501:, a warming trend which occurred between 900 and 1200 in the northern hemisphere, resulted in the lengthened season of open water along the North Alaskan Coast, and an extension of the summer range of bowhead whales into the Beaufort Sea and further east into the Canadian Archipelago. Like other whale species, bowheads tend to avoid ice-choked channels and passages because of the possibility of entrapment and death. General climatic warming may have reduced the extent and severity of pack ice, allowing bowheads and their Thule predators to expand eastward.
521:. In prime whaling areas, known Thule sites regularly contain fifteen to twenty houses, and in one case sixty. Clusters of houses suggest extended family units, and communal structures dedicated to ceremony have also been identified. Some form of hierarchical social structure may be identifiable though variations in dwelling size, form, and content (whaling equipment, non-local goods, etc.) which could point to a difference in social status between families or households. The presence of small quantities of native
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used with dog teams. Birnirk people were sea-mammal hunters who engaged in fishing and whaling. Birnirk houses were square shaped, with walls constructed of horizontal logs and single or double posts in each corner. Sleeping areas were at the back of the dwelling and were either built up or at floor level. No interior hearths were found in the house ruins, although heavily encrusted and fire-blackened pottery vessel fragments suggest extensive use of open fires.
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added upon their research and claimed that the tradition had started out in Alaska, and that Thule hunting was based on the dog sled, the large skin boat and the kayak which enabled them to range over a much greater hunting territory, participate in widespread trade, and transport heavier loads. Mathiassen was right about his hypotheses and even mapped out the Thule migration and interaction with
Greenland.
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umialik, is still a prominent position in Arctic communities today. Chipped stone tools were replaced by ground slate, ivory winged tolls were largely replaced by tridents, and iron-tipped tools were used for engraving. Harpoon styles became simpler and more standardised, as did Punuk art. The Punuk developed their methods of hunting that led to the creation of
408:" that occurred between 1400 and 1600 limited the use of boats and number of whales present in the area. This shortened the season for open-water whale hunting. By the 16th century, umiak and kayak whale hunting had ceased in the High Arctic. By 1600, the people had moved on and abandoned the High Arctic due to the severe
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and are said to have spread further and lasted longer than their predecessor, the Old Bering Sea Stage. The Thule people are well known for their technological advances in transportation and hunting techniques and tools. The harpoon played a very significant role in whaling and the Thule people made
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lists myriad artifacts used for hunting. Classic Thule did not place much emphasis on art. There were slight artistic details on household things such as combs but it involved very simple, linear designs featuring people without appendages, animals, or symbols that represented the human ties with the
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region, which he considered to be the remains of a highly developed Eskimo whaling culture that had originated in Alaska and moved to Arctic Canada approximately 1000 years ago. There are three stages of development leading up to Thule culture; they are Okvik/Old Bering Sea, Punuk, Birnirk, and then
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The Thule people still lived in semi-subterranean winter houses, but in the summer moved into skin tents, the edges held down by circles of stone. The Thule were using iron long before
European contact. In the west it was used in small quantities for carving knives and for engraving other tools. The
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as Punuk and Old Bering Sea, but there was no art. There is very little evidence of tool or weapon decoration. The little art that was present in the
Birnirk stage was limited to spiral and concentric motifs on clay pots with bone paddles. They did use sledges, of the same basic design as were later
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Punuk is differentiated with Old Bering Sea through its artifact styles and house forms, as well as harpoon styles and whale hunting. Punuk settlements were larger and more common than earlier villages. They were subterranean, square or rectangular dwellings with wooden floors. The house was held up
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were harvested from live bowhead whales. The Thule developed an expertise in hunting and utilizing as many parts of an animal as possible. This knowledge combined with their growing wealth of tools and modes of transportation allowed the Thule people to thrive. They whaled together where one person
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Thule culture was first identified in the
Eastern Arctic by interdisciplinary researches of Danish scholars between 1921 and 1924. A team of anthropologists, archaeologists and natural scientists compiled a massive description of the Canadian Arctic on the fifth Thule expedition. Therkel Mathiassen
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Birnirk culture is best known along coastal northern and western Alaska. There are three phases of
Birnirk culture: Early Birnirk, Middle Birnirk, and Late Birnirk. These phases were primarily distinguishable by gradual changes in harpoon head and arrow styles. Harpoon heads were more often made of
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Whaling has a greater emphasis in the Punuk stage. Hunters would use umiaks and kill whales in narrow ice leads as well as in the open sea in the fall. Open sea whaling required skilled leadership, teams of expert boatmen and hunters, and the cooperation of several boats. The whaleboat captain, the
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There are many important innovations that emerged that allowed hunting to be more efficient. Harpoon mounted ice picks were used for seal hunting, as well as ivory plugs and mouthpieces for inflating harpoon line floats, which enabled them to recover larger sea mammals when dispatched. These people
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making also spread and replaced the Norton tradition in
Southern Alaska. There were differences between the areas to which the tradition migrated. Houses in the more eastern region were more above ground and round with stone platforms to sleep on. The shape and support for the buildings came from
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expansion; the Thule worked raw iron into tools for their own use. Iron enabled the Thule people to work with more materials to make more wood and bone tools. The only problem they faced was a lack of a steady supply of metal. The Thule were clever with technology. Reports on classic Thule sites
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for oil that could be used for fires for light and cooking purposes, and the bones could be used for building structures and making tools. The Thule people survived predominantly on fish, large sea mammals and caribou outside of the whaling communities. Because they had advanced transportation
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Another theory is that warfare in Alaska or a desire to seek out new resources of iron for making tools such as knives may have encouraged people to move eastward. Archaeologists have used the distribution of early
Alaskan-style harpoon heads to track the routes taken by Thule people. One route
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Post-Classic Thule tradition existed from 1400 up until
European contact in areas where whales were not as prevalent so there is an increase in evidence of other means of subsistence, such as caribou, seal and fish. These settlements show a more gradual settlement of fewer whales and using more
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The Punuk stage is a development of Old Bering Sea stage, with distribution along the major Strait islands and along to shores of the
Chukchi Peninsula. The Punuk culture was initially defined by Henry Collins in 1928 from a 16 ft (4.9 m) deep midden on one of the Punuk Islands. Later
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The chronological relationship between the Okvik and Old Bering Seas cultures has been the subject of debate and remains largely undecided, based mainly on art styles. Some consider it to be a distinct culture pre-dating Old Bering Sea, but the close similarity and overlapping radiocarbon dates
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A strong maritime adaptation is characteristic of the Thule, and the OBS stage, and then can be seen in the archaeological evidence. Both Kayaks and umiaks (large skinned boats) appear in the archaeological record for the first time. The toolkits of the people of the time are dominated by
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There are several stages of the Thule tradition: Old Bering Sea Stage, Punuk Stage, and
Birnirk Stage. These stages represent variations of the Thule Tradition as it expanded over time. The Thule Tradition replaced the Dorset Tradition in the Eastern Arctic and introduced both
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of Siberia, and that they were genetically very different from the indigenous Dorset people of northern Canada and Greenland, whom they culturally and genetically completely replaced around 1300 AD. The study found no evidence of genetic mixing between the Thule people and
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would shoot the whale with the harpoon and the others would throw the floats on it and they all transferred the whale to land to butcher it together to share with the entire community. Their unity played a significant role in the length of time they thrived in the Arctic.
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decorated ivory harpoon heads and other objects dug up by natives on the St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands. Jenness identified the Bering Sea culture as a highly developed Inuit culture of northeastern Asiatic origin and pre-Thule in age.
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Sometime around the beginning of the 2nd millennium, Thule people began migrating east. As western Thule peoples settled the northern and western coasts of Alaska, other Thule groups migrated eastward across the Canadian Arctic as far as
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There are many different theories as to why the Thule moved out of the Bering Strait. One is the cultural-ecological model developed by R. McGhee. The idea is that the first Thule families to move followed groups of
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polished-slate rather than flaked-stone artifacts, including lanceolate knives, projectile heads, and the ulu transverse-bladed knife. The people also made a crude form of pottery and there was much use of
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excavation on St Lawrence Island confirmed Jenness's ideas on the Bering Sea culture, and demonstrated a continual cultural sequence on the island from Old Bering Sea, to Punuk, to modern Eskimo culture.
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technology, they had access to a wider range of food sources. There is superb faunal preservation in Thule sites due to a late prehistoric date as well as an arctic environment. Most of the bowhead
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relied heavily on seal and walrus for subsistence. It is easy to pick out OBS technology because of the artistic curvilinear dots, circles, and shorter lines that were used to decorate their tools.
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subsistence strategies from the west. The redistribution of the Thule people reflects the population pressures of the Classic Thule, but the climate played a more important role. The onset of the "
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antler, rather than ivory, and were characterized by medially-placed, trifurcated spurs during Early Birnirk, bifurcated in Middle Birnirk, and single-laterally-placed spurs in Late Birnirk.
226:, following his participation as an archaeologist and cartographer of the Fifth Danish Expedition to Arctic America in 1921–1924. He excavated sites on Baffin Island and the northwestern
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The Thule Tradition lasted from about 200 BC to 1600 AD around the Bering Strait, the Thule people being the prehistoric ancestors of the Inuit. Thule culture was mapped out by
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in August 2014 examined the remains of a large number of Thule people buried between ca. 1050 AD and 1600 AD. The examined individuals belonged overwhelmingly to the maternal haplogroup
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follows the Beaufort Sea coast and Amundsen Gulf, entering the High Arctic via Parry Channel and Smith Sound. A second route led the Thule south, along the western coast of Hudson Bay.
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Hunter-gatherers of the North Pacific Rim: papers presented at the eighth International Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies (CHAGS 8), Aomori and Osaka, October 1998
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for survival because bowhead whales swim slowly and sleep near the water's surface. Bowhead whales served many purposes for the Thule people. The people could get a lot of
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Some Thule migrated southward, in the "Second Expansion" or "Second Phase". By the 13th or 14th century, the Thule had occupied an area inhabited until then by the
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for heads on harpoons, as well as to make darts, spears, snow goggles, blubber scrapers, needles, awls and mattocks, also walrus shoulder-blade snow shovels.
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412:. The Thule Eskimos who lived near open water were not as affected by the decrease in temperature. It was during this time that local groups such as the
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382:. The archaeologist Alan McCartney originally coined the term "Classic Thule" with reference to the population that existed between 1100 and 1400 AD.
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A 2019 genetic analysis concluded that between 2,700 and 4,900 years ago, the ancestors of the Thule emerged in Alaska through admixture between the
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by whale jaw-bones, and covered in skins, sod and then snow. These houses were nicely insulated, and would have been only visible to the occupants.
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1111:"Logistical Organization, Social Complexity, and the Collapse of Prehistoric Thule Whaling Societies in the Central Canadian Arctic Archipelago"
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The different stages of the Thule Tradition are distinguished by their different styles of making tools and art. The later stages, Punuk and
517:. Their success in hunting bowhead whales was facilitated through their use of large boats, and their vast foraging range through the use of
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1472:. This is a documentary on the Thule people and their eastward migration across the Arctic to Greenland. The webpage contains a link to
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Between 900 and 1100, the Thule Tradition spread westward. The efficiency of housing was improved as they spread to the west and
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Thule culture. These groups of peoples have been referred to as "Neo-Eskimo" cultures, which are differentiated from the earlier
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Park, Robert W. (1999). "Demography and the reconstruction of social organization from Thule wintering sites in Arctic Canada".
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550:. They also made inflated harpoon line floats to help them hunt larger prey. Where available, they used and traded iron from
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During this time, eastern Thule spread out throughout the High Arctic and into the south. Thule people were living along the
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There are several major archaeological research projects that have been conducted on the Thule culture at sites including
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The different cultures in Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland and the Canadian arctic islands between 900AD and 1500AD.
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Intensified contacts with Europeans began in the 18th century. Compounded by the already disruptive effects of the "
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and the Ocean Bay Tradition and that these ancestors subsequently migrated back to Siberia where they became the
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857:. Mercury Series Paperback. Vol. 141 of Archaeological Survey of Canada. Canadian Museum of Civilization.
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McCartney, Allen P.; Savelle, James M. (February 1999). "Thule Eskimo Bowhead Whale Interception Strategies".
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444:, umiaks, and kayaks. This enabled the hunters to travel further to hunt and follow the migration of the
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suggest Okvik and Old Bering Sea are best considered as roughly contemporaneous, with regional variants.
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Schledermann, Peter. The Thule Tradition in Northern Labrador. Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1971
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Flegentov et al. (2019) Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America.
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McCartney, Allen P.; Savelle, James M. (1985). "Thule Eskimo Whaling in the Central Canadian Arctic".
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Martin Appelt; Jens Fog Jensen; Mikkel Myrup; Henning Haack; Mikkel Sørensen; Michelle Taube (2014).
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from north-west Greenland indicate the existence of trade networks taking place in Thule culture.
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Raghavan, Maanasa; DeGiorgio, Michael; Albrechtsen, Anders; et al. (29 August 2014).
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Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems
1193:. Philadelphia: MASCA, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 27–43
481:. Prior to 1000, the central and eastern Canadian Arctic were occupied by people of the
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Pringle, Heather (1997). "New Respect for Metal's Role in Ancient Arctic Cultures".
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were also detected. It was found that the Thule people probably descended from the
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Tuck, James. Newfoundland and Labrador Prehistory. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984
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1117:. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Springer US. pp. 73–90.
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The Ruin Islanders: Early Thule Culture Pioneers in the Eastern High Arctic
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by the 13th century. In the process, they replaced people of the earlier
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Evidence supports the idea that the Thule (and, to a lesser degree, the
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1476:(length: 44:32; may not be viewable online outside of Canada). Note:
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episodes are also viewable on iTunes, and can be purchased at the
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Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
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iron came both from meteoric resources and from trade from the
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The Birnirk people used many of the same hunting methods and
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Bonvillain, Nancy. The Inuit. Chelsea House Publishers, 1995
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The cultural history of the Innaanganeq/Cape York meteorite
983:"Eskimo prehistory in the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska"
909:(Fourth ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. pp.
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Whalebone used in the building of an ancient Thule home in
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domestic items instead of pottery and developed the use of
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that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "
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The Old Bering Sea (OBS) stage was first characterized by
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in 1953) in northwest Greenland, facing Canada, where the
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Dumond, Don. The Eskimos and Aleuts. Westview Press, 1977
1159:. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. pp. 103–121.
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1443:. Informational webpage related to the TV documentary,
1213:"Thule Culture | Museum | Museum of the North"
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The culture of the Thule people varied greatly from the
1051:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 828–829.
374:, and along the present-day Canadian mainland from the
1315:(3, Arctic Anthropology). Taylor & Francis: 437.
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Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent
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815:. Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo
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1187:McCartney, Allen P.; Ehrenreich, Robert M. (1991).
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577:The Classic Thule tradition relied heavily on the
175:. In Viking sources, these peoples are called the
1368:"The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic"
760:(second ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989
338:made from bone as well as the technology of the
267:Old Bering Sea stage, 200 BC to AD 500
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128:by the year 1000 and expanded eastward across
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1153:Savelle, James M.; Wenzel, George W. (2003).
452:. After 1000, the practice of using polished
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1447:, shown below in the External links section.
1336:, Supplementary Materials, p. 109, Table S1.
737:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
465:whale bones. Eastern populations preferred
456:for tool making continued to spread to the
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1468:and first broadcast 29 June 2009 on the
1023:(2). University of Wisconsin Press: 40.
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432:Expansion into West and Eastern Arctic
541:, have greater representation in the
525:from the western arctic and meteoric
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173:Norse colonization of North America
1048:The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology
627:, Victoria Island, the Bell site,
602:Inuk pointing out Thule site, 1995
144:" originates from the location of
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2115:Native American history of Alaska
1991:Bering Straits Native Corporation
1981:Arctic Slope Regional Corporation
1474:view the documentary online here
1470:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1441:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
120:were the ancestors of all modern
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399:Post-Classic stage, 1400 to 1600
84:
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1081:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
779:McGhee, Robert (3 April 2015).
649:Birnirk culture § Genetics
2034:Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated
1431:History of the Thule Migration
645:Dorset culture § Genetics
641:Saqqaq culture § Genetics
1:
853:McCullough, Karen M. (1989).
661:A genetic study published in
499:Neo-Atlantic climatic episode
370:region, on the shores of the
1286:10.1126/science.277.5327.766
124:. They developed in coastal
2125:1st millennium in Greenland
1123:10.1007/978-1-4615-0543-3_4
937:(Supplementary Information)
358:Classic stage, 1100 to 1400
167:) were in contact with the
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1109:Savelle, James M. (2002).
657:Sadlermiut § Genetics
638:
631:– QkHn-12, and Cape York.
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255:and demonstrated advanced
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2001:NANA Regional Corporation
1976:Alaska Native corporation
1960:Inuit Circumpolar Council
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786:The Canadian Encyclopedia
757:Oxford English Dictionary
2130:2nd millennium in Canada
2120:Prehistory of the Arctic
1869:Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ
903:Fagan, Brian M. (2005).
690:Greenlandic Norse people
615:Archaeological Project,
2019:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
1996:Cook Inlet Region, Inc.
1387:10.1126/science.1255832
1045:Hood, Bryan C. (2017).
957:"Thule Whalebone House"
148:(relocated and renamed
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259:technology and use of
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27:Ancestors of the Inuit
653:Inuit § Genetics
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543:archaeological record
420:, and Inglulingmuit (
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1560:Proto-Inuit language
1465:The Nature of Things
1436:The Nature of Things
1349:Raghavan et al. 2014
1334:Raghavan et al. 2014
981:Ford, James (1959).
619:, The Clachan site,
199:, and later, Inuit.
2024:Makivik Corporation
1986:Calista Corporation
1874:Inuvialuit Nunangit
1017:Arctic Anthropology
671:, while samples of
556:Cape York meteorite
1309:World Anthropology
961:The Glenbow Museum
813:Arctic Archaeology
607:Sites and projects
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380:Melville Peninsula
224:Therkel Mathiassen
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2110:Greenlandic Inuit
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1482:CBC's online shop
1280:(5327): 766–767.
1166:978-4-901906-07-4
1132:978-1-4615-0543-3
1058:978-0-19-885520-0
920:978-0-5002-8532-9
864:978-0-6601-0793-6
809:"Thule Tradition"
572:Resolute, Nunavut
460:. The methods of
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770:
769:
767:
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748:
742:
741:
728:
623:, Nelson River,
458:Aleutian Islands
233:Norton Tradition
211:Thule site near
112:
107:
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90:
83:
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2007:
1964:
1937:
1895:
1855:
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1413:Further reading
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928:
921:
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828:
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806:
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781:"Thule Culture"
778:
777:
773:
763:
761:
750:
749:
745:
730:
729:
725:
720:
698:
685:Birnirk culture
659:
637:
621:Coronation Gulf
617:Somerset Island
609:
564:
535:
511:
473:to pull sleds.
434:
428:area) emerged.
410:climate changes
401:
376:Mackenzie Delta
366:coasts, in the
360:
323:
279:Diamond Jenness
275:
269:
217:Victoria Island
205:
130:northern Canada
110:
87:
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47:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2049:Notable people
2046:
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2038:
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2036:
2031:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2009:
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2003:
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1988:
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1963:
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1857:
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1848:
1843:
1841:Iñupiat Nunaat
1837:
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1760:Transportation
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1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:Throat singing
1564:
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1485:
1462:, produced by
1453:
1452:External links
1450:
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1251:on 21 May 2022
1229:
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1098:
1087:(2): 115–126.
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870:
863:
826:
796:
771:
743:
722:
721:
719:
716:
715:
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709:
707:Saqqaq culture
704:
697:
694:
636:
633:
608:
605:
563:
560:
534:
531:
510:
507:
495:bowhead whales
483:Dorset Culture
433:
430:
406:Little Ice Age
400:
397:
359:
356:
322:
319:
315:Old Bering Sea
273:Old Bering Sea
271:Main article:
268:
265:
261:bowhead whales
204:
201:
193:Little Ice Age
158:Comer's Midden
154:archaeological
138:Dorset culture
26:
24:
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2100:Inuit history
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2056:United States
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1459:Inuit Odyssey
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1445:Inuit Odyssey
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996:(1). New York
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625:Baffin Island
622:
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584:
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579:bowhead whale
573:
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364:Hudson Strait
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81:
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65:
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32:
19:
2135:Thule people
1930:
1884:Nunavik ᓄᓇᕕᒃ
1879:Nunavut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ
1692:
1688:Snow goggles
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1477:
1463:
1458:
1444:
1434:
1377:
1371:
1351:, p. 1.
1329:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1189:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1155:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1114:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1047:
1020:
1016:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
993:
989:
976:
965:. Retrieved
960:
934:
929:
911:196–197, 210
905:
854:
817:. Retrieved
812:
784:
774:
762:. Retrieved
755:
746:
735:
726:
662:
660:
629:Devon Island
610:
576:
554:such as the
536:
512:
503:
491:
487:
475:
435:
414:Copper Inuit
402:
393:supernatural
384:
361:
348:
344:
332:
328:
324:
311:Paleo-Eskimo
308:
304:
300:
288:
276:
237:
221:
190:
183:
176:
162:
117:
39:
37:
2029:Nunatsiavut
1889:Nunatsiavut
1217:www.uaf.edu
562:Subsistence
450:sea mammals
178:Skrælingjar
132:, reaching
118:proto-Inuit
2094:Categories
1793:Snowmobile
1768:Ammassalik
1255:7 November
967:2022-02-17
764:7 December
718:References
702:Qilakitsoq
639:See also:
585:for food,
552:meteorites
548:whale bone
446:large game
372:Foxe Basin
368:Hudson Bay
351:technology
228:Hudson Bay
18:Neo-Eskimo
2066:Greenland
1919:Kalaallit
1821:Homelands
1798:Snowshoes
1555:Phonology
1545:Languages
1535:Astronomy
1294:129339473
592:artifacts
519:dog sleds
479:Greenland
467:soapstone
442:dog sleds
424:from the
283:patinated
134:Greenland
2079:Category
1924:Tunumiit
1914:Inughuit
1851:Nunarpet
1803:Qamutiik
1788:Sled dog
1670:Kamleika
1647:Research
1634:Clothing
1598:Material
1579:Religion
1396:25170159
1380:(6200).
1197:6 August
1172:6 August
1138:6 August
1093:41103359
1064:6 August
1029:40316088
712:Skræling
696:See also
635:Genetics
426:Igloolik
418:Netsilik
1932:Denmark
1901:Denmark
1778:Inuksuk
1728:Kakivak
1713:Weapons
1656:Atikłuk
1642:History
1624:Inuksuk
1602:culture
1550:Grammar
1540:Cuisine
1527:Culture
1373:Science
1359:Sources
1273:Science
1222:Sep 15,
752:"Thule"
732:"Thule"
664:Science
613:Torngat
587:blubber
539:Birnirk
509:Culture
462:pottery
438:hunting
395:world.
378:to the
296:antlers
257:harpoon
203:History
169:Vikings
150:Qaanaaq
2061:Canada
2012:Canada
1969:Alaska
1953:Global
1909:Nunaat
1861:Canada
1829:Alaska
1773:Iggaak
1750:Qulliq
1694:Tuilik
1677:Mukluk
1663:Amauti
1651:Types
1404:353853
1402:
1394:
1321:124962
1319:
1292:
1163:
1129:
1091:
1055:
1027:
1000:1 June
963:. 2008
935:Nature
917:
861:
819:1 June
655:, and
523:copper
515:Dorset
253:copper
245:umiaks
241:kayaks
197:Eskimo
165:Dorset
126:Alaska
1808:Umiak
1783:Qajaq
1740:Savik
1723:Sakku
1718:Unaaq
1706:Tools
1683:Parka
1619:Dolls
1567:Music
1519:Inuit
1400:S2CID
1317:JSTOR
1290:S2CID
1249:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
1089:JSTOR
1025:JSTOR
986:(PDF)
681:D3a2a
533:Tools
454:slate
422:Inuit
388:Norse
336:armor
146:Thule
142:Thule
122:Inuit
116:) or
82:also
40:Thule
1735:Pana
1392:PMID
1257:2019
1224:2020
1199:2022
1174:2022
1161:ISBN
1140:2022
1127:ISBN
1066:2022
1053:ISBN
1002:2015
915:ISBN
859:ISBN
821:2015
766:2018
679:and
583:meat
527:iron
471:dogs
448:and
294:and
292:bone
251:and
249:iron
243:and
113:-lee
73:-lee
71:THEW
38:The
1745:Ulu
1611:Art
1433:,
1382:doi
1378:345
1282:doi
1278:277
1119:doi
677:A2b
669:A2a
215:on
111:TOO
2096::
1833:US
1831:,
1439:,
1398:.
1390:.
1376:.
1370:.
1341:^
1313:30
1311:.
1288:.
1276:.
1215:.
1125:.
1113:.
1101:^
1085:22
1083:.
1037:^
1021:22
1019:.
994:47
992:.
988:.
959:.
942:^
913:.
873:^
829:^
811:.
799:^
789:.
783:.
754:.
734:.
692:.
675:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
558:.
416:,
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181:.
160:.
95:uː
80:US
76:,
55:uː
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1384::
1323:.
1296:.
1284::
1259:.
1226:.
1201:.
1176:.
1142:.
1121::
1095:.
1068:.
1031:.
1004:.
970:.
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867:.
823:.
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768:.
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673:A
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
