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1241:, a religious text in Hinduism, mentions Angiras Ghora as the teacher of Krishna. He is believed to have taught Krishna the five vows, namely, honesty, asceticism, charity, non-violence and truthfulness. Ghora is identified as Neminatha by some scholars. Mahabharata mentions him as the teacher of the path of salvation to
1212:
of
Krishna through his nostrils. According to the texts, no one could lift the conch except Krishna, let alone blow it. After this event, the Harivaṃśapurāṇa, as composed by Acharya Jinasena, states that Krishna decided to test Neminatha's strength and challenged him for a friendly duel. Neminatha,
1498:
O Worshipful Lord! Endowed with supreme accomplishments, you had burnt the karmic fuel with the help of pure concentration; your eyes were broad as open water-lilies. You were the chief of the Hari dynasty and had promulgated the unblemished tradition of reverence, and control of the senses. You
1638:
Neminatha is believed to have had the same dark-bluish-colored skin as
Krishna. Painting depicting his life stories generally identifies him as dark-coloured. His iconographic identifier is a conch carved or stamped below his statues. Sometimes, as with Vishnu's iconography, a
1762:
1269:
and maternal grandfather of
Krishna. He is believed to have heard animal cries as they were being slaughtered for the marriage feast. Taken over by sorrow and distress at the sight, he is believed to have given up the desire of getting married, and to have become a
1808:
Neminatha is one of the five most devotionally revered
Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Rishabhanatha, Parshvanatha and Shantinatha. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount
1233:, Neminatha is believed to have participated alongside Krishna. This is believed to be the reason for celebrating Krishna-related festivals in Jainism and for intermingling with Hindus, who worship Krishna as one of the incarnations of Vishnu.
1778:
1396:
1347:(nirvana) on the fifth peak or tonk (Urjayant Parvat) of Mount Girnar. Of these 1,000 years, he is believed to have spent 300 years as a bachelor, 54 days as an ascetic monk and 700 years as an omniscient being.
1499:
were an ocean of right conduct, and ageless. O Most
Excellent Lord Ariṣṭanemi! After illuminating the world (the universe and the non-universe) through powerful ways of omniscience, you had attained liberation
899:
Neminath, when heard the cries of animals being killed for his marriage feast, freed the animals and renounced his worldly life and became a Jain ascetic. The representatives of this event are popular in
1971:
1746:
1730:
1169:
Depiction of wedding procession of
Neminatha. His legend states that he renounced after hearing animal cries while they were being sacrificed to prepare his wedding feast.
3765:
1989:
1839:
and Tejpal, considered famous for ellaborate architecture and intricate carvings. The ceilings of the temple depicts scenes of the life of
Neminatha with image of
2021:
1514:
4283:
1278:. His bride-to-be Rajulakumari is believed to have followed him, becoming a nun and his brother Rahanemi became a monk, joining his ascetic order.
1110:
3353:
1681:
1564:(an early 14th-century poem of Vijayachandrasuri). The separation of Rajul and Neminatha has been a popular theme among Jain poets who composed
1173:
He is believed to have been born with a dark-blue skin complexion, a very handsome but shy young man. His father is mentioned as the brother of
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1217:, is believed to have defeated Krishna easily. He is also mentioned as spinning a great Chakra with the right leg toe during his childhood.
5440:
1133:. He is believed to have become fond of animals in his early life due to being in a cattle-herding family. Jain legends place him in the
4030:
1285:, Neminatha led an ascetic life thereby eating only once every three days, meditated for 55 days and then obtained omniscience on Mount
1957:
1697:
5394:
3872:
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3777:
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1871:(conch shell). The unique feature of this temple is a monolithic pillar with the carving of 1008 Tirthankaras known as
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Jain tradition holds that the
Neminatha's marriage was arranged with Rajulakumari or Rajimati or Rajamati, daughter of
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who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. His icons include the eponymous deer as his emblem, the
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He is said to have lived 1,000 years and spent many years spreading his knowledge and preaching principles of
1245:. He may also be identified with a Scandinavian or Chinese deity, but such claims are not accepted generally.
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is also shown near him, as in the 6th-century sculpture found at the archaeological site near
Padhavali (
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3867:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
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1817:, for example, which is believed to have been a place where Neminatha is believed to have achieved
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according to
Digambara tradition and Gomedha and Ambika according to Śhvētāmbara tradition.
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963:
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802:
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3731:
A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century
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A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography
3334:
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1935:
1828:
1226:
1018:
790:
705:
574:
283:
1784:
Depiction of Neminatha on Naag as bed, chakra on foot finger and conch played by nose at
1551:. The incident where Neminatha is depicted as blowing Krishna's mighty conch is given in
173:
1610:
Neminatha, along with Rishbhanatha and the Śramaṇa tradition, has been mentioned in the
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which is an epithet of the sun-chariot. Neminatha's name is spelled close to the 21st
5473:
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5211:
4877:
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4250:
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4084:
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3993:
3934:
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3662:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
3656:
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1876:
1852:
1848:
1703:
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583:
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256:
199:
3635:(Ph.D.), vol. 1, Department of Dance, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda,
3571:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
1266:
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3303:
Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara
3191:
3070:
1995:
1913:
1909:
1855:, built in 7th century, is considered one of the most important temple built by
1688:
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3547:
Kalyana Mitra: A treasure house of history, culture and archaeological studies
3456:, A history of Indian literature: Classical Sanskrit literature, vol. 1,
3228:
3026:
1861:
1722:
1333:
1230:
1201:
1079:. There was a gap of 581,750 years between the Neminatha and his predecessor,
863:
849:
833:
682:
677:
527:
517:
512:
420:
346:
47:
38:
3480:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
3338:
1430:
who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. Unlike the last two
1034:
came from a dream his mother had during pregnancy, where she saw a "wheel of
5269:
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1836:
1615:
1286:
1138:
1080:
1046:
755:
745:
720:
555:
507:
4474:
3708:
A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar
1656:, but her colour varies from golden to greenish to dark-blue, by region.
1083:
as per traditional beliefs. He lived approx. 81,000 years before the 23rd
5343:
5338:
4851:
4825:
4558:
4213:
4189:
4159:
3484:
3022:
Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity
1949:
1897:
1548:
1536:
1439:
1415:
1262:
1194:
1174:
979:
930:
915:
901:
837:
495:
99:
20:
3973:
3224:
Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts
3136:. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan.
1438:
to be legendary characters. Scenes from Neminatha's life are popular in
986:
which means "rim, felly of a wheel" or alternatively "thunderbolt", and
4692:
4468:
4463:
4434:
4297:
3953:
3819:
3640:
3108:
1905:
1867:
1844:
1814:
1611:
1522:
1190:
1178:
1146:
1096:
1072:
889:
857:
238:
119:
89:
4293:
4261:
1675:
Neminatha Jain statue (c. 475 CE), in Buddha style from Shreyansh giri
5348:
4846:
4586:
4453:
4419:
4052:
3909:
3575:
2411:
2409:
1886:
1832:
1652:
1640:
1487:
1466:
1462:
1380:
1371:
1358:
1352:
1275:
1134:
967:
958:
919:
667:
391:
326:
185:
59:
872:
Parshvanath. According to traditional accounts, he was born to King
3349:
Neminathacaritra (Book 8 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra)
2200:
2198:
2196:
4983:
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4429:
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1999:
1917:
1796:
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1513:
1395:
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1209:
1164:
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1004:
386:
145:
4008:
3933:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2921:
2919:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2384:
2382:
1599:, one of the most influential Kannada poets of the 13th century.
1569:
1271:
1257:
Neminatha temple complex on Girnar hills near Junagadh, Gujarat.
1177:, Krishna's father, therefore he is mentioned as the cousin of
1126:
877:
4265:
4012:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2369:
2367:
3383:
Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2091:
2089:
1859:. The temple derives its name from the image of Neminatha in
1529:
The Jain traditions about Neminatha are incorporated in the
2556:
2554:
2171:
2169:
1630:
The largest statue of Neminath with height of 16 meters at
3789:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
3049:
Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India
1595:, the "Unfinished Life of Nemi", is an incomplete epic by
1446:
is a collection of hymn dedicated to Neminatha along with
3107:(From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period ed.).
2428:
2426:
2424:
1539:. A palm leaf manuscript on the life of Neminatha, named
3864:
Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
2293:
2291:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2630:
2628:
1297:
According to Jain texts Neminatha had 11 Gandhara with
1204:, wife of Krishna, Neminatha is depicted to have blown
3453:
A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit
2261:
2259:
1543:, was written in 1198-1142 AD. It is now preserved in
1301:
as the leader of the Neminatha disciples. Neminatha's
3710:. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press.
2910:
1149:). His birth date is believed to be the fifth day of
2814:
5403:
5367:
5250:
5189:
5153:
5083:
5001:
4994:
4946:
4870:
4834:
4784:
4711:
4626:
4572:
4517:
4508:
4332:
4304:
4204:
4063:
1659:The earliest known image of Neminatha was found in
1121:Neminatha is mentioned as the youngest son of king
212:
192:
180:
164:
159:
151:
141:
133:
125:
115:
105:
95:
85:
77:
30:
2545:
922:, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its
3887:Nemi - Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology
1589:(1269) by Vinaychandra depicted the same story.
1071:). Jain tradition place him as a contemporary of
3104:Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
1647:). Artworks showing Neminatha sometimes include
2925:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2706:
2682:
2583:
2415:
2388:
2160:
2148:
1560:Rajul's love for Neminatha is described in the
1496:
868:). Neminath lived 81,000 years before the 23rd
3841:Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion
3599:An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash
2742:
1607:, 9th century, is an adoration of Neminatha.
1434:, historians consider Neminatha and all other
861:
4277:
4024:
2826:
2730:
2694:
2619:
2607:
2521:
2473:
2346:
2322:
2282:
2204:
2095:
1892:Important Neminatha temple complexes include
810:
8:
2533:
1458:, Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha.
2373:
2175:
2136:
2124:
1200:In one of the legends, on being taunted by
4998:
4514:
4284:
4270:
4262:
4031:
4017:
4009:
3958:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2937:
2778:
1400:Teaching and Liberation of Neminatha from
817:
803:
225:
66:
3990:"Lakshmeshwar, a melting pot of cultures"
3360:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006),
3174:Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur
2560:
2080:
1265:. Ugrasena is believed to be the king of
3836:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
3766:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
3483:, vol. One: A-B (Second ed.),
2754:
2646:
990:which means "lord, patron, protector".
72:Idol of Neminath at Girnar Hill, Gujarat
2766:
2718:
2485:
2432:
2400:
2112:
2061:
1925:
1665:
1038:jewels". His full name is mentioned as
237:
2802:
2634:
2297:
2250:
2187:
2068:
1426:, Neminatha is one of the twenty-four
1313:(female monks) as per the mentions in
1305:(religious order) consisted of 18,000
1193:of Kushana period depicts Krishna and
884:. His birth date was the fifth day of
223:
27:
3843:], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.),
3689:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
3649:Gujarat Darsana: The Literary History
3550:. Vol. 5. Blue Rose Publishers.
2997:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2838:
2334:
2265:
941:, Neminath is one of the twenty-four
7:
2985:
2898:
2790:
2670:
2658:
2595:
2509:
2497:
2456:
2444:
2358:
1573:, a poetry genre. Some examples are
1490:(songs) adore Shantinatha. One such
1013:as Neminatha, because he viewed the
852:: अरिष्टनेमि), is the twenty-second
3631:Shah, Parul (31 August 1983), "5",
3596:Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda (1970),
2911:Ching, Jarzombek & Prakash 2010
1614:. Neminatha is also referred to in
978:The name Neminatha consists of two
3786:Titze, Kurt; Bruhn, Klaus (1998).
3147:Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
1889:(temple) during 9th century.
1183:Trishashti-salaka-purusha-charitra
1093:Trishashtishalakapursusha Charitra
1003:, it was the ancient Indian deity
14:
3077:; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2010) ,
1843:(who was to marry Neminatha) and
5454:
4292:
3928:
3706:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) .
3610:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
3515:A History of Kanarese Literature
3477:; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010),
3080:A Global History of Architecture
3019:Beck, Guy L. (1 February 2012),
2020:
2006:
1988:
1970:
1956:
1942:
1928:
1777:
1761:
1745:
1729:
1715:
1696:
1680:
1668:
1057:Neminatha was the twenty-second
999:, as well as the explanation of
892:, who was the 9th and last Jain
784:
245:
5390:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
3330:History of Gujarati Literature
3133:Meghadutam of Mahakavi Kalidas
1585:(1400) by Somsundar. The poem
1469:of Neminatha are Sarvanha and
1341:. He is said to have attained
1:
3988:Azer, Rahman (27 June 2011).
3861:Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995),
3130:Acharya Charantirtha (1973).
1405:
1067:(present descending cycle of
129:10 bows – 98 feet (30 m)
3756:Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) ,
3380:Kelting, M. Whitney (2009),
3276:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
1865:posture standing on a large
880:in the north Indian city of
4475:
3602:, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
3279:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
3177:, Oxford University Press,
2028:Neminatha temple, Kumbharia
1125:and queen Shivadevi of the
993:According to the Jain text
876:and Queen Shivadevi of the
840:: नेमिनाथः), also known as
626:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
402:Aparigraha (non-possession)
5511:
3651:, Darshan Trust, Ahmedabad
3633:The rasa dance of Gujarata
3524:Asian Educational Services
3346:Johnson, Helen M. (1931),
2227:"Arishtanemi: Jaina saint"
1786:Parshvanath temple, Tijara
1770:Government Museum, Mathura
1754:Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum
1738:National Museum, New Delhi
1583:Rangasagara Neminatha Fagu
1581:(1375) by Jayashekhar and
1521:recto Neminatha's blowing
1504:Svayambhūstotra (22-1-121)
612:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
591:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
18:
5451:
4046:
3890:, Oxford University Press
3764:: Publications Division,
3354:Baroda Oriental Institute
2815:Acharya Charantirtha 1973
2608:Melton & Baumann 2010
1663:dating back to c. 18 CE.
1289:, under a Mahavenu tree.
1197:as cousins of Neminatha.
1114:The birth of Aristanemi,
65:
45:
35:
3692:, Abhinav Publications,
3647:Shastree, K. K. (2002),
3430:Jainism: An Introduction
3410:, Abhinav Publications,
3363:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
1894:Tirumalai (Jain complex)
1831:, built in 1230 by two
1482:praises the twenty-four
1309:(male monks) and 44,000
1161:Life before renunciation
896:, was his first cousin.
766:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
619:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
409:Anuvratas (further vows)
19:Not to be confused with
5354:Jain terms and concepts
4974:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
3966:Indian History Congress
3824:University of Karnataka
3684:Shah, Umakant Premanand
3607:Shah, Natubhai (2004),
3388:Oxford University Press
3366:, Infobase Publishing,
3300:Jain, Vijay K. (2015),
3054:Oxford University Press
2769:, pp. 14, 242–243.
2546:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
2374:Jain & Fischer 1978
2231:Encyclopedia Britannica
2176:Jain & Fischer 1978
1804:in 1911, from northeast
1802:Neminath temple, Girnar
1587:Neminatha Chatushpadika
375:Mahavratas (major vows)
3916:& Kegan Paul Ltd,
3831:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
3758:Jaina Shrines in India
3566:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
3404:Kumar, Sehdev (2001),
2938:Titze & Bruhn 1998
1964:Arahanthgiri Jain Math
1902:Arahanthgiri Jain Math
1805:
1635:
1577:(1344) by Rajshekhar,
1526:
1507:
1411:
1258:
1185:. Sculptures found in
1170:
1118:
888:of the Jain calendar.
862:
673:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
584:Samayasāra (Digambara)
397:Brahmacarya (chastity)
5385:List of Jain ascetics
5190:Dynasties and empires
4979:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
3905:Philosophies Of India
3816:Compendium of Jainism
3101:Chugh, Lalit (2016).
3085:John Wiley & Sons
2561:Jones & Ryan 2006
1873:Sahasrakuta Jinabimba
1800:
1634:built in 12th century
1629:
1517:
1399:
1256:
1168:
1113:
1075:, the ninth and last
1030:Jain texts, his name
392:Asteya (non-stealing)
382:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
16:22nd Jain Tirthankara
5380:List of Jain temples
4219:Bharata Chakravartin
3952:Gaur, R. C. (1976).
3512:Rice, E.P. (1982) .
3169:Dhere, Ramchandra C.
3071:Ching, Francis D. K.
2926:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2887:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2875:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2863:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2851:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2707:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2683:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2584:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2416:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2389:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2161:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2149:Umakant P. Shah 1987
1736:Neminath Sculpture,
1545:Shantinatha Bhandara
1337:(asceticism) in the
1229:between Krishna and
1061:(ford-maker) of the
860:in the present age (
551:Schools and Branches
5461:Religion portal
5395:Topics List (index)
4686:Mahamastakabhisheka
3845:Motilal Banarsidass
3794:Motilal Banarsidass
3770:Government of India
3615:Motilal Banarsidass
3507:, Prabhat Prakashan
3458:Harrassowitz Verlag
3448:Lienhard, Siegfried
3341:on 20 December 2016
3325:Jhaveri, Mansukhlal
3284:Motilal Banarsidass
3200:(Second ed.),
2976:, pp. 305–306.
2877:, pp. 264–265.
2865:, pp. 164–170.
2853:, pp. 164–168.
2805:, pp. 358–359.
2781:, pp. 134–156.
2757:, pp. 282–283.
2743:K. K. Shastree 2002
2673:, pp. 150–151.
2661:, pp. 150–155.
2536:, pp. 143–145.
2418:, pp. 165–166.
2337:, pp. 193–196.
2207:, pp. 317–318.
2163:, pp. 164–165.
1978:Chavundaraya Basadi
1525:'s conch verso text
1331:(non-violence) and
1238:Chandogya Upanishad
1131:Sauripura (Dvaraka)
1017:as the "rim of the
1007:who named the 22nd
791:Religion portal
481:The 24 Tirthankaras
5359:Sexual differences
4229:Indrabhuti Gautama
3954:"Vedoc Chronology"
3306:, Vikalp Printer,
3075:Jarzombek, Mark M.
2827:Natubhai Shah 2004
2731:Amaresh Datta 1988
2695:Upinder Singh 2016
2620:Natubhai Shah 2004
2522:Natubhai Shah 2004
2474:von Glasenapp 1925
2347:Upinder Singh 2008
2323:Natubhai Shah 2004
2283:Natubhai Shah 2004
2205:von Glasenapp 1925
2096:von Glasenapp 1925
1806:
1636:
1541:Neminatha-Charitra
1527:
1412:
1274:and gone to Mount
1259:
1171:
1119:
1001:Acharya Hemchandra
904:. He had attained
598:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
5495:Indian Jain monks
5467:
5466:
5149:
5148:
4928:Hampa Nagarajaiah
4821:Auspicious dreams
4749:Bhaktamara Stotra
4622:
4621:
4259:
4258:
3923:978-81-208-0739-6
3847:(Reprint: 1999),
3803:978-81-208-1534-6
3749:978-81-317-1120-0
3740:Pearson Education
3676:978-93-325-6996-6
3667:Pearson Education
3589:978-81-7154-839-2
3580:Popular Prakashan
3557:978-93-5741-111-0
3504:Indian Literature
3501:Nagendra (1988),
3494:978-1-59884-204-3
3475:Melton, J. Gordon
3467:978-1-84511-625-5
3440:978-1-84511-625-5
3417:978-81-7017-348-9
3397:978-0-19-538964-7
3373:978-0-8160-7564-5
3293:978-81-208-0805-8
3269:978-90-04-05259-8
3255:Jaina Iconography
3250:Fischer, Eberhard
3184:978-0-19-977759-4
3161:978-81-260-1194-0
3122:978-93-5206-825-8
3094:978-0-471-26892-5
3063:978-0-19-803037-9
3036:978-0-7914-6415-1
2745:, pp. 56–57.
2534:Sehdev Kumar 2001
2524:, pp. 23–24.
2403:, pp. 1–266.
2376:, pp. 16–17.
2046:Arihant (Jainism)
1885:, seated in this
1857:Kalyani Chalukyas
1362:of Neminatha are
1339:Saurashtra region
1143:Saurashtra region
1129:lineage, born at
827:
826:
446:Micchami Dukkadam
441:Bhaktamara Stotra
370:Ethics of Jainism
224:
222:
221:
205:Śivādevī (mother)
5502:
5459:
5458:
5421:Monks & nuns
5318:Statue of Ahimsa
5275:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
4999:
4913:Champat Rai Jain
4756:Tattvartha Sutra
4515:
4478:
4296:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4090:Abhinandananatha
4057:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3939:
3932:
3931:
3900:Campbell, Joseph
3896:Zimmer, Heinrich
3891:
3882:Williams, Monier
3877:
3857:
3826:
3807:
3782:
3752:
3721:
3702:
3679:
3652:
3643:
3627:
3603:
3592:
3561:
3542:Reddy, P. Chenny
3537:
3508:
3497:
3470:
3443:
3433:, I. B. Tauris,
3425:Long, Jeffery D.
3420:
3400:
3376:
3356:
3342:
3337:, archived from
3320:
3296:
3272:
3260:Brill Publishers
3258:, vol. 12,
3241:
3214:
3187:
3164:
3137:
3126:
3097:
3066:
3039:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2564:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2024:
2010:
1992:
1982:Shravanabelagola
1974:
1960:
1946:
1932:
1781:
1765:
1749:
1733:
1719:
1700:
1684:
1672:
1605:Acharya Jinasena
1532:Harivamsa Purana
1505:
1486:, and its eight
1410:
1407:
867:
819:
812:
805:
789:
788:
726:Shravanabelagola
633:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
605:Tattvartha Sutra
249:
226:
70:
28:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5490:Longevity myths
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5447:
5399:
5363:
5312:Panch Kalyanaka
5246:
5185:
5181:Non-creationism
5145:
5079:
4990:
4942:
4923:Jeffery D. Long
4918:Padmanabh Jaini
4903:Virchand Gandhi
4883:Colette Caillat
4866:
4830:
4780:
4707:
4618:
4568:
4504:
4391:Heavenly beings
4328:
4300:
4290:
4260:
4255:
4200:
4195:Simandhar Swami
4059:
4042:
4037:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3976:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3929:
3924:
3894:
3880:
3875:
3860:
3855:
3829:
3810:
3804:
3785:
3780:
3755:
3750:
3724:
3718:
3705:
3700:
3682:
3677:
3655:
3646:
3630:
3625:
3613:, vol. 1,
3606:
3595:
3590:
3564:
3558:
3540:
3534:
3511:
3500:
3495:
3473:
3468:
3446:
3441:
3423:
3418:
3403:
3398:
3379:
3374:
3359:
3345:
3335:Sahitya Akademi
3323:
3314:
3299:
3294:
3275:
3270:
3246:Jain, Jyotindra
3244:
3239:
3217:
3212:
3190:
3185:
3167:
3162:
3152:Sahitya Akademi
3140:
3129:
3123:
3100:
3095:
3069:
3064:
3042:
3037:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2779:Parul Shah 1983
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:, p. 1258.
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:, p. 1551.
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2137:Monier Williams
2135:
2131:
2125:Monier Williams
2123:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1936:Brahma Jinalaya
1933:
1829:Dilwara Temples
1795:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1768:Neminath idol,
1766:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1624:
1562:Rajal-Barahmasa
1512:
1506:
1503:
1480:Svayambhustotra
1477:Samantabhadra's
1408:
1394:
1389:
1366:(Digambara) or
1323:
1299:Varadatta Svami
1295:
1251:
1223:
1163:
1151:Shravana Shukla
1108:
1055:
1019:wheel of dharma
976:
953:(Digambara) or
918:, and became a
823:
783:
776:
775:
741:
740:
731:
730:
698:
697:
688:
687:
663:
662:
653:
652:
578:
577:
575:Jain literature
566:
565:
548:
547:
538:
537:
476:
475:
466:
465:
456:Ṇamōkāra mantra
436:
435:
426:
425:
367:
366:
357:
356:
287:
286:
208:
188:
176:
171:
170:
120:Shankha (conch)
73:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5508:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5136:Southeast Asia
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:Organisations
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4938:Jinendra Varni
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Hermann Jacobi
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Digambara monk
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4776:Uttaradhyayana
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:Namokar Mantra
4738:
4733:
4731:Shatkhandagama
4728:
4726:Pravachanasara
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4537:Kashtha Sangha
4534:
4532:Balatkara Gana
4523:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4376:Jain cosmology
4373:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:Jainism topics
4291:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Shreyansanatha
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:Suparshvanatha
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:God in Jainism
4038:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4006:
4005:
3985:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3922:
3892:
3878:
3873:
3858:
3853:
3827:
3808:
3802:
3792:(2 ed.).
3783:
3778:
3760:(1 ed.),
3753:
3748:
3726:Singh, Upinder
3722:
3716:
3703:
3698:
3680:
3675:
3657:Singh, Upinder
3653:
3644:
3628:
3623:
3604:
3593:
3588:
3562:
3556:
3538:
3532:
3509:
3498:
3493:
3471:
3466:
3444:
3439:
3421:
3416:
3401:
3396:
3377:
3372:
3357:
3343:
3321:
3312:
3297:
3292:
3273:
3268:
3242:
3237:
3219:Doniger, Wendy
3215:
3210:
3188:
3183:
3165:
3160:
3142:Datta, Amaresh
3138:
3127:
3121:
3098:
3093:
3067:
3062:
3040:
3035:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3000:, p. 437.
2990:
2978:
2966:
2964:, p. 295.
2954:
2952:, p. 300.
2942:
2940:, p. 253.
2930:
2928:, p. 169.
2915:
2913:, p. 336.
2903:
2901:, p. 229.
2891:
2889:, p. 166.
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2841:, p. 187.
2831:
2829:, p. 269.
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2721:, p. 117.
2711:
2709:, p. 253.
2699:
2687:
2685:, p. 239.
2675:
2663:
2651:
2649:, p. 137.
2639:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2586:, p. 165.
2565:
2563:, p. 311.
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2500:, p. 156.
2490:
2488:, p. 226.
2478:
2476:, p. 318.
2461:
2449:
2437:
2435:, p. 104.
2420:
2405:
2393:
2391:, p. 164.
2378:
2363:
2351:
2349:, p. 313.
2339:
2327:
2302:
2300:, p. 226.
2287:
2270:
2255:
2253:, p. 224.
2243:
2209:
2192:
2190:, p. 225.
2180:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2139:, p. 534.
2129:
2127:, p. 569.
2117:
2115:, p. 225.
2100:
2098:, p. 317.
2085:
2083:, p. 444.
2081:Sarasvati 1970
2073:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:God in Jainism
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:, 12th Century
1767:
1760:
1758:
1756:, 12th century
1751:
1744:
1742:
1740:, 11th Century
1735:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1645:Madhya Pradesh
1623:
1620:
1579:Neminatha Fagu
1575:Neminatha Fagu
1511:
1508:
1501:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1370:(Śhvētāmbara)
1322:
1319:
1294:
1291:
1250:
1247:
1222:
1219:
1162:
1159:
1155:Hindu calendar
1145:of modern-day
1107:
1104:
1069:Jain cosmology
1054:
1051:
975:
972:
957:(Śhvētāmbara)
886:Shravan Shukla
825:
824:
822:
821:
814:
807:
799:
796:
795:
794:
793:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
742:
738:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
699:
695:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
660:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
643:
640:Silappatikaram
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
579:
573:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
549:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
473:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
433:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
377:
368:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
251:
250:
242:
241:
235:
234:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
207:
206:
203:
196:
194:
190:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
43:
42:
36:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5507:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:List of Jains
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:Jain calendar
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5141:United States
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5075:Uttar Pradesh
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:Nalini Balbir
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Vegetarianism
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4252:
4251:Samudravijaya
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:Sudharmaswami
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:(other world)
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Chandraprabha
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Sambhavanatha
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Rishabhanatha
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4011:
3995:
3994:Deccan Herald
3991:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3935:public domain
3925:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:81-7017-316-7
3870:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:81-208-1376-6
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:81-230-1013-3
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3717:0-19-560686-8
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3699:81-7017-208-X
3695:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3624:9788120819382
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3533:81-206-0063-0
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:Non-Copyright
3315:
3313:9788190363976
3309:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:0-7914-1381-0
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:0-415-26605-X
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:Cort, John E.
3041:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:, p. 47.
2816:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2793:, p. 43.
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:Nagendra 1988
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2697:, p. 26.
2696:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:Lienhard 1984
2643:
2640:
2637:, p. 40.
2636:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:, p. 25.
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:, p. 47.
2597:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:, p. 42.
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:, p. 19.
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:, p. 46.
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:, p. 23.
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2325:, p. 24.
2324:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:, p. 23.
2284:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2268:, p. 31.
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:, p. 17.
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2071:, p. 45.
2070:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:Odegal basadi
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:Adikavi Pampa
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1853:Lakshmeshwara
1850:
1849:Shanka Basadi
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1710:, 7th century
1709:
1705:
1704:Akota Bronzes
1699:
1694:
1691:, 6th century
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:Chandraprabha
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Rishabhanatha
1421:
1417:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:According to
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:, the mighty
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Samudravijaya
1117:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
989:
985:
981:
973:
971:
969:
966:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:Rishabhanatha
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
903:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:Samudravijaya
871:
866:
865:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
735:
734:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
692:
691:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
657:
656:
649:
648:
644:
642:
641:
637:
635:
634:
630:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
580:
576:
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
523:Samantabhadra
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:Major figures
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Navkar Mantra
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Satya (truth)
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
361:
360:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
279:
278:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
252:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
218:
215:
211:
204:
201:
200:Samudravijaya
198:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
69:
64:
61:
57:
53:
52:Salakapurusha
49:
44:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5485:Tirthankaras
5316:
5295:Samavasarana
5285:Śalākāpuruṣa
4893:John E. Cort
4804:Ashtamangala
4799:Siddhachakra
4736:Kasayapahuda
4703:Pratikramana
4611:Sthānakavāsī
4369:Anekāntavāda
4365:Jaina logic
4359:Kevala Jñāna
4354:Epistemology
4205:
4185:Parshvanatha
4179:
4120:Shitalanatha
4064:
3997:. Retrieved
3977:. Retrieved
3961:
3957:
3927:
3904:
3886:
3863:
3840:
3835:
3815:
3812:Tukol, T. K.
3788:
3757:
3730:
3707:
3688:
3661:
3648:
3632:
3609:
3598:
3570:
3546:
3514:
3503:
3479:
3452:
3429:
3406:
3382:
3362:
3348:
3339:the original
3329:
3317:
3302:
3278:
3254:
3223:
3196:
3192:Dundas, Paul
3173:
3146:
3132:
3113:Notion Press
3103:
3079:
3048:
3021:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2767:Jhaveri 1978
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2719:Kelting 2009
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2548:, p. 7.
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2486:Doniger 1993
2481:
2452:
2440:
2433:Sangave 2001
2401:Johnson 1931
2396:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2246:
2236:15 September
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2183:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2113:Doniger 1993
2076:
2064:
2014:Kamal Basadi
1891:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1807:
1661:Kankali Tila
1658:
1651:
1637:
1609:
1603:composed by
1600:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1497:
1491:
1484:tirthankaras
1483:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1444:Jinastotrāņi
1443:
1436:tirthankaras
1435:
1432:tirthankaras
1431:
1428:Tirthankaras
1427:
1420:Parshvanatha
1413:
1401:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1280:
1260:
1249:Renunciation
1236:
1235:
1224:
1221:As a teacher
1214:
1199:
1187:Kankali Tila
1182:
1172:
1150:
1120:
1092:
1089:Parshvanatha
1084:
1076:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1008:
996:Uttarapurana
994:
992:
987:
983:
977:
974:Nomenclature
962:
954:
950:
942:
935:Parshvanatha
928:
912:Girnar Hills
905:
898:
885:
878:Yadu dynasty
869:
845:
841:
836:: नेमिनाथ) (
829:
828:
761:Jain symbols
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
500:
461:Jai Jinendra
434:Jain prayers
408:
374:
322:Kevala Jnana
292:Anekantavada
86:Venerated in
25:
5237:Rashtrakuta
5154:Jainism and
5053:Maharashtra
5011:Bundelkhand
4898:Paul Dundas
4771:Kalpa Sūtra
4766:Aptamimamsa
4651:Monasticism
4582:Murtipujaka
4564:Kanji Panth
4544:Taran Panth
4527:Mula Sangha
4381:Siddhashila
4314:Tirthankara
4170:Munisuvrata
4155:Kunthunatha
4150:Shantinatha
4145:Dharmanatha
4140:Anantanatha
4135:Vimalanatha
4115:Pushpadanta
4100:Padmaprabha
4095:Sumatinatha
4066:Tirthankara
3979:11 February
3641:10603/59446
2803:Sastri 2002
2635:Dundas 2002
2298:Zimmer 1953
2251:Zimmer 1953
2188:Zimmer 1953
2069:Tandon 2002
1996:Bhand Dewal
1914:Bhand Dewal
1910:Bhand Dewal
1835:brothers -
1825:Luna Vasahi
1689:Nasik Caves
1687:Neminatha,
1622:Iconography
1593:Arddha Nemi
1554:Kalpa Sūtra
1519:Kalpa Sūtra
1456:Shantinatha
1448:Munisuvrata
1414:Along with
1409: 1500
1402:Kalpa-Sutra
1315:Kalpa Sutra
1283:Kalpasutras
1243:king Sagara
1215:Tirthankara
1206:Panchajanya
1116:Kalpa Sūtra
1100:Hemachandra
1091:as per the
1085:Tirthankara
1059:Tirthankara
1044:tirthankara
1010:tirthankara
943:Tirthankars
929:Along with
854:tirthankara
771:Topics list
696:Pilgrimages
647:Valayapathi
546:Major sects
533:Yashovijaya
337:Brahmacarya
110:Parshvanath
96:Predecessor
78:Other names
5474:Categories
5416:Literature
5305:Samvatsari
5070:Tamil Nadu
4995:Jainism in
4814:Nandavarta
4761:Samayasāra
4713:Literature
4681:Kshamavani
4676:Paryushana
4639:Meditation
4634:Sallekhana
4574:Śvetāmbara
4495:Ratnatraya
4415:Gunasthana
4334:Philosophy
4241:Jambuswami
4165:Mallinatha
4080:Ajitanatha
3229:SUNY Press
3027:SUNY Press
2998:Chugh 2016
2974:Chugh 2016
2962:Chugh 2016
2950:Chugh 2016
2839:Reddy 2023
2335:Dhere 2011
2266:Tukol 1980
2052:References
1882:Ādi purāṇa
1862:kayotsarga
1723:Pandavleni
1708:MET museum
1510:Literature
1334:aparigraha
1231:Jarasandha
1202:Satyabhama
1064:avasarpiṇī
1040:Aristanemi
1032:Aristanemi
1027:Śvetāmbara
870:Tirthankar
864:Avasarpini
850:Devanagari
846:Ariṣṭanemi
834:Devanagari
683:Samvatsari
678:Paryushana
561:Śvetāmbara
528:Haribhadra
518:Siddhasena
513:Kundakunda
421:Sallekhana
347:Gunasthana
342:Aparigraha
284:Philosophy
169:Ariṣṭanemi
48:Tirthankar
46:Member of
39:Tirthankar
5480:Neminatha
5334:Sculpture
5270:Ekendriya
5131:Singapore
5116:Hong Kong
5096:Australia
5065:Rajasthan
5036:Karnataka
4948:Community
4933:Bal Patil
4888:Chandabai
4857:Pattavali
4809:Shrivatsa
4794:Jain flag
4671:Festivals
4627:Practices
4615:Terapanth
4602:Tristutik
4592:Kharatara
4554:Terapanth
4549:Bispanthi
4519:Digambara
4342:Five Vows
4319:Ganadhara
4224:Ganadhara
4180:Neminatha
4175:Naminatha
4130:Vasupujya
3968:: 46–49.
3914:Routledge
3898:(1953) ,
3762:New Delhi
3736:New Delhi
3520:New Delhi
3202:Routledge
3197:The Jains
3194:(2002) ,
2986:Azer 2011
2899:Cort 2001
2791:Rice 1982
2671:Jain 2015
2659:Jain 2015
2596:Cort 2001
2510:Long 2009
2498:Beck 2012
2457:Vyas 1995
2445:Gaur 1976
2359:Cort 2001
2057:Citations
1837:Vastupala
1752:Image at
1632:Tirumalai
1616:Yajurveda
1601:Nemidutam
1293:Disciples
1287:Raivataka
1139:Kathiawad
1081:Naminatha
1047:Naminatha
882:Sauripura
756:Jain flag
746:Ekendriya
721:Shikharji
661:Festivals
556:Digambara
508:Ganadhara
297:Cosmology
217:Yadu clan
174:Śaurīpura
160:Genealogy
106:Successor
81:Nemi, Nem
5426:Scholars
5404:Navboxes
5263:Timeline
5212:Ikshvaku
5197:Chalukya
5166:Hinduism
5161:Buddhism
5126:Pakistan
5084:Overseas
4871:Scholars
4852:Kshullak
4835:Ascetics
4826:Swastika
4644:Sāmāyika
4559:Yapaniya
4510:Branches
4214:Bahubali
4190:Mahavira
4160:Aranatha
4055: ;
4051: ;
3974:44138897
3833:(1925),
3814:(1980),
3728:(2008),
3686:(1987),
3659:(2016),
3568:(2001),
3544:(2023).
3485:ABC-CLIO
3450:(1984),
3427:(2009),
3327:(1978),
3252:(1978),
3221:(1993),
3171:(2011),
3144:(1988),
3046:(2001),
2035:See also
1950:Kulpakji
1898:Kulpakji
1841:Rajmathi
1566:Gujarati
1549:Khambhat
1537:Jinasena
1502:—
1440:Jain art
1416:Mahavira
1364:Sarvanha
1263:Ugrasena
1213:being a
1195:Balarama
1175:Vasudeva
980:Sanskrit
951:Sarvanha
947:Mahavenu
931:Mahavira
916:Junagadh
902:Jain art
838:Sanskrit
830:Nemināth
711:Palitana
496:Mahavira
486:Rishabha
416:Sāmāyika
267:Timeline
231:a series
229:Part of
202:(father)
100:Naminath
31:Neminath
21:Naminath
5436:America
5431:Temples
5280:Pratima
5258:History
5251:Related
5242:Santara
5222:Kalinga
5217:Kadamba
5207:Hoysala
5176:Sikhism
5101:Belgium
5031:Haryana
5026:Gujarat
4956:Śrāvaka
4862:Acharya
4786:Symbols
4740:Mantra
4693:Upadhan
4666:Rituals
4661:Fasting
4500:Kashaya
4490:Saṃsāra
4469:Nirjara
4464:Samvara
4435:Pudgala
4324:Arihant
4206:Samanya
4049:Arihant
3902:(ed.),
3820:Dharwad
3109:Chennai
3007:Sources
1906:Nemgiri
1868:shankha
1845:Krishna
1819:nirvana
1815:Gujarat
1793:Temples
1612:Rigveda
1523:Krishna
1494:reads:
1488:shlokas
1392:Worship
1368:Gomedha
1321:Nirvana
1311:sadhvis
1267:Dvārakā
1225:In the
1191:Mathura
1179:Krishna
1153:of the
1147:Gujarat
1097:Acharya
1077:vasudev
1073:Krishna
982:words,
955:Gomedha
894:Vasudev
890:Krishna
858:Jainism
751:Temples
502:Arihant
352:Saṃsāra
262:History
239:Jainism
213:Dynasty
193:Parents
90:Jainism
56:Arihant
5441:Bengal
5349:Nigoda
5324:Temple
5290:Tirtha
5232:Pandya
5227:Maurya
5111:Europe
5106:Canada
5091:Africa
5058:Mumbai
5048:Kerala
4847:Aryika
4587:Gaccha
4459:Bandha
4454:Asrava
4449:Tattva
4440:Dharma
4420:Dravya
4408:Causes
4386:Naraka
4347:Ahimsa
4053:Siddha
3972:
3920:
3910:London
3871:
3851:
3800:
3776:
3746:
3714:
3696:
3673:
3621:
3586:
3576:Mumbai
3554:
3530:
3491:
3464:
3437:
3414:
3394:
3370:
3310:
3290:
3266:
3235:
3208:
3181:
3158:
3119:
3091:
3060:
3033:
1887:basadi
1879:wrote
1833:Porwad
1811:Girnar
1653:yakshi
1649:Ambika
1641:chakra
1492:shloka
1471:Ambika
1467:yakshi
1463:yaksha
1404:dated
1387:Legacy
1381:Yakshi
1377:Ambika
1374:, and
1372:Yaksha
1359:yakshi
1353:yaksha
1344:moksha
1328:ahiṃsā
1307:sadhus
1303:sangha
1276:Girnar
1135:Girnar
1036:Arista
968:Yakshi
964:Ambika
961:, and
959:Yaksha
949:tree,
920:siddha
907:moksha
716:Girnar
668:Diwali
491:Pārśva
365:Ethics
332:Tattva
327:Dravya
312:Dharma
302:Ahimsa
186:Girnar
152:Gender
126:Height
116:Symbol
60:Siddha
5368:Lists
5329:Stupa
5202:Ganga
5171:Islam
5121:Japan
5041:North
5016:Delhi
5003:India
4984:JAINA
4966:Tamil
4961:Sarak
4721:Agama
4698:Tapas
4485:Death
4476:Mokṣa
4430:Ajiva
4403:Types
4398:Karma
4246:Nabhi
3999:9 May
3970:JSTOR
3839:[
3012:Books
2000:Arang
1918:Arang
1597:Janna
1570:fagus
1210:conch
1106:Birth
1005:Indra
988:natha
924:karma
914:near
739:Other
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317:Mokṣa
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272:Index
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146:Black
142:Color
37:22nd
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