521:'s propaganda at the time. Simpson stated that in his opinion Livia chose the names Decimus and Drusus for her younger son to minimize association with her ex-husband after she married Octavian due to the former's poor status at the time, but that several years after the man's death it was opportune to emphasize her younger son's connection with his elder brother and that the name change was probably done upon him assuming the toga virilis. Levick believed the adoption of Tiberius necessitated Drusus wearing the name of the Nerones. Simpson responded 1993 in that he believes that Levick's interpretation is incompatible with Suetonius account as he cannot accept that Livia and Octavian (once married) would have allowed the adoption of the boy to take place at all, due to Gallius opposition of Octavian. Since Seutonius makes it clear that Tiberius did use Gallius name (although briefly) but dropped it out of respect for his step-father the adoption must have happened before Drusus was born.
957:
278:
62:
948:
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517:. Simpson personally argued against the time of adoption of his brother as a plausible time for his name change since Simpson believed the event may even have happened before Drusus was born; he also rejected the point of death of their father as likely since it would have probably have brought attention to the circumstances surrounding Livia's divorce and remarriage, which had become a part of
418:, until his legal father's death. The two brothers developed a famously close relationship that would last the rest of their lives. Tiberius named his eldest son after his brother, although eldest sons were usually named after their father or grandfather. Drusus named his second son (future emperor Claudius) after Tiberius.
917:
from a
Germanic king, thus becoming the fourth and final Roman to gain this honor. Regardless of whether he was actually able to take them in combat, however, Drusus' untimely death would prevent him from ever going through with the official ceremony. Notably, after Drusus' death, Augustus deposited
1079:
I restored peace to the provinces of Gaul and Spain, likewise
Germany, which includes the ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the river Elbe. I sailed my ships on the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine to the east region up to the borders of the Cimbri, where no Roman had gone before that time by land
624:
Augustus bestowed many honors on his stepsons. In 19 BC, Drusus was granted the ability to hold all public offices five years before the minimum age. When
Tiberius left Italy during his term as praetor in 16 BC, Drusus legislated in his place. He became quaestor the following year, fighting against
1117:
Historian
Michael McNally considers Drusus to have been the most able of the various Roman commanders who attempted to conquer Germania, as well as the most successful. While the furthest extent of territorial gains would be realized the year after his death, under Tiberius, Drusus' death marked a
544:
as they were the only senatorial families who regularly used the praenomen "Decimus". She also believes that the name change happened when his father died and he moved into
Octavian's household. Klaus Scherberich is critical of Mottershead's proposal, he argues that there are no examples of a
410:
as indicating a date of 13 January. Rumors arose that
Augustus was the child's real father, although impossible as Livia was already pregnant when she met her future husband (Emperor Claudius nonetheless encouraged the rumor during his reign to create an impression of more direct lineage from
983:, by which point Tiberius had joined him. Though he survived the initial accident, infection set in, and he died about a month later. Shortly before his death he wrote a letter to Tiberius complaining about the style in which Augustus ruled and discussed forcing him to restore the republic.
1118:
slowing of Roman expansion. Drusus' successors would prove unfit for the task of conquering
Germania, with disastrous results. Drusus was succeeded as commander in Germania by Tiberius, but Tiberius fell out of imperial favor, and chose self exile in 6 BC. Command then fell to
770:
for 11 BC when he returned to Rome for the winter. News of Drusus' achievementsânavigating the North Sea, carrying the Roman eagles into new territory, and fixing new peoples into treaty relations with Romeâcaused considerable excitement in Rome and were commemorated on coins.
956:
893:, or spoils of an enemy chieftain slain personally by an opposing Roman general who was fighting (as consuls did) under his own auspices. He quickly returned to the field, stopping to confer with his staff at Lugdunum and to dedicate a temple to Caesar Augustus at
909:. Here he is said to have seen an apparition of a Germanic woman who warned him against proceeding farther and that his death was near. Drusus turned back, erecting a trophy to commemorate his reaching the Elbe, perhaps on the site of Dresden or Magdeburg.
912:
Drusus had sought out multiple
Germanic (at least three) chieftains during his campaigns in Germany (12 BCâ9 BC), engaging them in "dazzling displays of single combat". The sources are ambiguous, but suggest that he could have potentially taken the
880:, where he inaugurated the sanctuary of the Three Gaulish provinces at Condate on 1 August. Augustus and Tiberius were in Lugdunum for this occasion (when Drusus' youngest son Claudius was born), and afterwards Drusus accompanied them back to Rome.
548:
Lindsay Powell believes that Drusus personally (despite his young age) may have changed his name directly after his father's death to preserve and honor his memory. In her opinion another motivation for the boy may have been the meaning of the name
1109:
that followed the route Drusus had taken and whose road-markers commemorated Drusus' achievements in the Alpine war. Such
Claudian commemorations of Drusus' memory are thought to have become less prominent once Claudius had his own
1134:(also called the Varian disaster) would occur. The destruction of Varus' entire army marked the end of northward Roman expansion. The Rhine became the de facto border of the Roman empire, rendering moot much of Drusus' life work.
1018:) which read "DE GERM" and depicted his Elbe trophy as well as him fighting on horseback, a testament to his personal bravery. They also posthumously granted him the hereditary honorific title "Germanicus", which was given to his
1754:
4 (1978), pp. 211â213. Reviewing these theories, Anthony A. Barrett still considers 14 January the most probable birthdate, explaining the apparent three-month discrepancy as referring to Livia's betrothal, not her marriage
545:
conservative patrician family like the
Claudii Nerones adopting a completely new praenomen from a maternal ancestor, especially when said gentes were non-patrician. Scherberich is also sceptical of Simpson's explanation.
1742:). However, since Drusus's birth is also recorded as occurring within the third month after Livia's marriage to Augustus on 17 January, Radke proposes that Claudius used the astronomical discrepancies between the
604:, and at least two others who did not survive childhood. After Drusus' death, Antonia never remarried, though she outlived him by nearly five decades. Three emperors were direct descendants of Drusus: his son
640:(governor on Augustus' behalf with the authority of a praetor) of the three Gaulish provinces. His contribution to the ongoing building and urban development in Gaul can be seen in the establishment of the
798:
before deciding to turn back for the season, as winter was coming on, supplies were dwindling, and the omens were unfavorable. While his forces were making their way back through the territory of the
1543:
A bust of Drusus was purchased in 2018 from a Goodwill shop in Texas for $ 34.99, being later identified as an authentic antique. It is presumed that the bust was taken by American soldiers during
505:, there was no one else to pass it down for the future. In 1988 C. J. Simpson asserted that there are three moments in history where the name change is probable to have happened; when his brother
1750:
in effect at the time of Drusus' birth, to show that had the two been born under the same calendar, they would have shared a birthday. Gilbert Rodke (1978), "Der Geburtstag des Àlteren Drusus,"
753:
in boats. Drusus' forces defeated the Bructeri, but, as it was now late in the campaign season, turned back for their winter quarters in Gaul, taking advantage of their new alliance with the
806:
for them at Arbalo. The Cherusci failed to capitalize on their initial advantage, whereupon the Romans broke through their lines, defeated the Germanic attackers, and acclaimed Drusus as
1156:
749:. The Chauci concluded a treaty acknowledging Roman supremacy, and would remain allies of Rome for years to come. As they continued to ascend the Ems, the Romans were attacked by the
1042:. Augustus later wrote a biography of him which does not survive. By Augustus' decree, festivals were held in Mogontiacum at Drusus' death day and probably also on his birthday.
3153:
633:. Drusus repelled them, gaining honors, but was unable to smash their forces, and required reinforcement from Tiberius. The brothers easily defeated the local Alpine tribes.
887:
for the year 9 BC. Once more he left the city before assuming office. His consulship conferred the chance for Drusus to attain Rome's highest and rarest military honor, the
836:
He rejoined his wife Antonia and two children for a time in Lugdunum before the family returned to Rome, where Drusus reported to Augustus. Drusus was given the honor of an
778:, he set out for the German border once more. This time, he assembled a force consisting of all or part of five legions in addition to auxiliaries and, setting out from
367:
in his honor; his memory was elevated during the reign of his son Claudius. Drusus' accomplishments in battle were considerable. He fought numerous Germanic chiefs in
448:. It is not known when or why the change occurred. The names were unusual at the time, both putting heavy emphasis on his maternal ancestry by using Livia's father's
1080:
or sea, and the Cimbri and the Charydes and the Semnones and the other Germans of the same territory sought by envoys the friendship of me and of the Roman people.
1620:(except Tiberius) were also common among the other patricians of the gens, while Decimus was neither used by patrician or plebeian Claudii. The entirely plebeian
897:, before rejoining his command at Mainz, from which the year's expedition departed in early spring. Drusus led the army via Rödgen through the territories of the
810:. To show his continued mastery of the ground, Drusus garrisoned a number of positions within Germania during the winter of 11â10 BC, including one somewhere in
3173:
398:, who was legally declared his father before the couple divorced. Drusus was born between mid-March and mid-April 38 BC, three months after Livia married
1119:
667:
or âcouncil of the Gaulish provincesâ sometime between 14 and 12 BC. This council would elect from its members a priest to celebrate games and venerate
987:
reports that he had refused to return to Rome just before his death. Drusus' body was brought back to the city, and his ashes were deposited in the
557:(the language of the people which the Claudii descended from) meant "strong" or "valiant", a fitting name for a boy from such a distinguished clan.
1101:
on 14 January for Drusus' birthday, coin issues depicting Drusus' likeness and his commemorative arch, and the restoration of a monument near the
3104:
1242:
1066:
to Livia on this occasion, though it is generally considered a literary exercise "composed between the death of Livia and that of Tiberius ".
395:
282:
206:
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3033:
3014:
2773:
2547:(2006 Berk. diss.) Chapter 2, 4, 9, followed by Powell, et. al. Note that Augustus closed Janus in 29 and 25 BC before this 13/12 BC closure.
377:(for taking the armor and weapons of an enemy king after defeating them in single combat), though he died before he could be honored for it.
844:, signifying that the whole Roman world was then at peace. Drusus was granted the office of proconsul for the following year. In 10 BC, the
3083:
722:
696:
305:
930:. J.W. Rich suggests that this action was done as an affirmation to Drusus' memory; had the young commander lived, he would have placed
721:
in preparation for military action in Germania Libera. He is likely to have had seven legions under his command. In spring of 12 BC, he
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403:
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Drusus was a very able commander. His death slowed the northward expansion of the Roman Empire, and foreshadowed the disastrous
3163:
3158:
3143:
2953:"A woman bought a statue for $ 34.99 at a Goodwill in Texas. It turned out to be an ancient Roman artifact â and likely looted"
2745:
1168:
460:). The eventual use of his father's cognomen Nero as a praenomen was highly unconventional as well. His full name given at his
852:
and attacked Drusus' camp, but they were driven back. Drusus pursued them, proceeding from the sites of present-day Mainz and
356:, the latter near the Elbe. His Germanic campaigns were cut short in the summer of 9 BC by his death after a riding accident.
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2396:
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660:. From 14 to 13 BC, Augustus himself was also active in Gaul, whether in Lugdunum (modern Lyon) or along the Rhine frontier.
360:
973:) erected by legionaries in Drusus' honor. Left, a reconstruction of its original appearance; right, its current appearance.
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3183:
3178:
3128:
841:
1097:' accession to the principate in 41 AD, his late father Drusus received new public honors, including annual games in the
601:
2480:, p. 81. The legions in question this time were the I Germanica, the V Alaudae, the XVII, the XVIII, and the XIX.
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1727:, his maternal grandfather, whose birthday on 14 January, ca. 83 BC, had been decreed as a "defective" day
1027:
830:
501:
Livia may have passed down her father's cognomen to her son simply because, besides her adoptive brother
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1069:
Augustus noted the successes of Drusus' campaignsâfor which, as Drusus' superior, he took creditâin his
988:
277:
117:
3138:
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2156:
Simpson, C. J. (1993). "Tiberius' adoption by M. Gallius and the elder Drusus' change in praenomen".
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737:, making use of one or more canals he had built for the purpose. Drusus sailed to the mouth of the
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As governor of Gaul, Drusus made his headquarters at Lugdunum, where he decided to establish the
67:
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to put up many statues and images of Drusus and speak often about him. The surviving Latin work
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Starting in 14 BC, Drusus built a string of military bases along the Rhineâfifty according to
135:
1520:
The annual festival celebrating Drusus' death is a main plot element in the second volume of
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2211:
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2012:
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1814:
1122:. Ahenobarbus was partly successful, becoming the first and last Roman general to cross the
803:
706:
483:
333:
336:, extending Roman control to the Upper Weser. In 10 BC, he launched a campaign against the
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1747:
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368:
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1049:, much affected by the death of her second son, took the advice of the philosopher
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592:, and gained a reputation of being completely faithful to her. Their children were
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514:
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and the resurgent Sicambri, subjugating both. The following year, while serving as
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52:
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river, but was generally bogged down in suppressing revolts. Command then fell to
402:
on 17 January. Gerhard Radke has proposed the date of 28 March as his most likely
34:' younger brother. For his nephew with Nero Claudius Drusus as his birthname, see
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that featured a statue of Drusus. Claudius also completed a road from Italy into
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1736:
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1632:
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was also atypical for prevalent families of the late Republic (especially for a
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Drusus was raised in Claudius Nero's house with his brother, the future emperor
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90:
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instead of that of her husband; in his original name the use of the praenomen
349:
312:. Later that year he led a naval expedition against Germanic tribes along the
263:
151:
2783:
3026:
Eager for Glory: The Untold Story of Drusus the Elder, Conqueror of Germania
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2016:
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As a reward for the successes of his campaign in 12 BC, Drusus was made
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2078:
2054:
1895:
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1826:
1802:
1628:
1625:
1592:, but this has later come to be rejected by modern historians. Besides
1552:
1466:
1175:
894:
873:
860:, where a strong new camp was established. Around this time, the canny
837:
766:
687:âwas born in Lugdunum on the same day that this altar was inaugurated.
191:
156:
2863:
2765:
Teutoburg Forest, AD 9 : the destruction of Varus and his legions
1609:
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845:
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754:
742:
714:
657:
653:
649:
626:
541:
337:
325:
321:
2109:
2070:
1887:
1818:
1715:, Suetonius says that Claudius as emperor commemorated the birthday
536:
derived from his father's maternal side of the family, possibly the
1951:
Princes and Political Cultures: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees
27:
Roman general and statesman, step-son of emperor Augustus (38â9 BC)
1683:
The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius
1621:
1257:
1046:
1004:
970:
898:
876:. In summer of 10 BC, Drusus left the field in order to return to
811:
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391:
297:
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1123:
1060:
1055:
1039:
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86:
71:
794:, whom he defeated in two separate engagements. He reached the
573:, a 1st-century AD depiction of Drusus' wife Antonia Minor as
648:â, of about 33.3 cm (13.1 in), which was in use in
1588:
assumed that Decimus had been a well used praenomen for the
2768:. Peter Dennis. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 11â13.
2682:, p. 96 and note 155 on p. 199, citing Suetonius
840:, and for the third time, Augustus closed the doors of the
371:, and was likely the fourth and final Roman to achieve the
363:. He was enormously popular among his men, who erected the
288:
Drusus launched the first major Roman campaigns across the
3007:
Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire
979:
Drusus was returning from his advance to the Elbe when he
868:
responded to the Roman incursion by relocating his people
513:, when their father died in 33 BC, or when he assumed the
328:
near the mouth of the Weser. In 11 BC, he conquered the
3050:, www.jstor.org/stable/639878. Accessed 10 August 2020.
2897:
by Thomas Bushnell (2011) and placed by his permission
2706:, www.jstor.org/stable/639878. Accessed 10 August 2020.
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2515:
2513:
2500:
2498:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2331:
2329:
2545:
Women, Children, and Priests on the Ara Pacis Augustae
2104:(2). Classical Association of Canada: 173â175, (1â3).
1007:) on his behalf. Remnants of this are still standing.
2723:(in German). Vol. 4. Bayerische Verlagsanstalt.
1659:
1657:
3028:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books.
2694:
2692:
2065:(2). Classical Association of Canada: 173â175, (3).
1882:(2). Classical Association of Canada: 173â175, (2).
1813:(2). Classical Association of Canada: 173â175, (1).
757:
to navigate through the difficult conditions on the
1752:
WĂŒrzburger JahrbĂŒcher fĂŒr die Altertumswissenschaft
250:and the stepson of her second husband, the Emperor
212:
202:
190:
174:
134:
124:
112:
100:
78:
45:
3009:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
2983:
2749:(Yale University Press, 10 September 1993), p. 11.
1534:Drusus is also featured in the 2021 SFX TV series
1030:, including its last three emperors: his grandson
725:an expeditionary force, perhaps consisting of the
683:in 10 BC. Drusus' son Tiberiusâthe future emperor
1723:of his father Drusus on the same date as that of
636:Drusus arrived in Gaul in late 15 BC to serve as
2094:"The Change in "Praenomen" of Drusus Germanicus"
2055:"The Change in "Praenomen" of Drusus Germanicus"
1872:"The Change in "Praenomen" of Drusus Germanicus"
1803:"The Change in "Praenomen" of Drusus Germanicus"
1540:, which portrays him in his early teenage years.
814:and one in Cheruscan territory, probably either
470:, but some historians such as Andrew Pettinger,
296:, becoming the first Roman general to reach the
270:, and maternal great-grandfather of the Emperor
82:Decimus Claudius Drusus or Decimus Claudius Nero
2238:Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady
1077:
524:Jean Mottershead proposed in her commentary of
2395:(the last three being the legions that would
1953:. University of Michigan Press. p. 178.
1859:(in German). UniversitÀt zu Köln. p. 40.
1850:
1848:
8:
1796:
1794:
1513:of the same title in which he was played by
235:politician and military commander. He was a
3042:Rich, J. W. âDrusus and the Spolia Opima.â
2698:Rich, J. W. âDrusus and the Spolia Opima.â
1704:
1702:
281:Bronze bust of Nero Claudius Drusus in the
3154:Deaths by horse-riding accident in Germany
3059:
3046:, vol. 49, no. 2, 1999, pp. 544â555.
2216:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX
1857:Untersuchungen zur vita Claudii des Sueton
1141:
1026:. It would be used by many members of the
60:
42:
991:. He remained extremely popular with the
741:and penetrated into the territory of the
444:, but his full name was later changed to
406:, while Lindsay Powell interprets Ovid's
969:, the funerary monument in Mogontiacum (
564:
227:(38â9 BC), commonly known in English as
2825:
2179:. Bristol Classical Press. p. 28.
1756:
1653:
1577:
926:as he had done in the past, but in the
856:, where he set up a base of supply, to
436:, Drusus was originally given the name
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2679:
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2655:
2643:
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2595:
2583:
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2519:
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2424:
2412:
2360:
2347:
2335:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2223:
2199:
1926:Roman Studies: Literary and Historical
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
733:, by ship from the vicinity of modern
717:âand established an alliance with the
304:rivers. In 12 BC, he led a successful
283:National Archaeological Museum, Naples
266:; paternal grandfather of the Emperor
171:
3097:Titus Quinctius Crispinus Sulpicianus
2808:
2806:
2757:
2755:
2702:, vol. 49, no. 2, 1999, pp. 544â555.
2042:(in Dutch). J. B. Wolters. p. 4.
1978:. Taylor & Francis. p. 188.
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1199:
1197:
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1193:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1153:
705:Map of Drusus' campaigns against the
254:. He was also brother of the Emperor
66:Bust of Nero Claudius Drusus, in the
7:
3174:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus
2990:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1785:(Cambridge University Press, 2001),
1746:under which Antony was born and the
1555:, where it will be returned in 2023.
697:Early Imperial campaigns in Germania
2135:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8.
1527:He is a prominent character in the
2838:Arnold M. Duff (1935). "Review of
1616:, each only attested twice. These
466:is generally assumed to have been
25:
1913:. Allen & Unwin. p. 458.
1010:The Senate raised an arch on the
924:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
675:as deities every 1 August at the
2240:. Psychology Press. p. 11.
2038:Akveld, Willem Frederik (1961).
1600:known to have been used by this
1014:in his memory (unrelated to the
955:
946:
905:until he even crossed the river
2951:O'Caine, Caitlin (5 May 2022).
1924:Wiseman, Timothy Peter (1987).
1584:In the past historians such as
1169:Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus
1145:Family of Nero Claudius Drusus
390:Drusus was the youngest son of
308:into Germania, subjugating the
225:Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus
182:Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus
18:Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus
2164:(8â10). John Pinsent: 154â155.
1132:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
995:, who erected a monument (the
883:Drusus easily won election as
361:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
1:
1635:, did not use Decimus either.
774:In the spring of his term as
141:
2982:Barrett, Anthony A. (2002).
1524:by Codex Regius (2006â2014).
638:legatus Augusti pro praetore
496:Decimus Claudius Drusus Nero
492:Decimus Claudius Nero Drusus
258:; the father of the Emperor
2399:while under the command of
2158:Liverpool Classical Monthly
1855:Scherberich, Klaus (1995).
1685:. OUP Oxford. p. 224.
1499:He is a minor character in
1120:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
928:Temple of Jupiter Feretrius
802:, the latter tribe laid an
782:on the Rhine, ascended the
679:that Drusus established at
3200:
2175:Mottershead, Jean (1986).
1999:Huntsman, Eric D. (2009).
1681:Pettinger, Andrew (2012).
1531:by Alaric Longward (2016).
786:. Here he encountered the
694:
425:
292:and began the conquest of
246:family. He was the son of
242:but his mother was from a
29:
3101:
3081:
3067:
3062:
2986:Livia: First Lady of Rome
2901:. Passage also quoted in
2856:10.1017/s0009840x00068323
2762:McNally, Michael (2011).
2359:These were, according to
1928:. F. Cairns. p. 47.
1783:Suetonius: Divus Claudius
1442:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1357:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1221:
1219:
1203:
1201:
1172:
1160:
1128:Publius Quinctilius Varus
1038:, and his great-grandson
612:, and his great-grandson
503:Marcus Livius Drusus Libo
486:believe it may have been
181:
170:
59:
50:
3105:Gaius Marcius Censorinus
3071:Africanus Fabius Maximus
3024:Powell, Lindsay (2011).
2236:Kokkinos, Nikos (1992).
2131:Levick, Barbara (2003).
1974:Levick, Barbara (2003).
1911:The Civilization of Rome
677:altar of the three Gauls
602:Livilla ('little Livia')
428:Roman naming conventions
104:Summer of 9 BC (aged 29)
3044:The Classical Quarterly
3005:Osgood, Josiah (2011).
2890:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
2700:The Classical Quarterly
2133:Tiberius the Politician
2092:Simpson, C. J. (1988).
2053:Simpson, C. J. (1988).
2017:10.2143/AS.39.0.2042609
2001:"Livia before Octavian"
1976:Tiberius the Politician
1909:Grimal, Pierre (1963).
1870:Simpson, C. J. (1988).
1801:Simpson, C. J. (1988).
1087:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
1072:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
934:in the temple himself.
468:Decimus Claudius Drusus
3164:Ancient Roman generals
3159:Julio-Claudian dynasty
3144:Imperial Roman consuls
2287:, pp. 48, 61, 70.
1243:Tiberius Claudius Nero
1157:Tiberius Claudius Nero
1091:
1064:message of consolation
1028:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1022:before passing to his
831:North RhineâWestphalia
829:, both in present-day
710:
588:and Augustus' sister,
577:
396:Tiberius Claudius Nero
316:coast, conquering the
285:
207:Tiberius Claudius Nero
30:This article is about
3169:1st-century BC Romans
2721:MAINZ - tours on foot
2571:, pp. xxvii, 93.
2415:, pp. 64â65, 70.
1842:. Stemma by Strachan.
989:Mausoleum of Augustus
918:the laurels from his
704:
695:Further information:
568:
488:Decimus Claudius Nero
426:Further information:
394:from her marriage to
280:
118:Mausoleum of Augustus
3184:Generals of Tiberius
3179:Generals of Augustus
3129:Nero Claudius Drusus
3111:Gaius Asinius Gallus
2844:The Classical Review
2840:Consolatio ad Liviam
2365:Legiones I Germanica
1759:, pp. 313â314).
1354:Nero Claudius Drusus
1075:, written in 14 AD:
1056:Consolatio ad Liviam
727:Legiones I Germanica
446:Nero Claudius Drusus
324:, and defeating the
46:Nero Claudius Drusus
36:Drusus Julius Caesar
2842:by Arnold Witlox".
2646:, pp. 102â104.
2177:Suetonius: Claudius
1949:Rowe, Greg (2002).
1744:pre-Julian calendar
1522:the Romanike series
1503:' historical novel
981:fell from his horse
665:concilium Galliarum
600:, a daughter named
344:, he conquered the
129:Antonia the Younger
3063:Political offices
2427:, pp. 74, 77.
2397:later be destroyed
2120:– via JSTOR.
2081:– via JSTOR.
2027:– via JSTOR.
1898:– via JSTOR.
1840:Claudius patrician
1829:– via JSTOR.
1770:The Twelve Caesars
1494:In popular culture
1103:Ara Pacis Augustae
827:Bergkamen-Oberaden
711:
691:Germanic campaigns
584:, the daughter of
578:
286:
68:Capitoline Museums
3117:
3116:
3102:Succeeded by
3035:978-1-84884-333-2
3016:978-0-521-88181-4
2917:, pp. 60â61.
2775:978-1-84603-581-4
2492:, pp. 83â84.
2451:, pp. 78â79.
2350:, pp. 62â64.
2323:, pp. 97â99.
2311:, pp. 56â57.
2275:, pp. 53â54.
2263:, pp. 48â49.
1781:Donna W. Hurley,
1529:Hrabam Chronicles
1509:, as well as the
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1130:, under whom the
348:and defeated the
222:
221:
186:
185:
16:(Redirected from
3191:
3068:Preceded by
3060:
3039:
3020:
3001:
2989:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2759:
2750:
2743:Barbara Levick,
2741:
2735:
2734:
2713:
2707:
2696:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2227:
2212:Valerius Maximus
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1798:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1636:
1624:, including the
1582:
1511:BBC's adaptation
1151:
1150:
1142:
1089:
1059:is framed as an
959:
950:
938:Death and legacy
848:joined with the
656:) and among the
484:Eric D. Huntsman
229:Drusus the Elder
172:
162:Emperor Claudius
145:
84:14 January 38 BC
64:
43:
21:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3149:Claudii Nerones
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3093:
3091:
3079:
3077:Iullus Antonius
3074:
3058:
3053:
3036:
3023:
3017:
3004:
2998:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2883:
2879:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
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2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
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2472:
2464:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2110:10.2307/1088232
2091:
2090:
2086:
2071:10.2307/1088232
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2005:Ancient Society
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1888:10.2307/1088232
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1819:10.2307/1088232
1800:
1799:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1748:Julian calendar
1707:
1700:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1590:Claudii Nerones
1586:Theodor Mommsen
1583:
1579:
1574:
1562:
1496:
1140:
1112:British triumph
1090:
1084:
1045:Drusus' mother
977:
976:
975:
974:
962:
961:
960:
952:
951:
940:
842:Temple of Janus
776:praetor urbanus
767:praetor urbanus
745:in present-day
707:Germanic tribes
699:
693:
629:bandits in the
622:
608:, his grandson
580:Drusus married
563:
509:was adopted by
430:
424:
388:
383:
176:Posthumous name
166:
139:
138:
120:
105:
85:
83:
74:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3181:
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3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3100:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3056:External links
3054:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3021:
3015:
3002:
2996:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2943:
2931:
2929:, p. 188.
2919:
2907:
2877:
2850:(4): 155â156.
2830:
2826:Barrett (2002)
2818:
2802:
2789:
2774:
2751:
2736:
2729:
2717:Kersting, Hans
2708:
2688:
2672:
2670:, p. 105.
2660:
2658:, p. 104.
2648:
2636:
2634:, p. 102.
2624:
2612:
2610:, p. 100.
2600:
2588:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2536:
2524:
2509:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2363:, p. 61,
2352:
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2301:
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2228:
2204:
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2045:
2030:
1991:
1984:
1966:
1959:
1941:
1934:
1916:
1901:
1862:
1844:
1832:
1790:
1774:
1761:
1710:Divus Claudius
1698:
1691:
1668:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:Arch of Drusus
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1518:
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1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1114:to celebrate.
1099:Circus Maximus
1082:
1016:Arch of Drusus
964:
963:
954:
953:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
939:
936:
692:
689:
644:, or âDrusian
621:
618:
562:
559:
555:ancient Sabine
530:Divus Claudius
511:Marcus Gallius
480:Barbara Levick
463:Dies lustricus
423:
420:
392:Livia Drusilla
387:
384:
382:
379:
248:Livia Drusilla
220:
219:
217:Livia Drusilla
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
197:Julio-Claudian
194:
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95:Roman Republic
80:
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48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
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2:
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3049:
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3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2997:0-300-09196-6
2993:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2941:, p. 93.
2940:
2939:Osgood (2011)
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:Osgood (2011)
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:Osgood (2011)
2911:
2908:
2905:, p. 80.
2904:
2903:Powell (2011)
2900:
2899:on Wikisource
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2828:, p. 44.
2827:
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2819:
2815:
2809:
2807:
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2799:
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2790:
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2752:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2730:3-89889-078-3
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:Powell (2011)
2676:
2673:
2669:
2668:Powell (2011)
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:Powell (2011)
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:Powell (2011)
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:Powell (2011)
2628:
2625:
2622:, p. 95.
2621:
2620:Powell (2011)
2616:
2613:
2609:
2608:Powell (2011)
2604:
2601:
2598:, p. 97.
2597:
2596:Powell (2011)
2592:
2589:
2586:, p. 94.
2585:
2584:Powell (2011)
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:Powell (2011)
2565:
2562:
2559:, p. 92.
2558:
2557:Powell (2011)
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:Gaius Stern,
2540:
2537:
2534:, p. 90.
2533:
2532:Powell (2011)
2528:
2525:
2522:, p. 91.
2521:
2520:Powell (2011)
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:, p. 89.
2506:
2505:Powell (2011)
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:Powell (2011)
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:Powell (2011)
2474:
2471:
2468:, p. 79.
2467:
2466:Powell (2011)
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Powell (2011)
2445:
2442:
2439:, p. 78.
2438:
2437:Powell (2011)
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:Powell (2011)
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:Powell (2011)
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:Powell (2011)
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:Powell (2011)
2344:
2341:
2338:, p. 99.
2337:
2336:Powell (2011)
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:Powell (2011)
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:Powell (2011)
2305:
2302:
2299:, p. 56.
2298:
2297:Powell (2011)
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:Powell (2011)
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:Powell (2011)
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:Powell (2011)
2257:
2254:
2249:
2247:9780415080293
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2226:, p. 91.
2225:
2224:Powell (2011)
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:Powell (2011)
2196:
2193:
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2186:9780862920807
2182:
2178:
2171:
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2142:9781134603794
2138:
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2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1985:9781134603794
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1960:9780472112302
1956:
1952:
1945:
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1937:
1935:9780905205625
1931:
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1791:
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1775:
1772:, Claudius, 1
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:by Augustus (
1734:
1732:
1731:dies vitiosus
1726:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:9780199601745
1688:
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1677:
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1664:Powell (2011)
1660:
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1549:Aschaffenburg
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1501:Robert Graves
1498:
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1404:
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1394:
1392:
1379:
1376:
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1373:
1362:
1361:Antonia Minor
1355:
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1338:
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937:
935:
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921:
916:
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904:
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896:
895:Andemantunnum
892:
891:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
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821:
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690:
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682:
678:
674:
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661:
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647:
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642:pes Drusianus
639:
634:
632:
628:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Octavia Minor
587:
583:
582:Antonia Minor
576:
572:
571:Juno Ludovisi
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:that Drusus'
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:, Greg Rowe,
477:
476:T. P. Wiseman
473:
472:Pierre Grimal
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:According to
429:
421:
419:
417:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
380:
378:
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375:
370:
369:single combat
366:
362:
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77:
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69:
63:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3134:38 BC births
3094:
3088:Roman Empire
3082:
3047:
3043:
3025:
3006:
2985:
2975:Bibliography
2960:. Retrieved
2956:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2888:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2821:
2813:
2797:
2792:
2764:
2744:
2739:
2720:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2683:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
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2552:
2544:
2539:
2527:
2485:
2473:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2355:
2343:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2220:(Latin text)
2215:
2207:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2132:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1975:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1856:
1835:
1810:
1806:
1782:
1777:
1764:
1757:Barrett 2002
1751:
1728:
1719:dies natalis
1716:
1709:
1682:
1666:, p. 3.
1617:
1597:
1580:
1545:World War II
1535:
1528:
1521:
1504:
1353:
1116:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1054:
1044:
1009:
1000:
978:
932:spolia opima
931:
919:
915:spolia opima
914:
911:
890:spolia opima
888:
882:
869:
835:
807:
796:Werra Valley
775:
773:
765:
763:
747:Lower Saxony
712:
664:
662:
641:
637:
635:
623:
579:
550:
547:
533:
529:
523:
515:toga virilis
500:
495:
491:
487:
467:
461:
445:
437:
431:
413:
407:
389:
374:spolia opima
372:
358:
287:
262:and general
228:
224:
223:
140:
51:
40:
3139:9 BC deaths
2812:Suetonius,
2796:Suetonius,
2381:XVI Gallica
2373:XIII Gemina
2222:. Cited in
2011:: 121â169.
1768:Suetonius,
1737:Cassius Dio
1725:Mark Antony
1633:Livii Drusi
1506:I, Claudius
1138:Family tree
1001:Mogontiacum
997:Drususstein
993:legionaries
967:Drususstein
922:not in the
862:Marcomannic
784:River Lippe
650:Samarobriva
586:Mark Antony
553:, which in
519:Mark Antony
411:Augustus).
365:Drususstein
3123:Categories
2895:Translated
2377:XIV Gemina
2040:Germanicus
1643:References
1626:equestrian
1618:praenomina
1598:praenomina
1515:Ian Ogilvy
1460:Germanicus
1085:Augustus,
1034:, his son
1020:eldest son
1012:Appian Way
866:Maroboduus
858:HedemĂŒnden
594:Germanicus
381:Early life
350:Marcomanni
264:Germanicus
152:Germanicus
2872:163623198
2784:610837226
2369:V Alaudae
1648:Citations
1596:the only
985:Suetonius
808:imperator
759:North Sea
731:V Alaudae
709:, 12-9 BC
534:praenomen
526:Suetonius
498:instead.
458:patrician
442:praenomen
434:Suetonius
386:Childhood
314:North Sea
237:patrician
2957:CBS News
2885:Augustus
2814:Claudius
2798:Tiberius
2746:Claudius
2719:(2003).
2684:Claudius
2025:44079922
1594:Tiberius
1560:See also
1474:Claudius
1345:Tiberius
1095:Claudius
1083:â
1036:Claudius
1032:Caligula
1024:youngest
1003:(modern
903:Cherusci
878:Lugdunum
870:en masse
850:Sicambri
816:the camp
800:Cherusci
792:Usipetes
788:Tencteri
751:Bructeri
735:Nijmegen
723:embarked
685:Claudius
673:Augustus
652:(modern
610:Caligula
606:Claudius
598:Claudius
561:Marriage
507:Tiberius
450:cognomen
416:Tiberius
404:birthday
400:Augustus
354:Cherusci
352:and the
346:Mattiaci
332:and the
330:Usipetes
320:and the
310:Sicambri
306:campaign
294:Germania
268:Caligula
260:Claudius
256:Tiberius
252:Augustus
244:plebeian
240:Claudian
231:, was a
107:Germania
32:Tiberius
3086:of the
2218:IV.3.3
2118:1088232
2098:Phoenix
2079:1088232
2059:Phoenix
1896:1088232
1876:Phoenix
1827:1088232
1807:Phoenix
1629:nobiles
1614:Publius
1553:Germany
1467:Livilla
1176:Alfidia
1163:Unknown
1061:Ovidian
874:Bohemia
838:ovation
824:that at
820:Haltern
681:Condate
627:Raetian
454:Decimus
440:as his
438:Decimus
192:Dynasty
157:Livilla
3084:Consul
3032:
3013:
2994:
2870:
2864:699709
2862:
2782:
2772:
2727:
2391:, and
2244:
2183:
2139:
2116:
2077:
2023:
1982:
1957:
1932:
1894:
1825:
1787:p. 106
1740:51.9.3
1689:
1610:Appius
1602:stirps
1537:Domina
1107:Raetia
920:fasces
885:consul
854:Rödgen
846:Chatti
804:ambush
780:Vetera
755:Frisii
743:Chauci
719:Batavi
715:Florus
658:Tungri
654:Amiens
620:Career
542:Laelii
342:consul
338:Chatti
326:Chauci
322:Frisii
318:Batavi
213:Mother
203:Father
142:Detail
125:Spouse
113:Burial
53:Consul
3095:with
3048:JSTOR
2962:5 May
2868:S2CID
2860:JSTOR
2816:I.1.3
2704:JSTOR
2401:Varus
2389:XVIII
2114:JSTOR
2075:JSTOR
2021:JSTOR
1892:JSTOR
1823:JSTOR
1622:Livii
1606:Gaius
1572:Notes
1547:from
1258:Livia
1093:Upon
1051:Areus
1047:Livia
1005:Mainz
999:) in
971:Mainz
899:Marsi
864:king
812:Hesse
538:Junii
408:Fasti
334:Marsi
298:Weser
290:Rhine
233:Roman
136:Issue
91:Italy
3109:and
3092:9 BC
3075:and
3030:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2964:2022
2893:26.
2800:, 50
2780:OCLC
2770:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2686:I.4.
2385:XVII
2242:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2137:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1713:11.3
1687:ISBN
1631:the
1612:and
1124:Elbe
1040:Nero
965:The
907:Elbe
901:and
790:and
729:and
671:and
669:Rome
646:foot
631:Alps
614:Nero
575:Juno
569:The
551:Nero
482:and
422:Name
302:Elbe
300:and
272:Nero
101:Died
87:Rome
79:Born
72:Rome
2852:doi
2393:XIX
2106:doi
2067:doi
2013:doi
1884:doi
1815:doi
1708:At
1604:is
872:to
822:or
818:at
739:Ems
540:or
528:'s
494:or
3125::
2955:.
2887:,
2866:.
2858:.
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2805:^
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2691:^
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2112:.
2102:42
2100:.
2096:.
2073:.
2063:42
2061:.
2057:.
2019:.
2009:39
2007:.
2003:.
1890:.
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1878:.
1874:.
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1963:.
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1729:(
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