visceral fat is often expressed in terms of its area in cm (VFA, visceral fat area).

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Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, et al. (June 1997).

5739: 5698: 5690: 5626: 5504: 5471: 5463: 5419: 5411: 5370: 5362: 5318: 5310: 5261: 5253: 5204: 5163: 5153: 5112: 5104: 5055: 5047: 5006: 4998: 4957: 4947: 4898: 4890: 4849: 4841: 4794: 4757: 4747: 4706: 4698: 4657: 4611: 4603: 4556: 4512: 4465: 4428: 4418: 4373: 4365: 4324: 4316: 4275: 4265: 4204: 4156: 4115: 4107: 4066: 4058: 4017: 4009: 3968: 3958: 3903: 3863: 3853: 3776: 3739: 3729: 3688: 3647: 3639: 3593: 3585: 3547: 3537: 3493: 3485: 3444: 3436: 3395: 3387: 3343: 3335: 3322:

Bredella MA, Fazeli PK, Miller KK, Misra M, Torriani M, Thomas BJ, et al. (June 2009).

3294: 3286: 3245: 3237: 3198: 3152: 3094: 3086: 3019: 2982: 2972: 2962: 2913: 2903: 2893: 2852: 2811: 2770: 2762: 2721: 2713: 2666: 2616: 2581: 2436: 2428: 2387: 2379: 2338: 2330: 2289: 2242: 2199: 2162: 2121: 2113: 2033: 2025: 1984: 1976: 1926: 1860: 1811: 1762: 1752: 1711: 1670: 1662: 1610: 1602: 1525: 1340: 736: 651: 634: 613: 529: 525: 435: 415: 371: 331: 221: 217: 87: 4830:"Turning WAT into BAT: a review on regulators controlling the browning of white adipocytes" 1012:, although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In contrast, UCP1 is inhibited by 811:

profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why

570:, or "belly fat", in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. New developments such as the 67: 6579: 6373: 5400:"Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function" 2067: 1299: 1236: 1186: 1091: 869: 840: 812: 754: 724: 659:

Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the

567: 541: 513: 455: 406:

mouse on the left has large stores of adipose tissue. It is unable to produce the hormone

347: 335: 288: 280: 5291:"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote beiging of white adipose tissue and limit obesity" 4590:

Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. (April 2009).

1589:

Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (August 2013).

17: 6075: 5997: 5784: 5622: 5306: 5100: 4943: 3954: 3849: 2958: 1807: 6510: 6485: 6273: 5744: 5727: 5703: 5678: 5476: 5451: 5424: 5399: 5375: 5350: 5323: 5290: 5266: 5241: 5168: 5142:"Roles of FGFs as Adipokines in Adipose Tissue Development, Remodeling, and Metabolism" 5141: 5117: 5084: 5060: 5035: 5011: 4986: 4962: 4927: 4903: 4878: 4854: 4829: 4762: 4735: 4711: 4686: 4616: 4591: 4433: 4402: 4378: 4353: 4329: 4304: 4280: 4253: 4120: 4095: 4071: 4046: 4022: 3997: 3973: 3938: 3868: 3833: 3832:

Sugii S, Kida Y, Kawamura T, Suzuki J, Vassena R, Yin YQ, et al. (February 2010).

3744: 3717: 3552: 3525: 3498: 3473: 3449: 3424: 3423:

Styner M, Pagnotti GM, Galior K, Wu X, Thompson WR, Uzer G, et al. (August 2015).

3400: 3375: 3348: 3323: 3299: 3274: 3250: 3225: 3099: 3074: 2987: 2942: 2918: 2881: 2857: 2840: 2775: 2750: 2726: 2701: 2441: 2416: 2392: 2367: 2343: 2318: 2276:

Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, Marks JS (January 2003).

2126: 2101: 2038: 2013: 1989: 1964: 1767: 1740: 1675: 1650: 1615: 1590: 1232: 1153: 1146: 1134: 1048: 307: 5769:"Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans" 3226:"Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice" 3202: 2702:"Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition" 1980: 6815: 6591: 6348: 6321: 6169: 5810: 3807: 3693: 3676: 3652: 3474:"Bone marrow fat accumulation accelerated by high fat diet is suppressed by exercise" 2686: 2650:

Verheggen RJ, Maessen MF, Green DJ, Hermus AR, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH (August 2016).

2636: 1833: 1493: 1217: 990: 966: 914: 716: 664: 560: 359: 351: 6185: 6142: 5853: 5656:. Vol. Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 5450:

Stine RR, Shapira SN, Lim HW, Ishibashi J, Harms M, Won KJ, Seale P (January 2016).

5226: 5083:

Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. (January 2012).

4224: 3923: 3615: 3376:"Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice" 3172: 2751:"Influence of exercise intensity on abdominal fat and adiponectin in elderly adults" 2262: 2219: 2203: 1946: 799:

role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining

491:

person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a

6099: 6021: 4877:

Harms MJ, Ishibashi J, Wang W, Lim HW, Goyama S, Sato T, et al. (April 2014).

4814: 4111: 2880:

De Coster T, Claus P, Seemann G, Willems R, Sipido KR, Panfilov AV (October 2018).

1283: 1244: 1079: 1028: 978: 824: 766: 378: 339: 295: 206: 4576: 4485: 4178: 3780: 3472:

Styner M, Thompson WR, Galior K, Uzer G, Wu X, Kadari S, et al. (July 2014).

3374:

Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, et al. (August 2017).

2882:"Myocyte remodeling due to fibro-fatty infiltrations influences arrhythmogenicity" 6247:

Bolus WR, Gutierrez DA, Kennedy AJ, Anderson-Baucum EK, Hasty AH (October 2015).

5508: 5467: 4926:

Wang W, Kissig M, Rajakumari S, Huang L, Lim HW, Won KJ, Seale P (October 2014).

4702: 3963: 2717: 142: 6739: 6490: 6433: 6286: 5921: 2334: 2317:

Maresky HS, Sharfman Z, Ziv-Baran T, Gomori JM, Copel L, Tal S (November 2015).

2278:"Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001" 1930: 1849:"Hepatic and whole-body fat synthesis in humans during carbohydrate overfeeding" 1194: 1064: 1032: 985:(UCP1). BAT is primarily located around the neck and large blood vessels of the 893: 857: 849: 815:

is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for

758: 633:

function. Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with

630: 472: 459: 6224: 6212:

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

6207: 5694: 5366: 5002: 4932:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4894: 4469: 4369: 4320: 4208: 4143:

Löhn M, Dubrovska G, Lauterbach B, Luft FC, Gollasch M, Sharma AM (July 2002).

3838:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3489: 2967: 1965:"Nutrient preference and diet-induced adiposity in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice" 1890: 6768: 6523: 6500: 6475: 3524:

Snel M, Jonker JT, Schoones J, Lamb H, de Roos A, Pijl H, et al. (2012).

3073:

Porter SA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, O'Donnel CJ, Fox CS (June 2009).

2383: 2167: 2150: 2029: 1530: 1520: 1509: 1456: 1388: 1384: 808: 796: 660: 625: 553: 549: 533: 492: 476: 443: 427: 367: 363: 327: 272: 210: 52: 6264: 5158: 4423: 4305:"Mechanism of fatty-acid-dependent UCP1 uncoupling in brown fat mitochondria" 4270: 3734: 2898: 1865: 1848: 1666: 6786: 6712: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6518: 6495: 6480: 5630: 5209: 5192: 4952: 4752: 3858: 2816: 2799: 1551: 1514: 1498: 1488: 1483: 1178: 1075: 1009: 947: 936: 924: 909: 880: 876: 598: 354:). Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as 268: 244: 194: 6282: 6233: 6177: 6134: 6091: 6048: 5970: 5929: 5894: 5712: 5485: 5452:"EBF2 promotes the recruitment of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue" 5433: 5384: 5332: 5275: 5218: 5177: 5126: 5069: 5051: 5020: 4971: 4912: 4863: 4806: 4771: 4720: 4671: 4625: 4568: 4526: 4477: 4442: 4387: 4338: 4289: 4216: 4170: 4129: 4080: 4031: 4013: 3982: 3915: 3877: 3788: 3753: 3702: 3661: 3643: 3607: 3561: 3507: 3458: 3409: 3357: 3308: 3259: 3164: 3108: 3031: 2996: 2977: 2927: 2908: 2866: 2784: 2735: 2678: 2628: 2593: 2585: 2450: 2401: 2352: 2303: 2254: 2246: 2211: 2176: 2135: 2047: 1998: 1938: 1825: 1776: 1725: 1684: 1624: 6126: 6013: 5845: 5802: 5753: 5638: 5545: 4928:"Ebf2 is a selective marker of brown and beige adipogenic precursor cells" 4607: 4560: 4517: 4500: 4161: 4144: 3542: 3210: 3023: 2825: 2766: 2749:

Coker RH, Williams RH, Kortebein PM, Sullivan DH, Evans WJ (August 2009).

2294: 2277: 1874: 1606: 1395:

expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became

1335:, one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of 32:

List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens (0–9, A–G) § Adipose

30:"Adipose" redirects here. For the fictional creature from Doctor Who, see 6729: 6574: 6438: 5961: 5944: 5885: 5868: 5679:"Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance" 4045:

Lempesis IG, van Meijel RL, Manolopoulos KN, Goossens GH (January 2020).

3907: 3681:

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences

3440: 3339: 3290: 3156: 2151:"The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity" 1716: 1699: 1392: 1352: 1279: 1111: 932: 898: 774: 732: 679: 605: 594: 264: 260: 256: 214: 5415: 5314: 5108: 4845: 2102:"Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance" 1591:"Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation" 743:

this is associated with an improvement of the function of those organs.

6628: 6623: 6596: 5837: 4592:"Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans" 4062: 2841:"Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators" 2432: 1757: 1504: 1472: 1396: 1252: 1190: 1174: 1166: 1110:, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha 969:

in humans and other mammals. BAT can generate heat by "uncoupling" the

804: 545: 447: 439: 403: 248: 4646:"Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential" 3598: 3589: 3391: 3090: 2670: 2620: 2117: 1517:(also called fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration) 167: 6734: 6717: 6083: 5257: 1649:

Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC (January 2022).

1475:– an extra thick form of adipose tissue found in some marine mammals. 1461: 1256: 1240: 1189:

is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess

1107: 986: 965:(BAT) is a specialized form of adipose tissue important for adaptive 919: 675: 668: 451: 431: 419: 407: 252: 229: 6388: 4798: 4662: 4645: 3241: 2544:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 483. 1816: 1791: 839:

Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of

398: 385:, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the 2100:

Nagai M, Komiya H, Mori Y, Ohta T, Kasahara Y, Ikeda Y (May 2010).

414:

Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the

6796: 6005: 5793: 5768: 3996:

Russo V, Yu C, Belliveau P, Hamilton A, Flynn LE (February 2014).

3052:(3rd ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 1380: 1122: 1118: 946: 778: 770: 728: 720: 650: 488: 423: 397: 317: 233: 6791: 6606: 6443: 3075:"Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a protective fat depot?" 2235:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

1376: 1130: 1008:

activation. UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton

467: 434:

in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the

6392: 765:(LPL) and enter the adipocyte, where they are reassembled into 4354:"The on-off switches of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins" 2086:. President & Fellows of Harvard College. September 2005. 1364: 1328: 57: 38: 6206:

Urbanchek MG, Picken EB, Kalliainen LK, Kuzon WM (May 2001).

5559:

Shell E (January 1, 2002). "Chapter 4: On the Cutting Edge".

1286:(used in brain signaling associated with appetite) and their 1047:

presence of brown adipose in human adults was later verified

879:

in both males and females, contributing to the production of

589:

Men are more likely to have fat stored in the abdomen due to

5683:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

5355:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

4458:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

3677:"The chemical composition of adipose tissue of man and mice" 2192:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

1963:, Reed DR, Tordoff MG, Price RA, Beauchamp GK (March 2001). 3718:"The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis" 2088:

Visceral fat more of a health concern than subcutaneous fat

108: 5586:

The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry

5561:

The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry

4254:"Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and energy metabolism" 4145:"Periadventitial fat releases a vascular relaxing factor" 1302:, since muscular tissue has a density of 1.06 g/ml. 785:

blood sugar, which results from consuming carbohydrates.

99: 93: 6115:

Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism

5503:. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. pp. 221–236. 1255:

signal. However, elevated leptin in obesity is known as

4691:

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity

1919:

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids

4239:"Eavesdropping on Communication Between Fat and Brain" 1039:

to treat human obesity was published by Samuelson and

5242:"FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction" 111: 102: 27:

Loose connective tissue composed mostly by adipocytes

5949:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

5873:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

5197:

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

4542:"Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men" 4047:"Oxygenation of adipose tissue: A human perspective" 3328:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

1704:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1193:

modifications. This tool has enabled examination of

792:

and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis.

105: 96: 6777: 6754: 6698: 6663: 6654: 6647: 6565: 6547: 6536: 6509: 6468: 6459: 6452: 6426: 5728:"Obese (ob) gene defects are rare in human obesity" 5501:

Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease

4501:"Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults" 4303:Fedorenko A, Lishko PV, Kirichok Y (October 2012). 3123:"Belly fat in women: Taking – and keeping – it off" 2493:"Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back Into Pears" 1416:

Diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified)

1141:

Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning

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Human fat tissue contains from 61% to 94% 6341:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition 6314:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition 4985:Kissig M, Shapira SN, Seale P (June 2016). 2706:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 72:Adipose tissue is one of the main types of 6660: 6651: 6544: 6465: 6456: 6411: 6397: 6389: 4403:"Studying Brown Adipose Tissue in a Human 2804:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1917:Cinti S (July 2005). 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Cambridge University Press. 1320:is a tool used to measure the 1239:et al. discovered the protein 1218:original proponent of the idea 1127:methionine-enkephalin peptides 846:induced pluripotent stem cells 715:Ectopic fat is the storage of 1: 4352:Azzu V, Brand MD (May 2010). 3781:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.12.048 3203:10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00474-7 2372:European Journal of Nutrition 1981:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00412-7 6253:Journal of Leukocyte Biology 5509:10.1007/978-1-59745-370-7_17 5468:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.001 4703:10.1097/MED.0b013e328337a81f 3964:10.1371/journal.pone.0036569 3125:. 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Atlantic Monthly Press. 5367:10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2013 5146:Frontiers in Endocrinology 5003:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.038 4895:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.007 4470:10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006 4411:Frontiers in Endocrinology 4370:10.1016/j.tibs.2009.11.001 4321:10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.010 4209:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 3490:10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.044 2968:10.1038/s41598-018-20450-w 1595:Stem Cells and Development 1309: 1227:, in his residency at the 1205: 1055:Beige fat and WAT browning 954: 757:(FFAs) are liberated from 644: 506: 226:adipose tissue macrophages 36: 29: 4094:Stocco C (January 2012). 3722:Frontiers in Neuroscience 3653:10067/1321600151162165141 2384:10.1007/s00394-016-1308-8 2168:10.2337/diabetes.49.6.883 2030:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0705 1969:Physiology & Behavior 1745:ImmunoTargets and Therapy 1536:Classification of obesity 1159:oxidative phosphorylation 975:oxidative phosphorylation 866:differentiation potential 199:stromal vascular fraction 160: 65: 50: 18:Neoplasms, adipose tissue 6378:Medical Subject Headings 6265:10.1189/jlb.3HI0115-018R 6225:10.1093/gerona/56.5.B191 6037:Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 5159:10.3389/fendo.2014.00018 4424:10.3389/fendo.2020.00629 4271:10.3389/fphys.2015.00036 3735:10.3389/fnins.2013.00051 3675:Thomas LW (April 1962). 3050:Anatomy & Physiology 2899:10.3389/fphys.2018.01381 2515:Andrews M (2006-12-01). 1563:Social stigma of obesity 1322:body fat to weight ratio 887:Adipose derived hormones 819:(even in the absence of 5631:10.1126/science.7624776 5210:10.1515/hmbci-2014-0022 5140:Ohta H, Itoh N (2014). 5040:Genes & Development 4953:10.1073/pnas.1412685111 4753:10.1074/jbc.M115.637785 4258:Frontiers in Physiology 3859:10.1073/pnas.0910172106 2886:Frontiers in Physiology 1282:of genes involving the 1214:thrifty gene hypothesis 591:sex hormone differences 520:in a man ("beer belly") 197:. It also contains the 5052:10.1101/gad.294405.116 4014:10.5966/sctm.2013-0125 3644:10.1123/jpah.2015-0560 2586:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803683 2465:"Reduce Abdominal Fat" 2247:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802500 1866:10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1774 1739:Mancuso P (May 2016). 1667:10.1210/endrev/bnab018 1399:from a high fat diet. 1387:, greater alternative 1229:Rockefeller University 952: 829:Wake Forest University 817:cardiovascular disease 790:B-adrenergic receptors 656: 521: 497:gastric bypass surgery 411: 350:), and in the breast ( 323: 285:cardiovascular disease 247:organ, as it produces 162:Anatomical terminology 6193:registration required 6127:10.1038/ncpendmet0966 4608:10.1056/NEJMoa0810780 4561:10.1056/NEJMoa0808718 4518:10.1056/NEJMoa0808949 4197:Physiological Reviews 4162:10.1096/fj.02-0024com 3802:Park A (2009-08-08). 3024:10.1089/met.2008.0056 2817:10.1093/ajcn/60.5.695 2767:10.1089/met.2008.0060 2295:10.1001/jama.289.1.76 1607:10.1089/scd.2012.0647 1163:fatty acid metabolism 1006:β-adrenergic receptor 950: 848:without the need for 700:marrow adipose tissue 654: 584:inflammatory diseases 516: 401: 321: 205:) of cells including 5962:10.1210/jc.2009-2466 5886:10.1210/jc.2004-0376 5456:Molecular Metabolism 3908:10.1055/s-2002-38250 3441:10.1210/en.2015-1213 3340:10.1210/jc.2008-2532 3291:10.1210/en.2015-1477 3157:10.1038/ijo.2009.286 2241:(Suppl 3): S46–S48. 1717:10.1210/jc.2004-0395 1088:-adrenergic agonists 1065:uncoupling protein 1 983:uncoupling protein 1 963:brown adipose tissue 957:Brown adipose tissue 854:embryonic stem cells 807:fat has a different 608:levels. At least 10 557:white adipose tissue 383:integumentary system 304:brown adipose tissue 300:white adipose tissue 6076:2001Natur.414...34F 5998:1998Natur.392..398C 5785:1997Natur.387..903M 5623:1995Sci...269..540P 5416:10.1038/nrm.2016.62 5315:10.1038/nature14115 5307:2015Natur.519..242B 5109:10.1038/nature10777 5101:2012Natur.481..463B 4944:2014PNAS..11114466W 4938:(40): 14466–14471. 4846:10.1042/BSR20130046 4787:Nature Cell Biology 3955:2012PLoSO...736569B 3850:2010PNAS..107.3558S 3543:10.1155/2012/983814 2959:2018NatSR...8.2050D 1808:2008Natur.454..947C 1558:Obesity and walking 1479:Body fat percentage 1357:underwater weighing 1333:underwater weighing 1294:Physical properties 999:dorsal root ganglia 647:Body fat percentage 612:-hours per week of 471:depots include the 458:as lymph nodes and 426:in females and the 342:), in bone marrow ( 334:), around internal 314:Anatomical features 193:composed mostly of 6343:. pp. 23–29. 6316:. pp. 29–34. 5838:10.1038/ng0398-213 5689:(6): E1247–E1259. 4834:Bioscience Reports 4241:. August 31, 2022. 4063:10.1111/apha.13298 3902:(11–12): 622–628. 2947:Scientific Reports 2433:10.1002/ajhb.22898 2066:2016-11-17 at the 1758:10.2147/ITT.S73223 995:sympathetic nerves 953: 858:proliferation rate 801:insulin resistance 763:lipoprotein lipase 657: 580:insulin resistance 522: 412: 346:), intermuscular ( 344:yellow bone marrow 324: 277:metabolic syndrome 6822:Connective tissue 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6750: 6749: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6532: 6531: 6420:Connective tissue 6358:978-0-12-227055-0 6331:978-0-12-227055-0 5992:(6674): 398–401. 5879:(10): 4821–4826. 5779:(6636): 903–908. 5663:978-0-323-22154-2 5617:(5223): 540–543. 5595:978-1-4223-5243-4 5570:978-1-4223-5243-4 5518:978-1-58829-721-1 5301:(7542): 242–246. 5095:(7382): 463–468. 4997:(1): 258–258.e1. 4746:(13): 8243–8255. 4656:(10): 1252–1263. 4602:(15): 1509–1517. 4555:(15): 1500–1508. 4511:(15): 1518–1525. 4051:Acta Physiologica 3775:(10): 1403–1407. 3590:10.1111/obr.12577 3584:(11): 1310–1322. 3392:10.1002/jbmr.3159 3091:10.2337/dc08-2280 3059:978-0-8053-0094-9 2851:(20): 2460–2466. 2712:(11): 1863–1872. 2671:10.1111/obr.12406 2621:10.1111/obr.13275 2580:(12): 1786–1797. 2551:978-0-19-935827-4 2517:"A Matter of Fat" 2118:10.2337/dc09-1099 1903:978-0-521-63577-6 1802:(7207): 947–948. 1655:Endocrine Reviews 1601:(16): 2298–2314. 1349:skin fold methods 1257:leptin resistance 1072:2,4-dinitrophenol 1029:pharmacologically 971:respiratory chain 821:diabetes mellitus 572:Body Volume Index 568:abdominal obesity 538:intramuscular fat 518:Abdominal obesity 509:Abdominal obesity 372:endothelial cells 366:, adipose tissue 220:and a variety of 218:endothelial cells 191:connective tissue 176: 175: 171: 74:connective tissue 60:belly fat (white) 16:(Redirected from 6839: 6827:Endocrine system 6661: 6652: 6580:Reticular fibers 6549:Ground substance 6545: 6466: 6457: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6390: 6362: 6335: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6285:. Archived from 6276: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6218:(5): B191–B197. 6203: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6084:10.1038/35102112 6059: 6053: 6052: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5955:(6): 2836–2840. 5940: 5934: 5933: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5888: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5796: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5747: 5732:Obesity Research 5723: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5427: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5361:(8): E945–E964. 5346: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5258:10.1172/JCI74915 5252:(9): 3913–3922. 5237: 5231: 5230: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5171: 5161: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5120: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5014: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4955: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4755: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4714: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4641: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4546: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4464:(2): E444–E452. 4453: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4426: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4381: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4273: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4164: 4155:(9): 1057–1063. 4140: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4025: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3861: 3844:(8): 3558–3563. 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3737: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3696: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3501: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3452: 3435:(8): 2753–2761. 3420: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3386:(8): 1692–1702. 3371: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3334:(6): 2129–2136. 3319: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3236:(9): 2078–2088. 3221: 3215: 3214: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3085:(6): 1068–1075. 3070: 3064: 3063: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2980: 2970: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2911: 2901: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2729: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2499:. Archived from 2497:healthywomen.org 2489: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2467:. Archived from 2461: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2395: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2346: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2297: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2198:(5): E745–E751. 2187: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2112:(5): 1077–1079. 2097: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2071: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1895: 1892:The Fats of Life 1888:Pond CM (1998). 1885: 1879: 1878: 1868: 1859:(6): 1774–1782. 1844: 1838: 1837: 1819: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1770: 1760: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1719: 1710:(6): 2548–2556. 1695: 1689: 1688: 1678: 1646: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1586: 1526:Subcutaneous fat 1437: 1425: 1413: 1341:electric current 1231:, together with 1225:Jeffrey Friedman 1173:RNA sequencing ( 1061:Beige adipocytes 841:adult stem cells 755:Free fatty acids 737:abdominal cavity 641:Subcutaneous fat 635:subcutaneous fat 614:aerobic exercise 542:skeletal muscles 540:interspersed in 530:subcutaneous fat 526:abdominal cavity 462:, respectively. 416:abdominal cavity 332:subcutaneous fat 168:edit on Wikidata 127: 126: 125: 124: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 70: 55: 43: 21: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6801: 6773: 6746: 6694: 6635: 6575:Collagen fibers 6561: 6539: 6528: 6511:Wandering cells 6505: 6448: 6422: 6417: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6338: 6332: 6311: 6307: 6305:Further reading 6302: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6121:(10): 569–577. 6112: 6111: 6107: 6070:(6859): 34–35. 6061: 6060: 6056: 6034: 6033: 6029: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5826:Nature Genetics 5823: 5822: 5818: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5033: 5032: 5028: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4883:Cell Metabolism 4876: 4875: 4871: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4799:10.1038/ncb2740 4784: 4783: 4779: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4663:10.1038/nm.3361 4650:Nature Medicine 4643: 4642: 4633: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4044: 4043: 4039: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3578:Obesity Reviews 3574: 3573: 3569: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3242:10.1002/jbmr.82 3223: 3222: 3218: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2978:1854/LU-8548759 2940: 2939: 2935: 2909:1854/LU-8607023 2879: 2878: 2874: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2659:Obesity Reviews 2654: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2609:Obesity Reviews 2606: 2605: 2601: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2068:Wayback Machine 2059: 2055: 2024:(42): 705–713. 2011: 2010: 2006: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1817:10.1038/454947a 1789: 1788: 1784: 1751:(2016): 47–56. 1738: 1737: 1733: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1648: 1647: 1632: 1588: 1587: 1576: 1571: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1405: 1373: 1314: 1308: 1300:muscular tissue 1296: 1237:Douglas Coleman 1210: 1204: 1143: 1133:in response to 1102:receptor gamma 1092:bioavailability 1087: 1057: 959: 945: 870:gene expression 862:immunophenotype 813:central obesity 752: 725:skeletal muscle 713: 696: 649: 643: 623: 576:type 2 diabetes 532:underneath the 511: 505: 485: 456:lymphoid tissue 396: 348:muscular system 316: 289:atherosclerosis 281:type 2 diabetes 232:in the form of 181:(also known as 172: 121: 120: 119: 89: 85: 77: 61: 41: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6845: 6843: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6814: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6592:Elastic fibers 6589: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6542: 6538:Extracellular 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6486:Reticular cell 6483: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6374:Adipose tissue 6369: 6368:External links 6366: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6336: 6330: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6259:(4): 467–477. 6239: 6198: 6164:(4): 406–413. 6148: 6105: 6054: 6043:(6): 601–609. 6027: 5976: 5935: 5916:(4): 305–308. 5900: 5859: 5832:(3): 213–215. 5816: 5759: 5718: 5669: 5662: 5644: 5601: 5594: 5576: 5569: 5551: 5524: 5517: 5491: 5439: 5410:(8): 480–495. 5390: 5338: 5281: 5232: 5183: 5132: 5075: 5046:(7): 660–673. 5026: 4977: 4918: 4889:(4): 593–604. 4869: 4820: 4793:(6): 659–667. 4777: 4726: 4697:(2): 143–149. 4677: 4631: 4582: 4532: 4491: 4448: 4393: 4364:(5): 298–307. 4344: 4315:(2): 400–413. 4295: 4244: 4230: 4203:(1): 277–359. 4184: 4135: 4106:(1–2): 27–35. 4086: 4037: 4008:(2): 206–217. 3988: 3929: 3883: 3824: 3794: 3759: 3708: 3687:(2): 179–188. 3667: 3638:(6): 671–694. 3621: 3567: 3513: 3464: 3415: 3363: 3314: 3285:(2): 508–521. 3265: 3216: 3197:(3): 296–310. 3178: 3151:(6): 949–959. 3135: 3114: 3065: 3058: 3037: 3018:(2): 125–131. 3002: 2933: 2872: 2831: 2810:(5): 695–703. 2790: 2761:(4): 363–368. 2741: 2692: 2665:(8): 664–690. 2642: 2599: 2564: 2550: 2530: 2527:on 2007-03-15. 2506: 2503:on 2009-06-09. 2484: 2456: 2407: 2378:(1): 191–198. 2358: 2309: 2268: 2225: 2182: 2161:(6): 883–888. 2141: 2092: 2072: 2053: 2004: 1975:(4): 603–613. 1952: 1909: 1902: 1880: 1839: 1782: 1731: 1690: 1630: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1372: 1371:Animal studies 1369: 1318:body fat meter 1307: 1306:Body fat meter 1304: 1295: 1292: 1233:Rudolph Leibel 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1154:DNA microarray 1147:bioinformatics 1142: 1139: 1135:interleukin 33 1085: 1056: 1053: 1049:histologically 991:catecholamines 955:Main article: 951:Brown fat cell 944: 941: 929: 928: 922: 917: 912: 907: 901: 896: 751: 748: 712: 709: 695: 692: 667:, cancer, and 642: 639: 622: 621:Epicardial fat 619: 504: 501: 484: 481: 395: 392: 356:adipose depots 315: 312: 308:Conrad Gessner 179:Adipose tissue 174: 173: 164: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 129: 128: 83: 79: 78: 71: 63: 62: 56: 48: 47: 46:Adipose tissue 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6844: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 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5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5794:10.1038/43185 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5534:Human Biology 5528: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 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3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429:Endocrinology 3426: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279:Endocrinology 3276: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079:Diabetes Care 3076: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615:(9): e13275. 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2471:on 2011-09-28 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427:(1): e22898. 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329:(45): e1991. 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Diabetes Care 2103: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 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379:blood vessels 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360:preadipocytes 357: 353: 352:breast tissue 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 320: 313: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 207:preadipocytes 204: 200: 196: 192: 189:) is a loose 188: 184: 180: 169: 163: 159: 156: 153: 151: 147: 144: 141: 139: 135: 130: 123: 116: 84: 82:Pronunciation 80: 75: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6677: 6557:Tissue fluid 6340: 6313: 6291:. Retrieved 6287:the original 6256: 6252: 6242: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6040: 6036: 6030: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5738:(1): 30–35. 5735: 5731: 5721: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5653: 5647: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5585: 5579: 5560: 5554: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5500: 5494: 5462:(1): 57–65. 5459: 5455: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5358: 5354: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5203:(1): 25–37. 5200: 5196: 5186: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5043: 5039: 5029: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4653: 4649: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4552: 4548: 4535: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4396: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4233: 4200: 4196: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3899: 3895: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3816:. Retrieved 3797: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3533: 3529: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3383: 3379: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3194: 3190: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3127:. Retrieved 3117: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3049: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2662: 2658: 2645: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2555:. Retrieved 2540: 2533: 2525:the original 2521:Yahoo Health 2520: 2509: 2501:the original 2496: 2487: 2479: 2473:. Retrieved 2469:the original 2459: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2288:(1): 76–79. 2285: 2281: 2271: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2087: 2056: 2021: 2017: 2007: 1972: 1968: 1961:Bachmanov AA 1955: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1891: 1883: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1661:(1): 35–60. 1658: 1654: 1598: 1594: 1374: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1297: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1249: 1245:hypothalamus 1222: 1211: 1184: 1172: 1152: 1144: 1116: 1100: 1096: 1080:hyperthermia 1069: 1060: 1058: 1045: 1026: 1003: 979:mitochondria 960: 930: 885: 874: 850:feeder cells 838: 825:hypertension 794: 787: 783: 759:lipoproteins 753: 745: 741: 714: 697: 688: 684: 673: 658: 624: 603: 588: 565: 559:(EWAT), and 523: 503:Visceral fat 486: 464: 438:wall of the 413: 387:subcutaneous 376: 355: 340:visceral fat 325: 296:adipose gene 293: 267:(especially 242: 222:immune cells 202: 198: 186: 182: 178: 177: 6779:Specialized 6769:Mesenchymal 6740:Aponeurosis 6491:Tendon cell 6453:Composition 6434:Soft tissue 2953:(1): 2050. 2845:Circulation 1925:(1): 9–15. 1385:eosinophils 1082:and death. 1033:weight loss 894:Adiponectin 771:esterifying 711:Ectopic fat 473:pericardial 460:milky spots 368:macrophages 364:fibroblasts 211:fibroblasts 132:Identifiers 6816:Categories 6524:Macrophage 6501:Melanocyte 6476:Fibroblast 6427:Physiology 6293:2016-09-08 5152:(18): 18. 4264:(36): 36. 3818:2013-12-19 3599:1942/24948 3536:: 983814. 3129:2013-12-02 2475:2009-04-10 1569:References 1531:Bariatrics 1521:Stem cells 1510:Starvation 1457:Adipocytes 1389:Macrophage 1379:deficient 1363:(ADP) and 1345:resistance 1310:See also: 1195:epigenetic 1187:(ChIP-seq) 1041:Vidal-Puig 937:adipokines 773:them onto 750:Physiology 694:Marrow fat 661:hypodermis 645:See also: 626:Epicardial 554:epididymal 550:mesenteric 507:See also: 493:panniculus 477:lymph node 444:intestines 428:epididymis 273:adipokines 240:the body. 195:adipocytes 185:or simply 37:See also: 6787:Cartilage 6756:Embryonic 6713:Submucosa 6673:Reticular 6602:Fibrillin 6519:Mast cell 6496:Adipocyte 6481:Fibrocyte 5811:205032762 3484:: 39–46. 3191:Nutrition 2687:206228752 2637:234747534 2557:August 3, 1834:205040511 1552:World Fit 1515:Steatosis 1499:Human fat 1489:Lipolysis 1484:Cellulite 1288:receptors 1280:mutations 1223:In 1995, 1076:uncoupler 1043:in 2020. 1037:brown fat 1010:symporter 943:Brown fat 933:cytokines 925:Estradiol 889:include: 881:estradiol 877:aromatase 809:metabolic 805:Abdominal 599:menopause 561:perirenal 381:. 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