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From oldest to youngest he has a younger brother with high-functioning autism diagnosed only at the age of about 50 (Mitchell), who has long been a valuable employee of the
Veterans Administration, another younger brother (Elliott) who is an attorney, and a younger sister (Barbara) who is a social worker. Cowan was interested in science including making a telescope out of trial lenses in his father's office, tinkering with electricity and electronics at home, and expressing interest when Francis Crick won the Nobel prize and in the Washington Post indicated that he next wanted to study "how the brain works." Cowan's first experimental project, in a high school research class, involved supercooling suspended animation of rotifers, with guidance from his instructor and Commander Perry at the Bethesda Naval Hospital. Also in high school, reading a description of research studies in sleep and dreams inspired his interest in a career involving research on the brain and mind centered on understanding consciousness, which he hoped would also be of clinical, educational, or practical value. Cowan's home was within biking distance along Rock Creek Park to the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, and in the summers when home from college, he volunteered there one year (with Monte Buchsbaum), learning computer programming and studying hemispheric laterality, and had a paid assistantship the next summer (with David Jacobowitz). The latter led to his first publication on a study that he suggested to the scientists, on examining the synergic and antagonistic actions of two neurotransmitter systems in rats.
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this question repeatedly in different ways and has found that a number of factors are not sufficient. These factors that could not completely account for working memory capacity growth include the allocation of attention to relevant items, encoding speed and rehearsal, and knowledge. In memory for simple, spoken sentences, for example, more mature participants remembered more units, not larger ones. Recent evidence suggests that older children become better able to notice patterns in the stimuli that allow them quickly to memorize information and thereby ease the load on the focus of attention. Consequently, older participants can remember tones or words and colors at the same time, better than younger children with less interference between the two modalities
Similar findings have been obtained in the area of adult aging, with a U-shaped development across the life span in the number of items that can be held in working memory without mnemonic strategies. Simple working memory tasks account for aptitudes better in children too young to apply mnemonic strategies, and Cowan has made considerable use of a simple task that maximizes the correlation with aptitudes by making the endpoint of a list unpredictable, known as running memory span. Minimizing mnemonic strategies may mean that more attention is needed for recall, which may also be needed in typical tasks of intellectual aptitudes.
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ignored channel of speech while repeating different speech presented in the other ear, a selective listening task. They also used the improved methodology to replicate the early, poorly-studied finding that about a third of participants notice their names unexpectedly presented in a channel to be ignored . That finding, however, was ambiguous. It could be that high-working-memory-span individuals are better able to monitor the channel to be ignored, or it could be that the low-span individuals cannot fix their attention on the assigned task, so that it wanders over intermittently to sample the channel to be ignored. The results have come out strongly in that direction, with many more low-span individuals noticing their names in the ignored channel. Proving that the results did not have to turn out that way, they were different for healthy older adults; their spans are like relatively low-span younger adults, yet the older adults rarely noticed their names in the channel to be ignored, suggesting that their focus of attention is strategically intact but with possibly a smaller capacity than young adults.
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within this activated portion, a focus of attention limited to about 3-4 separate items or chunks in typical adults. Cowan contends that previous models did not sufficiently distinguish between these temporary-storage mechanisms. In this theory, why is there interference between words and visual objects like colors when both are held in mind? Because the focus of attention is involved in maintaining information of all types and, when the procedure discourages mnemonic strategies like grouping and rehearsal, the focus of attention is limited to just a few separate units of information - as argued in a review cited over 6,900 times according to Google
Scholar. In the brain, an area of the intraparietal sulcus plays a large role in the focus of attention, perhaps serving as an index connected to posterior areas representing the content of active memories.
281:, with a smaller subset held in a more integrated form in the current focus of attention. Other work has been on the developmental growth of working memory capacity and the scientific method. His work, funded by the National Institutes of Health since 1984 (primarily NICHD), has been cited over 41,000 times according to Google Scholar. The work has resulted in over 250 peer-reviewed articles, over 60 book chapters, 2 sole-authored books, and 4 edited volumes.
277:, the small amount of information held in mind and used for language processing and various kinds of problem solving. To overcome conceptual difficulties that arise for models of information processing in which different functions occur in separate boxes, Cowan proposed a more organically organized "embedded processes" model. Within it, representations held in working memory comprise an activated subset of the representations held in
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Stimuli with changed physical features attract attention, whereas stimulus features or patterns that are repeated or continuous become a part of the neural model of the environment; there is habituation of the orienting response, and such stimuli stop attracting attention. For example, Emily
Elliott and Cowan showed that pre-exposure to sounds to be used as distractors reduced their capability to distract.
25:
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In addition to basic scientific work, Cowan's collaborative research related to working memory has led to clarification of the role of memory in language disorders, dyslexia, autism, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, amnesia, and alcoholic intoxication, as explained further on his web site and CV.
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In another part of the theory of Cowan, conceptual difficulties of the idea of an attention filter were addressed. If unattended information is filtered out, how can it come to attract attention? In the theory, the attention filter is replaced by the well-known mechanism of orienting of attention.
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In Cowan's work on the childhood development of working memory, a major task has been to deconfound development given that many processes develop together and need to be disentangled. Could it be that working memory capacity increases with age only because of some other factor? Cowan has examined
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In another kind of research on attention, Noelle Wood and Cowan replicated an often-discussed but until then poorly-understood phenomenon termed the cocktail party phenomenon. Using methodology improved from the 1950s, they found that people take a long time to notice subtle acoustic changes in an
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Cowan provides many biographical details on his web site. He was born in 1951 in
Washington, D.C. as the first child (son) of Jewish parents, Arthur Cowan from Boston, an optometrist, and Shirly B. Cowan (nee Frankle) of Baltimore. He grew up in Wheaton, Maryland and attended Wheaton High School.
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Cowan's theoretical model addresses key puzzles in information processing using a new approach in which there are two aspects of working memory: the activated portion of long-term memory, which includes rapidly-learned information limited only by decay and interference among similar features and,
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For example, the work on amnesia indicates that individuals who usually cannot form new memories because of stroke or brain damage often demonstrate considerable ability to do so when the information to be memorized is surrounded by several minutes with minimal visual or acoustic interference.
457:. Elected posts include member of the Governing Board of the Psychonomic Society (2006-2011) and President of the Experimental Psychology Division (3) of the American Psychological Association (2008-2009). He won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the
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1785:"2020, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, A preregistered replication and extension of the cocktail party phenomenon: One's name captures attention, unexpected words do not"
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1651:"1995, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: attention and memory in the classic selective listening procedure of Cherry (1953)"
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2052:"2009, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Investigating the Childhood Development of Working Memory Using Sentences: New Evidence for the Growth of Chunk Capacity"
1116:"2010, Brain, Visual working memory deficits in Parkinson's patients are due to both reduced storage capacity and impaired ability to filter out irrelevant information"
1030:"2019, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Contributions of filtering and attentional allocation to working memory performance in individuals with autism spectrum disorder"
519:"1988, Psychological Bulletin, Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system"
2558:
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1612:"2001, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Habituation to auditory distractors in a cross-modal, color-word interference task"
2150:"2020, Psychology and Aging, Adult age differences in working memory capacity: Spared central storage but deficits in ability to maximize peripheral storage"
883:
Cowan, N.; Belletier, C.; Doherty, J. M.; Jaroslawska, A. J.; Rhodes, S.; Forsberg, A.; Naveh-Benjamin, M.; Barrouillet, P.; Camos, V.; Logie, R. H. (2020).
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1563:"2016, Cerebral Cortex, Cross-Modal Decoding of Neural Patterns Associated with Working Memory: Evidence for Attention-Based Accounts of Working Memory"
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1077:"1997, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Impaired precision, but normal retention, of auditory sensory ("echoic") memory information in schizophrenia"
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1814:"1999, Child Development, The role of attention in the development of short-term memory: age differences in the verbal span of apprehension"
1902:"2006, Psychological Science, Rethinking Speed Theories of Cognitive Development: Increasing the Rate of Recall Without Affecting Accuracy"
2396:"1974, Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, On the behavioral and neurochemical actions of 6-hydroxydopa and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in rats"
2347:"2008, Memory & Cognition, The Deployment of Attention in Short-term Memory Tasks: Tradeoffs between Immediate and Delayed Deployment"
1255:"2007, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Differential Effects of Alcohol on Working Memory: Distinguishing Multiple Processes"
380:
1304:"2019, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Alcohol Effects on Response Inhibition: Variability across Tasks and Individuals"
1302:
Bartholow, B. D.; Fleming, K. A.; Wood, P. K.; Cowan, N.; Saults, J. S.; Altamirano, L.; Miyake, A.; Martins, J.; Sher, K. J. (2018).
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41:
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34:
2246:"Working Memory Capacity for Spoken Sentences Decreases with Adult Aging: Recall of Fewer, but not Smaller Chunks in Older Adults"
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2298:"2005, Cognitive Psychology, On the Capacity of Attention: Its Estimation and Its Role in Working Memory and Cognitive Aptitudes"
885:"2020, Perspectives on Psychological Science, How Do Scientific Views Change? Notes from an Extended Adversarial Collaboration"
683:"2010, Current Directions in Psychological Science, The Magical Mystery Four: How is Working Memory Capacity Limited, and Why?"
667:
396:
1698:"The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: how frequent are attention shifts to one's name in an irrelevant auditory channel?"
1465:"2011, Neuropsychologia, The Focus of Attention As Observed in Visual Working Memory Tasks: Making Sense of Competing Claims"
573:"2001,Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity"
784:"2019, Psychological Bulletin, Short-term Memory Based on Activated Long-term Memory: A Review In Response to Norris (2017)"
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836:"2016, Perspectives on Psychological Science, Working Memory Maturation: Can We Get at the Essence of Cognitive Growth?"
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2101:"2018, Developmental Science, Development of the Ability to Combine Visual and Acoustic Information in Working Memory"
622:"2004, Psychological Science, Constant capacity in an immediate serial-recall task: a logical sequel to Miller (1956)"
1951:"2011, Developmental Science, Age Differences in Visual Working Memory Capacity: Not Based on Encoding Limitations"
1853:"2010, Developmental Science, Seven-year-olds Allocate Attention Like Adults Unless Working Memory is Overloaded"
1367:"2014, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Central and Peripheral Components of Working Memory Storage"
2296:
Cowan, N.; Elliott, E. M.; Saults, J. S.; Morey, C. C.; Mattox, S.; Hismjatullina, A.; Conway, A. R. (2005).
732:"2012, Psychological Review, Models of Verbal Working Memory Capacity: What Does It Take to Make Them Work?"
404:
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2000:"2015, Developmental Science, Knowledge Cannot Explain the Developmental Growth of Working Memory Capacity"
387:, where he has remained since. Additionally, Cowan has served as a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the
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159:(2020); Honorary doctorates (University of Helsinki, Finland, 2003; University of Liège, Belgium, 2015);
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213:
981:"2017, Dyslexia, Short-term Memory in Childhood Dyslexia: Deficient Serial Order in Multiple Modalities"
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129:
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Cowan, N.; Li, D.; Moffitt, A.; Becker, T. M.; Martin, E. A.; Saults, J. S.; Christ, S. E. (2011).
376:
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163:; President’s Faculty Award for Sustained Excellence, University of Missouri System, 2011; Fellow,
544:
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1165:"2004, Brain, Verbal recall in amnesiacs under conditions of diminished retroactive interference"
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1206:"2009, Neuropsychology, Delaying Interference Enhances Memory Consolidation in Amnesic Patients"
1352:"2020, Neuropsychology, Wakeful rest benefits before and after encoding in anterograde amnesia"
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Cowan, N.; Elliott, E. M.; Saults, J. S.; Nugent, L. D.; Bomb, P.; Hismjatullina, A. (2006).
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1514:"2014, Neuroimage, Domain-General and Domain-Specific Functional Networks in Working Memory"
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Cowan, N.; Hogan, T. P.; Alt, M.; Green, S.; Cabbage, K. L.; Brinkley, S.; Gray, S. (2017).
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Lee, E. Y.; Cowan, N.; Vogel, E. K.; Rolan, T.; Valle-Inclán, F.; Hackley, S. A. (2010).
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Majerus, S.; Cowan, N.; Péters, F.; Van
Calster, L.; Phillips, C.; Schrouff, J. (2014).
175:; Golden Chalk Award, for graduate teaching and education, University of Missouri, 1999.
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It may require cleanup to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s content policies, particularly
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1416:"2011, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, A Neural Region of Abstract Working Memory"
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239:
2197:"Life-Span Development of Visual Working Memory: When is Feature Binding Difficult?"
1851:
Cowan, N.; Morey, C. C.; Aubuchon, A. M.; Zwilling, C. E.; Gilchrist, A. L. (2010).
1737:"The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity"
653:
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Cowan, N.; Aubuchon, A. M.; Gilchrist, A. L.; Ricker, T. J.; Saults, J. S. (2011).
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500:"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri"
1799:"Older adults do not notice their names: A new twist to a classic attention task"
942:"Information Processing by School-Age Children With Specific Language Impairment"
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668:"2005/2016, Working Memory Capacity, Psychology Press/Rutledge, classic edition"
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Cowan, N.; Nugent, L. D.; Elliott, E. M.; Ponomarev, I.; Saults, J. S. (1999).
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537:"1995, Attention and Memory: An Integrated Framework, Oxford Psychology Series"
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1998:
Cowan, N.; Ricker, T. J.; Clark, K. M.; Hinrichs, G. A.; Glass, B. A. (2014).
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Toward an understanding of morphological segmentation in unfamiliar languages
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Javitt, D. C.; Strous, R. D.; Grochowski, S.; Ritter, W.; Cowan, N. (1997).
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Richardson, J. S.; Cowan, N.; Hartman, R.; Jacobowitz, D. M. (1974).
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
499:
428:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
2604:
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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Conway, Andrew R. A.; Cowan, Nelson; Bunting, Michael F. (2001).
2195:
Cowan, N.; Naveh-Benjamin, M.; Kilb, A.; Saults, J. S. (2006).
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Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
730:
Cowan, N.; Rouder, J. N.; Blume, C. L.; Saults, J. S. (2012).
18:
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Saults, J. S.; Cowan, N.; Sher, K. J.; Moreno, M. V. (2007).
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Gillam, Ronald B.; Cowan, Nelson; Marler, Jeffrey A. (1998).
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in 1977 and 1980, respectively, after which he completed a
1204:
Dewar, M.; Garcia, Y. F.; Cowan, N.; Sala, S. D. (2009).
459:
Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science
157:
Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science
2244:
Gilchrist, A. L.; Cowan, N.; Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2008).
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Gilchrist, A. L.; Cowan, N.; Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2009).
2448:"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, web page"
33:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
2574:
Academic staff of the University of Western Australia
2148:
Greene, N. R.; Naveh-Benjamin, M.; Cowan, N. (2020).
2609:
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
2099:
Cowan, N.; Li, Y.; Glass, B.; Saults, J. S. (2017).
2345:Bunting, M. F.; Cowan, N.; Colflesh, G. H. (2008).
2045:
2043:
455:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
383:in 1982, and in 1985, he joined the faculty of the
250:
234:
224:
206:
196:
186:
165:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
151:
143:
135:
117:
101:
88:
78:
2484:"Psychological Scientists Elected as AAAS Fellows"
379:. He subsequently was hired as a professor at the
946:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
407:, where he also served as a professorial fellow.
1028:Bodner, K. E.; Cowan, N.; Christ, S. E. (2019).
2505:Nelson Cowan's homepage with link to updated CV
1365:Cowan, N.; Saults, J. S.; Blume, C. L. (2014).
1163:Cowan, N.; Beschin, N.; Della Sala, S. (2004).
303:Attention filtering by habituation of orienting
829:
827:
8:
2564:Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
2291:
2289:
1308:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
1259:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
441:. He was awarded honorary doctorates at the
434:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
255:https://memory.psych.missouri.edu/cowan.html
2584:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
1655:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
1371:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
687:Current Directions in Psychological Science
620:Cowan, N.; Chen, Z.; Rouder, J. N. (2004).
425:and previously was associate editor of the
422:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
238:Lewis A. Leavitt (secondary during Ph.D.),
513:
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1974:
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1512:Li, D.; Christ, S. E.; Cowan, N. (2014).
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1004:
908:
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807:
777:
775:
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706:
588:
545:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119107.001.0001
480:
478:
476:
474:
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
2056:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
449:, Belgium (2015). He is a fellow of the
439:European Journal of Cognitive Psychology
2464:. Society of Experimental Psychologists
470:
2559:Academics of the University of Bristol
2554:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1481:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.035
889:Perspectives on Psychological Science
840:Perspectives on Psychological Science
566:
564:
451:Society of Experimental Psychologists
173:Association for Psychological Science
161:Society of Experimental Psychologists
7:
2569:Academic staff of Leipzig University
2428:. American Psychological Association
155:Lifetime Achievement Award from the
381:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1610:Elliott, E. M.; Cowan, N. (2001).
411:Professional activities and honors
169:American Psychological Association
14:
2599:American academic journal editors
1741:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1420:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
269:of Psychological Sciences at the
83:Link to image on Cowan's web site
2594:American cognitive psychologists
2589:Scientists from Washington, D.C.
1967:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01060.x
1918:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01666.x
1869:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00864.x
1530:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.028
638:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00732.x
44:. Please discuss further on the
23:
1649:Wood, N. L.; Cowan, N. (1995).
571:Cowan, Nelson (February 2001).
415:Since 2017, Cowan has been the
397:University of Western Australia
265:is the Curators' Distinguished
2579:University of Missouri faculty
2314:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001
1081:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1034:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
985:Dyslexia (Chichester, England)
294:Working memory capacity limits
1:
2549:University of Michigan alumni
1169:Brain: A Journal of Neurology
577:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
351:with an independent major in
316:Development of working memory
289:Main scientific contributions
1696:Wood, N.; Cowan, N. (1995).
235:Other academic advisors
2213:10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1089
1667:10.1037/0096-3445.124.3.243
1093:10.1037/0021-843x.106.2.315
539:. Oxford University Press.
2630:
2068:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.05.006
1714:10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.255
1628:10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.654
1271:10.1037/1064-1297.15.6.576
2262:10.1080/09658210802261124
590:10.1017/S0140525X01003922
486:"Nelson Cowan's web site"
445:, Finland (2003) and the
246:
179:
2517:publications indexed by
2201:Developmental Psychology
901:10.1177/1745691620906415
852:10.1177/1745691615621279
699:10.1177/0963721409359277
1830:10.1111/1467-8624.00080
1432:10.1162/jocn.2011.21625
405:University of Edinburgh
373:postdoctoral fellowship
369:University of Wisconsin
339:Education and positions
111:University of Wisconsin
2351:Memory & Cognition
2250:Memory (Hove, England)
958:10.1044/jslhr.4104.913
788:Psychological Bulletin
535:Cowan, Nelson (1998).
443:University of Helsinki
389:University of Helsinki
385:University of Missouri
349:University of Michigan
271:University of Missouri
201:University of Missouri
106:University of Michigan
2105:Developmental Science
2004:Developmental Science
1955:Developmental Science
1906:Psychological Science
1857:Developmental Science
1579:10.1093/cercor/bhu189
626:Psychological Science
401:University of Bristol
393:University of Leipzig
130:Cognitive development
113:(MS, 1978; PhD, 1980)
42:neutral point of view
16:American psychologist
2614:Dyslexia researchers
2302:Cognitive Psychology
2154:Psychology and Aging
1182:10.1093/brain/awh107
1132:10.1093/brain/awq197
736:Psychological Review
273:. He specializes in
171:and Charter Fellow,
2426:"Nelson Cowan, PhD"
2363:10.3758/mc.36.4.799
447:University of Liège
377:New York University
2544:Memory researchers
2510:Working Memory Lab
2166:10.1037/pag0000476
2117:10.1111/desc.12635
2016:10.1111/desc.12197
1754:10.3758/BF03196169
1463:Cowan, N. (2011).
1320:10.1037/pha0000190
1046:10.1037/abn0000471
834:Cowan, N. (2016).
800:10.1037/bul0000199
782:Cowan, N. (2019).
681:Cowan, N. (2010).
2488:Observer Magazine
1818:Child Development
1426:(10): 2852–2863.
554:978-0-19-511910-7
343:Cowan received a
260:
259:
181:Scientific career
74:
73:
66:
37:with its subject.
2621:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2473:
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2458:
2452:
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2422:
2416:
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2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2207:(6): 1089–1102.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2027:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1961:(5): 1066–1074.
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1789:
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1781:
1775:
1774:
1756:
1732:
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1693:
1687:
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1646:
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1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1475:(6): 1401–1406.
1469:Neuropsychologia
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1383:10.1037/a0036814
1377:(5): 1806–1836.
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1222:10.1037/a0015568
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1175:(Pt 4): 825–34.
1160:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1126:(9): 2677–2689.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1008:
997:10.1002/dys.1557
976:
970:
969:
937:
931:
930:
912:
895:(4): 1011–1025.
880:
874:
873:
863:
831:
822:
821:
811:
779:
770:
769:
759:
748:10.1037/a0027791
727:
721:
720:
710:
678:
672:
671:
664:
658:
657:
617:
611:
610:
592:
568:
559:
558:
532:
526:
525:
523:
515:
504:
503:
496:
490:
489:
482:
334:Academic history
279:long-term memory
226:Doctoral advisor
220:
167:, 2012; Fellow,
94:Washington, D.C.
76:
69:
62:
58:
55:
49:
35:close connection
27:
26:
19:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
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2620:
2619:
2618:
2524:
2523:
2501:
2496:
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2467:
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2344:
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2295:
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2287:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2049:
2048:
2041:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1567:Cerebral Cortex
1560:
1559:
1555:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1210:Neuropsychology
1203:
1202:
1198:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1027:
1026:
1022:
978:
977:
973:
939:
938:
934:
882:
881:
877:
833:
832:
825:
781:
780:
773:
729:
728:
724:
680:
679:
675:
666:
665:
661:
619:
618:
614:
570:
569:
562:
555:
534:
533:
529:
521:
517:
516:
507:
498:
497:
493:
484:
483:
472:
467:
417:editor-in-chief
413:
341:
336:
327:
318:
305:
296:
291:
230:Philip A. Morse
218:
109:
97:
96:, United States
84:
81:
70:
59:
53:
50:
39:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:Google Scholar
2512:
2507:
2500:
2499:External links
2497:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2453:
2439:
2417:
2386:
2357:(4): 799–812.
2337:
2285:
2256:(7): 773–787.
2236:
2187:
2160:(6): 866–880.
2140:
2091:
2062:(2): 252–265.
2039:
2010:(1): 132–145.
1990:
1941:
1892:
1843:
1824:(5): 1082–97.
1804:
1790:
1776:
1747:(2): 331–335.
1727:
1688:
1641:
1602:
1573:(1): 166–179.
1553:
1524:(2): 646–656.
1504:
1455:
1406:
1357:
1343:
1314:(3): 251–267.
1294:
1265:(6): 576–587.
1245:
1216:(5): 627–634.
1196:
1155:
1106:
1067:
1040:(8): 881–891.
1020:
991:(3): 209–233.
971:
952:(4): 913–926.
932:
875:
823:
794:(8): 822–847.
771:
742:(3): 480–499.
722:
673:
659:
612:
560:
553:
527:
505:
491:
469:
468:
466:
463:
412:
409:
355:in 1973 and a
340:
337:
335:
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295:
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275:working memory
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242:(postdoctoral)
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122:Working memory
119:
118:Known for
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85:
82:
79:
72:
71:
54:September 2021
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2626:
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2607:
2605:
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2540:
2539:Living people
2537:
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2531:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
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2356:
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2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:(1): 42–100.
2307:
2303:
2299:
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2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
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2240:
2237:
2232:
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2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:(5): e12635.
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:(1): 120–33.
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:(1): 255–60.
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:(3): 243–62.
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:(3): 654–67.
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
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1527:
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1519:
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1508:
1505:
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1478:
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1470:
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1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
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1380:
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1372:
1368:
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1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
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1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
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1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:(2): 315–24.
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
846:(2): 239–64.
845:
841:
837:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
776:
772:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
714:
709:
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692:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
663:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:(9): 634–40.
631:
627:
623:
616:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
583:(1): 87–114.
582:
578:
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561:
556:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
528:
520:
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240:Martin Braine
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91:
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68:
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57:
47:
43:
38:
36:
30:
21:
20:
2515:Nelson Cowan
2487:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2456:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2420:
2406:(1): 29–44.
2403:
2399:
2389:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2305:
2301:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2059:
2055:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1912:(1): 67–73.
1909:
1905:
1895:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1793:
1779:
1744:
1740:
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1701:
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1658:
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1615:
1605:
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1521:
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1507:
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1468:
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1423:
1419:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1346:
1311:
1307:
1297:
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1213:
1209:
1199:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1037:
1033:
1023:
988:
984:
974:
949:
945:
935:
892:
888:
878:
843:
839:
791:
787:
739:
735:
725:
693:(1): 51–57.
690:
686:
676:
662:
629:
625:
615:
580:
576:
530:
494:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
353:neuroscience
342:
328:
319:
310:
306:
297:
283:
263:Nelson Cowan
262:
261:
212:
197:Institutions
180:
80:Nelson Cowan
60:
51:
32:
2534:1951 births
2468:December 7,
2432:December 7,
2528:Categories
1518:NeuroImage
465:References
437:, and the
403:, and the
365:psychology
325:Early life
191:Psychology
108:(BS, 1973)
2462:"Fellows"
2182:218634558
1062:204029777
927:214269869
367:from the
347:from the
267:Professor
139:Jean Ispa
126:Attention
102:Education
46:talk page
2381:18604962
2332:16039935
2280:18671167
2231:17087544
2174:32406709
2135:29119661
2086:19539305
2034:24942111
1985:21884322
1936:16371146
1887:20121868
1838:10546336
1763:11495122
1636:11394672
1597:25146374
1548:25178986
1499:21277880
1450:21261453
1401:24867488
1338:29863383
1289:18179311
1240:19702416
1191:14749294
1150:20688815
1054:31599633
1015:28497530
919:32511059
870:26993277
818:31328941
766:22486726
717:20445769
654:11730159
646:15327636
599:11515286
461:(2020).
453:and the
144:Children
2412:4847904
2372:2667108
2323:2673732
2271:2610466
2222:1635970
2126:5986620
2077:2752294
2025:4270959
1976:3177168
1927:2615186
1878:2819460
1771:8946077
1722:7876773
1683:6065385
1675:7673862
1588:4717284
1539:4252243
1490:3095706
1441:3138911
1392:4172497
1329:5991490
1280:2658822
1231:2808210
1141:2929336
1101:9131851
1006:5540735
966:9712137
910:7334077
861:4800832
809:6650160
757:3618891
708:2864034
607:8739159
419:of the
251:Website
2410:
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2133:
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2022:
1983:
1973:
1934:
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754:
715:
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652:
644:
605:
597:
551:
399:, the
395:, the
391:, the
219:(1980)
217:
208:Thesis
187:Fields
152:Awards
136:Spouse
2178:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1120:Brain
1058:S2CID
923:S2CID
650:S2CID
603:S2CID
522:(PDF)
361:Ph.D.
2470:2019
2434:2019
2408:PMID
2377:PMID
2328:PMID
2276:PMID
2227:PMID
2170:PMID
2131:PMID
2082:PMID
2030:PMID
1981:PMID
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