1805:
1847:
618:
1944:
258:
1929:
1888:
1765:
634:
231:
692:
1869:
1336:
1959:
1787:
1824:
1705:
1913:
649:
3831:
1974:
669:
64:
703:
1753:), whom he saves from assault by a satyr and teaches the art of creating springs. On a bronze mirror from Tuscania dated to 350 BC, also in the Vatican Museums (Museo Gregoriano Etrusco E. S. 1. 76), Nethuns is talking to Usil and Thesan. He holds a double-ended trident, suggesting that he might be able wield lightning bolts.
1131:(August 21) it was customary to bring horses and mules, crowned with flowers, in procession and then hold equine races in the Circus. The festival also traditionally reenacted the abduction of the Sabine (and Latin) women, reflecting the sexual license characteristic of such festivals. On that day, the
1287:
Neptune is a god of fertility, including human fertility. According to
Stephen Weinstock, Jupiter is present in each of the first three regions with different aspects related to each region; Neptune should have been in the second region, and Pluto in the third. The reason for Neptune's displacement
1025:
Among modern scholars, Dumézil and his followers Bloch and
Schilling centre their interpretation of Neptune on the direct, concrete, limited value and functions of water. Salacia would represent the forceful, violent aspect of gushing and overflowing water and Venilia the tranquil, gentle aspect of
998:
to ridiculing inconsistencies in the theological definition of the entities; since
Salacia personified the deep sea, Augustine wondered how she could also be the retreating waves (since waves are a surface phenomenon). He wrote elsewhere that Venilia would be the "hope that comes", an aspect (or
1284:. The scene highlights the identities and association of Nethuns and Aplu (here identified as Uśil) as main deities of the worldly realm and the life cycle. Thesan and Uśil-Aplu, who has been identified with Śuri (Soranus Pater, the underworld sun god) clarify the transience of earthly life.
880:, with participants drinking spring water and wine to escape the heat. It was a time of merrymaking, when men and women could mix without the usual Roman societal constraints. There is an added context of agricultural fertility in the festival, since Neptune received the sacrifice of a bull.
3244:
Catullus 31. 3: "Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque/ ocelle, quascumque in liquentibus stagnis/ marique vasto fert uterque
Neptunus/...": the quoted words belong to a passage in which the poet seems to be hinting to the double nature of Neptune as god both of the freshwaters and of the
1147:(the latter were four days later, the winter festival on December 19) indicates the relationship between the two deities pertaining to agriculture. According to Dumézil, the horse has a much-different symbolic value in the theologies of Poseidon and Consus. Tertullian (
1110:
Before
Poseidon was known as the god of the sea, he was connected to the horse and may have originally been depicted in equine form. This connection reflects the violent and brutal nature of Poseidon the earth-shaker, the linkage of horses and springs, and the animal's
1033:
Preller, Fowler, Petersmann and Takács attribute to the theology of
Neptune broader significance as a god of universal worldly fertility, particularly relevant to agriculture and human reproduction. They interpret Salacia as personifying lust, and Venilia as related to
2163:(horse) is the god of Earth and as springs come from beneath the earth, this is also a metaphora (or better a figure) of the origin of life on Earth; the horse is universally considered as having a psychopompous character and Poseidon is known as tamer of horses (
832:, the Roman festival of Neptune, was held at the height of summer (typically on July 23). The date of the festival and the construction of tree-branch shelters suggest that Neptune was a god of water sources in times of drought and heat. The most ancient
1804:
1846:
1276:'s bow in his right hand. Thesan is on the right, with her right hand on Uśil's shoulder; both are listening intently to Nethuns' words. The identification of Uśil with Aplu (and his association with Nethuns) is emphasised by an
1887:
2185:
The island was swallowed up by an earthquake caused by
Poseidon himself. This factor would connect the power over earth and that over waters. The Greek had a memory of the explosion of the Island of
1272:(the goddess of dawn). Nethuns is seated on the left, holding a double-ended trident in his right hand and with his left arm raised as if giving instructions. Uśil is standing in the centre, holding
1030:(Salacia and Venilia) represent the overpowering and tranquil aspects of water, natural and domesticated: Salacia the gushing, overbearing waters, and Venilia the still (or quietly-flowing) waters.
766:
freshwater deity; since the Indo-Europeans lived inland and had little direct knowledge of the sea, the Romans may have reused the theology of a previous freshwater god in their worship of
Neptune.
861:
was devoted to clearing overgrown bushes and uprooting and burning excess vegetation. Neptunalia followed, devoted to conservation and the draining of superficial waters. These culminated in the
1764:
988:(wind). Festus attributed to Salacia the motion of the sea. Venilia brought waves to the shore, and Salacia caused their retreat out to sea. They were examined by the Christian philosopher
1677:("lord of sky wet"), the sovereign of Earth and humanity. Although this function was transferred to Zeus/Jupiter (the sovereigns of weather), the old function survived in literature: the
514:
2419:"C'est-à-dire au plus fort de l'été, au moment de la grande sécheresse, et qu'on y construisaient des huttes de feuillage en guise d'abris contre le soleil" (Cadotte 2002:342, noting
4231:
1685:" ("What, why have so many clouds enringed the sky? What are you preparing, father Neptune?") The indispensability of water and its connexion to reproduction are universally known.
1174:(grain or earth) may have contributed to the identification of Consus with Neptune. His arcane cult, which required the unearthing of the altar, indicate the deity's antiquity and
1427:
approach, the Indo-Iranian, Avestan and Irish figures have common features with the Roman legends about
Neptune. Dumézil proposed to derive the nouns from the Indo-European root
2140:
god, lord and husband of the Earth (for the etymolog gearoid γαιήοχος, he who possesses the Earth, εννοσίδας he who makes the Earth quake) with an equine form. He mates with
1198:: the god of stored grains. A direct identification of Consus with Poseidon is hindered by the fact that Poseidon is nowhere worshipped at underground shrines or altars.
257:
1022:"; "(Venus) is also called Salacia, who was particularly named goddess of prostitutes by the ancient". Elsewhere, he wrote that Salacia and Venilia are the same entity.
950:
has also been depicted with the offering of a red bull and a red-bull calf. If an incorrect offering was presented, either inadvertently or due to necessity, additional
1943:
4236:
2049:
1928:
1868:
622:
1048:
as a deity of longing or desire. According to
Preller, this would explain a theonym similar to that of Venus. Other data seem to agree; Salacia would parallel
507:
664:, Great King in Britain, the college of artificers and those therein erected this temple from their own resources ens, son of Pudentinus, donated the site."
3362:
901:
1786:
3341:
2807:
University of Texas Press 2008 p. 55-56, also citing Scullard on the influence of horse races in the identification. Bloch 1981 citing Chantraine DELG
617:
3980:
432:
2555:
1823:
3392:
1579:
Petersmann proposes a different interpretation of Neptune's theology. Developing his understanding of the theonym as rooted in the Indo-European
601:
took place on July 23, during the peak of summer when water was scarcest. Like Poseidon, he was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses,
500:
698:, Roman mosaic with the seasons in each corner and agricultural scenes and flora (La Chebba, Tunisia, late 2nd century, Bardo National Museum)
1696:
considered Salacia the personification of the virile potency which generated a Latin people, parallel with Mars, Saturn, Janus and Jupiter.
2290:
488:
336:
762:
had been introduced and worshipped in Rome as Neptune, Diana, and Hercules. It has been speculated that Neptune has been conflated with a
1776:
2026:
Edizione e traduzione a cura di Furio Jesi: Milano Rizzoli (Italian translation conducted on an expanded version of the 2nd edition of
1666:
According to Petersmann, the ancient Indo-Europeans also venerated a god of wetness as the generator of life; this is indicated by the
4248:
2252:
454:
427:
267:
2520:
On the issue of this group by Scopas cf. F. Coarelli "L'ora di Domizio Enobarbo e la cultura artistica in Roma nel II sec. a. C." in
1495:
might be considered a hydronymic toponym of pre-Indo-European origin from a noun meaning "damp wide valley, plain", a cognate of the
3292:: "facem in nuptiis in honore Cereris praeferebant, aqua aspergebatur nova nupta...ut ignem et aquam cum viro communicaret", p.87 L.
3232:
2916:
2890:
2377:
2016:
1958:
2995:
Paris, 1974 2nd, Appendix; It. tr. p. 584; citing Stephen Weinstock "Martianus Capella and the Cosmic System of the Etruscans" in
3267:
H. Petersmann "Neptuns ürsprugliche Rolle im römischen Pantheon. Ein etymologisch-religiongeschichtlicher Erklärungsversuch" in
4042:
1288:
to region X is unclear. It is consistent with the collocation in the third quadrant of the deities related to the human world.
965:
are entities who accompany a god, representing the fundamental aspects (or powers) of that god. With Hellenic influence, these
954:
was required to avoid divine retribution. This type of offering implied a stricter connection between the deity and the world.
2453:
1667:
1247:
of section 28. This last location aligns with Pliny the Elder's belief that the gallbladder was sacred to Neptune. The name
969:
came to be considered separate deities and consorts of their associated god. Earlier folk belief might have also identified
2130:
About the relationship of the lord of our earthly world with water(s) Bloch, p. 342-346, gives the following explanations:
1973:
1510:
In lectures delivered during the 1990s, German scholar Hubert Petersmann proposed an etymology from the Indo-European root
4339:
3061:
Neptunus, quod mare terras obnubuit ut nubes caelum, ab nuptu, id est opertione, ut antiqui, a quo nuptiae, nuptus dictus.
1796:
1449:
A different etymology, grounded in the legendary history of Latium and Etruria, was proposed by the 19th-century scholars
1443:
3227:
herausgegeben von Bernd Heßen. Hypomnemata: Supplement-Reihe 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 2002. Pp. 304.
1912:
4279:
3385:
1898:
661:
90:
934:
Neptune is one of only four Roman gods to whom it was considered appropriate to sacrifice a bull. The other three were
4304:
3269:
Lingua et religio. Augewählte kleine Beiträge zur antike religiogeschichtlicher und sprachwissenschaftlicher Grundlage
3225:
Lingua et Religio: ausgewählte kleine Schriften zur antiken Religionsgeschichte auf sprachwissenschaftlicher Grundlage
230:
3913:
3887:
1738:, from the Luynes collection) depicts the god causing a horse to spring from the earth with a blow of his trident.
1583:, he writes that the god would be an ancient deity of the cloudy, rainy sky in company with (and in opposition to)
1485:(the eponymous hero of Falerii) were believed to be his sons. Messapus led the Falisci (and others) to war in the
4047:
3882:
1852:
4162:
4141:
4131:
3538:
3401:
915:
633:
548:
316:
245:
691:
3016:
Roma 1979 p. 779-790. For a summary exposition of the content of this work the reader is referred to article
1878:
781:
Neptune has been associated with a number of other Roman deities. By the first century BC, he had supplanted
4334:
4146:
3378:
3338:
1424:
1379:
721:
590:
75:
2790:
S. Dušanić, Ž. Petković "The Flamen Quirinalis at the Consualia and the Horseman of the Lacus Curtius" in
1719:
Etruscan representations of Neptune are rare but significant. The oldest may be a fourth-century BC carved
1688:
Müller and Deeke interpreted Neptune's theology as a divine ancestor of the Latin Faliscans: the father of
910:, an event depicted on a coin struck by the consul. Within the temple was a sculpture of a marine group by
4329:
4314:
3974:
2420:
2212:, "fruit-bearer"; Cadotte enumerated (p.332) some north African Roman mosaics of the fully characteristic
2153:
1454:
1335:
653:
464:
1158:
Perhaps influenced by Poseidon Ίππιος, Consus (whose festival included horse races) was reinterpreted as
4289:
4193:
4090:
3746:
3665:
3413:
2572:
1903:
1731:
1236:
745:
544:
386:
326:
1201:
Martianus Capella places Neptune and Consus together in region X of Heaven, possibly following an old
4299:
4284:
4188:
4072:
4026:
3816:
3660:
3433:
1874:
1792:
1693:
1496:
1320:
1207:
of Consus or reflecting an Etruscan idea of a chthonic Neptune apparent in the recommendation of the
1203:
1183:
782:
767:
559:
481:
474:
789:
called himself the "son of Neptune". For a time, Neptune was paired in his dominion of the sea with
4324:
4309:
4294:
4226:
4032:
3918:
3892:
3751:
3590:
3553:
3288: : "...quam accipiuntur nuptae, videlicet quia hae duae res...vitam continent", p.2-3 L; s.v.
1893:
1704:
1588:
1458:
1420:
943:
850:
festival of July 25. All three festivals were connected to water during the period of summer heat (
818:
778:, master of rivers and wells. This is in contrast to Poseidon, who was primarily a god of the sea.
775:
763:
563:
437:
346:
321:
222:
171:
4105:
3731:
3695:
3655:
3630:
3533:
3513:
3453:
2205:
2105:, vol. I (1905:378) securely identified Italic Neptune as a saltwater sources as well as the sea.
2043:
1919:
1556:
1080:). These mythical data underline the reproductive function envisaged in the figures of Neptune's
1073:
989:
947:
814:
157:
2969:
p. 63-115; "Sacred Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans" in N.T. DeGrummond 2006 p.139
1491:. Nepi and Falerii have been known since antiquity for the quality of their meadow springwater.
1396:
4319:
4243:
4203:
3857:
3811:
3685:
3675:
3625:
3498:
3478:
3473:
3458:
3228:
3112:
2912:
2886:
2874:
2373:
2012:
1858:
1723:
1648:
1316:
1240:
1232:
1132:
1017:
567:
469:
187:
183:
175:
3356:
4136:
3867:
3786:
3726:
3585:
3563:
3548:
3017:
2878:
1829:
1432:
1385:("moist substance"). Raymond Bloch similarly theorised that it might be an adjectival form (
1115:
character. Neptune, in contrast, has no such direct connection with horses. The Roman deity
1061:
939:
919:
893:
806:
597:
conventions. He was likely associated with freshwater springs before the sea; his festival,
403:
179:
3210:
M. Peters "Untersuchungen zur Vertratung der indogermanischen Laryngeale in Griechisch" in
4258:
4253:
4172:
4167:
4020:
3988:
3872:
3405:
3345:
3314:
2663:
2598:
G. Dumezil "Quaestiunculae indo-italicae: 11. Iovi tauro verre ariete immolari non licet"
2118:
1742:
1595:, he would be the father of all earthly things through the fertilising power of rain. The
1375:
994:
786:
771:
741:
552:
459:
304:
263:
2962:
2006 p. 48; G. Colonna "Altari e sacelli: l'area sud di Pyrgi dop otto anni di ricerche"
1162:; for his underground altar, he was identified with Poseidon Ένοσίχθων. The etymology of
914:
Minor. The Basilica Neptuni was later built on the Campus Martius, and was dedicated by
770:
explicitly names Neptune as the god of rivers, springs, and waters; he may parallel the
4110:
3999:
3862:
3580:
3370:
2958:
Erika Simon "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon" in N. Thomas De Grummond (editor)
1450:
1404:
1120:
1039:
897:
833:
648:
539:
531:
408:
376:
3830:
1186:
in assuring the safety of stored grain), Dumézil interprets its name as deriving from
4273:
4037:
3961:
3877:
3806:
3776:
3756:
3605:
3528:
3518:
3419:
3351:
2149:
1965:
1709:
1253:
1136:
1044:
750:
415:
397:
356:
142:
79:
54:
1311:
its walls. In another tradition based on the same source, the Etruscan Penates were
4100:
4095:
4057:
3954:
3503:
3443:
2820:
Cf. the related deities of the Circus Semonia, Seia, Segetia, Tutilina: Tertullian
2698:
Dumézil accepts and re-proposes the interpretations of Wissowa and von Domaszewski.
1597:
1212:
951:
637:
299:
3508:
1980:
1119:
was associated with the horse, and his underground altar was in the valley of the
2746:
Ludwig Preller above, citing Servius; C. J. Mackie "Turnus and his ancestors" in
3852:
2504:
2189:
and of the seaquake it provoked as well as other consequences affecting climate.
1730:
of Nethuns kicking a rock and creating a spring (Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale,
1435:
1244:
1144:
1038:: ingratiating attraction, connected with love and the desire for reproduction.
1001:
877:
641:
594:
70:
2208:
traces of a Libyan/Punic agrarian god of fresh water sources, with the epithet
1999:
Bloch, Raymond (1981). "Quelques remarques sur Poseidon, Neptunus et Nethuns".
1084:, particularly that of Venilia, in childbirth and motherhood. A legendary king
4062:
3969:
3736:
3721:
3711:
3640:
3620:
2087:
1416:
1112:
980:
have been discussed by ancient and modern scholars. Varro connects Salacia to
847:
829:
708:
606:
138:
2024:
La religione romana arcaica. Con un 'appendice sulla religione degli Etruschi
1151:
V 7) wrote that according to Roman tradition, Consus was the god who advised
1139:
made sacrifices on the underground altar of Consus. The proximity of the two
857:
It has been speculated that the three festivals fall in a logical order. The
17:
4208:
3796:
3690:
2186:
1935:
1720:
1550:. The concept would be close to that expressed in the name of the Greek god
1469:) would be an adjectival form of the toponym Nepe(t) or Nepete (present-day
1140:
1128:
1065:
794:
684:
422:
63:
3212:Österreicher Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophische historische Klasse
2850:
20. Neptunus is mentioned third after Jupiter and Saturn and before Tellus.
2001:
Comptes-rendus des séances de l' Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Letres
1950:
1235:, but this view has been disputed. Nethuns was apparently important to the
1020:) dicitur et Salacia, quae proprie meretricum dea appellata est a veteribus
1683:
Heu, quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi?/ quidve, pater Neptune, paras?
702:
668:
4115:
4052:
3993:
3897:
3716:
3670:
3645:
3575:
3483:
3468:
3463:
3438:
2539:
2182:
in the dialogues Timaeus and Critias; there was also a hippodrome nearby.
2175:
2145:
2137:
2133:
1811:
1771:
1689:
1656:
1482:
1478:
1296:
1277:
1261:
1175:
1124:
1093:
923:
759:
737:
733:
676:
555:
371:
287:
212:
3366:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 385.
2999:
36, 1946, p. 104 ff.; G. Capdeville "Les dieux de Martianus Capella" in
3771:
3761:
3680:
3650:
3635:
3595:
3493:
2216:, whether riding in his chariot or mounted directly on albino dolphins.
2168:
2141:
1746:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1477:. The district was traditionally connected to the cult of Neptune, and
1474:
1462:
1408:
1344:
1340:
1312:
1304:
1265:
1228:
1152:
1085:
1057:
977:
866:
843:
798:
790:
755:
713:
680:
657:
626:
579:
235:
197:
128:
124:
31:
2091:
1745:(Museo Gregoriano Etrusco: C.S.E. Vaticano 1.5a) depicts Neptune with
4198:
3940:
3934:
3847:
3781:
3766:
3741:
3523:
3448:
3135:
Fêtes romaines d' étè et d' automne, suivi par dix questions romaines
3063:: "N., because the sea covered the lands as the clouds the sky, from
3014:
Saggi di antichitá. II. Documenti per la storia della civiltá etrusca
1837:
1750:
1713:
1603:
1592:
1487:
1300:
1273:
1269:
1191:
1116:
1105:
1053:
1049:
1026:
still (or slowly-flowing) water. According to Dumézil, Neptune's two
1010:
935:
911:
838:
736:
of Neptune is limited by his close identification with the Greek god
725:
586:
571:
366:
361:
3355:
2441:
Fêtes romaines d' été et d' automne. Suivi de Dix questions romaines
900:, and dates back to at least 206 BC. The temple was restored out by
3097:
R. Bloch "Quelques remarques sur Poseidon, Neptunus et Nethuns" in
4067:
3791:
3615:
3570:
3558:
3543:
3488:
3339:
Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 600 images of Neptune)
2458:
2239:
2179:
1984:
1815:
1727:
1703:
1356:
1334:
1324:
1195:
1089:
1077:
1069:
926:
supplanted the older temple, which had replaced an ancient altar.
873:
810:
717:
701:
690:
667:
647:
632:
616:
575:
351:
293:
229:
120:
2859:
R. Bloch 1981; G. Capdeville "Les dieux de Martianus Capella" in
2174:
Poseidon is the god worshipped in the main temple of the Isle of
3948:
3801:
1584:
1470:
1308:
1299:
provides information about the theology of Neptune. Neptune and
1281:
1068:). According to another source, Venilia would be the partner of
889:
310:
3374:
3044:
Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages
2009:
Etruscan Mythology, Sacred History and Legend: An Introduction,
1042:
cited a significant aspect of Venilia; she was recorded in the
3610:
2909:
Etruscan Mythology, Sacred History and Legend: An Introduction
2557:
A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, "Basilica Neptuni"
1052:
as the mother of Achilles, and Venilia would be the mother of
872:
Neptunalia was spent under branch huts in a woods between the
161:
110:
797:. Neptune was considered the legendary progenitor god of the
3829:
2476:
Vestal virgins, sibyls and matronae: women in Roman religion
2295:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Madison. p. 223
2058:
Vestal Virgins, Sibyls and Matronae: Women in Roman Religion
3116:
Chicago, 1992, p. 138-139, s.v. Neptune, citing G. Dumezil
660:, for the welfare of the Divine House, by the authority of
2478:
2008, University of Texas Press, p. 53 f., citing Horace
2833:
G. Capdeville "Jeux athletiques et rituels de fondation"
1215:
Neptune for the cracking sounds heard underground in the
1518:(for an abstract verbal noun) and the adjectival suffix
754:
of 399 BC indicated that the Greek figures of Poseidon,
3067:
i.e. "covering", as the ancients (used to say), whence
1403:
are not attested in Indo-European languages other than
2152:
and the unnamed daughter of those mysteries (story in
1627:, is associated with the wind as well as the sea. The
3284:: "a qua iuvamur", whence we get life, p 2 L.; s. v.
3086:
Einleitung in der Geschichte der Griechischen Sprache
1251:
occurs eight times in columns VII, IX, and XI of the
2964:
Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia di Archeologia
2911:. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology.
854:) and drought, when freshwater sources were lowest.
4219:
4181:
4155:
4124:
4083:
4011:
3927:
3906:
3840:
3704:
3412:
1635:, a postulated adjective deriving from the IE root
1438:, theorises that the name might have meant "child (
218:
208:
203:
193:
167:
153:
148:
134:
116:
106:
98:
39:
3120:vol. III, p. 41 and Alfred Ernout- Atoine Meillet
2011:University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology,
1431:("descendant, sister's son"). His former student,
1423:, all meaning "descendant of the waters". Using a
896:, the Roman racetrack in the southern part of the
640:on a wall in the House of Neptune and Amphitrite,
234:Centaur, Salacia and Neptune, antique fresco from
3303:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic
3177:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic
2770:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic
2507:17 fragment 57. 60 as cited by L. Richardson jr.
1264:(E. S. 1. 76), Nethuns is represented talking to
1231:. It had been believed that Neptune derived from
2657:
2655:
1355:is unclear and disputed. The ancient grammarian
1243:: on the outer rim of section seven, and on the
1619:, who also denotes the overcast sky. His other
1219:. The Etruscans were also fond of horse races.
1190:(to hide or store) as a verbal noun similar to
2885:. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
2509:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
2443:Paris 1975 1. "Les eaux et les bois" p. 25-31.
2204:56. 3/4 (Autumn/Winter 2002:330-347) detected
1601:of Neptune and Earth is reflected in Virgil's
3386:
3122:Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine
1014:, wrote about Salacia and Venilia in V 724: "
623:Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas
508:
8:
2687:The Religious Experience of the Roman People
2616:The Religious experience of the Roman People
2554:Ball Platner, Samuel; Ashby, Thomas (1929),
2435:
2433:
2036:The Religious experience of the Roman People
1307:, and the deities were credited with giving
656:, which reads (in English): "To Neptune and
1741:A late-fourth-century bronze mirror in the
479:
413:
3426:
3393:
3379:
3371:
3175:p. 103, as quoted by William Warde Fowler
2144:under this form in the Arcadian myth from
2048:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
515:
501:
241:
62:
2491:Sarolta A. Takacs 2008; citing Macrobius
2333:(in German). Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner.
1611:). Neptune's power would be reflected by
1239:. His name is found in two places on the
1127:(the site of horse races). On the summer
2949:Univ. of Pennsylvania Press 2006 p. 145.
2947:Etruscam Myth, Sacred History and Legend
1419:and Apam Napá and the Old Irish theonym
821:as the deific father of a Latin tribe.
2720:Berlin, 1858 part II, p.121-2; Servius
2171:who with its hoof can open up a spring.
2076:
1760:
1411:. He proposed an etymology which joins
1399:said that words deriving from the root
570:, with whom preside over the realms of
446:
385:
335:
278:
244:
2883:The Etruscan Language: an Introduction
2576:XXVIII 11, 4. Bloch 1981 p. 347 n. 19.
2407:
2041:
1639:("to love or desire") in the Sanskrit
1442:, nephew) of the water" as part of an
1371:("the marriage of Heaven and Earth").
716:. Detail of a large Roman mosaic from
36:
3167:, vol. 2, Berlin, 1858; Müller-Deeke
3012:Cf. M. Pallottino "Deorum sedes" in
2781:W. W. Fowler, citing James G. Frazer.
2395:Elsevier's Mythologische Encyclopedie
2355:
2343:
2276:
1591:, the god of clear skies. Similar to
1415:with the Indian and Iranian theonyms
538:
7:
3201:H. Petersmann below, Göttingen 2002.
2570:Dumézil 1977 p. 340, who cites Livy
2115:Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia
2103:Les cultes païens de l'Empire romain
1692:and Halesus, their heroic founders.
1655:. Neptune's dual nature is found in
869:(the goddess of springs and wells).
842:of Neptunus on July 23, between the
272:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
30:For the planet named after him, see
3020:, section Etrurian Uni note n. 201.
2907:De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2006).
2750:(New Series) 1991, 41, pp. 261-265.
2200:Alain Cadotte, "Neptune Africain",
1810:Late-16th-century bronze statue in
1777:Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune
1506:Fertility deity and divine ancestor
1072:, with whom she mothered the nymph
744:whose theology was later tied to a
574:, the earthly world (including the
27:Roman god of freshwater and the sea
3113:Roman and Indoeuropean Mythologies
3099:Revue de l' Histoire des Religions
2835:Revue de l' histoire des religions
2805:Vestal Virgins, Sybils and Matrons
2331:Abhandlungen zur römische Religion
1008:Servius, in his commentary on the
455:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
25:
3001:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions
2861:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions
2560:, London: Oxford University Press
2318:(in German). Munchen: C. H. Beck.
1461:. The name of the Etruscan deity
1280:demon holding two dolphins on an
1155:on the abduction of the Sabines.
679:sculptor Nicolau Travé, with two
3214:, vol. 372, Vienna 1980, p. 180.
3190:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
2329:von Domaszewski, Alfred (1909).
2007:Nancy Thomson De Grummond 2006.
2003:. Vol. 2. pp. 341–352.
1972:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1911:
1886:
1867:
1845:
1822:
1803:
1785:
1763:
1444:Indo-European fire-in-water myth
1227:The Etruscan name of Neptune is
999:power) of Jupiter understood as
256:
3124:Paris, 1985 4th, s.v. Neptunus.
2259:. Ministry of Culture and Sport
2253:"Neptune, Prado Museum, Madrid"
1522:(domain of activity). The root
1378:proposed a derivation from the
888:Neptune had only one temple in
785:as the god of naval victories;
585:Depictions of Neptune in Roman
551:. He is the counterpart of the
3179:London, 1899, p. 185 and n. 3.
2148:, they beget the racing horse
2034:Fowler, William Warde (1912).
1514:("damp, wet") with the suffix
846:festival of the grove and the
1:
3326:N.T. De Grummond 2006 p. 145.
3271:Göttingen, 2002, pp. 226-235.
3192:, Leiden/Boston 2010, p. 996.
3150:, Baltimore 1987, p. 277-283.
3046:, Leiden/Boston 2004, p. 406.
2993:La religion romaine archaique
2316:Religion und Kultus der Römer
2227:La religion romaine archaïque
2136:is originally conceived as a
2065:Religion und Kultus der Rőmer
2028:La religion romaine archaïque
1797:Fountain of Neptune, Florence
1734:. Another Etruscan artifact (
1708:The Temple of Neptune at the
1568:("to water or irrigate") and
904:
740:, one of many members of the
545:god of freshwater and the sea
2372:. Basic Books. p. 412.
2292:The Great Mother of the Gods
2060:, University of Texas Press.
1899:The Apotheosis of Washington
662:Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus
91:Sousse Archaeological Museum
2393:van Aken, A. R. A. (1961).
1351:The etymology of the Latin
992:, who devoted a chapter of
902:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
724:(c. 315–325 AD, now at the
4356:
3888:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
3827:
3163:, VII, p. 691: L. Preller
2863:213-3, 1996, p. 282 n. 112
2689:London, 1912, Appendix II.
1857:Neptune Offering Gifts to
1103:
973:as consorts of their god.
29:
3883:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
3429:
2640:Varro Lingua Latina V 72.
2289:Showerman, Grant (1901).
1879:Fuente de Neptuno, Madrid
1853:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
1631:Venilia may be rooted in
1560:), derived from the root
1303:were considered Etruscan
61:
51:
44:
4142:Rape of the Sabine Women
3258:Wiesbaden, 1974, p. 118.
3110:Y. Bonnefoy, W. Doniger
2997:Journal of Roman Studies
2522:Dialoghi di Arrcheologia
2368:Fox, Robin Lane (2006).
2178:in the myth narrated by
2121:, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
2056:Sarolta A. Takacs 2008.
1502:("wooded vale, chasm").
1182:IV 8, about the role of
1178:nature. From Augustine (
707:Triumph of Poseidon and
560:Greek-inspired tradition
4147:Battle of Lacus Curtius
3363:Encyclopædia Britannica
3317:, in Bloch 1981 p. 352.
3088:Göttingen, 1896, p. 33.
3003:213-3, 1996, p. 280-281
2748:The Classical Quarterly
2425:De verborum significatu
2314:Wissowa, Georg (1902).
1374:Among modern scholars,
801:(who called themselves
3834:
3402:Ancient Roman religion
2945:N. Thomas De Grummond
2848:De Haruspicum Responso
2676:Augustine above II 11.
2618:London, 1912, p. 346f.
2600:Revue d' Etudes Latins
2421:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2397:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2022:Georges Dumézil 1977.
1716:
1359:derived the name from
1348:
1209:De Haruspicum Responso
1170:(lord or husband) and
984:(sea), and Venilia to
918:in honor of the naval
729:
699:
688:
665:
654:Chichester inscription
645:
630:
589:, especially those in
535:
480:
465:Ancient Greek religion
414:
239:
3833:
3301:William Warde Fowler
3148:Comparative Mythology
2982:Berlin, 1858, II p. 1
2932:R. Bloch 1981; Pliny
2768:William Warde Fowler
2685:William Warde Fowler
2661:Varro apud Augustine
2614:William Warde Fowler
2573:Ab Urbe Condita Libri
2538:Wukitsch, Thomas K.,
1732:Cabinet des Medailles
1707:
1643:("he loves"), German
1393:("he who is moist").
1338:
712:, showing the couple
705:
694:
671:
651:
636:
620:
593:, were influenced by
562:, he is a brother of
279:Practices and beliefs
233:
4340:Mythological rapists
4027:Interpretatio graeca
3305:London, 1899, p. 126
3188:Robert S.P. Beekes,
3171:II 54 n. 1 b; Deeke
3137:, p. 25, Paris 1975.
3071:marriage, was named
2457:, vol. 1, pt 2:323;
2063:Georg Wissowa 1912.
1979:Neptune monument in
1949:Neptune Monument in
1934:Neptune fountain in
1875:Juan Pascual de Mena
1793:Bartolomeo Ammannati
1694:William Warde Fowler
1675:nepišaš (D)Tarhunnaš
1576:("the irrigator").
1347:, Italy, 1st century
1204:interpretatio graeca
892:. It stood near the
540:[nɛpˈtuːnʊs]
482:Interpretatio Graeca
475:Gallo-Roman religion
4280:Neptune (mythology)
4227:Classical mythology
4048:Theology of victory
3893:Kings of Alba Longa
3165:Römische Mythologie
2980:Römische Mythologie
2718:Römische Mythologie
2541:Neptunalia Festival
2370:The Classical World
2279:, pp. 341–344.
2229:, 381, Paris, 1966.
1894:Constantino Brumidi
1780:(c. 1530s or 1540s)
1526:gives the Sanskrit
1455:Karl Otfried Müller
1123:at the foot of the
764:Proto-Indo-European
621:Mosaic of Neptune (
603:Neptunus equestris,
4305:Sea and river gods
3835:
3344:2016-03-04 at the
3223:Hubert Petersmann
2875:Bonfante, Giuliano
2872:Bloch 1981 p. 348.
2803:Sarolta A. Takacs
2707:Dumezil above p.31
2474:Sarolta A. Takacs
2214:Triumph of Neptune
2030:Paris Payot 1974).
1717:
1671:nepišaš (D)IŠKURaš
1349:
1160:Neptunus equestris
1100:Neptunus equestris
1088:was remembered at
730:
700:
696:Triumph of Neptune
689:
666:
646:
631:
317:funerary practices
240:
74:of Neptune in his
4267:
4266:
4244:Etruscan religion
3858:Romulus and Remus
3841:Legendary figures
3825:
3824:
3474:Castor and Pollux
3280:cf. Festus s. v.
3042:Michiel de Vaan,
3031:Adversus Nationes
2960:Etruscan Religion
2879:Bonfante, Larissa
2759:Bloch 1981 p. 343
2086:, p. 754, citing
1700:Depictions in art
1546:, and the Slavic
1260:On a mirror from
1241:Liver of Piacenza
1133:Flamen Quirinalis
920:victory of Actium
793:, the goddess of
609:of horse-racing.
578:), and the seas.
525:
524:
470:Etruscan religion
428:agricultural gods
327:mystery religions
273:
228:
227:
80:triumphal chariot
16:(Redirected from
4347:
4137:Founding of Rome
3907:Legendary beings
3868:Tullus Hostilius
3705:Abstract deities
3564:Lares Familiares
3427:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3010:
3004:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:London, 1899, p.
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2649:Festus p. L s.v.
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2605:1961 p. 241-250.
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:1968 p. 302-368.
2518:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2463:De lingua Latina
2450:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:Spain is culture
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2198:
2192:
2167:) and father of
2128:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2081:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2004:
1976:
1961:
1946:
1931:
1915:
1890:
1871:
1849:
1830:Antoine Coysevox
1826:
1807:
1789:
1767:
1681:V 13-14 reads, "
1668:Hittite theonyms
1661:uterque Neptunus
1647:, and the Latin
1433:Indo-Europeanist
1292:Etruscan Penates
1217:ager latiniensis
909:
906:
894:Circus Flaminius
687:: Llotja de Mar)
683:by Antoni Solà (
542:
517:
510:
503:
485:
419:
404:Capitoline Triad
262:
260:
250:
242:
219:Irish equivalent
209:Greek equivalent
88:
87:
84:mid-3rd century
66:
37:
21:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4259:Myth and ritual
4254:Greek mythology
4215:
4177:
4173:Pignora imperii
4168:Parabiago Plate
4151:
4120:
4079:
4013:
4007:
3989:Sibylline Books
3923:
3902:
3873:Servius Tullius
3836:
3821:
3700:
3416:
3408:
3399:
3357:"Neptune"
3350:
3346:Wayback Machine
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3315:Jacques Heurgon
3313:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3256:Die Anitta-Text
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3109:
3105:
3101:(1981), p. 347.
3096:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3011:
3007:
2990:
2986:
2978:Ludwig Preller
2977:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2716:Ludwig Preller
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2664:De Civitate Dei
2660:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2473:
2469:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2199:
2195:
2129:
2125:
2119:The Book People
2113:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2040:
2033:
1998:
1995:
1988:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1891:
1882:
1872:
1863:
1850:
1841:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1768:
1759:
1743:Vatican Museums
1702:
1573:
1565:
1508:
1397:Georges Dumézil
1376:Paul Kretschmer
1367:), alluding to
1333:
1321:Genius Iovialis
1294:
1225:
1180:De Civitate Dei
1166:, derived from
1108:
1102:
995:De Civitate Dei
960:
932:
907:
886:
827:
803:Neptunia proles
787:Sextus Pompeius
615:
605:who was also a
521:
460:Roman mythology
442:
438:divine emperors
423:underworld gods
381:
377:Fratres Arvales
331:
274:
271:
264:Marcus Aurelius
248:
246:
94:
85:
83:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4353:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:Cattle deities
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4111:Pythagoreanism
4108:
4106:Peripateticism
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:The Golden Ass
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3919:Barnacle goose
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Numa Pompilius
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3354:, ed. (1911).
3352:Chisholm, Hugh
3348:
3334:
3333:External links
3331:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3307:
3294:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3237:
3216:
3203:
3194:
3181:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3118:Myth et Epopée
3103:
3090:
3084:P. Kretschmer
3077:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3005:
2984:
2971:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2917:
2899:
2891:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2822:De Spectaculis
2813:
2796:
2794:2002 1. p. 63.
2783:
2774:
2761:
2752:
2739:
2726:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2678:
2669:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2631:XIII 24, 1-18.
2629:Noctes Atticae
2627:Aulus Gellius
2620:
2607:
2591:
2578:
2563:
2546:
2530:
2513:
2497:
2484:
2467:
2445:
2429:
2412:
2410:, p. 186.
2400:
2385:
2378:
2360:
2348:
2346:, p. 346.
2336:
2321:
2306:
2281:
2269:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2172:
2157:
2123:
2107:
2094:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2031:
2020:
2005:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1896:, detail from
1892:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1836:(1705) in the
1828:
1821:
1819:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1714:Vyborg, Russia
1701:
1698:
1641:vánati, vanóti
1609:pater Neptunus
1571:
1563:
1507:
1504:
1451:Ludwig Preller
1405:Vedic Sanskrit
1332:
1329:
1293:
1290:
1268:(the sun) and
1224:
1221:
1149:De Spectaculis
1137:Vestal Virgins
1121:Circus Maximus
1101:
1098:
1040:Ludwig Preller
959:
956:
931:
928:
898:Campus Martius
885:
882:
834:Roman calendar
826:
823:
742:Greek pantheon
614:
611:
549:Roman religion
523:
522:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
449:
448:
447:Related topics
444:
443:
441:
440:
435:
433:childhood gods
430:
425:
420:
411:
409:Aventine Triad
406:
401:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
380:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
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349:
343:
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333:
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324:
319:
314:
307:
302:
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290:
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261:
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169:
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136:
132:
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118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
67:
59:
58:
52:Member of the
49:
48:
46:God of the Sea
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4352:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Horse deities
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Dii Consentes
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
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4260:
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4230:
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4074:
4071:
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4066:
4064:
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4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Imperial cult
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:and practices
4010:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:Metamorphoses
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
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3926:
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3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Ancus Marcius
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Tranquillitas
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
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3760:
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3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
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3579:
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3574:
3572:
3569:
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3562:
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3552:
3550:
3547:
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3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
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3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
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3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:Dii Consentes
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:3-525-25231-5
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:Jaan Puhvel,
3143:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:Lingua Latina
3052:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2918:1-931707-86-3
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2892:0-7190-5540-7
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2856:
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2817:
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2800:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:Metamorphoses
2730:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2379:0-465-02496-3
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:1-931707-86-3
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1966:Neptunbrunnen
1960:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1920:tobacco label
1914:
1909:
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1754:
1752:
1749:(daughter of
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1710:Monrepos Park
1706:
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1669:
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1658:
1654:
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1646:
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1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:, one of his
1614:
1610:
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1586:
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1575:
1567:
1559:
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1549:
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1541:
1537:
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1521:
1517:
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1505:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:or Nethunus (
1464:
1460:
1459:Wilhelm Deeke
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:Indo-European
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:("covering",
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
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1291:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:Liber Linteus
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:psychopompous
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:(king of the
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:indigitamenta
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
991:
990:St. Augustine
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
751:lectisternium
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:in procession
711:
710:
704:
697:
693:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
659:
655:
650:
643:
639:
635:
628:
624:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
582:is his wife.
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
518:
513:
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490:
487:
484:
483:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:
445:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
418:
417:
416:Indigitamenta
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:
398:Dii Consentes
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
384:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
342:
341:
338:
334:
328:
325:
323:
322:imperial cult
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
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269:
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259:
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185:
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177:
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159:
156:
152:
147:
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143:Lectisternium
140:
137:
133:
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126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
81:
77:
73:
72:
65:
60:
57:
56:
55:Dii Consentes
50:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Neptune (god)
4290:Drought gods
4163:Gubernaculum
4132:Golden Bough
4101:Neoplatonism
4096:Epicureanism
4025:
3998:
3979:
3960:
3953:
3939:
3600:
3444:Anna Perenna
3418:
3361:
3322:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3286:aqua et igni
3285:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3033:III 40, 1-2.
3030:
3025:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2908:
2902:
2882:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2662:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2511:1992 p. 267.
2508:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2424:
2415:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2369:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2291:
2284:
2272:
2261:. Retrieved
2256:
2247:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2164:
2160:
2156:VIII 25, 3).
2126:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2101:J. Toutain,
2097:
2083:
2079:
2064:
2057:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2008:
2000:
1993:Bibliography
1904:U.S. Capitol
1897:
1856:
1833:
1775:
1740:
1735:
1718:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1598:hieros gamos
1596:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1466:
1448:
1439:
1428:
1412:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1343:, fresco in
1339:Neptune and
1295:
1286:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1226:
1216:
1213:propitiating
1208:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1109:
1081:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
976:Salacia and
975:
970:
966:
962:
961:
952:propitiation
933:
908: 40 BC
887:
871:
865:, sacred to
862:
858:
856:
851:
837:
828:
802:
780:
749:
731:
722:Roman Africa
706:
695:
672:
638:Roman mosaic
602:
598:
591:North Africa
584:
527:
526:
396:
309:
292:
268:head covered
249:ancient Rome
69:
53:
4300:Nature gods
4285:Animal gods
4237:Persecution
4189:Gallo-Roman
3981:Res divinae
3853:Rhea Silvia
3133:G. Dumézil
2991:G. Dumezil
2722:Ad Aeneidem
2505:Cassius Dio
2439:G. Dumézil
2408:Fowler 1912
2090:. See also
1922:(1860–1870)
1881:(1780–1784)
1862:(1748–1750)
1497:proto-Greek
1436:Jaan Puhvel
1425:comparative
1245:gallbladder
1145:Opiconsivia
1002:anima mundi
946:, although
878:Via Salaria
805:), joining
746:Roman deity
642:Herculaneum
599:Neptunalia,
595:Hellenistic
337:Priesthoods
247:Religion in
204:Equivalents
99:Other names
4325:Roman gods
4310:Water gods
4295:Earth gods
4274:Categories
4182:Variations
4084:Philosophy
4063:Capitolium
3970:Propertius
3737:Averruncus
3722:Aeternitas
3712:Abundantia
3641:Proserpina
3254:Eric Neun
2934:Nat. Hist.
2587:Saturnalia
2585:Macrobius
2495:III 10, 4.
2493:Saturnalia
2356:Bloch 1981
2344:Bloch 1981
2299:August 10,
2277:Bloch 1981
2263:2021-12-20
2072:References
1530:, Hittite
1417:Apam Napat
1104:See also:
1076:(loved by
930:Sacrifices
863:Furrinalia
848:Furrinalia
830:Neptunalia
825:Neptunalia
709:Amphitrite
675:(1802) by
576:underworld
347:Pontifices
139:Neptunalia
71:velificans
4209:Mithraism
4194:Mysteries
4043:Palladium
4021:Festivals
3797:Securitas
3747:Concordia
3691:Vertumnus
3509:Dīs Pater
3406:mythology
3029:Arnobius
2811:Poseidon.
2225:Dumézil,
2206:syncretic
2187:Santorini
2159:Poseidon
2154:Pausanias
2044:cite book
2038:. London.
1981:La Coruña
1964:Berlin's
1936:Nuremberg
1721:carnelian
1542:, German
1331:Etymology
1237:Etruscans
1141:Consualia
1129:Consualia
1066:Rutulians
795:saltwater
685:Barcelona
558:. In the
553:Greek god
543:) is the
305:festivals
149:Genealogy
135:Festivals
82:from the
4320:Poseidon
4249:Glossary
4220:See also
4116:Stoicism
4091:Cynicism
4053:Pomerium
4012:Concepts
3994:Apuleius
3914:She-wolf
3898:Hersilia
3817:Victoria
3717:Aequitas
3671:Summanus
3661:Silvanus
3646:Quirinus
3576:Libertas
3539:Hercules
3484:Cloacina
3469:Carmenta
3464:Bona Dea
3439:Angerona
3434:Agenoria
3342:Archived
3173:Falisker
3169:Etrusker
2881:(2002).
2737:XIV 334.
2589:III 10,4
2238:Compare
2210:Frugifer
2176:Atlantis
2146:Thelpusa
2138:chthonic
2134:Poseidon
1918:Neptune
1902:(1865),
1812:Valletta
1772:Bronzino
1736:Nethunus
1690:Messapus
1659:31. 3: "
1657:Catullus
1633:*venilis
1617:paredrae
1534:, Latin
1479:Messapus
1473:), near
1413:Neptunus
1353:Neptunus
1297:Arnobius
1278:anguiped
1262:Tuscania
1233:Etruscan
1184:Tutilina
1176:chthonic
1164:Poseidon
1135:and the
1125:Palatine
1094:Lavinium
1082:paredrae
1028:paredrae
971:paredrae
967:paredrae
963:Paredrae
958:Paredrae
924:basilica
876:and the
852:canicula
836:set the
783:Portunus
760:Heracles
738:Poseidon
734:theology
556:Poseidon
536:Neptūnus
372:Epulones
367:Fetiales
362:Flamines
357:Vestales
288:libation
213:Poseidon
168:Siblings
102:Neptunus
76:seahorse
4232:Decline
4156:Objects
4058:Temples
4038:Charity
3772:Laverna
3762:Fortuna
3752:Feronia
3681:Veritas
3651:Salacia
3636:Priapus
3621:Penates
3601:Neptune
3596:Minerva
3591:Mercury
3554:Jupiter
3494:Dea Dia
3459:Bellona
3414:Deities
3159:Vergil
3069:nuptiae
2897:p. 202.
2846:Cicero
2824:VIII 3.
2724:VIII 9.
2667:VII 22.
2482:III 28.
2480:Carmina
2202:Phoenix
2169:Pegasus
2165:damaios
2161:hippios
2142:Demeter
2088:Dumézil
2084:Culture
2067:Munich.
1834:Neptune
1770:Agnolo
1757:Gallery
1747:Amymone
1637:*ven(h)
1629:theonym
1625:Venilia
1621:paredra
1613:Salacia
1589:Jupiter
1552:Όυράνος
1483:Halesus
1475:Falerii
1467:NÈDVNVZ
1463:Nethuns
1429:népōts-
1421:Nechtan
1409:Avestan
1391:*nuptu-
1383:*neptu-
1369:nuptiae
1365:opertio
1345:Stabiae
1341:Amymone
1313:Fortuna
1305:Penates
1282:exergue
1249:Nethuns
1229:Nethuns
1223:Etruria
1188:condere
1153:Romulus
1143:to the
1086:Venulus
1058:Iuturna
978:Venilia
944:Jupiter
922:. This
916:Agrippa
884:Temples
867:Furrina
859:Lucaria
844:Lucaria
819:Jupiter
799:Falisci
791:Salacia
776:Nechtan
768:Servius
756:Artemis
681:nereids
677:Catalan
673:Neptune
658:Minerva
644:, Italy
627:Palermo
613:Worship
587:mosaics
580:Salacia
564:Jupiter
547:in the
528:Neptune
489:Decline
387:Deities
352:Augures
300:temples
238:, Italy
236:Pompeii
223:Nechtan
198:Salacia
194:Consort
172:Jupiter
154:Parents
129:dolphin
125:trident
78:-drawn
40:Neptune
32:Neptune
4199:Cybele
4125:Events
4073:Celtic
3941:Aeneid
3935:Virgil
3848:Aeneas
3782:Pietas
3767:Fontus
3742:Caelus
3732:Annona
3727:Africa
3696:Vulcan
3656:Saturn
3631:Pomona
3534:Genius
3524:Faunus
3514:Egeria
3454:Aurora
3449:Apollo
3231:
3161:Aeneis
3073:nuptus
3065:nuptus
3059:V 72:
3055:Varro
2936:XI 195
2923:p. 59.
2915:
2889:
2465:vi.19.
2427:519.1)
2376:
2150:Areion
2015:
1951:Gdańsk
1838:Louvre
1751:Danaus
1724:scarab
1679:Aeneid
1607:V 14 (
1604:Aeneid
1593:Caelus
1574:worsó-
1566:wórso-
1557:Uranus
1540:nebula
1528:nābhah
1524:*nebh-
1512:*nebh-
1488:Aeneid
1361:nuptus
1301:Apollo
1270:Thesan
1192:Sancus
1117:Consus
1106:Consus
1074:Canens
1062:Daunus
1054:Turnus
1050:Thetis
1011:Aeneid
986:ventus
948:Vulcan
942:, and
936:Apollo
912:Scopas
839:feriae
817:, and
815:Saturn
758:, and
748:. The
726:Louvre
607:patron
572:heaven
158:Saturn
117:Symbol
4068:Cella
3975:Varro
3955:Fasti
3928:Texts
3812:Terra
3792:Salus
3757:Fides
3686:Vesta
3676:Venus
3626:Pluto
3616:Orcus
3571:Liber
3559:Lares
3544:Janus
3529:Flora
3519:Fauna
3499:Diana
3489:Cupid
3479:Ceres
3290:facem
2792:Aevum
2733:Ovid
2459:Varro
2240:Epona
2180:Plato
1985:Spain
1859:Venus
1816:Malta
1728:Vulci
1726:from
1653:venia
1649:Venus
1645:Wonne
1581:*nebh
1544:Nebel
1532:nepis
1493:Nepet
1401:*nep-
1389:) of
1357:Varro
1325:Pales
1317:Ceres
1309:Ilium
1196:Janus
1168:Posis
1090:Tibur
1078:Picus
1070:Janus
1036:venia
1018:Venus
982:salum
874:Tiber
811:Janus
772:Irish
718:Cirta
568:Pluto
532:Latin
294:votum
188:Vesta
184:Ceres
176:Pluto
121:Horse
107:Abode
4204:Isis
3949:Ovid
3802:Spes
3787:Roma
3586:Mars
3581:Luna
3549:Juno
3504:Dies
3404:and
3282:aqua
3245:sea.
3229:ISBN
3018:Juno
2913:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2809:s.v.
2524:II
2374:ISBN
2301:2021
2050:link
2013:ISBN
1906:dome
1585:Zeus
1548:nebo
1536:nubs
1500:νάπη
1481:and
1471:Nepi
1457:and
1440:neve
1407:and
1323:and
1274:Aplu
1266:Uśil
1211:for
1194:and
1092:and
1056:and
940:Mars
890:Rome
807:Mars
774:god
732:The
652:The
566:and
311:ludi
180:Juno
160:and
3777:Pax
3666:Sol
3611:Ops
3606:Nox
2454:CIL
1983:, (
1840:Alt
1832:'s
1712:in
1673:or
1663:".
1520:-no
1516:-tu
1387:-no
1060:by
162:Ops
111:Sea
4276::
3360:.
3075:".
2967:64
2877:;
2654:^
2603:39
2461:,
2432:^
2423:,
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2046:}}
2042:{{
1877:,
1855:,
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1562:*h
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1319:,
1315:,
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1096:.
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938:,
905:c.
813:,
809:,
720:,
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