Druidry (modern) - Knowledge (XXG)

1568:, Evan A. Leach, and Leigh S. Shaffer gained responses from Druids in the U.S. Of these respondents, 49.7% were male and 48.2% female (2% did not answer), which reflected a greater proportion of men than the American Pagan community as a whole, which had a female majority. 73.6% of Druid respondents described themselves as heterosexual, with 16.2% as bisexual, 3% as gay men and 1.5% as lesbian. This reflected a greater proportion of heterosexuals than in the broader American Pagan community. The median income of these Druids was between $ 20,000 and $ 30,000, which was lower than the average for Pagans. The project revealed that 83.8% of Druid respondents were registered to vote, which was lower than the proportion across the broader Pagan community (87.8%). Among these Druids, 35.5% were registered independents, 31% 918:. These are the same festivals usually celebrated by Wiccans. According to the results of the World Druidry Survey of 2018–2020, 47% of world Druids currently celebrate all eight of these festivals in the traditional manner; 26% celebrate only a locally meaningful subset of them; and 27% do not celebrate any festivals at all, but focus instead on daily or weekly devotional practices and nature connection. 76% of Druids use the Wheel of the Year as a cyclical reminder to go outside to observe and connect with the natural world. As a result, 52% of world Druids report “wildcrafting” their seasonal celebrations to some extent, modifying the timing, sequence, and/or symbolism of their seasonal celebrations as needed to align with local seasonal cycles and ecologies. 627:

take place. Libations may be poured onto the ground while a chalice of drink is passed around the assembled participants, again in a deosil direction. Food, often in the form of bread or cake, is also passed around the Druids and consumed. This may be followed by a period of meditation among those assembled. A form of earth energy is then visualised, with participants believing that it is sent for a designated healing purpose. This may be designed to help the victims of a particular event, such as a war or an epidemic, or it might be directed to assist individuals known to the group who are ill or requiring emotional support. After the end of the ceremony, the Druids may remain together to take part in a meal, or visit a nearby

1475:, a liberal arts college that required its members to attend their choice of weekly religious services. As a form of humorous protest against this rule, a group of students, who contained Christians, Jews and agnostics within their ranks, decided to create their own, non-serious religious group. Their protest was successful, and the college's requirement was scrapped in 1964. Nonetheless, the group continued holding services. These were not considered Neopagan by most members, but rather as inter-religious. From its beginning, the RDNA encouraged the veneration of the natural world, personified as 318: 611: 329:, a distinction has been drawn between "cultural" Druids, who adopt the term as part of their Welsh and Cornish cultural activities, and "esoteric" Druids who pursue the movement as a religion. The scholar of religion Marion Bowman suggested "believing" as an alternative term to "esoteric". There are also individuals who cross these two categories, involving themselves in cultural Druidic events while also holding to modern Pagan beliefs. Some cultural Druids nevertheless go to efforts to disassociate themselves from their esoteric and Pagan counterpart; the 774: 686: 40: 576:

Order (6%), The Druid Network (4%), the New Order of Druids (2%), each of which offers either Druidry curriculum materials or online reference materials about how to practice contemporary Druidry. Survey results indicated that 25% of world Druids belong to multiple Druid groups; 57% belong to just one group, and 18% are unaffiliated, solitary practitioners. Despite these Druid group affiliations, 92% of world Druids report that most of their devotional practices and rituals are celebrated alone, as solitary practitioners.

7910: 1189:, its origins have remained somewhat unknown, but it subsequently spread in popularity from its base in London across much of Britain and even abroad, with new lodges being founded, all of which were under the control of the central Grand Lodge in London. The Order was not religious in structure, and instead acted as somewhat of a social club, particularly for men with a common interest in music. In 1833 it suffered a schism, as a large number of dissenting lodges, unhappy at the management of the Order, formed the 1518:. Arguing that it should draw from pan-European sources, rather than just those that were considered "Celtic", he placed an emphasis on academic and scholarly accuracy, taking a stand against what he perceived as the prevalent pseudo-historical ideas of many Neopagans and Druids. In 1986, several members of Ár nDraíocht Féin openly criticized Bonewits for his pan-European approach, wishing modern Druidism to be inspired purely by Celtic sources, and so they splintered off to form a group called the 180: 449:

connection through acts of reciprocity. Druids regularly participate in activities such as restoring native ecosystems, creating wildlife habitats, growing organic food crops, composting, installing solar or wind power systems, and changing personal consumption habits to protect the natural environment from damage. Many Druids are also involved in environmental activism, acting to protect areas of the natural landscape that are under threat from development or pollution.

1230: 619:"a stance, an attitude, a particular mode of experience and perception which gives rise to a feeling of being-in-the-world, of being part of Nature." The practices of modern Druids typically take place outside, in the daylight, in what is described as "the eye of the sun", meaning around midday. In some cases, they instead perform their rites indoors, or during the night. Druidic rituals usually reflect on the time of year and the changing of the seasons. 757:

practitioners regard it as a "revival" of genuine pre-Christian druidic practices, others see it a creative and respectful borrowing from one "native spirituality" into another, and a third school of thought regards it as a form of cultural theft. Native Americans who preserve the sweat lodge ceremonies for their communities have protested the appropriation of the ceremony by non-Natives, increasingly so now that people have been injured, and some have

1561:, there are approximately 30,000 Druids in the United States. In August 2007, the ADF claimed 1177 members, spread over 61 groves. Scholar of religion Michael T. Cooper found that, among 57 ADF members, 37% had previously been Christian, and that a common theme among participants in the group was disillusionment with Christianity, a religion that they regard as an oppressive force which has subordinated women and damaged the environment. 6160: 1546: 4867: 4881: 4874: 733:. In 2000, scholar of religion Amy Hale noted that Druidic rituals at such prehistoric sites were "increasingly more common". She regarded the stone circle as "a symbol of an imagined Celtic past" shared by both Druids and Gorseth Bards. As well as performing group rituals at sites, Druids also visit them alone to meditate, pray, and provide offerings. Aside from seasonal celebrations, 1116: 496:, although there is no set pantheon of deities to which all Druids adhere. Emphasis is placed upon the idea that these deities predate Christianity. These deities are usually regarded as being immanent rather than transcendent. Some practitioners say that the real existence of these deities is less important to them than the impact that the belief therein has upon their lives. 4782: 1537:(HOGD). In 1972, the Ancient Order of Masonic Druids in America changed its name to the current name the Ancient Order of Druids in America and started initiating women, which it had not done so previously because of its masonic origin. It was also at this time that AOMD denied ever having recognized AOMDA and wasn't interested in doing so at that time. 381: 623:

formally structured, with a fixed ceremonial framework unique to the Druid group, and a central ritual activity that varies with the season. Druids residing in the traditionally Celtic regions of Europe are significantly more likely than Druids residing in other parts of the world to perform their ceremonies and rituals in groups.

1529:, was founded as the Ancient Order of Masonic Druids in America in 1912 in Boston, Mass. The founder, James Manchester had obtained a charter from the Ancient Order of Masonic Druids of England (AOMD). AOMD started in 1874 as the Ancient Archaeological Order of Druids (AAOD) by Robert Wentworth Little, the founder of 1507:. Believing that the Reformed Druidic movement should accept that it was essentially Neopagan in nature, Bonewits founded a split-off group, the New Reformed Druids of North America (NRDNA), which he defined as an "Eclectic Reconstructionist Neo-Pagan Priestcraft, based primarily upon Gaulish and Celtic sources". 701:, southern England. Although Stonehenge predates the Iron Age and there is no evidence that it was ever used by Iron Age druids, many modern Druids believe that their ancient namesakes did indeed use it for their ceremonies. Druids also use many other prehistoric sites as spaces for their rituals, including 790:, which is dedicated to the recitation of poetry and musical performances. Within the Druidic community, practitioners who are particularly skilled in their recitation of poetry or their performance of music are referred to as Bards. Although bardism can also be found in other Pagan traditions such as 618:

Every solitary Druid and Druidic grove conducts its rituals and ceremonies in a unique way. Druidic rituals are designed to align their participants with the spirit imbuing nature. According to the anthropologist Thorsten Gieser, Druidic rituals are best seen not as a set of formalised actions but as

566:

rebury their human remains, and he said that storing and displaying those human remains was "immoral and disrespectful". Criticism of such demands has come from the archaeological community, with statements like "no single modern ethnic group or cult should be allowed to appropriate our ancestors for

448:

89% of world Druids practice nature-connection, along with some form of environmental stewardship work. Nature-connection involves spending time alone in nature, while maintaining a full sensory and spiritual awareness of whatever or whoever may be near by. Environmental stewardship work extends this

250:

Everything presently known about the Iron Age druids derives from archaeological evidence and Greco-Roman textual sources, rather than material produced by these druids themselves. Due to the scarcity of knowledge about the Iron Age druids, their belief system cannot be accurately reconstructed. Some

151:

By 2020, modern Druidry had spread to 34 nations, across 6 continents, and had taken root in 17 diverse biomes. The importance that modern Druids attributed to Celtic language and culture, circa 2020, varied depending upon the physical and cultural environments in which the individual Druid lived. By

93:

movement that promotes the cultivation of honorable relationships with the physical landscapes, flora, fauna, and diverse peoples of the world, as well as with nature deities, and spirits of nature and place. Theological beliefs among modern Druids are diverse; however, all modern Druids venerate the

921:

In some cases groups attempt to revive folkloric European festivals and their accompanying traditions. In other cases the rites are modern inventions, inspired by "the spirit of what they believe was the religious practice of pre-Roman Britain." For reasons of practicality, such celebrations are not

652:

The two most common locations for Druid rituals are indoors, at home, at a home altar or shrine (92% of Druids), or outdoors in a private garden or wild space (90% of Druids). Only 48% of world Druids regularly participate in rituals held in publicly viewable spaces, and 18% attend rituals at public

452:

Druids are generally critical of mainstream society, regarding it as being "governed by consumerism, environmental exploitation, and the supremacy of technology". In contrast to this, Druids seek to establish a way of living that they regard as being more "natural". Through seeking a connection with

1603:

as a charity, effectively giving it official recognition as a religion. A study of 75 members of the UK-based Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids found "a clear preference for introversion (61%) over extraversion (39%), a clear preference for intuition (64%) over sensing (36%), a clear preference for

1180:

in 1772. Largely revolving around ensuring the continued financial success of business on the island, it attracted many of Anglesey's wealthy inhabitants into it, and donated much of its proceeds to charity, but was disbanded in 1844. A similar Welsh group was the Society of the Druids of Cardigan,

756:

became increasingly popular among some Neo-druids in Ireland and the U.K. Some Druids regard these sweat lodges as "initiatory and regenerative opportunities to rededicate oneself to honouring the Earth and the community of life." This practice is regarded differently by different individuals. Some

626:

In the British Isles, Druid group rituals often involve the participants standing in a circle and begin with a "calling of the quarters", in which a participant draws a circle in the air in a deosil direction to hail the north, south, east, and west, marking out the space in which the ceremony will

575:

The World Druidry Survey of 2018–2020 identified 147 active Druid groups internationally. The six largest and most influential of which were the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids (including 57% of world Druids), Ár nDraíocht Féin (12%), the Ancient Order of Druids in America (8%), the British Druid

159:

Based on 2011–2013 census data from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, and 2008 ARIS Report data from the United States, the population of Druids residing in anglophone nations was estimated at 59,299. The current global population of Druids is likely to significantly exceed this

97:

While there are significant variations in the expression and practice of modern Druidry, a core set of spiritual and devotional practices may be observed, including: meditation; prayer/conversation with deities and spirits; the use of extra-sensory methods of seeking wisdom and guidance; the use of

660:

constructions from the Neolithic and Bronze Age or earthworks from the Iron Age. Druids often believe that, even if the Iron Age druids did not build these monuments, they did use them for their rites. Performing rituals at said sites allows many Druids to feel that they are getting close to their

533:

Awen is a concept of spirit or divinity in Druidry, which inspires poetry and art, and is believed to be a "flowing spirit" that is given by the deity, which can be invoked by the Druid. In many Druidic rituals, Awen is invoked by either chanting the word "Awen" or "A-I-O" three times, in order to

1249:

movement. His promotion of cremation and open practice of it led to his arrest and trial, but he was acquitted, achieving a level of fame throughout Britain. He would declare himself to be a Druid, and would do much to promote the return of what he believed was an ancient religion in his country.

542:

A connection with ancestors is important in Druidry. In some recorded examples, Druids regard the "ancestors" as an amorphous group, rather than as a set of named individuals. The Druidic concept of ancestry is that of "ancestors of the land", rather than the "ancestors of the blood" venerated by

426:

Druidry is the sole religious or spiritual path for 54% of world Druids; the other 46% practice Druidry concurrently with one or more other religions traditions. The most common, concurrently practiced religious traditions reported among Druids were Buddhism, Christianity, shamanistic traditions,

634:

There is no specific dress code for ritual within the Druidic movement; some participants wear ordinary clothes, others wear robes. Some groups favour earth-coloured robes, believing that this links them to the natural world and that it aids them in traveling unnoticed when going about at night.

622:

The most common form of ritual used for seasonal celebrations is a solitary nature ramble to observe and connect with nature, combined with a personal meditation on the meaning of the season at hand. When larger, group rituals are organized among Druids, the rituals tend to be more elaborate and

1490:

While the RDNA founded new branches or "groves" around the United States, the Neopagan elements of the RDNA eventually rose to prominence, leading several groves to describe themselves as Neopagan. This was opposed by several of the group's founders, who wanted it to retain its inter-religious

1221:

with some of his followers, whom he categorised as either Bards or Ovates, with he himself being the only one actually categorised as a Druid. He himself practiced a form of religion he believed the ancient druids had, which involved the worship of a singular monotheistic deity as well as the

744:

Attitudes to land and environmental conservation are important to the Druidic world-view. In 2003, Druids performed a ritual at the Hill of Tara to heal the location after road construction took place in the adjacent landscape. Others have carried out rituals at Coldrum Long Barrow to oppose

507:

and originally addressed to a monotheistic god. In modern times, with the increase in polytheistic Druidry, and the widespread acceptance of goddess-worship, the word "Goddess" has largely replaced the word "God" in The Druid's Prayer; other variants include "God and Goddess" and "Spirit".

251:

Druids incorporate everything that is known about Iron Age druids into their practices. However, as noted by Irish contemporary paganism scholar Jenny Butler, the historical realities of Iron Age religion are often overlooked by Druids in favour of "a highly romanticised version".

336:

Some Druids identify as Pagan, others as Christian. Some practitioners merge Pagan and Christian elements in their own personal practice, in at least one case identifying as a "Christodruid". Other practitioners adopt additional elements; for instance there are self-described

1136:

and tried to suppress the coming of Christianity, certain Late Mediaeval writers had begun to extol what they believed were the virtues of the druids, and reinvented them as national heroes, particularly in Germany, France and Scotland. It was also during this period that

218:

festival. The concerns of modern Druidry, which include healing the planet, and seeking connections with the natural world, are likely very different from those of the Iron Age societies in which the original druids lived. Another 18th-century fabrication is the

863:

Among many Druids, there is a system of tree lore, through which different associations are attributed to different species of tree, including particular moods, actions, phases of life, deities and ancestors. Different species of trees are often linked to the

665:

in part as recognition that prehistoric societies would have done the same. Druids in various parts of Ireland and Britain have reported such sites being home to a "Spirit of the Place" residing there. Many Druids also believe that such sites are centres of

1394:

relented to pressure and agreed to allow Druidic and greater public access to Stonehenge. During the 1990s, Pagan Druidic groups were also established in Italy, with British Druids like Carr-Gomm visiting the country to give talks to the Pagan community.

1213:, which had occurred in 1789. Eventually moving to London, he began perpetuating the claim that he was actually one of the last initiates of a surviving group of druids who were descended from those found in the Iron Age, centred on his home county of 1695:

Modern Druids have no direct connection to the Druids of the Iron Age. Many of our popular ideas about the Druids are based on the misunderstandings and misconceptions of scholars 200 years ago. These ideas have been superseded by later study and

543:

some Heathen groups; they perceive a spiritual connection, rather than a genetic one, as being important. Emphasising ancestors gives practitioners a sense of an identity which has been passed down from the past over the course of many centuries.

160:

number, as many countries with resident Druids do not allow for the existence of Druidry within their census instruments. Pagan faith surveys are also likely to undercount Druids, as only 63% of world Druids identify with either of the categories

1277:

would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it" as they realised that the structure dated from the

168:. In addition, 74% of world Druids report having significant privacy and safety concerns, due to discrimination and persecution within their local communities, and so are likely to be underreported in the census data that does exist. 3757:

At that time, the AOD experienced a period of troubles as the Order since 1781 prohibited any discussion on religion or politics. Because of that, and in order to preserve its heritage and traditions, it quickly retired from the

856: 1175:

Soon after the publication and spread of Stukeley's writings, other people also began to self-describe themselves as "druids" and form societies: the earliest of these was the Druidic Society, founded on the Welsh island of

798:

at various occasions, from formal rituals to pub get-togethers and summer camps and environmental protests. Among the Druidic community, it is often believed that bards should be divinely inspired in producing their work.

195:. There is no real historical continuity between the druids of Iron Age Europe and modern Druids. However, some Druids nevertheless regard modern Druidry as a genuine continuation of the practices of the Iron Age druids. 1131:

ideas of the ancient druids that had begun to be developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. While many Early Mediaeval writers, particularly in Ireland, had demonised the ancient druids as barbarians who had practiced

306:, such as the belief systems of Australian Aboriginal and Native American communities. Practitioners differ in the levels of formality and seriousness that they bring to their adherence. Some groups use the word 802:

Storytelling is important within Druidry, with stories often following themes from the literary traditions of Celtic nations and Arthurian legend. Musical performances typically draw from the folk traditions of

274:. It has been described as a form of contemporary Paganism, and on the contemporary Pagan spectrum between reconstructionism and eclecticism, Druidry sits on the latter end. Various Druidic groups also display 1553:

At the start of the twenty-first century, Druids could be found in most European countries and countries with large European-descended communities. Druids do not seek to convert everyone else to Druidry.

398:

Druid perceptions of the divine tend to be complex, and subject to change as the individual Druid learns and grows. Most Druids identify with more than one theological category: 64% of Druids identify as

254:

Many Druids believe that the practices of the Iron Age druids should be revived and modified to meet current needs. In Ireland, some Druids have claimed that because the island was never conquered by the

7361: 368:

regarded the Iron Age druids as monotheist proto-Christians who worshipped the Christian god. In a similar vein, some modern Druids believe that ancient druidic wisdom was preserved through a distinct

117:. At the time, little accurate information was known about these ancient priests, and the modern Druidic movement has no direct connection to them, despite contrary claims made by some modern Druids. 1181:

founded circa 1779, largely by a group of friends who wished to attend "literary picnics" together. The third British group to call itself Druidic was English rather than Welsh, and was known as the

583:. Such a term reflects the movement's association with trees, and references the idea that Iron Age druids performed their rituals within tree groves. Larger Druidic organisations are usually termed 437:. One of the clearest links between Arthuriana and Druidry is through the Loyal Arthurian Warband, a Druidic group in Britain that employs Arthurian symbolism as part of its environmental campaigns. 1265:, which, like the Societas Rosicruciana, was an esoteric organisation. Meanwhile, at the start of the 20th century, Druidic groups began holding their ceremonies at the great megalithic monument of 1201:

None of the earliest modern Druidic groups had been religious in structure; however, this was to change in the late 18th century, primarily because of the work of a Welshman who took the name of

614:

A group of druids of the Order of Bards Ovates and Druids in the early morning glow of the sun, shortly after having welcomed the sunrise at Stonehenge on the morning of the summer solstice

1168:

faith very similar to Christianity, at one point even stating that ancient druidry was "so extremely like Christianity, that in effect, it differed from it only in this; they believe in

148:

in an effort to create a more historically accurate practice. However, there is still controversy over how much resemblance modern Druidism may or may not have to the Iron Age druids.

1510:

Bonewits still felt that many in the RDNA were hostile towards him, believing that he had infiltrated their group, and so in 1985 he founded a new, explicitly Neopagan Druidic group,

1164:

were temples built by the druids, something now known to be incorrect. Stukeley himself, being a devout but unorthodox Christian, felt that the ancient druids had been followers of a

445:

Neo-Druidry has been described as a nature-venerating movement. Neo-druids conceive of the natural world as being imbued with spirit, and thus regard it as being alive and dynamic.

519:. Those druids have adopted the folkloric belief that such spirits are repelled by iron, and thus they avoid bringing iron to their rituals, so as not to scare those spirits away. 259:, the Iron Age druids survived here and their teachings were passed down hereditarily until modern times, at which modern Druids can reclaim them. Some Druids claim that they can 925:

Four of these are solar festivals, being positioned at the solstices and equinoxes. The other four are the crossquarter days. The idea of the Wheel of the Year was developed by

1378:

was established to co-ordinate the activities of different Druid groups at the national level. Further reflecting this spirit of unity, in 1992 a rite took place on London's

598:

Some British Druid orders divide membership into three grades, referred to as "bards", "ovates", and then "Druids". This three-tier system mirrors the three degrees found in

4045: 1141:

had begun to propagate the image of the druids as having been bearded, wise old men wearing white robes, something that would prove highly influential in future centuries.

4335:

Gieser, Thorsten (2016). "Druids at Wayland's Smithy: Tracing Transformations of the Sentient Body in Ritual". In Matthias Jung; Michaela Bauks; Andreas Ackermann (eds.).

709:

in Wiltshire. Some Druids have erected their own, modern stone circles in which to perform their ceremonies. Druidic practices have also taken place at Early Neolithic

171:

While modern Druidry has spread rapidly across the globe, Druids do not proselytize, and 74% of world Druids actively work to keep their spiritual practices private.

1558: 702: 4508:

Letcher, Andy (2004). "Bardism and the Performance of Paganism: Implications for the Performance of Research". In Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy; Graham Harvey (eds.).

5429: 1390:. However, arguments between different groups persisted and in 1996, the AOD, OBOD, and BDO withdrew from the Council of British Druid Orders. In the late 1990s, 1343:; by 1993, his group had formalised as the Loyal Arthurian Warband. In 1988, a Druid order was also established in Glastonbury, Somerset, under the leadership of 1241:

Morganwg's example was taken up by other Welshmen in the 19th century, who continued to promote religious forms of Druidry. The most prominent figure in this was

136:

founded in 1781, creating traditions from the national imagination of Britain. Others, in the early 20th century, merged with contemporary movements such as the

98:

nature-based spiritual frameworks to structure devotional practices and rituals; and a regular practice of nature connection and environmental stewardship work.

372:. Over the course of the twentieth century, and particularly since the early 1960s, Druidry increasingly came to be associated with the modern pagan movement. 1678: 602:. Other groups eschew any division into bard, ovate, and druid. OBOD primarily educates its members in its form of Druidry through a correspondence course. 6120: 5635: 555: 183:

Modern Druidry takes its name from the Iron Age druids referred to in various Greco-Roman sources, as depicted here in a nineteenth-century illustration.

1479:, holding that religious truth could be found through nature. They also adopted other elements of Neopaganism, such as celebrating the festivals of the 511:

Some Druids regard it as possible to communicate with various spirits during rituals. For example, certain Druids in Ireland have adopted belief in the

7846: 5818: 5789: 5554: 4367: 653:

monuments or popular tourist destinations such as Stonehenge or Avebury, however, Druids in the British Isles are significantly more likely to do so.

4092: 3481: 1596: 3117: 7866: 7856: 5242: 66:

stands at the centre surrounded by the Archdruid of Wales and the Grand Bard of Cornwall, at the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the

922:

always held on the specific date of the festival itself, but on the nearest weekend, thus maximising the number of participants who can attend.

7886: 7871: 7861: 5196: 4813: 7951: 7876: 6265: 5514: 5257: 5227: 5120: 4764: 4742: 4698: 4676: 4582: 4563: 4540: 4453: 4402: 4379: 4245: 4223: 4181: 4145: 3491: 3464: 1339:(SOD) around him. In the late 1980s, SOD's campaign was joined by another group focused on Stonehenge access, led by a Druid calling himself 1119:

An illustration of William Stukeley. One of the primary figures in the development of Druidry, he was also a significant influence on modern

59: 5718: 5518: 1087: 1017: 430:

63% of world Druids identify as either Pagan or Heathen, in addition to identifying as Druids; 37% of Druids reject both of these labels.

7881: 5655: 5404: 5311: 5072: 4720: 4517: 4173: 644:

Some Druids also involve themselves in spell-casting, although this is usually regarded as a secondary feature among their practices.

492:

By the end of the 19th century, Druidry was described as a "monotheistic philosophical tradition". Druidry is now often described as

165: 4255:

Cooper, Michael T. (2009). "The Roles of Nature, Deities, and Ancestors in Constructing Religious Identity in Contemporary Druidry".

1591:

estimated that, in 1996, there were approximately 6000 members of Druid groups in England, two-thirds of whom were OBOD members. The

656:

Public rituals in the British Isles frequently take place at formations in the natural landscape or at prehistoric sites, among them

7344: 7157: 5640: 5047: 4930: 4654: 4431: 4344: 4200: 3516: 1573: 1534: 1417: 1314: 1144:

The image of the Iron Age druids as national heroes would later begin to emerge in England during the Early Modern period, with the

930: 890:

Druids often revive older folk customs for use on their practices. The England-based Secular Order of Druids for instance possess a

145: 3914: 836:. Unlike the Welsh cultural gorseddau, these Druidic events often allow anyone to perform as a bard if they are inspired to do so. 534:

shift the consciousness of the participants involved. The word "Awen" derives from the Welsh and Cornish terms for "inspiration".

7941: 7936: 5574: 5414: 5262: 4925: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1464: 1262: 5751: 5435: 4940: 1530: 1375: 4593: 317: 5280: 5247: 5165: 4040: 1445: 1190: 227:

between 1760 and 1763. The poems were hugely popular; they were read by many of the notable figures of the period, including

3168: 247:, the works are believed to have been composed by a wistful Macpherson seeking to recreate the oral traditions of Scotland. 1152:(1687–1765) proclaiming himself to be a "druid" and writing a number of popular books in which he claimed that prehistoric 7327: 3200: 1618: 1399: 7600: 5696: 5625: 5342: 5206: 4131: 214: 4991: 1682: 63: 6800: 6065: 5409: 5252: 5232: 5153: 4389:

Howell, Francesca Ciancimino (2015). "Bellisama and Aradia: Paganism Re-emerges in Italy". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.).

610: 7371: 7246: 6851: 6820: 6205: 5462: 4806: 4488: 1592: 914:

Traditionally, modern Druids have observed eight spiritual festivals annually, which are collectively known as the

773: 4895: 1511: 7332: 7167: 7132: 6795: 5113: 5016: 599: 4527:

Lewis, James R. (2009). "Celts, Druids and the Invention of Tradition". In James R. Lewis; Murphy Pizza (eds.).

4354:

Hale, Amy (2000). ""In the Eye of the Sun": The Relationship between the Cornish Gorseth and Esoteric Druidry".

895: 7672: 7106: 7082: 6408: 5600: 5267: 5222: 4306:

Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Old Stones, New Rites: Contemporary Pagan Interactions with the Medway Megaliths".

1382:

in which various Druid orders participated. That year, two new Druidic magazines began publication Shallcrass'

1363:

became co-leader of the group in the mid-1990s. Feeling the system of Orders too limiting, in 2002 Orr created

1449: 7909: 7383: 7031: 6577: 6296: 6115: 6005: 5494: 4996: 4900: 3173: 1453: 1336: 1254: 1182: 804: 515:, which are spirits from Irish folklore, into their Druidic system, and they believe that those spirits are 133: 4786: 7851: 7770: 7733: 6805: 6095: 6090: 5484: 5237: 4986: 4841: 1340: 1242: 1234: 777: 685: 267: 39: 30:

This article is about the modern new religious movement. For the Iron Age priests of Celtic religion, see

4155:

Anczyk, Adam (2015). "Mages of the Isles: Some Remarks on the Esoteric Inspirations in British Druidry".

3726: 1595:, 30,569 individuals described themselves as "Druids" and 508 as "Celtic Druids". In September 2010, the 427:

Witchcraft/Wicca, northern traditions, Hinduism, Native American traditions, and Unitarian Universalism.

298:. Some practitioners regard Druidry as a form of "native spirituality", and it displays an affinity with 7946: 7931: 7617: 7432: 7177: 7077: 6448: 6291: 6270: 5676: 5347: 4799: 3178: 1472: 1258: 839:

Druids have participated in other musical genres and with more technological instruments, including the

812: 738: 710: 679: 179: 3123: 1491:

origins, and some groves actually emphasized their connection to other religions: there was a group of

1432:. Its members consider themselves practitioners of a European native religion and they call themselves 4642: 558:. For example, in 2006, a neo-Druid called Paul Davies requested that the Alexander Keiller Museum in 303: 7760: 7632: 7366: 7016: 6413: 6336: 6145: 6070: 5544: 5474: 5106: 4981: 4085: 1504: 737:

can also take place at such sites, such as a Druidic baby-naming ceremony which took place at Kent's

667: 1604:

feeling (56%) over thinking (44%), and a clear preference for judging (68%) over perceiving (32%)."

132:. Some of these groups were purely fraternal and cultural, such as the oldest one that remains, the 7647: 7516: 7446: 7427: 7406: 7339: 7162: 7046: 7036: 6856: 6841: 6836: 6790: 6765: 6438: 6331: 6316: 6130: 5949: 5744: 5590: 5581: 5549: 5479: 5442: 5424: 5419: 5299: 5175: 4935: 1460:

in 1888. Both were forms of fraternal benefit societies rather than religious or neo-pagan groups.

1429: 1356: 1332: 827: 808: 722: 714: 395:

Druidic beliefs vary widely, and there is no set dogma or belief system followed by all adherents.

369: 287: 129: 868:

alphabet, which is employed in divination by Druids. Rather than ogham, some practitioners favour

791: 7813: 7544: 7437: 7401: 7322: 7277: 7172: 6998: 6889: 6846: 6775: 6582: 6357: 6125: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6010: 5867: 5823: 5691: 5469: 5364: 5352: 5321: 5180: 5042: 4708: 4616: 4476: 4323: 1613: 1526: 1421: 1409: 938: 729:. In Ireland, Druids perform ceremonies at one of the island's best known prehistoric sites, the 4594:"The Psychological-Type Profile of Practising British Druids Compared with Anglican Churchgoers" 4550:

Shallcrass, Philip (2002). "Druidry in the United Kingdom". In S. Rabinovitch; J. Lewis (eds.).

1328:

movement, incorporating many of its ideas about Glastonbury into his interpretation of Druidry.

286:, for it is disembedded and its membership is elective. Druidry has been described as a form of 635:

Celtic languages are often employed during ceremonies, as are quotations and material from the

302:. In defining Druidry as a "native spirituality", some Druids seek to draw elements from other 7677: 7652: 7642: 7378: 7351: 7232: 7087: 7072: 7067: 7026: 7021: 6926: 6815: 6770: 6760: 6752: 6423: 6377: 6367: 6213: 6040: 6020: 5979: 5396: 5334: 5143: 5021: 4910: 4846: 4760: 4738: 4716: 4694: 4672: 4650: 4578: 4559: 4536: 4513: 4449: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4398: 4375: 4340: 4241: 4219: 4196: 4177: 4170:

Voices from the Pagan Census: A National Survey of Witches and Neo-Pagans in the United States

4141: 3512: 3487: 3460: 3149: 1600: 1480: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1210: 1206: 915: 869: 820: 816: 500: 4391:

Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses

567:

their own agendas. It is for the international scientific community to curate such remains."

7706: 7667: 7622: 7609: 7529: 7508: 7411: 7356: 7041: 6861: 6780: 6372: 6311: 6201: 6080: 6075: 6045: 6015: 5969: 5931: 5797: 5569: 5559: 5539: 5170: 5062: 5026: 5011: 4971: 4920: 4730: 4686: 4608: 4532: 4468: 4315: 4285: 4264: 1519: 1468: 1391: 1360: 1344: 1318: 1294: 1229: 1149: 847:

music, and one British club, Megatripolis, opened with the performance of a Druidic ritual.

734: 637: 554:

and their subsequent display in museums. Many neo-druids have organized campaigns for their

365: 326: 236: 224: 188: 137: 110: 3144:

Byard, RW (26 September 2005). "Dehydration and heat-related death: sweat lodge syndrome".

144:. Since the 1980s, some modern druid groups have adopted similar methodologies to those of 7749: 7687: 7627: 7590: 7562: 7524: 7489: 7469: 7252: 7242: 7227: 7114: 6921: 6785: 6548: 6403: 6362: 6352: 6196: 6135: 6055: 6050: 6035: 6030: 5943: 5630: 5148: 5129: 5077: 4945: 4905: 4500: 4233: 4063: 3918: 3230: 1565: 1525:

The Ancient Order of Druids in America (AODA), currently headed by Pagan author and druid

1325: 1310: 1133: 1054: 981: 675: 346: 342: 271: 2399: 1499:

Druids in St. Louis. Among those responsible for the transition towards Neopaganism were

3911: 1286:, millennia before the Iron Age, when the druids first appear in the historical record. 1193:, and both groups would go on to grow in popularity throughout the rest of the century. 7788: 7778: 7754: 7701: 7657: 7572: 7552: 7534: 7479: 7474: 7442: 7287: 7267: 7092: 6993: 6972: 6967: 6604: 6538: 6533: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6493: 6306: 6301: 6260: 6187: 6173: 6085: 6060: 6025: 5984: 5974: 5910: 5897: 5837: 5781: 5773: 5764: 5737: 5650: 5595: 5201: 4966: 4664: 4394: 4210:

Butler, Jenny (2005). "Druidry in Contemporary Ireland". In Michael F. Strmiska (ed.).

1500: 1290: 1209:, and was deeply opposed to the British monarchy, supporting many of the ideals of the 934: 547: 330: 212:, one of the 18th century traditions that were founded by Morganwg, became part of the 67: 4276:

Cooper, Michael T. (2009b). "Pathways to Druidry: A Case Study of Ár nDraíocht Féin".

4133:

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshipers and Other Pagans in America

7925: 7585: 7557: 7464: 7456: 7198: 7150: 6936: 6884: 6613: 6553: 6543: 6443: 6418: 6209: 5645: 5489: 5327: 5001: 4961: 4620: 4555: 4480: 4472: 4441: 4327: 4137: 3208: 1588: 1476: 1457: 1379: 1371: 1274: 1223: 1218: 1202: 1138: 873: 832: 504: 389: 299: 291: 279: 199: 153: 120:

In the late 18th century, modern Druids developed fraternal organizations modeled on

4191:

Bowman, Marion (2002). "Contemporary Celtic Spirituality". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

113:, the early neo-Druids aimed to imitate the Iron Age priests who were also known as 7903: 7696: 7484: 7008: 6962: 6901: 6810: 6587: 6565: 6558: 6000: 5925: 5915: 5847: 5686: 5385: 5377: 5158: 5006: 4976: 4752: 1545: 1306: 1245:(1800–1893), a physician who held to ideas such as vegetarianism and the political 1169: 926: 730: 662: 338: 283: 256: 86: 58: 6192: 4319: 749:

in the landscape. Druids have also involved themselves in tree planting projects.

4612: 4337:

Dem Körper Eingeschrieben: Verkörperung Zwischen Leiberleben und Kulturellem Sinn

1226:. In Wales, Druidry had taken on an explicitly religious formation by the 1840s. 206:

literary sources and traditions that supposedly dated to the prehistoric druids.

7818: 7803: 7204: 7123: 6931: 6916: 6906: 6879: 6705: 6658: 6570: 6473: 6321: 6244: 6159: 5938: 5842: 5681: 4915: 4866: 1186: 1145: 1128: 1120: 965: 891: 762: 758: 753: 718: 434: 412: 404: 121: 102: 4880: 4592:

Williams, Emyr; Francis, Leslie J.; Billington, Ursula; Robbins, Mandy (2012).

1115: 7741: 7729: 7182: 7146: 6946: 6911: 6871: 6463: 6230: 6221: 5701: 5605: 5499: 5087: 4873: 4851: 1283: 1266: 1257:, a Freemason who achieved notoriety as the first Supreme Magus of the occult 1165: 1157: 1153: 1071: 884: 786: 694: 516: 493: 408: 260: 44: 7141: 6253: 5713: 5671: 5564: 5357: 5304: 4856: 4289: 1452:. The former was a branch of a British organization that had split from the 1444:

The earliest American Druid organizations were fraternal orders such as the

1279: 1270: 1214: 1038: 880: 698: 671: 563: 364:

The earliest modern Druids aligned themselves with Christianity. The writer

357: 351: 321:

The Druid Order Ceremony at Tower Hill, London on the Spring Equinox of 2010

48: 6453: 512: 17: 4781: 4268: 1305:

The most important figure for the rise of Neopagan Druidry in Britain was

7798: 7262: 6715: 6670: 6634: 6622: 6483: 6468: 6428: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6217: 6140: 5877: 5872: 5857: 5729: 5457: 5390: 5316: 5067: 4215: 4059: 1496: 1246: 1177: 1034: 903: 746: 657: 420: 416: 400: 232: 228: 141: 90: 7808: 7783: 7662: 7637: 7272: 7237: 7210: 7137: 7119: 6710: 6646: 6275: 5905: 5882: 5708: 5534: 5449: 3153: 1425: 1161: 961: 899: 706: 559: 551: 411:, 15% of Druids identify as hard polytheists, 7% of Druids identify as 275: 239:, and the quality of the poetry inspired contemporary comparisons with 208: 52: 4046:

2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales

1359:(BDO) to create a more explicitly Pagan form of Druidry. Fellow Druid 7793: 7580: 7282: 7257: 7221: 7215: 7128: 7051: 6977: 6896: 6398: 5887: 5832: 1217:. He subsequently organised the performing of Neo-druidic rituals on 1001: 244: 192: 71: 4193:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

3964: 3962: 3877: 1205:(1747–1826). Born as Edward Williams, he would take up the cause of 1172:

who was to come into the world, as we believe in him that is come".

855: 4713:

The Druidry Handbook: Spiritual Practice Rooted in the Living Earth

380: 6682: 6488: 6433: 6326: 5920: 5862: 5852: 5810: 5760: 5585: 5506: 5098: 5082: 5057: 5052: 1544: 1484: 1413: 1228: 1114: 865: 854: 840: 794:, it is of particular importance within Druidry. Bards perform at 772: 684: 609: 379: 316: 240: 203: 178: 161: 114: 106: 57: 38: 31: 4791: 1549:

Three druids at Stonehenge on the morning of summer solstice 2005

6941: 6478: 6458: 6393: 6226: 4836: 4113: 4028: 844: 726: 528: 385: 125: 7835: 7727: 7506: 7362:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

7308: 6740: 6520: 6171: 5808: 5733: 5102: 4795: 4278:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

2339: 2337: 1514:(Our Own Druidism; a.k.a. ADF) and began publishing a journal, 752:

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the use of a ritual based on the

4238:

Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America

3169:"2 seeking spiritual enlightenment die in new-age sweat lodge" 1533:(SRIA). SRIA is the immediate predecessor organization of the 1492: 994: 879:

Many Druids engage in a range of healing therapies, with both

674:

in the landscape. These are ideas that have been adopted from

628: 345:

Druids". The Berengia Order of Druids drew upon elements from

333:

for example has publicly disassociated any links to Paganism.

282:

influences. The Druidic community has been characterised as a

2918: 2916: 2531: 2529: 1798: 1796: 4168:

Berger, Helen A.; Leach, Evan A.; Shaffer, Leigh S. (2003).

124:

that employed the romantic figure of the British Druids and

4257:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

1335:

campaigned for religious access to Stonehenge, forming the

693:

In the popular imagination, Druids are closely linked with

689:

Druidic ritual at Stonehenge in Wiltshire, southern England

546:

Ancestor-veneration leads many neo-druids to object to the

310:

for both male and female practitioners, eschewing the term

1742: 1740: 1289:

One member of the Ancient Order of Druids was the English

152:

2020, roughly 92% of world Druids were living outside the

4446:

Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain

4060:"Druidry to be classed as religion by Charity Commission" 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3263: 3261: 3259: 1408:

in Spanish) is a pagan organization for followers of the

453:

nature, neo-Druids pursue a sense of "cosmic belonging".

191:

specialists of Iron Age Western Europe who were known as

4759:. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: The Aquarian Press. 4693:. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: The Aquarian Press. 4575:

World Druidry: A Globalizing Path of Nature Spirituality

4086:"The Druid Network - Decision made on 21 September 2010" 3457:

Introduction to new and alternative religions in America

3370: 3368: 3366: 3341: 3339: 3326: 3324: 2831: 2829: 2816: 2814: 2460: 2458: 784:

In Druidry, a specific ceremony takes place known as an

4372:

Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism

3511:, Sutton Mallet, England: Green Magic, pp. 16–17, 3008: 3006: 2957: 2955: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2600: 2598: 2516: 2514: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2445: 2443: 2381: 2379: 2366: 2364: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2290: 2288: 2263: 2261: 2153: 2151: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2064: 2062: 2013: 2011: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1940: 1938: 1925: 1923: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1771: 1769: 1767: 243:. Though attributed to the ancient semi-legendary poet 4552:

The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism

4422:. London and New York: Hambledon and London. pp. 2307: 2305: 2303: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 290:, or "Celtic-Based Spirituality". Scholar of religion 6674: 2548:"Consultation on ancient human remains ends Jan 31". 780:

attending 2010 Summer Solstice ceremony at Stonehenge

3486:(3rd revised ed.). Facts on File. p. 111. 7769: 7740: 7686: 7608: 7599: 7571: 7543: 7515: 7455: 7420: 7394: 7315: 7191: 7105: 7060: 7007: 6986: 6955: 6870: 6829: 6751: 6698: 6612: 6603: 6386: 6345: 6284: 6180: 5993: 5962: 5896: 5817: 5664: 5618: 5527: 5289: 5278: 5215: 5189: 5136: 5035: 4954: 4888: 4829: 4195:. Milton Keynes: Open University. pp. 55–101. 3455:Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). 641:. Most use some form of Morganwg's Gorsedd Prayer. 477:

And in the love of all existences, the love of God.

4647:The Path of Druidry: Walking the Ancient Green Way 4413: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3201:"Editorial: Dying to experience native ceremonies" 503:", which was written in the 18th century by Druid 499:A central prayer in modern Druidic traditions is " 4448:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 3483:The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca 3459:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 178. 1416:in 2010 which supports the practice of a type of 4512:. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. pp. 15–41. 4374:(second ed.). London: Hurst & Company. 3807:(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1930, pp. 93–94 1374:—"boom years" for British Druidry. In 1989, the 1370:The early 1990s were—according to the historian 473:And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; 187:Modern Druidry derives its name from the celtic 1559:American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 1428:, and whose principal deities are known as the 993:Longest night and shortest day, rebirth of the 461: 294:described Druidry as the "Celtic spirituality" 433:Some Druids draw upon the legends surrounding 6638: 5745: 5114: 4807: 3148:. Vol. 29, no. 11. pp. 304–6. 1403: 475:And in that love, the love of all existences; 128:as symbols of the indigenous spirituality of 8: 6626: 4689:(1990). "Foreword". In Nichols, Ross (ed.). 3111: 3109: 887:being popular within the Druidic community. 587:, and those that lead them are often termed 266:Druidry has been described as a religion, a 6686: 6650: 3231:"Sweat lodge incident 'not our Indian way'" 3060: 3036: 2997: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2859: 2805: 2789: 2535: 2029: 1842: 1826: 1802: 471:And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; 7832: 7724: 7605: 7503: 7305: 7057: 6748: 6737: 6662: 6609: 6600: 6517: 6168: 5805: 5752: 5738: 5730: 5286: 5121: 5107: 5099: 4814: 4800: 4792: 4157:The Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture 3710: 1503:and Robert Larson from a grove located in 1263:Ancient and Archaeological Order of Druids 1127:The Druidic movement originated among the 976:Final harvest, transition to shorter days 943: 5555:Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans 4671:. New York: Kensington Publishing Group. 1483:, borrowed from the Neopagan religion of 1367:, which was officially launched in 2003. 4577:. Belmont, California: Larisa A. White. 4093:Charity Commission for England and Wales 1871: 1597:Charity Commission for England and Wales 105:in Britain, which glorified the ancient 4715:. York Beach, Maine: Red Wheel/Weiser. 3953: 3941: 3929: 3828: 3662: 3602: 3291: 3267: 3246: 2684: 2668: 2398:Morganwg, Iolo; Williams, John (1862). 2053: 1902: 1634: 263:information about the Iron Age druids. 4496: 4486: 4016: 3898: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3745: 3714: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3406: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3374: 3357: 3345: 3330: 3315: 3303: 3279: 3250: 3122:, Indian Country Today, archived from 3100: 3088: 3084: 3072: 3048: 3012: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2907: 2871: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2801: 2785: 2749: 2724: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2672: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2520: 2505: 2493: 2476: 2464: 2449: 2434: 2385: 2370: 2355: 2328: 2267: 2240: 2228: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2157: 2142: 2126: 2114: 2097: 2080: 2068: 2041: 2017: 2002: 1985: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1929: 1914: 1890: 1859: 1838: 202:fabricated what he claimed were early 27:Modern nature-based spiritual movement 5515:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 4669:Bonewit's Essential Guide to Druidism 4601:Mental Health, Religion & Culture 3650: 3442: 3430: 3418: 2895: 2883: 2773: 2761: 2604: 2589: 2577: 2343: 2294: 2279: 1814: 1787: 1775: 1758: 1746: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1665: 1653: 1641: 765:ceremonies performed by non-Natives. 325:Following terms devised by the Druid 7: 5519:Foundation for Traditional Religions 3880:. Ancient Order of Druids in America 3116:Taliman, Valerie (13 October 2009), 3024: 2311: 2252: 2216: 2176: 2138: 1681:. The British Museum. Archived from 1313:, in 1964 he split off to found the 1233:The Welsh socialist and nationalist 1185:. Founded in 1781 and influenced by 697:—a Neolithic and Bronze Age site in 579:Druidic groups are usually known as 270:, a "spiritual movement", and as a 4529:Handbook of Contemporary Paganisms 4465:Modern Druidry and Earth Mysteries 4174:University of South Carolina Press 1467:(RDNA) was founded by students at 1456:, while the latter was founded in 25: 7158:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 5048:Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism 4931:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 4737:. Hammersmith, London: Thorsons. 4467:. Vol. 2. pp. 313–332. 4299:Druids: A Very Short Introduction 4212:Modern Paganism in World Cultures 1535:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 1420:called Druidism, centered on the 1418:Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism 1331:Between 1985 and 1988, the Druid 1324:Nichols drew upon ideas from the 1315:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 931:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 876:—for their divinatory practices. 661:ancestors. Druids regard them as 403:; 49% of Druids identify as soft 146:Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism 7908: 6158: 4926:Reformed Druids of North America 4879: 4872: 4865: 4780: 4473:10.2752/175169609X12464529903137 4420:Witches, Druids, and King Arthur 4005:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3993:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3981:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3969:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3199:Goulais, Bob (24 October 2009). 2404:. Sacred Texts. pp. 362–363 1564:The Pagan Census project led by 1465:Reformed Druids of North America 1347:. In the late 1970s, the former 1197:Development of religious Druidry 469:And in understanding, knowledge; 4941:Council of British Druid Orders 4240:. Oxford and Lanham: Altamira. 3167:Herel, Suzanne (27 June 2002). 1531:Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia 1376:Council of British Druid Orders 1066:Longest day and shortest night 872:—an alphabet likely devised by 467:And in strength, understanding; 4649:. Minnesota: Llewellyn Books. 4041:Office for National Statistics 1446:United Ancient Order of Druids 1191:United Ancient Order of Druids 463:"Grant, O God, Thy protection; 101:Arising from the 18th century 1: 7877:Celtic place names in Galicia 5575:Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism 4320:10.1080/17432200.2016.1192152 4214:. Santa Barbara, California: 1619:List of druids and neo-druids 1436:, a concept of Irish origin. 1400:Dun Ailline Druid Brotherhood 1321:was asked to lead the Order. 1049:Planting crops, warming days 7952:18th-century modern paganism 5819:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 5697:Platonism in the Renaissance 4613:10.1080/13674676.2012.681483 4339:. Springer. pp. 55–72. 4172:. Columbia, South Carolina: 4136:(revised ed.). London: 4049:. Accessed 12 December 2012. 1405:Hermandad Druida Dun Ailline 465:And in protection, strength; 441:Nature-centered spirituality 407:, 37% of Druids identify as 215:National Eisteddfod of Wales 62:The Grand Druid of Brittany 6801:Welsh literature in English 5898:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 830:have established their own 221:Fragments of Ancient Poetry 7968: 6821:Scottish Gaelic literature 6206:Brigantia (ancient region) 5656:Writers on modern paganism 4301:. Oxford University Press. 3864: 3852: 3840: 3816: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 2563:"Letters: Human Remains". 2422: 1237:, a prominent modern Druid 894:based on that used in the 526: 94:divine essence of nature. 29: 7899: 7842: 7831: 7723: 7502: 7304: 7168:Hebridean Celtic Festival 6796:Welsh-language literature 6747: 6736: 6529: 6516: 6167: 6156: 5804: 5771: 4863: 4573:White, Larisa A. (2021). 3507:Lamond, Frederic (2004), 3480:Guiley, Rosemary (2008). 3445:, p. 89-104,230-241. 2988:, pp. 60–61, 64, 67. 1273:, England: the historian 1099:Height of harvest season 1046:31 October or 1 November 1012:Thaw from cold to spring 970:31 October or 1 November 600:British Traditional Wicca 223:, which was published by 7601:Ancient Celtic languages 5386:Daco-Thracian (Romanian) 4463:Hutton, Ronald (2009b). 4297:Cunliffe, Barry (2010). 1450:American Order of Druids 1440:Druidry in North America 1293:, who later established 1261:, allegedly founded the 1082:Start of harvest season 1029:Height of spring season 198:The 18th-century figure 7942:New religious movements 7937:Modern pagan traditions 7872:Gaulish words in French 7857:Celtic words in English 6116:Scottish New Zealanders 6006:Anglo-Celtic Australian 4997:Robert Wentworth Little 4901:Ancient Order of Druids 4412:Hutton, Ronald (2003). 4393:. New York and Oxford: 4290:10.1525/nr.2009.12.3.40 4130:Adler, Margot (2006) . 3174:San Francisco Chronicle 1454:Ancient Order of Druids 1337:Secular Order of Druids 1301:Pagan Druidry in Europe 1255:Robert Wentworth Little 1183:Ancient Order of Druids 479:God and all goodness." 134:Ancient Order of Druids 6806:Early Irish literature 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6096:Scotch-Irish Canadians 6091:Scotch-Irish Americans 5228:German-speaking Europe 4992:Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec 2346:, p. 179-181,186. 1656:, p. 113-157,254. 1550: 1495:Druids in Olympia and 1404: 1238: 1124: 860: 781: 778:Arthur Uther Pendragon 711:chambered long barrows 690: 615: 481: 392: 349:television shows like 322: 314:for female followers. 268:new religious movement 184: 75: 64:Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec 55: 7433:Scottish independence 7178:Celtic Media Festival 7061:National music scenes 6292:Proto-Celtic religion 5994:Related ethnic groups 5719:Traditionalist School 5677:Witch-cult hypothesis 5190:Arts and institutions 4789:at Wikimedia Commons 4510:Researching Paganisms 4269:10.1558/pome.v11i1.58 3179:Hearst Communications 1548: 1473:Northfield, Minnesota 1341:King Arthur Pendragon 1259:Societas Rosicruciana 1232: 1118: 859:A Druid at Stonehenge 858: 776: 739:Chestnuts Long Barrow 688: 613: 419:; and 2% identify as 383: 320: 182: 61: 43:A group of Druids at 42: 7757:(Medieval Welsh law) 7367:Scottish nationalism 7017:Ancient Celtic music 6337:Romano-Celtic temple 6146:Welsh New Zealanders 6071:Irish New Zealanders 5545:Church of All Worlds 5216:By country or region 5197:Festivals and events 4535:. pp. 479–496. 4397:. pp. 261–284. 4114:Williams et al. 2012 4043:, 11 December 2012, 4029:Williams et al. 2012 3917:25 June 2010 at the 3727:interview (Avalonia) 3509:Fifty Years of Wicca 2804:, pp. 109–110; 1516:The Druid's Progress 1505:Berkeley, California 953:Southern hemisphere 950:Northern hemisphere 648:Locations for ritual 103:Romanticist movement 7447:Irish republicanism 7428:Breton independence 7407:Scottish devolution 7340:Cornish nationalism 7163:Pan Celtic Festival 7037:Scottish folk music 6791:Scottish literature 6317:Celtic Christianity 6121:Scottish Travellers 6106:Scottish Argentines 5950:Scottish Travellers 5641:LGBTQ+ and paganism 5582:Neopagan witchcraft 5550:Church of Aphrodite 5443:Peterburgian Vedism 5176:Western esotericism 4987:François Jaffrennou 4936:British Druid Order 4842:Ancestor veneration 4757:The Book of Druidry 4709:Greer, John Michael 4691:The Book of Druidry 4218:. pp. 87–125. 4095:. 21 September 2010 3910:Trinity ARIS 2008; 3794:, pp. 272–273. 3701:, pp. 251–252. 3689:, pp. 252–253. 3211:on 6 September 2012 3146:Forensic Science SA 3075:, pp. 121–122. 2792:, pp. 361–362. 2565:British Archaeology 2550:British Archaeology 2255:, pp. 188–189. 1685:on 23 December 2012 1599:agreed to register 1386:and Steve Wilson's 1357:British Druid Order 1148:and Anglican vicar 1093:21 or 22 September 1026:21 or 22 September 896:'Obby 'Oss festival 828:British Druid Order 723:Coldrum Long Barrow 571:Rites and practices 538:Ancestor veneration 486:The Gorsedd Prayer. 370:Celtic Christianity 288:Celtic spirituality 130:Prehistoric Britain 81:, sometimes termed 68:Gorseth of Brittany 7438:Welsh independence 7402:Cornish devolution 7323:Breton nationalism 7173:Celtic Connections 6776:Cornish literature 6126:Ulster Protestants 6111:Scottish Canadians 6101:Scottish Americans 6011:Anglo-Irish people 5692:Nine Noble Virtues 5181:Western philosophy 5043:Celtic neopaganism 4558:. pp. 82–84. 3944:, pp. 48, 49. 3249:, pp. 16–17; 3237:, 14 October 2009. 3235:Quad-Cities Online 3119:Selling the sacred 2898:, p. 175-176. 2776:, p. 195-197. 2282:, p. 130-136. 1761:, p. 279-280. 1749:, p. 280-283. 1668:, p. 186-187. 1644:, p. 253-255. 1614:Celtic Neopaganism 1551: 1527:John Michael Greer 1410:Celtic Neopaganism 1349:Alexandrian Wiccan 1239: 1125: 1063:21 or 22 December 1043:30 April or 1 May 987:21 or 22 December 973:30 April or 1 May 939:Bricket Wood coven 929:, who founded the 861: 782: 691: 616: 501:The Druid's Prayer 393: 323: 185: 76: 56: 7919: 7918: 7895: 7894: 7827: 7826: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7678:Cisalpine Gaulish 7498: 7497: 7384:national identity 7379:Welsh nationalism 7372:national identity 7352:Irish nationalism 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7233:Cornish wrestling 7101: 7100: 7022:Breton Folk music 6987:Regional cultures 6830:National cultures 6816:Gaelic literature 6771:Breton literature 6732: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6512: 6511: 6424:Chief of the Name 6297:Celtic polytheism 6214:Sub-Roman Britain 6154: 6153: 6041:Irish Australians 6021:Cornish Americans 5980:Scottish diaspora 5727: 5726: 5614: 5613: 5397:Kemetic Orthodoxy 5358:Ossetian-Scythian 5343:Canarian (Berber) 5166:Reconstructionism 5096: 5095: 5022:Philip Shallcrass 4982:Ossian D'Ambrosio 4911:The Druid Network 4896:Ár nDraíocht Féin 4847:Celtic polytheism 4785:Media related to 4766:978-0-85030-900-3 4744:978-0-00-710336-2 4731:Orr, Emma Restall 4700:978-0-85030-900-3 4687:Carr-Gomm, Philip 4678:978-0-8065-2710-9 4643:Billington, Penny 4607:(10): 1065–1075. 4584:978-1-7367792-0-0 4565:978-0-8065-2406-1 4542:978-90-04-16373-7 4489:cite encyclopedia 4455:978-0-300-14485-7 4415:"The New Druidry" 4404:978-1-78238-646-9 4381:978-1-85065-272-4 4308:Material Religion 4247:978-0-7591-0202-6 4225:978-1-85109-608-4 4183:978-1-57003-488-6 4147:978-0-14-303819-1 3983:, pp. 97–98. 3912:Trinity ARIS 2001 3803:Alvin J. Schmidt 3493:978-0-8160-7103-6 3466:978-0-275-98713-8 3318:, pp. 23–24. 3229:Hocker, Lindsay. 3103:, pp. 26–27. 3091:, pp. 26–27. 2699:, pp. 19–20. 2401:Barddas, Volume I 2358:, pp. 31–32. 2243:, pp. 85–86. 1917:, pp. 94–95. 1905:, pp. 41–42. 1601:The Druid Network 1557:According to the 1512:Ár nDraíocht Féin 1481:Wheel of the Year 1365:The Druid Network 1353:Philip Shallcrass 1235:Dr. William Price 1211:French Revolution 1207:Welsh nationalism 1103: 1102: 916:Wheel of the Year 16:(Redirected from 7959: 7912: 7833: 7725: 7707:Galwegian Gaelic 7606: 7504: 7412:Welsh devolution 7306: 7058: 7047:Sean-nós singing 7042:Welsh folk music 7032:Irish folk music 6999:Highland culture 6781:Irish literature 6761:Arthurian Legend 6749: 6738: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6610: 6601: 6578:Neo-Christianity 6518: 6449:Gaelic astrology 6409:Celtic festivals 6312:Celtic mythology 6285:Ancient religion 6202:Iron Age Britain 6169: 6162: 6141:Welsh Argentines 6081:Irish Uruguayans 6076:Irish Travellers 6046:Irish Brazilians 6036:Irish Argentines 6016:Breton Americans 5970:Cornish diaspora 5932:Irish Travellers 5806: 5798:Celtic languages 5754: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5665:Related articles 5570:Pagan Federation 5560:Goddess movement 5540:Christo-Paganism 5430:Rodnovery (list) 5287: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5100: 5063:British Iron Age 5027:William Stukeley 5012:Emma Restall Orr 4972:Philip Carr-Gomm 4921:Henge of Keltria 4883: 4876: 4869: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4770: 4748: 4726: 4704: 4682: 4660: 4624: 4598: 4588: 4569: 4546: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4484: 4459: 4437: 4417: 4408: 4385: 4363: 4350: 4331: 4302: 4293: 4272: 4251: 4234:Clifton, Chas S. 4229: 4206: 4187: 4164: 4151: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4066:. 2 October 2010 4056: 4050: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3805:Fraternal Orders 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207:. Archived from 3205:North Bay Nugget 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3113: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3061:Doyle White 2016 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3037:Doyle White 2016 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2998:Doyle White 2016 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2947:Doyle White 2016 2944: 2938: 2935:Doyle White 2016 2932: 2926: 2923:Doyle White 2016 2920: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2860:Doyle White 2016 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2806:Doyle White 2016 2799: 2793: 2790:Doyle White 2016 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2728: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2592:, p. 64-65. 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2536:Doyle White 2016 2533: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2030:Doyle White 2016 2027: 2021: 2015: 2006: 2000: 1989: 1983: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1846: 1843:Doyle White 2016 1836: 1830: 1827:Doyle White 2016 1824: 1818: 1817:, p. 29-58. 1812: 1806: 1803:Doyle White 2016 1800: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1735: 1734:, p. 27-28. 1729: 1723: 1722:, p. 25-26. 1717: 1711: 1710:, p. 16-17. 1705: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1520:Henge of Keltria 1469:Carleton College 1430:Tuatha Dé Danann 1407: 1392:English Heritage 1361:Emma Restall Orr 1355:established the 1345:Rollo Maughfling 1319:Philip Carr-Gomm 1317:(OBOD). In 1988 1295:Gardnerian Wicca 1150:William Stukeley 1079:1 or 2 February 1006:1 or 2 February 944: 937:, leader of the 826:Groups like the 761:, in fraudulent 735:rites of passage 715:Wayland's Smithy 638:Carmina Gadelica 488: 366:William Stukeley 327:Philip Carr-Gomm 304:native religions 237:Thomas Jefferson 225:James Macpherson 189:magico-religious 138:physical culture 21: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7891: 7838: 7823: 7765: 7761:Early Scots law 7750:Early Irish law 7736: 7711: 7688:Scottish Gaelic 7682: 7623:Proto-Brittonic 7595: 7591:Beurla Reagaird 7567: 7563:Scottish Gaelic 7539: 7511: 7494: 7490:Columba Project 7470:Celtic Congress 7451: 7416: 7390: 7311: 7292: 7253:Gaelic handball 7243:Gaelic football 7228:Cornish hurling 7187: 7097: 7056: 7003: 6982: 6968:Gaelic clothing 6951: 6866: 6825: 6786:Manx literature 6743: 6720: 6699:Other claimants 6694: 6599: 6549:Celtic Congress 6525: 6508: 6404:Celtic calendar 6382: 6341: 6280: 6176: 6163: 6150: 6136:Welsh Americans 6056:Irish Catholics 6051:Irish Canadians 6031:Irish Americans 5989: 5963:Celtic diaspora 5958: 5892: 5821: 5813: 5800: 5767: 5758: 5728: 5723: 5660: 5631:Crypto-paganism 5610: 5523: 5274: 5211: 5185: 5149:Nature religion 5132: 5130:Modern paganism 5127: 5097: 5092: 5078:Modern paganism 5031: 4950: 4946:Kredenn Geltiek 4906:The Druid Order 4884: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4861: 4825: 4820: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4751: 4745: 4729: 4723: 4707: 4701: 4685: 4679: 4665:Bonewits, Isaac 4663: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4635:Primary sources 4632: 4630:Further reading 4627: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4572: 4566: 4549: 4543: 4526: 4520: 4507: 4495: 4485: 4462: 4456: 4440: 4434: 4411: 4405: 4388: 4382: 4366: 4356:Cornish Studies 4353: 4347: 4334: 4305: 4296: 4275: 4254: 4248: 4232: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4190: 4184: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116:, p. 1070. 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4064:BBC News Online 4058: 4057: 4053: 4039: 4035: 4031:, p. 1065. 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919:Wayback Machine 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3711:Shallcrass 2002 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393:, p. 108; 3385: 3381: 3373: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3126:on 24 July 2012 3115: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2812: 2800: 2796: 2788:, p. 109; 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2731: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2318: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2141:, p. 189; 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2096: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2009: 2001: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1849: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1610: 1566:Helen A. Berger 1543: 1442: 1326:Earth mysteries 1311:The Druid Order 1303: 1199: 1134:human sacrifice 1113: 1108: 1096:20 or 21 March 1055:Summer Solstice 1023:20 or 21 March 984:, Alban Arthan 982:Winter Solstice 912: 853: 851:Other practices 771: 769:Arts and poetry 676:Earth mysteries 650: 608: 573: 540: 531: 525: 490: 484:Iolo Morganwg, 483: 478: 476: 474: 472: 470: 468: 466: 464: 459: 443: 378: 347:science fiction 331:Cornish Gorsedd 272:nature religion 177: 109:peoples of the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7965: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7779:Gaelic warfare 7775: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7755:Cyfraith Hywel 7752: 7746: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7728: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7702:Deeside Gaelic 7699: 7693: 7691: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7673:Hispano-Celtic 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7628:Proto-Goidelic 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7480:Celtic society 7477: 7475:Celtic Revival 7472: 7467: 7461: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7443:United Ireland 7440: 7435: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7288:Welsh handball 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7268:Highland games 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7126: 7111: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6994:Gaelic culture 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6973:Highland dress 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6937:Pictish stones 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6619: 6617: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6539:Celtic nations 6536: 6534:Celtic Revival 6530: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:Celtic Animism 6304: 6302:Celtic deities 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6261:Cisalpine Gaul 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6233: 6224: 6199: 6190: 6188:Gaelic Ireland 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6086:Manx Americans 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:Irish Chileans 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6026:English people 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5985:Welsh diaspora 5982: 5977: 5975:Irish diaspora 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5801: 5782:Celtic studies 5774:Celtic nations 5772: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5651:Technopaganism 5648: 5643: 5638: 5636:Discrimination 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5458:Turko-Mongolic 5455: 5454: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5293: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5258:United Kingdom 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4967:Isaac Bonewits 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4857:Nature worship 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4830:Common beliefs 4827: 4826: 4823:Modern Druidry 4821: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4777: 4776:External links 4774: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4722:978-1578633548 4721: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4564: 4547: 4541: 4524: 4519:978-0759105232 4518: 4505: 4497:|journal= 4460: 4454: 4442:Hutton, Ronald 4438: 4432: 4409: 4403: 4386: 4380: 4368:Harvey, Graham 4364: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4314:(3): 346–372. 4303: 4294: 4273: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4165: 4152: 4146: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4077: 4051: 4033: 4021: 4019:, p. 258. 4009: 3997: 3995:, p. 100. 3985: 3973: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3903: 3891: 3878:"AODA History" 3869: 3867:. pp. 156–157. 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3819:. pp. 337–339. 3809: 3796: 3784: 3782:, p. 254. 3772: 3770:, p. 256. 3760: 3750: 3748:, p. 255. 3731: 3719: 3717:, p. 249. 3713:, p. 83; 3703: 3691: 3679: 3677:, p. 250. 3667: 3665:, p. 324. 3655: 3653:, p. 480. 3643: 3631: 3619: 3617:. pp. 253–286. 3607: 3605:, p. 314. 3595: 3593:. pp. 146–182. 3583: 3581:. pp. 132–143. 3571: 3569:. pp. 131–132. 3559: 3557:. pp. 130–131. 3547: 3535: 3523: 3517: 3499: 3492: 3472: 3465: 3447: 3435: 3433:, p. 216. 3423: 3421:, p. 193. 3411: 3399: 3389:, p. 81; 3379: 3362: 3360:, p. 203. 3350: 3335: 3320: 3308: 3306:, p. 121. 3296: 3284: 3272: 3255: 3239: 3222: 3191: 3159: 3136: 3105: 3093: 3087:, p. 83; 3077: 3065: 3063:, p. 368. 3053: 3051:, p. 114. 3041: 3039:, p. 363. 3029: 3027:, p. 192. 3017: 3002: 3000:, p. 349. 2990: 2978: 2976:, p. 106. 2966: 2951: 2949:, p. 357. 2939: 2937:, p. 356. 2927: 2925:, p. 358. 2912: 2900: 2888: 2886:, p. 173. 2876: 2864: 2862:, p. 362. 2852: 2850:, p. 111. 2840: 2838:, p. 112. 2825: 2823:, p. 110. 2810: 2808:, p. 362. 2794: 2778: 2766: 2764:, p. 194. 2754: 2729: 2723:, p. 81; 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2671:, p. 24; 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2619:, p. 90; 2609: 2607:, p. 176. 2594: 2582: 2580:, p. 287. 2570: 2555: 2540: 2538:, p. 355. 2525: 2510: 2498: 2481: 2479:, p. 104. 2469: 2467:, p. 105. 2454: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2390: 2375: 2360: 2348: 2333: 2316: 2314:, p. 193. 2299: 2297:, p. 142. 2284: 2272: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2219:, p. 188. 2209: 2197: 2191:, p. 82; 2181: 2179:, p. 189. 2162: 2147: 2131: 2129:, p. 103. 2119: 2102: 2085: 2073: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2032:, p. 348. 2022: 2007: 1990: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1934: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1876: 1864: 1847: 1845:, p. 351. 1841:, p. 94; 1831: 1829:, p. 351. 1819: 1807: 1805:, p. 360. 1792: 1780: 1778:, p. 114. 1763: 1751: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1593:2001 UK Census 1587:The historian 1542: 1539: 1501:Isaac Bonewits 1441: 1438: 1422:Celtic culture 1309:. A member of 1302: 1299: 1291:Gerald Gardner 1222:acceptance of 1198: 1195: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090:, Alban Elfed 1088:Autumn equinox 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076:1 or 2 August 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060:21 or 22 June 1058: 1057:, Alban Hefin 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020:, Alban Eilir 1018:Spring equinox 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009:1 or 2 August 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 991: 990:21 or 22 June 988: 985: 978: 977: 974: 971: 968: 958: 957: 954: 951: 948: 935:Gerald Gardner 911: 908: 852: 849: 770: 767: 670:and lie along 649: 646: 607: 604: 572: 569: 550:excavation of 548:archaeological 539: 536: 527:Main article: 524: 521: 460: 458: 455: 442: 439: 377: 374: 300:folk religions 296:par excellence 176: 173: 85:, is a modern 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7964: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7888: 7887:– in Portugal 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867:– in Galician 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Celtic League 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7457:Pan-Celticism 7454: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7333:reunification 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7303: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6947:Triple spiral 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:Bardic Poetry 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6735: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614:Celtic League 6611: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6554:Celtic League 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544:Pan-Celticism 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Gaelicisation 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Celticisation 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6227:Iron Age Gaul 6225: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6210:Roman Britain 6207: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:Irish Mexican 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5790:Celtic tribes 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Pagan studies 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:Cochranianism 5589: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263:United States 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:William Price 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Iolo Morganwg 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Erwan Berthou 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753:Nichols, Ross 4750: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4656:9780738723464 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4556:Citadel Press 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4433:9781852853976 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4346:9783658104740 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4202:0-7546-0820-4 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4010: 4007:, p. 99. 4006: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3971:, p. 97. 3970: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3956:, p. 48. 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3932:, p. 45. 3931: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3901:, p. 17. 3900: 3895: 3892: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3831:, p. 44. 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3545:. pp. 86–102. 3544: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3518:0-9547230-1-5 3514: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3409:, p. 66. 3408: 3403: 3400: 3397:, p. 66. 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3377:, p. 23. 3376: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3348:, p. 26. 3347: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3333:, p. 25. 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3294:, p. 17. 3293: 3288: 3285: 3282:, p. 22. 3281: 3276: 3273: 3270:, p. 16. 3269: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3253:, p. 22. 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3015:, p. 95. 3014: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2964:, p. 80. 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2910:, p. 98. 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874:, p. 93. 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2752:, p. 81. 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2727:, p. 20. 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2711:, p. 17. 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2687:, p. 24. 2686: 2681: 2678: 2675:, p. 32. 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2659:, p. 32. 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 29. 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635:, p. 90. 2634: 2629: 2626: 2623:, p. 29. 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523:, p. 71. 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2508:, p. 21. 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496:, p. 20. 2495: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2452:, p. 69. 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2437:, p. 70. 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2391: 2388:, p. 68. 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2373:, p. 62. 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2331:, p. 63. 2330: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2270:, p. 30. 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231:, p. 85. 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2207:, p. 63. 2206: 2201: 2198: 2195:, p. 88. 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2160:, p. 79. 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2145:, p. 79. 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117:, p. 82. 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2100:, p. 83. 2099: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2083:, p. 87. 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071:, p. 78. 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2056:, p. 25. 2055: 2050: 2047: 2044:, p. 20. 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2020:, p. 55. 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2005:, p. 60. 2004: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1988:, p. 59. 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1971:, p. 93. 1970: 1965: 1962: 1959:, p. 92. 1958: 1953: 1950: 1947:, p. 91. 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1932:, p. 97. 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1893:, p. 96. 1892: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Cunliffe 2010 1868: 1865: 1862:, p. 88. 1861: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1790:, p. 31. 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Ronald Hutton 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463:In 1963, the 1461: 1459: 1458:Massachusetts 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Druid's Voice 1381: 1380:Primrose Hill 1377: 1373: 1372:Ronald Hutton 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Tim Sebastion 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1275:Ronald Hutton 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243:William Price 1236: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1224:reincarnation 1220: 1219:Primrose Hill 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Iolo Morganwg 1196: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1139:Conrad Celtis 1135: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 969: 967: 963: 960: 959: 956:Associations 955: 952: 949: 946: 945: 942: 940: 936: 933:in 1964, and 932: 928: 923: 919: 917: 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 877: 875: 874:Iolo Morganwg 871: 867: 857: 850: 848: 846: 842: 837: 835: 834: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 800: 797: 793: 789: 788: 779: 775: 768: 766: 764: 760: 755: 750: 748: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705:like that at 704: 703:stone circles 700: 696: 687: 683: 681: 678:writers like 677: 673: 669: 664: 659: 654: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639: 632: 630: 624: 620: 612: 605: 603: 601: 596: 594: 590: 589:Chosen Chiefs 586: 582: 577: 570: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:human remains 549: 544: 537: 535: 530: 522: 520: 518: 514: 509: 506: 505:Iolo Morganwg 502: 497: 495: 489: 487: 480: 456: 454: 450: 446: 440: 438: 436: 431: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 396: 391: 390:Iolo Morganwg 387: 382: 375: 373: 371: 367: 362: 360: 359: 354: 353: 348: 344: 341:Druids" and " 340: 334: 332: 328: 319: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:Marion Bowman 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 252: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 216: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200:Iolo Morganwg 196: 194: 190: 181: 174: 172: 169: 167: 163: 157: 155: 154:British Isles 149: 147: 143: 140:movement and 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 95: 92: 88: 84: 80: 73: 69: 65: 60: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7947:Spirituality 7932:Neo-druidism 7904:Celts portal 7862:– in Spanish 7697:Arran Gaelic 7618:Proto-Celtic 7586:Bungi Creole 7485:Celtic unity 7421:Independence 7220: 7203: 7027:Gaelic music 6963:Celtic Dress 6912:High crosses 6902:Celtic cross 6880:Bell shrines 6811:Irish annals 6593:Neo-Druidism 6592: 6588:Celtic Wicca 6559:Celtic union 6523:Modern Celts 6414:Celtic women 6322:Celtic Rites 6271:Transylvania 6131:Ulster Scots 6001:Anglo-Celtic 5848:Celtiberians 5793: 5785: 5777: 5765:modern Celts 5687:Neotribalism 5513:Interfaith: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5395: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5333: 5326: 5253:South Africa 5159:Neoshamanism 5007:Ross Nichols 4977:Vera Chapman 4822: 4779: 4756: 4734: 4712: 4690: 4668: 4646: 4604: 4600: 4574: 4554:. New York: 4551: 4528: 4509: 4464: 4445: 4419: 4390: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4336: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4284:(3): 40–59. 4281: 4277: 4263:(1): 58–73. 4260: 4256: 4237: 4211: 4192: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4132: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4054: 4044: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3954:Cooper 2009b 3949: 3942:Cooper 2009b 3937: 3930:Cooper 2009b 3925: 3906: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3872: 3865:Clifton 2006 3860: 3848: 3836: 3829:Cooper 2009b 3824: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3753: 3722: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3663:Hutton 2009b 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3603:Hutton 2009b 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3533:. pp. 49–55. 3526: 3508: 3502: 3482: 3475: 3456: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3382: 3353: 3311: 3299: 3292:Letcher 2004 3287: 3275: 3268:Letcher 2004 3247:Letcher 2004 3242: 3234: 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3209:the original 3204: 3194: 3184:26 September 3182:. Retrieved 3172: 3162: 3145: 3139: 3128:, retrieved 3124:the original 3118: 3096: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2942: 2930: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2797: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2685:Letcher 2004 2680: 2669:Letcher 2004 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2612: 2585: 2573: 2567:(105). 2009. 2564: 2558: 2552:(104). 2009. 2549: 2543: 2501: 2472: 2430: 2418: 2406:. Retrieved 2400: 2393: 2351: 2275: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2184: 2134: 2122: 2076: 2054:Letcher 2004 2049: 2037: 2025: 1964: 1952: 1910: 1903:Cooper 2009b 1898: 1867: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1783: 1754: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1696:discoveries. 1694: 1687:. Retrieved 1683:the original 1679:"The Druids" 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1586: 1574:Libertarians 1563: 1556: 1552: 1541:Demographics 1524: 1515: 1509: 1489: 1477:Mother Earth 1462: 1443: 1433: 1397: 1387: 1383: 1369: 1351:high priest 1330: 1323: 1307:Ross Nichols 1304: 1288: 1252: 1240: 1200: 1174: 1166:monotheistic 1143: 1126: 927:Ross Nichols 924: 920: 913: 889: 878: 862: 838: 831: 825: 801: 795: 792:Eco-Paganism 785: 783: 751: 743: 731:Hill of Tara 692: 680:John Michell 668:earth energy 663:sacred sites 655: 651: 643: 636: 633: 625: 621: 617: 597: 592: 588: 584: 580: 578: 574: 545: 541: 532: 510: 498: 494:polytheistic 491: 485: 482: 462: 451: 447: 444: 432: 429: 425: 397: 394: 363: 356: 350: 335: 324: 311: 307: 295: 280:neo-shamanic 265: 257:Roman Empire 253: 249: 220: 213: 207: 197: 186: 170: 158: 150: 119: 100: 96: 82: 78: 77: 74:, year 1999. 36: 7819:Trimarcisia 7804:Gallóglaigh 7633:Celtiberian 7357:Isle of Man 7316:Nationalism 7205:Bataireacht 7124:Calan Gaeaf 7083:Isle of Man 6927:Leaf-crowns 6917:Insular art 6890:Dragonesque 6852:Isle of Man 6706:Nova Scotia 6659:Isle of Man 6583:Neopaganism 6332:Monasticism 5843:Caledonians 5682:Hermeticism 5300:Ausar Auset 5279:Movements ( 5248:Scandinavia 4916:Dynion Mwyn 4787:Neodruidism 4017:Hutton 2003 3899:Harvey 2007 3792:Howell 2015 3780:Hutton 2003 3768:Hutton 2003 3746:Hutton 2003 3715:Hutton 2003 3699:Hutton 2003 3687:Hutton 2003 3675:Hutton 2003 3639:Hutton 2009 3627:Hutton 2009 3615:Hutton 2009 3591:Hutton 2009 3579:Hutton 2009 3567:Hutton 2009 3555:Hutton 2009 3543:Hutton 2009 3531:Hutton 2009 3407:Cooper 2009 3395:Cooper 2009 3391:Butler 2005 3387:Bowman 2002 3375:Harvey 2007 3358:Harvey 2007 3346:Harvey 2007 3331:Harvey 2007 3316:Harvey 2007 3304:Butler 2005 3280:Harvey 2007 3251:Harvey 2007 3101:Harvey 2007 3089:Harvey 2007 3085:Bowman 2002 3073:Butler 2005 3049:Butler 2005 3013:Butler 2005 2986:Gieser 2016 2974:Butler 2005 2962:Bowman 2002 2908:Butler 2005 2872:Butler 2005 2848:Butler 2005 2836:Butler 2005 2821:Butler 2005 2802:Butler 2005 2786:Butler 2005 2750:Bowman 2002 2725:Harvey 2007 2721:Bowman 2002 2709:Anczyk 2015 2697:Harvey 2007 2673:Harvey 2007 2657:Harvey 2007 2645:Harvey 2007 2633:Butler 2005 2621:Harvey 2007 2617:Butler 2005 2521:Cooper 2009 2506:Harvey 2007 2494:Harvey 2007 2477:Butler 2005 2465:Butler 2005 2450:Cooper 2009 2435:Cooper 2009 2423:Harvey 2007 2408:10 February 2386:Cooper 2009 2371:Gieser 2016 2356:Harvey 2007 2329:Gieser 2016 2268:Harvey 2007 2241:Bowman 2002 2229:Bowman 2002 2205:Cooper 2009 2193:Butler 2005 2189:Bowman 2002 2158:Bowman 2002 2143:Bowman 2002 2127:Butler 2005 2115:Bowman 2002 2098:Bowman 2002 2081:Butler 2005 2069:Bowman 2002 2042:Anczyk 2015 2018:Gieser 2016 2003:Cooper 2009 1986:Cooper 2009 1969:Bowman 2002 1957:Butler 2005 1945:Butler 2005 1930:Butler 2005 1915:Butler 2005 1891:Butler 2005 1860:Butler 2005 1839:Butler 2005 1580:, and 3.6% 1578:Republicans 1187:Freemasonry 1146:antiquarian 1129:Romanticist 1121:archaeology 966:Calan Gaeaf 892:hobby horse 763:sweat lodge 754:sweat lodge 719:Oxfordshire 593:Arch Druids 435:King Arthur 413:monotheists 405:polytheists 122:Freemasonry 18:Neo-Druidry 7926:Categories 7882:– in Italy 7784:Ceathairne 7648:Gallaecian 7278:Road bowls 7183:Eisteddfod 7151:Calan Awst 7147:Lughnasadh 6753:Literature 6616:definition 6439:Clan chief 6231:Roman Gaul 6222:Hen Ogledd 5948:including 5930:including 5702:Burkhanism 5619:In society 5606:Stregheria 5601:Reclaiming 5137:Approaches 5088:Stonehenge 4955:Neo-Druids 4852:Eisteddfod 4531:. Leiden: 4362:: 182–196. 4163:(1): 9–22. 3884:8 December 3853:Adler 2006 3841:Adler 2006 3817:Adler 2006 3651:Lewis 2009 3443:White 2021 3431:White 2021 3419:White 2021 2896:White 2021 2884:White 2021 2774:White 2021 2762:White 2021 2605:White 2021 2590:White 2021 2578:White 2021 2344:White 2021 2295:White 2021 2280:White 2021 1815:White 2021 1788:White 2021 1776:White 2021 1759:White 2021 1747:White 2021 1732:White 2021 1720:White 2021 1708:White 2021 1689:1 December 1666:White 2021 1654:White 2021 1642:White 2021 1625:References 1284:Bronze Age 1282:and early 1267:Stonehenge 1158:Stonehenge 1072:Lughnasadh 885:homeopathy 796:Eisteddfod 787:Eisteddfod 721:, and the 695:Stonehenge 658:megalithic 606:Ceremonies 517:elementals 409:pantheists 388:symbol of 175:Definition 45:Stonehenge 7814:Redshanks 7789:Ceithearn 7517:Brittonic 7509:Languages 7142:Calan Mai 7133:Gŵyl Fair 7107:Festivals 6922:Interlace 6346:Mythology 6254:Gallaecia 5868:Galatians 5714:Theosophy 5672:Ariosophy 5626:Criticism 5565:Ivanovism 5528:Syncretic 5485:Hungarian 5312:Heathenry 5305:Godianism 5268:Minnesota 5223:Australia 5073:Heathenry 4621:144149706 4499:ignored ( 4481:143506407 4328:218836456 4099:2 October 4070:2 October 3855:. p. 341. 3843:. p. 340. 3641:. p. 323. 3629:. p. 343. 3025:Hale 2000 2312:Hale 2000 2253:Hale 2000 2217:Hale 2000 2177:Hale 2000 2139:Hale 2000 1630:Footnotes 1570:Democrats 1412:based on 1280:Neolithic 1271:Wiltshire 1253:In 1874, 1215:Glamorgan 1170:a Messiah 1154:megaliths 1039:Calan Mai 947:Festival 910:Festivals 881:herbalism 833:gorseddau 699:Wiltshire 672:ley lines 564:Wiltshire 415:; 7% are 358:Babylon 5 352:Star Trek 284:neo-tribe 91:religious 87:spiritual 49:Wiltshire 7799:Gaesatae 7690:dialects 7653:Lepontic 7643:Galatian 7545:Goidelic 7395:Autonomy 7310:Politics 7263:Rounders 7115:Calendar 7088:Scotland 7073:Cornwall 7068:Brittany 6956:Clothing 6907:Knotwork 6885:Brooches 6857:Scotland 6842:Cornwall 6837:Brittany 6716:Y Wladfa 6671:Scotland 6635:Cornwall 6623:Brittany 6474:Seanchaí 6469:Tanistry 6429:Derbfine 6358:Scottish 6249:Brittany 6245:Domnonée 6241:Armorica 6236:Britonia 6218:Dumnonia 6193:Dálriata 5878:Lepontii 5873:Helvetii 5858:Gallaeci 5475:Estonian 5410:Hellenic 5405:Germanic 5391:Egyptian 5348:Caucasic 5328:Dievturi 5317:Armenian 5296:African 5144:Eclectic 5068:Paganism 4755:(1990). 4733:(2000). 4711:(2006). 4667:(2006). 4645:(2011). 4444:(2009). 4395:Berghahn 4370:(2007). 4236:(2006). 4216:ABC-CLIO 3915:Archived 3215:7 August 3130:7 August 2425:. p. 34. 1608:See also 1497:Hassidic 1448:and the 1247:Chartist 1178:Anglesey 1035:Beltaine 904:Cornwall 870:coelbren 821:Brittany 809:Scotland 747:fracking 713:such as 556:reburial 457:Theology 421:atheists 417:agnostic 401:animists 312:Druidess 233:Napoleon 229:Voltaire 142:naturism 111:Iron Age 83:Druidism 7852:Deities 7809:Hobelar 7771:Warfare 7734:Warfare 7668:Pictish 7663:Cumbric 7638:Gaulish 7610:Extinct 7530:Cornish 7328:history 7273:Hurling 7247:Ladies' 7238:Curling 7211:Camogie 7138:Beltane 7120:Samhain 7078:Ireland 6847:Ireland 6742:Culture 6711:England 6647:Ireland 6605:Nations 6504:Coinage 6494:Warfare 6387:Society 6378:Cornish 6368:British 6276:Galatia 6266:Balkans 6174:Studies 5911:Cornish 5906:Bretons 5883:Noricum 5838:Britons 5811:Peoples 5709:Thelema 5535:Adonism 5495:Mordvin 5480:Finnish 5450:Ynglism 5436:RUNVira 5420:Semitic 5371:Druidry 5243:Ireland 5238:Hungary 5207:Temples 5171:Secular 5154:New Age 5036:Related 4735:Druidry 4424:239–258 4138:Penguin 4123:Sources 3758:council 1576:, 4.6% 1572:, 5.1% 1434:creidim 1426:Ireland 1388:Aisling 1162:Avebury 1111:Origins 1106:History 962:Samhain 900:Padstow 813:England 805:Ireland 707:Avebury 560:Avebury 376:Beliefs 343:Hasidic 276:New Age 261:channel 209:Gorsedd 166:Heathen 79:Druidry 53:England 7847:Tribes 7794:Fianna 7581:Shelta 7525:Breton 7345:status 7283:Shinty 7258:Gouren 7222:Cnapan 7216:Cammag 7129:Imbolc 7052:Carnyx 6978:Tartan 6897:Carnyx 6664:Mannin 6640:Kernow 6628:Breizh 6498:Gaelic 6454:Fáinne 6399:Brehon 6373:Breton 6327:Druids 6181:Places 5888:Volcae 5833:Belgae 5794:· 5792: 5786:· 5784: 5778:· 5776: 5500:Udmurt 5470:Uralic 5425:Slavic 5365:Celtic 5353:Abkhaz 5335:Romuva 5322:Baltic 5290:Ethnic 5233:Greece 4889:Orders 4763: 4741: 4719: 4697: 4675: 4653: 4619: 4581: 4562: 4539: 4516: 4479: 4452: 4430: 4401: 4378: 4343: 4326: 4244: 4222: 4199: 4180: 4144: 3515: 3490: 3463: 3152: 1582:Greens 1002:Imbolc 819:, and 817:France 585:orders 581:groves 245:Ossian 235:, and 193:druids 115:druids 107:Celtic 72:Hanvec 7837:Lists 7658:Noric 7573:Mixed 7553:Irish 7535:Welsh 7199:Bando 7192:Sport 7093:Wales 7009:Music 6942:Torcs 6932:Mazes 6862:Wales 6688:Cymru 6683:Wales 6566:Music 6489:Vates 6484:Túath 6434:Druid 6363:Welsh 6353:Irish 5944:Scots 5926:Irish 5921:Gaels 5916:Welsh 5863:Gauls 5853:Gaels 5824:Names 5796: 5788: 5780: 5761:Celts 5586:Wicca 5507:Zuism 5415:Roman 5378:Wicca 5202:Music 5083:Wicca 5058:Druid 5053:Celts 4617:S2CID 4597:(PDF) 4533:Brill 4477:S2CID 4324:S2CID 4089:(PDF) 1485:Wicca 1414:Spain 1156:like 866:ogham 841:blues 308:Druid 241:Homer 204:Welsh 162:Pagan 126:Bards 32:Druid 7732:and 7558:Manx 7445:and 6676:Alba 6652:Éire 6571:Rock 6479:Sept 6459:Fili 6394:Bard 6197:Alba 5939:Manx 5763:and 5596:Feri 5490:Mari 5463:list 5281:list 4837:Awen 4761:ISBN 4739:ISBN 4717:ISBN 4695:ISBN 4673:ISBN 4651:ISBN 4579:ISBN 4560:ISBN 4537:ISBN 4514:ISBN 4501:help 4450:ISBN 4428:ISBN 4399:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4341:ISBN 4242:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4197:ISBN 4178:ISBN 4142:ISBN 4101:2010 4072:2010 3886:2015 3513:ISBN 3488:ISBN 3461:ISBN 3217:2014 3186:2006 3154:1078 3150:PMID 3132:2014 2410:2023 1691:2014 1398:The 1160:and 883:and 845:rave 843:and 759:died 727:Kent 529:Awen 523:Awen 386:Awen 384:The 355:and 278:and 7742:Law 7730:Law 6872:Art 6464:Law 4609:doi 4469:doi 4316:doi 4286:doi 4265:doi 1493:Zen 1424:of 1269:in 995:sun 898:of 823:. 725:in 717:in 629:pub 591:or 339:Zen 164:or 89:or 70:in 47:in 7928:: 6247:/ 6243:/ 6229:/ 6220:/ 6216:/ 6212:/ 6208:/ 6204:/ 6195:/ 5584:: 5517:· 4615:. 4605:15 4603:. 4599:. 4493:: 4491:}} 4487:{{ 4475:. 4426:. 4418:. 4358:. 4322:. 4312:12 4310:. 4282:12 4280:. 4261:11 4259:. 4176:. 4161:13 4159:. 4140:. 4091:. 4062:. 3961:^ 3734:^ 3365:^ 3338:^ 3323:^ 3258:^ 3233:, 3203:. 3177:. 3171:. 3108:^ 3005:^ 2954:^ 2915:^ 2828:^ 2813:^ 2732:^ 2597:^ 2528:^ 2513:^ 2484:^ 2457:^ 2442:^ 2378:^ 2363:^ 2336:^ 2319:^ 2302:^ 2287:^ 2260:^ 2165:^ 2150:^ 2105:^ 2088:^ 2061:^ 2010:^ 1993:^ 1976:^ 1937:^ 1922:^ 1879:^ 1850:^ 1795:^ 1766:^ 1739:^ 1693:. 1584:. 1522:. 1487:. 1471:, 1297:. 1037:, 964:, 941:. 906:. 902:, 815:, 811:, 807:, 741:. 682:. 631:. 595:. 562:, 513:Sí 423:. 361:. 231:, 156:. 51:, 7249:) 7245:( 7149:/ 7140:/ 7131:/ 7122:/ 6691:) 6685:( 6679:) 6673:( 6667:) 6661:( 6655:) 6649:( 6643:) 6637:( 6631:) 6625:( 6500:) 6496:( 5826:) 5822:( 5753:e 5746:t 5739:v 5283:) 5122:e 5115:t 5108:v 4815:e 4808:t 4801:v 4769:. 4747:. 4725:. 4703:. 4681:. 4659:. 4623:. 4611:: 4587:. 4568:. 4545:. 4522:. 4503:) 4483:. 4471:: 4458:. 4436:. 4407:. 4384:. 4360:8 4349:. 4330:. 4318:: 4292:. 4288:: 4271:. 4267:: 4250:. 4228:. 4205:. 4186:. 4150:. 4103:. 4074:. 3888:. 3729:. 3496:. 3469:. 3219:. 3188:. 3156:. 2412:. 1874:. 1402:( 1123:. 337:" 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index