Neuron - Knowledge (XXG)

472: 771: 2422: 637: 929: 362: 54: 963:: single process. Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons. Their dendrites are receiving sensory information, sometimes directly from the stimulus itself. The cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. Sensory reception is a peripheral function, so the cell body is in the periphery, though closer to the CNS in a ganglion. The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system. 2858: 1652: 1644: 1181:. Similarly, GABA acts on several types of receptors, but all of them have inhibitory effects (in adult animals, at least). Because of this consistency, it is common for neuroscientists to refer to cells that release glutamate as "excitatory neurons", and cells that release GABA as "inhibitory neurons". Some other types of neurons have consistent effects, for example, "excitatory" motor neurons in the spinal cord that release 747:. The interactions between ion channels and ion pumps produce a voltage difference across the membrane, typically a bit less than 1/10 of a volt at baseline. This voltage has two functions: first, it provides a power source for an assortment of voltage-dependent protein machinery that is embedded in the membrane; second, it provides a basis for electrical signal transmission between different parts of the membrane. 1905: 1731: 756: 7399: 2186: 1284: 4654: 626: 2006: 723:, but in neurons, many of the protein structures embedded in the membrane are electrically active. These include ion channels that permit electrically charged ions to flow across the membrane and ion pumps that chemically transport ions from one side of the membrane to the other. Most ion channels are permeable only to specific types of ions. Some ion channels are 2078: 1990: 874: 7411: 2166:, a common subject in biological experiments, has around 100,000 neurons and exhibits many complex behaviors. Many properties of neurons, from the type of neurotransmitters used to ion channel composition, are maintained across species, allowing scientists to study processes occurring in more complex organisms in much simpler experimental systems. 1821:, stretch, chemical transmitters, and changes of the electric potential across the cell membrane. Stimuli cause specific ion-channels within the cell membrane to open, leading to a flow of ions through the cell membrane, changing the membrane potential. Neurons must maintain the specific electrical properties that define their neuron type. 4755:... a man who would write a highly influential review of the evidence in favor of the neuron doctrine two years later. In his paper, Waldeyer (1891), ... , wrote that nerve cells terminate freely with end arborizations and that the 'neuron' is the anatomical and physiological unit of the nervous system. The word 'neuron' was born this way. 1150:. The effect upon the postsynaptic neuron is determined by the type of receptor that is activated, not by the presynaptic neuron or by the neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter can be thought of as a key, and a receptor as a lock: the same neurotransmitter can activate multiple types of receptors. Receptors can be classified broadly as 1466:. When blood flow is suppressed, glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons, causing greater NMDA and AMPA receptor activation than normal outside of stress conditions, leading to elevated Ca and Na entering the post synaptic neuron and cell damage. Glutamate is synthesized from the amino acid glutamine by the enzyme 854: 2109:, which are non-neuronal, play an essential role in information processing. Also, electrical synapses are more common than previously thought, comprising direct, cytoplasmic connections between neurons. In fact, neurons can form even tighter couplings: the squid giant axon arises from the fusion of multiple axons. 1927:

respond to a steady stimulus and produce a steady rate of firing. Tonic receptors most often respond to increased stimulus intensity by increasing their firing frequency, usually as a power function of stimulus plotted against impulses per second. This can be likened to an intrinsic property of light

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Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given their diversity of functions performed in different parts of the nervous system, there is a wide variety in their shape, size, and electrochemical properties. For instance, the soma of a neuron can vary from

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is one such structure. It has concentric layers like an onion, which form around the axon terminal. When pressure is applied and the corpuscle is deformed, mechanical stimulus is transferred to the axon, which fires. If the pressure is steady, the stimulus ends; thus, these neurons typically respond

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community to come up with a universal classification of neurons that will apply to all neurons in the brain as well as across species. This is done by considering the three essential qualities of all neurons: electrophysiology, morphology, and the individual transcriptome of the cells. Besides being

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Axons and dendrites in the central nervous system are typically only about one micrometer thick, while some in the peripheral nervous system are much thicker. The soma is usually about 10–25 micrometers in diameter and often is not much larger than the cell nucleus it contains. The longest axon of a

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grouped neurons into two types; type I with long axons used to move signals over long distances and type II with short axons, which can often be confused with dendrites. Type I cells can be further classified by the location of the soma. The basic morphology of type I neurons, represented by spinal

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Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and soma and send out signals down the axon. At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. However, synapses can connect an axon to another axon or a dendrite to another dendrite. The signaling process

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The distinction between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is not absolute. Rather, it depends on the class of chemical receptors present on the postsynaptic neuron. In principle, a single neuron, releasing a single neurotransmitter, can have excitatory effects on some targets, inhibitory

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Although neurons are often described of as "fundamental units" of the brain, they perform internal computations. Neurons integrate input within dendrites, and this complexity is lost in models that assume neurons to be a fundamental unit. Dendritic branches can be modeled as spatial compartments,

727:, meaning that they can be switched between open and closed states by altering the voltage difference across the membrane. Others are chemically gated, meaning that they can be switched between open and closed states by interactions with chemicals that diffuse through the extracellular fluid. The 1402:

ions to enter the post synaptic neuron. Cl causes hyperpolarization within the neuron, decreasing the probability of an action potential firing as the voltage becomes more negative (for an action potential to fire, a positive voltage threshold must be reached). GABA is synthesized from glutamate

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Ramón y Cajal also postulated the Law of Dynamic Polarization, which states that a neuron receives signals at its dendrites and cell body and transmits them, as action potentials, along the axon in one direction: away from the cell body. The Law of Dynamic Polarization has important exceptions;

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is a neurotransmitter that acts on D1 type (D1 and D5) Gs-coupled receptors, which increase cAMP and PKA, and D2 type (D2, D3, and D4) receptors, which activate Gi-coupled receptors that decrease cAMP and PKA. Dopamine is connected to mood and behavior and modulates both pre- and post-synaptic

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is a process characterized by the gradual loss of the myelin sheath enveloping nerve fibers. When myelin deteriorates, signal conduction along nerves can be significantly impaired or lost, and the nerve eventually withers. Demyelination may affect both central and peripheral nervous systems,

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response. In other words, if a neuron responds at all, then it must respond completely. Greater intensity of stimulation, like brighter image/louder sound, does not produce a stronger signal but can increase firing frequency. Receptors respond in different ways to stimuli. Slowly adapting or

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The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. The theory was put forward by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the late 19th century. It held that neurons are discrete cells (not connected in a meshwork), acting as

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Najle, Sebastián R.; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Elek, Anamaria; Navarrete, Cristina; Cianferoni, Damiano; Chiva, Cristina; Cañas-Armenteros, Didac; Mallabiabarrena, Arrate; Kamm, Kai; Sabidó, Eduard; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Schierwater, Bernd; Serrano, Luis; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau (Oct 2023).

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of one cell contacts another neuron's dendrite, soma or, less commonly, axon. Neurons such as Purkinje cells in the cerebellum can have over 1000 dendritic branches, making connections with tens of thousands of other cells; other neurons, such as the magnocellular neurons of the

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away from the soma and carries some types of information back to it. Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon may—and usually will—undergo extensive branching, enabling communication with many target cells. The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the

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Zecca L, Gallorini M, Schünemann V, Trautwein AX, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Vezzoni P, Tampellini D (March 2001). "Iron, neuromelanin and ferritin content in the substantia nigra of normal subjects at different ages: consequences for iron storage and neurodegenerative processes".

2491:(caused by the influx of calcium ion), suggesting that axonal degeneration is an active process that produces complete fragmentation. The process takes about roughly 24 hours in the PNS and longer in the CNS. The signaling pathways leading to axolemma degeneration are unknown. 224:

secretory cells. They eventually gained new gene modules which enabled cells to create post-synaptic scaffolds and ion channels that generate fast electrical signals. The ability to generate electric signals was a key innovation in the evolution of the nervous system.

1625:. In 2023, a comprehensive cell atlas of the adult, and developing human brain at the transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional levels was created through an international collaboration of researchers using the most cutting-edge molecular biology approaches. 2319:), which usually manifests as minor forgetfulness that becomes steadily more pronounced with illness progression, with relative preservation of older memories. As the disorder progresses, cognitive (intellectual) impairment extends to the domains of language ( 1935:

which, when touched causes neurons to fire, but if the object maintains even pressure, the neurons stop firing. The neurons of the skin and muscles that are responsive to pressure and vibration have filtering accessory structures that aid their function.

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filled with neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the membrane, releasing their contents into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and activate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. High cytosolic calcium in the

5577:, is the latest in a fast-moving field called transdifferentiation, in which cells are forced to adopt new identities. In the past year, researchers have converted connective tissue cells found in skin into heart cells, blood cells, and liver cells. 1944:

with a transient depolarization during the initial deformation and again when the pressure is removed, which causes the corpuscle to change shape again. Other types of adaptation are important in extending the function of a number of other neurons.

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in 1888. He acknowledged that he found the nerve fibers to be very intricate, but stated that he could find no evidence for either axons or dendrites undergoing anastomosis and forming nets. He called each nervous element 'an absolutely autonomous

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glutamate receptors. When light is present, the photoreceptors cease releasing glutamate, which relieves the ON bipolar cells from inhibition, activating them; this simultaneously removes the excitation from the OFF bipolar cells, silencing them.

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By transforming cells from human skin into working nerve cells, researchers may have come up with a model for nervous-system diseases and perhaps even regenerative therapies based on cell transplants. The achievement, reported online today in

645: 291:. The soma is a compact structure, and the axon and dendrites are filaments extruding from the soma. Dendrites typically branch profusely and extend a few hundred micrometers from the soma. The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the 2289:) that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs extending to the hands and arms in advanced stages. Presently incurable, this disease is one of the most common inherited 4171:

O’Leary, Olivia F.; Ogbonnaya, Ebere S.; Felice, Daniela; Levone, Brunno R.; C. Conroy, Lorraine; Fitzgerald, Patrick; Bravo, Javier A.; Forsythe, Paul; Bienenstock, John; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F. (1 February 2018).

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Ucar, Hasan; Watanabe, Satoshi; Noguchi, Jun; Morimoto, Yuichi; Iino, Yusuke; Yagishita, Sho; Takahashi, Noriko; Kasai, Haruo (December 2021). "Mechanical actions of dendritic-spine enlargement on presynaptic exocytosis".

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has some 8.6 x 10 (eighty six billion) neurons. Each neuron has on average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. It has been estimated that the brain of a three-year-old child has about 10 synapses (1 quadrillion).

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Today, Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz is remembered as the founder of the neurone theory, coining the term "neurone" to describe the cellular function unit of the nervous system and enunciating and clarifying that concept in

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could be used to study neuronal electrical properties. It is larger than but similar to human neurons, making it easier to study. By inserting electrodes into the squid giant axons, accurate measurements were made of the

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Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory, either increasing or decreasing activity in the target neuron, respectively. Some neurons also communicate via electrical synapses, which are direct, electrically conductive

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is found almost exclusively in neurons. Actin is predominately found at the tips of axons and dendrites during neuronal development. There the actin dynamics can be modulated via an interplay with microtubule.

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Schiapparelli, Lucio M.; Sharma, Pranav; He, Hai-Yan; Li, Jianli; Shah, Sahil H.; McClatchy, Daniel B.; Ma, Yuanhui; Liu, Han-Hsuan; Goldberg, Jeffrey L.; Yates, John R.; Cline, Hollis T. (25 January 2022).

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forms before birth and persists without replacement. The extent to which adult neurogenesis exists in humans, and its contribution to cognition are controversial, with conflicting reports published in 2018.

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of a neuron are cellular extensions with many branches. This overall shape and structure are referred to metaphorically as a dendritic tree. This is where the majority of input to the neuron occurs via the

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Kempermann G, Gage FH, Aigner L, Song H, Curtis MA, Thuret S, Kuhn HG, Jessberger S, Frankland PW, Cameron HA, Gould E, Hen R, Abrous DN, Toni N, Schinder AF, Zhao X, Lucassen PJ, Frisén J (July 2018).

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than in unmyelinated axons of the same diameter, whilst using less energy. The myelin sheath in peripheral nerves normally runs along the axon in sections about 1 mm long, punctuated by unsheathed

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expense to produce and carry action potentials, but thicker axons convey impulses more rapidly. To minimize metabolic expense while maintaining rapid conduction, many neurons have insulating sheaths of

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investigations because, for reasons unknown, it stains only a small percentage of cells in a tissue, exposing the complete micro structure of individual neurons without much overlap from other cells.

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Herrero MT, Hirsch EC, Kastner A, Luquin MR, Javoy-Agid F, Gonzalo LM, Obeso JA, Agid Y (1993). "Neuromelanin accumulation with age in catecholaminergic neurons from Macaca fascicularis brainstem".

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in the mammalian brain, progenitor and stem cells progress from proliferative divisions to differentiative divisions. This progression leads to the neurons and glia that populate cortical layers.

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Krajewski KM, Lewis RA, Fuerst DR, Turansky C, Hinderer SR, Garbern J, Kamholz J, Shy ME (July 2000). "Neurological dysfunction and axonal degeneration in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A".

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The cell membrane of the axon and soma contain voltage-gated ion channels that allow the neuron to generate and propagate an electrical signal (an action potential). Some neurons also generate

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The accepted view of the neuron attributes dedicated functions to its various anatomical components; however, dendrites and axons often act in ways contrary to their so-called main function.

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Cserép, Csaba; Schwarcz, Anett D.; Pósfai, Balázs; László, Zsófia I.; Kellermayer, Anna; Környei, Zsuzsanna; Kisfali, Máté; Nyerges, Miklós; Lele, Zsolt; Katona, István (September 2022).

652: 650: 647: 646: 1521:(5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) can act as excitatory or inhibitory. Of its four 5-HT receptor classes, 3 are GPCR and 1 is a ligand-gated cation channel. Serotonin is synthesized from 1205:

are, like most neurons, excited by the released glutamate. However, neighboring target neurons called ON bipolar cells are instead inhibited by glutamate, because they lack typical

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is concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the

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The body contains a variety of stem cell types that have the capacity to differentiate into neurons. Researchers found a way to transform human skin cells into nerve cells using

885: 794:(1860–1919), they are involved in protein synthesis and their prominence can be explained by the fact that nerve cells are very metabolically active. Basophilic dyes such as 216:

do not have nerve cells. Molecular evidence suggests that the ability to generate electric signals first appeared in evolution some 700 to 800 million years ago, during the

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and travels for as far as 1 meter in humans or more in other species. It branches but usually maintains a constant diameter. At the farthest tip of the axon's branches are

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connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are functionally connected together, they form what is called a

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It is possible to identify the type of inhibitory effect a presynaptic neuron will have on a postsynaptic neuron, based on the proteins the presynaptic neuron expresses.

845:, except some in the initial segment. Dendrites contain granular endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes, in diminishing amounts as the distance from the cell body increases. 2480:

in the paranodal regions at the site of injury. Endoplasmic reticulum degrades and mitochondria swell up and eventually disintegrate. The disintegration is dependent on

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Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023).

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López-Muñoz F, Boya J, Alamo C (October 2006). "Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal".

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is a finer, cable-like projection that can extend tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length. The axon primarily carries

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At different stages of mammalian nervous system development two DNA repair processes are employed in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These pathways are

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The neuron's place as the primary functional unit of the nervous system was first recognized in the late 19th century through the work of the Spanish anatomist

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have single axons several meters in length running along the entire length of their necks. Much of what is known about axonal function comes from studying the

591:. This makes it the most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon. In electrophysiological terms, it has the most negative 126: 3719: 2577:

can occur and studies of the age of human neurons suggest that this process occurs only for a minority of cells, and that the vast majority of neurons in the

1803: 6394: 2544:. Dividing cells of the ventricular zone form the intermediate zone which stretches to the outermost layer of the neural tube called the pial layer. The 1908:

As long as the stimulus reaches the threshold, the full response would be given. A larger stimulus does not result in a larger response, and vice versa.

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neuronal responses and the relationships among the electrical activities of the neurons within the ensemble. It is thought that neurons can encode both

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An annotated diagram of the stages of an action potential propagating down an axon including the role of ion concentration and pump and channel proteins

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Kerschensteiner M, Schwab ME, Lichtman JW, Misgeld T (May 2005). "In vivo imaging of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the injured spinal cord".

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Tonic or regular spiking. Some neurons are typically constantly (tonically) active, typically firing at a constant frequency. Example: interneurons in

809:, which together with neurotubules (neuronal microtubules) are assembled into larger neurofibrils. Some neurons also contain pigment granules, such as 770: 6578: 6515: 6439: 6363: 2464:, which is the rapid separation of the proximal and distal ends, occurring within 30 minutes of injury. Degeneration follows with swelling of the 1928:

where greater intensity of a specific frequency (color) requires more photons, as the photons can not become "stronger" for a specific frequency.

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Although most injury responses include a calcium influx signaling to promote resealing of severed parts, axonal injuries initially lead to acute

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at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Myasthenia is treated with

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The number of neurons in the brain varies dramatically from species to species. In a human, there are an estimated 10–20 billion neurons in the

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of the brain is derived from the intermediate zone. The extensions of the neurons in the intermediate zone make up the marginal zone that when

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Witcher MR, Kirov SA, Harris KM (January 2007). "Plasticity of perisynaptic astroglia during synaptogenesis in the mature rat hippocampus".

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Other receptor types include quickly adapting or phasic receptors, where firing decreases or stops with a steady stimulus; examples include

1529:, and then further by decarboxylase. A lack of 5-HT at postsynaptic neurons has been linked to depression. Drugs that block the presynaptic 648: 2730: 2282: 2123: 1266:

Fast-spiking. Some neurons are notable for their high firing rates, for example some types of cortical inhibitory interneurons, cells in

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Zhao B, Meka DP, Scharrenberg R, König T, Schwanke B, Kobler O, Windhorst S, Kreutz MR, Mikhaylova M, Calderon de Anda F (August 2017).

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in the peripheral nervous system (like strands of wire that make up a cable). In the central nervous system bundles of axons are called

5643:"Selective utilization of nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways during nervous system development" 821:(a yellowish-brown pigment), both of which accumulate with age. Other structural proteins that are important for neuronal function are 5999: 4310: 2537: 1014:

Some unique neuronal types can be identified according to their location in the nervous system and distinct shape. Some examples are:

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While the axon and axon hillock are generally involved in information outflow, this region can also receive input from other neurons.

5904: 5876: 5857: 4740: 4553: 4484: 4449: 2914: 2269: 1684: 1622: 1325: 782:(or Nissl substance) are seen when nerve cell bodies are stained with a basophilic ("base-loving") dye. These structures consist of 588: 339: 335: 1975:. That spelling was also used by many writers in English, but has now become rare in American usage and uncommon in British usage. 1138:

Afferent and efferent also refer generally to neurons that, respectively, bring information to or send information from the brain.

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chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons. In addition to synaptic boutons at the axon terminal, a neuron may have

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Bullock TH, Bennett MV, Johnston D, Josephson R, Marder E, Fields RD (November 2005). "Neuroscience. The neuron doctrine, redux".

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is especially helpful for understanding the behavior of neurons that are too small to record with electrodes, as is the case for

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In 1888 Ramón y Cajal published a paper about the bird cerebellum. In this paper, he stated that he could not find evidence for

7197: 7127: 6742: 5272: 680:, an ideal experimental preparation because of its relatively immense size (0.5–1 millimeter thick, several centimeters long). 334:. This potential travels rapidly along the axon and activates synaptic connections as it reaches them. Synaptic signals may be 2441: 2425: 6048: 4388:

Brown EN, Kass RE, Mitra PP (May 2004). "Multiple neural spike train data analysis: state-of-the-art and future challenges".

3775: 2735: 2608:, and are critical for cell fate determination in the developing and adult mammalian brain. Epigenetic modifications include 2207: 5988: 1762:

released from other parts of the organism, which could be influenced more or less directly by neurons. This also applies to

907:. The dendritic tree wraps around the cell body and receives signals from other neurons. The end of the axon has branching 6817: 6196: 3275:

Brunk UT, Terman A (September 2002). "Lipofuscin: mechanisms of age-related accumulation and influence on cell function".

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whose activity is related due to passive membrane properties, but may also be different depending on input from synapses.

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however, stem cells present in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism (see

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Peripheral axons can regrow if they are severed, but one neuron cannot be functionally replaced by one of another type (

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between axons and dendrites and called each nervous element "an absolutely autonomous canton." This became known as the

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Beyond electrical and chemical signaling, studies suggest neurons in healthy human brains can also communicate through:

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depolarization and increases the probability of presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Acetylcholine is synthesized from

1173:, have largely consistent actions. Glutamate acts on several types of receptors, and has effects that are excitatory at 841:

There are different internal structural characteristics between axons and dendrites. Typical axons almost never contain

6852: 6790: 2710: 1087: 985:: neurons with long-projecting axonal processes; examples are pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, and anterior horn cells 3628: 2250: 1418:. Glutamate receptors are one of four categories, three of which are ligand-gated ion channels and one of which is a 6847: 5186:"The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting" 2652: 2421: 2222: 1727:, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates vary for an adult, ranging from 10 to 5 x 10 synapses (100 to 500 trillion). 1613: 1584: 1360: 5978: 2196: 7357: 7207: 7142: 6770: 6453: 4789:

Grant G (October 2007). "How the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared between Golgi and Cajal".

4588: 2304: 2086: 2022: 2014: 1376: 862: 724: 413: 7137: 6863: 6292: 6287: 6079: 3125:"[Composition and structure of the neuronal membrane: molecular basis of its physiology and pathology]" 2648: 2514: 1592: 1443: 417: 308: 174: 109: 72: 2862: 2229: 1617:

universal this classification has the advantage of being able to classify astrocytes as well. A method called

1021:, interneurons that form a dense plexus of terminals around the soma of target cells, found in the cortex and 6836: 6564: 6071: 2740: 2700: 2637: 2620:. These modifications are critical for cell fate determination in the developing and adult mammalian brain. 2392: 2203: 2162: 1984: 1404: 1387: 1147: 720: 31: 3793:"Mitochondrial free Ca²⁺ levels and their effects on energy metabolism in Drosophila motor nerve terminals" 7304: 6831: 6595: 6543:

Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see

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Herrup K, Yang Y (May 2007). "Cell cycle regulation in the postmitotic neuron: oxymoron or new biology?".

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reaction, it may also be caused by viral infections, metabolic disorders, trauma, and some medications.

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molecules with many types of protein structures embedded in it. A lipid bilayer is a powerful electrical

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in the retina constantly release the neurotransmitter glutamate in the absence of light. So-called OFF

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to pass the electric signal from the presynaptic neuron to the target cell through the synaptic gap.

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highlight negatively charged components, and so bind to the phosphate backbone of the ribosomal RNA.

550: 6035: 4846: 3650:"Ionic conductances underlying excitability in tonically firing retinal ganglion cells of adult rat" 2933: 361: 315:

is partly electrical and partly chemical. Neurons are electrically excitable, due to maintenance of

7327: 7172: 7167: 6702: 6635: 6315: 5963: 4083:"Proteomic screen reveals diverse protein transport between connected neurons in the visual system" 2461: 2218: 1866: 1858:

is a neurological disorder that results from demyelination of axons in the central nervous system.

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Ramon y Cajal's first paper on the Golgi stain was on the bird cerebellum, and it appeared in the

4231:"Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions" 928: 7362: 7332: 7263: 7232: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7157: 6933: 6843: 6697: 6479: 6421: 5836: 5739: 5453: 5362: 5319: 4867: 4814: 4711: 4413: 4266: 4211: 4009: 3949: 3572:"Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function: a historical perspective" 3484: 3439: 3222: 3054: 2695: 2574: 2437: 2396: 2365:, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine, which is produced in the 2342: 1940: 1924: 1855: 1796: 1787: 1688: 1669: 1447: 1241: 1198: 1070: 699:

that have been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of their stem cell-like characteristic of

323:. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount over a short interval, the neuron generates an 253: 163: 4515: 4509: 2921:

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS is a tract.

2540:, and a marginal zone. The ventricular zone surrounds the tube's central canal, and becomes the 53: 5951: 2955: 2906: 2899: 2113:

dendrites can serve as synaptic output sites of neurons and axons can receive synaptic inputs.

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convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system and are also called

7347: 7337: 7322: 7227: 7092: 6873: 6825: 6630: 6625: 6492: 6236: 6101: 5970: 5921: 5900: 5872: 5853: 5828: 5788: 5731: 5682: 5623: 5540: 5483: 5445: 5354: 5311: 5250: 5215: 5166: 5131: 5080: 5031: 4955: 4906: 4859: 4806: 4746: 4736: 4703: 4636: 4559: 4549: 4519: 4490: 4480: 4445: 4405: 4370: 4258: 4203: 4195: 4151: 4120: 4102: 4001: 3993: 3941: 3881: 3830: 3771: 3701: 3603: 3549: 3476: 3425: 3419: 3400: 3349: 3292: 3257: 3214: 3162: 3144: 3136: 3105: 3046: 2910: 2877: 2822: 2776: 2690: 2677: 2671: 2617: 2605: 2376: 2315:

symptoms or behavioral changes. The most striking early symptom is loss of short-term memory (

2036:. The improved process involves a technique called "double impregnation" and is still in use. 2029: 2010: 1869:

tend to be sensory neurons or interneurons, because they cannot carry signals long distances.

1811: 1701: 1692: 1368: 1345: 1245: 976: 945: 370: 170: 59: 4730: 4543: 4055: 1462:

Glutamate can cause excitotoxicity when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, resulting in

7431: 7314: 7277: 7272: 6620: 6544: 6310: 5820: 5778: 5770: 5721: 5713: 5672: 5662: 5613: 5605: 5563: 5530: 5522: 5437: 5346: 5303: 5242: 5205: 5197: 5158: 5121: 5111: 5070: 5062: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4974: 4945: 4937: 4926:"Observations of synaptic structures: origins of the neuron doctrine and its current status" 4898: 4851: 4798: 4695: 4626: 4618: 4397: 4360: 4352: 4250: 4185: 4143: 4110: 4094: 4030: 3985: 3933: 3871: 3861: 3820: 3812: 3691: 3683: 3593: 3583: 3539: 3531: 3523: 3468: 3390: 3380: 3339: 3331: 3284: 3249: 3206: 3095: 3085: 3038: 2812: 2802: 2633: 2613: 2533: 2510: 2312: 1862: 1791: 1724: 1638: 1618: 1487: 1297: 1292: 677: 669: 614: 366: 346: 331: 186: 4902: 4318: 1457:

Metabotropic receptors, GPCRs modulate synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability.

587:. Besides being an anatomical structure, the axon hillock also has the greatest density of 7415: 7082: 7051: 7046: 6928: 6923: 6747: 6384: 6228: 5995: 4994:"Voltage imaging from dendrites of mitral cells: EPSP attenuation and spike trigger zones" 2866: 2857: 2745: 2621: 2609: 2601: 2384: 2139: 2044: 1919: 1913: 1885: 1851: 1838: 1818: 1267: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1043: 996: 960: 935: 878: 858: 712: 564: 501: 386: 374: 327: 324: 4147: 3369:"Dynamic remodeling of dendritic arbors in GABAergic interneurons of adult visual cortex" 2058:

wrote a highly influential review of the neuron doctrine in which he introduced the term

1440:

channels permeable to Na cation channels mediating fast excitatory synaptic transmission.

1240:

Neurons have intrinsic electroresponsive properties like intrinsic transmembrane voltage

1224:-expressing neurons typically dampen the output signal of the postsynaptic neuron in the 5658: 5162: 4930:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

4246: 3981: 3808: 3746: 3519: 3327: 3072:

Talifu Z, Liu JY, Pan YZ, Ke H, Zhang CJ, Xu X, Gao F, Yu Y, Du LJ, Li JJ (April 2023).

2817: 2790: 1651: 7403: 7372: 7342: 7299: 7119: 7077: 7055: 6975: 6858: 6682: 6587: 6353: 6344: 6274: 5783: 5758: 5726: 5701: 5677: 5642: 5618: 5593: 5535: 5510: 5210: 5185: 5126: 5099: 5075: 5050: 5026: 4993: 4950: 4925: 4699: 4631: 4606: 4365: 4340: 4115: 4082: 3937: 3876: 3849: 3825: 3792: 3696: 3671: 3624:

Ion conductances related to shaping the repetitive firing in rat retinal ganglion cells

3598: 3571: 3544: 3503: 3395: 3368: 3344: 3311: 3178: 3100: 3073: 2755: 2400: 2387:

and fatigability during simple activities. Weakness is typically caused by circulating

2157: 2005: 1998: 1961: 1771: 1588: 1507: 1356: 1332:

are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels composed of alpha and beta subunits that bind

1128:(motor neurons) transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells. 1097: 1060: 1054: 940: 912: 805:

The cell body of a neuron is supported by a complex mesh of structural proteins called

541: 448: 393: 296: 265: 229: 193: 178: 166: 4802: 3288: 2791:"Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution" 400:

that give them structural and metabolic support. The nervous system is made up of the

7425: 7021: 7006: 6687: 6462: 6348: 6264: 5840: 5743: 5366: 4270: 4022: 4013: 3210: 2468:, and eventually leads to bead-like formation. Granular disintegration of the axonal 2432: 2362: 2094: 2090: 2033: 1893: 1877: 1697: 1664: 1557: 1454:

within the channel pore. NMDA receptors do not function without both ligands present.

1415: 1395: 1372: 1352: 1313: 1225: 1186: 1182: 1048: 991:: neurons whose axonal process projects locally; the best example is the granule cell 908: 904: 900: 895: 814: 806: 787: 605: 508: 320: 5457: 5410: 5268: 4871: 4818: 4715: 4215: 4190: 4173: 4138:

Levitan, Irwin B.; Kaczmarek, Leonard K. (2015). "Electrical Signaling in Neurons".

3953: 3488: 3226: 3058: 2243: 7267: 7189: 7102: 6983: 6913: 6692: 6615: 6499: 6487: 6216: 6159: 5942: 5323: 5116: 5066: 5009: 2980: 2593: 2560: 2553: 2506: 2500: 2477: 2469: 2449: 2358: 2350: 2066: 2048: 1889: 1842: 1763: 1677: 1596: 1553: 1463: 1229: 1081: 1066: 966: 810: 799: 700: 688: 662: 583: 577: 546: 513: 496: 491: 350: 292: 280: 276: 272: 249: 4417: 4285: 3459:

Gerber U (January 2003). "Metabotropic glutamate receptors in vertebrate retina".

1904: 755: 471: 90: 5960:

an online neuromics tool for cataloging neuronal types and synaptic connectivity.

5915: 5717: 4767: 4439: 4098: 3385: 1845:

in the peripheral nervous system. The sheath enables action potentials to travel

1647:

A signal propagating down an axon to the cell body and dendrites of the next cell

1232:-expressing neurons typically block dendritic inputs to the postsynaptic neuron. 185:, which are specialized connections that commonly use minute amounts of chemical 77: 7282: 7097: 7001: 6959: 6891: 6886: 6707: 6645: 6640: 6610: 6358: 6320: 6186: 6154: 6106: 6040: 5475: 2840: 2725: 2720: 2629: 2597: 2545: 2529: 2185: 2040: 1994: 1989: 1817:

Several stimuli can activate a neuron leading to electrical activity, including

1719: 1672:, have only one or two dendrites, each of which receives thousands of synapses. 1621:

in which all three qualities can be measured at once is used extensively by the

1433: 1301: 1283: 1221: 1131: 1091: 1033: 1018: 830: 791: 763: 759: 456: 409: 397: 307:

is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly when the cell is

261: 241: 221: 7398: 5647:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5526: 5246: 4356: 4174:"The vagus nerve modulates BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus" 4034: 3989: 3900:"Why is the human brain so difficult to understand? We asked 4 neuroscientists" 3335: 2807: 1730: 1700:

triggers mitochondrial calcium uptake, which, in turn, activates mitochondrial

625: 7352: 7041: 6918: 6881: 6503: 6416: 6259: 3866: 3816: 3472: 3367:

Lee WC, Huang H, Feng G, Sanes JR, Brown EN, So PT, Nedivi E (February 2006).

2750: 2715: 2564: 2549: 2404: 2388: 2286: 2143: 2082: 2028:

To make the structure of individual neurons visible, Ramón y Cajal improved a

1932: 1825: 1522: 1022: 818: 779: 696: 532: 481: 205: 5702:"Microglial control of neuronal development via somatic purinergic junctions" 4494: 4199: 4106: 3997: 3720:"Patch-seq technique helps depict the variation of neural cells in the brain" 3588: 3140: 3090: 1146:

A neuron affects other neurons by releasing a neurotransmitter that binds to

7367: 6901: 6752: 6725: 6717: 6178: 6126: 5824: 5667: 4750: 4732:

Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function

4563: 4545:

Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function

4254: 3670:

Scammell TE, Jackson AC, Franks NP, Wisden W, Dauvilliers Y (January 2019).

2843:. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. 2659: 2578: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2308: 2106: 2017:, demonstrating the ability of Golgi's staining method to reveal fine detail 1775: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1518: 1514: 1450:. The function of NMDA receptors depend on glycine receptor binding as a co- 1419: 1411: 1166: 1027: 903:, consists of a cell body called the soma and a long thin axon covered by a 842: 736: 692: 558: 5954:. Fostering neuroscience research especially in less well-funded countries. 5832: 5792: 5735: 5686: 5627: 5544: 5487: 5449: 5358: 5315: 5254: 5219: 5135: 5035: 4959: 4941: 4910: 4863: 4810: 4707: 4640: 4622: 4433:"Spike arrival times: A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks" 4409: 4374: 4262: 4207: 4124: 4005: 3945: 3885: 3834: 3705: 3687: 3607: 3553: 3504:"Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo" 3480: 3404: 3353: 3296: 3218: 3124: 3109: 3050: 2826: 1316:

is released from presynaptic neurons into the synaptic cleft. It acts as a

665:

can be over a meter long, reaching from the base of the spine to the toes.

228:

Neurons are typically classified into three types based on their function.

17: 5567: 5350: 5170: 5084: 4605:

Mehta AR, Mehta PR, Anderson SP, MacKinnon BL, Compston A (January 2020).

4229:

Cserép C, Pósfai B, Lénárt N, Fekete R, László ZI, Lele Z (January 2020).

3261: 3148: 2077: 1506:, and levodopa is then converted into dopamine by the aromatic amino acid 1414:

is one of two primary excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, along with

252:

receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to control everything from

7031: 7016: 7011: 6735: 6730: 6657: 6652: 6408: 6251: 6013: 5051:"Glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic excitation in axons of the lamprey" 4230: 2541: 2476:

occurs after axolemma degradation. Early changes include accumulation of

2465: 2354: 2147: 2062:

to describe the anatomical and physiological unit of the nervous system.

1660: 1495: 1482: 1478: 1399: 1380: 1333: 1300:

are chemical messengers passed from one neuron to another neuron or to a

1260: 1253: 988: 886:

List of distinct cell types in the adult human body § Nervous system

740: 684: 610: 476: 433: 288: 197: 84: 5964:

High Resolution Neuroanatomical Images of Primate and Non-Primate Brains

3535: 3527: 2357:). The primary symptoms are the results of decreased stimulation of the 1197:

effects on others, and modulatory effects on others still. For example,

1063:, unique human inhibitory neurons that interconnect with Pyramidal cells 873: 553:

occurs here. The nucleus can range from 3 to 18 micrometers in diameter.

7294: 7255: 5609: 4855: 4341:"Neuromodulation and flexibility in Central Pattern Generator networks" 2518: 2485: 2331:), and functions such as decision-making and planning become impaired. 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 1861:

Some neurons do not generate action potentials, but instead generate a

1759: 1751: 1712: 1634: 1600: 1451: 1341: 1190: 982: 826: 795: 744: 673: 441: 378: 316: 304: 300: 182: 38: 6009: 5201: 4056:"Researchers discover new type of cellular communication in the brain" 3253: 2311:

deterioration, together with declining activities of daily living and

2160:

as scientists have been able to map all of its neurons. The fruit fly

1134:

connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system.

853: 711:

Like all animal cells, the cell body of every neuron is enclosed by a

436:, and many sensory neurons are situated in sensory organs such as the 303:

to another cell. Neurons may lack dendrites or have no axon. The term

6909: 6169: 6022:

an online database of digital reconstructions of neuronal morphology.

5946: 5307: 5017: 3312:"Microtubules Modulate F-actin Dynamics during Neuronal Polarization" 2662:

is also indispensable for proper neurogenesis and brain development.

2517:. Once fully differentiated they are no longer capable of undergoing 2346: 1830: 1715:

is a synapse in which a neuron's axon connects to its own dendrites.

1565: 1538: 1534: 1499: 1337: 1317: 1051:, huge neurons in the cerebellum, a type of Golgi I multipolar neuron 732: 518: 437: 217: 201: 5774: 3042: 2105:

Later discoveries yielded refinements to the doctrine. For example,

1162:(causing long-lasting effects not directly related to firing rate). 609:

is found at the end of the axon farthest from the soma and contains

139: 5441: 4886: 4401: 27:

Electrically excitable cell found in the nervous system of animals

2568: 2420: 2373:

and subtle language problems. PD is both chronic and progressive.

2076: 2004: 1988: 1650: 1642: 1305: 1282: 927: 872: 852: 822: 716: 643: 635: 624: 452: 405: 360: 257: 245: 237: 213: 209: 6556: 2628:. Methylcytosine demethylation is catalyzed in several stages by 7147: 6993: 5337:

Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (January 2010). "Alzheimer's disease".

3850:"The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain" 1834: 1807: 1806:. These signals are generated and propagated by charge-carrying 1774:

is also connected with the brain. Neurons also communicate with

1767: 1548:

is a neurotransmitter acting at both ligand-gated ion channels (

1429: 1170: 866: 572: 486: 382: 342:, increasing or reducing the net voltage that reaches the soma. 284: 6560: 6044: 5184:

von Bartheld CS, Bahney J, Herculano-Houzel S (December 2016).

4023:"Forceful synapses reveal mechanical interactions in the brain" 2559:

Differentiation of the neurons is ordered by their size. Large

1446:

receptors are another cation channel that is more permeable to

1100:, interneurons that connect widely separated areas of the brain 1078:, interneurons with unique dendrite ending in a brush-like tuft 6532:

WHO classification of the tumors of the central nervous system

5149:

Williams RW, Herrup K (1988). "The control of neuron number".

3770:(40 ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 431–434. 3649: 2179: 1854:, which contain a high density of voltage-gated ion channels. 1758:

They can also get modulated by input from the environment and

1549: 1437: 890:

Neurons vary in shape and size and can be classified by their

728: 271:

A neuron contains all the structures of other cells such as a

1865:, which in turn causes graded neurotransmitter release. Such 1683:

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it opens

1394:(CNS), along with glycine. GABA has a homologous function to 999:: where the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrite(s) 668:

Sensory neurons can have axons that run from the toes to the

5558:

Callaway, Ewen (26 May 2011). "How to make a human neuron".

5511:"Human Adult Neurogenesis: Evidence and Remaining Questions" 5474:

Caire, Michael J.; Reddy, Vamsi; Varacallo, Matthew (2024).

1005:: 1 process which then serves as both an axon and a dendrite 915:

between the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron.

813:(a brownish-black pigment that is byproduct of synthesis of 353:

largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain.

236:

such as touch, sound, or light that affect the cells of the

30:

This article is about the type of cell. For other uses, see

2777:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/neurone

2658:

Intercellular communication between developing neurons and

1165:

The two most common (90%+) neurotransmitters in the brain,

5974: 5294:

Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease".

1244:

patterns. So neurons can be classified according to their

6019: 3621:

Kolodin YO, Veselovskaia NN, Veselovsky NS, Fedulova SA.

2651:

repair used in proliferating neural precursor cells, and

1810:

including sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and

5957: 2369:

of the brain. Secondary symptoms may include high level

1375:

neurotransmitter, and the most prevalent of them in the

621:

boutons, which are located along the length of the axon.

428:. In vertebrates, the majority of neurons belong to the 3924:

Drachman DA (June 2005). "Do we have brain to spare?".

2589:, in which "cells are forced to adopt new identities". 2436:

contributing to various neurological disorders such as

2285:(CMT) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder of nerves ( 2065:

The silver impregnation stains are a useful method for

1612:

Since 2012 there has been a push from the cellular and

1379:; as with other catecholamines, it is synthesised from 790:. Named after German psychiatrist and neuropathologist 640:

Diagram of a typical myelinated vertebrate motor neuron

4470: 4468: 2353:), and in extreme cases, a loss of physical movement ( 1747:

force generated by the enlargement of dendritic spines

969:: 1 axon and 1 dendrite. They are found mainly in the 7387: 4992:

Djurisic M, Antic S, Chen WR, Zecevic D (July 2004).

1918:

The conduction of nerve impulses is an example of an

1336:. Ligand binding opens the channel causing influx of 911:

that release neurotransmitters into a gap called the

774:

Actin filaments in a mouse cortical neuron in culture

4975:"Neurons and Synapses: The History of Its Discovery" 3502:

Wilson NR, Runyan CA, Wang FL, Sur M (August 2012).

3461:

Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology

2532:

in the embryo. The neural tube has three layers – a

613:. Synaptic boutons are specialized structures where 299:, where the neuron can transmit a signal across the 7313: 7254: 7247: 7183: 7113: 7070: 7030: 6992: 6974: 6967: 6953: 6900: 6872: 6778: 6769: 6716: 6673: 6666: 6603: 6594: 6524: 6452: 6430: 6407: 6377: 6333: 6303: 6273: 6250: 6227: 6177: 6168: 6148: 6139: 6115: 6087: 6078: 5871:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 4441:

Parallel processing in neural systems and computers

2210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1486:neurotransmission. Loss of dopamine neurons in the 956:Most neurons can be anatomically characterized as: 120: 108: 96: 83: 71: 66: 46: 5641:Orii KE, Lee Y, Kondo N, McKinnon PJ (June 2006). 5100:"Signal propagation in Drosophila central neurons" 2898: 2563:are first. Smaller sensory neurons together with 2446:chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 1971:The word was adopted in French with the spelling 1057:, neurons with triangular soma, a type of Golgi I 5952:IBRO (International Brain Research Organization) 3672:"Histamine: neural circuits and new medications" 3167:. State Commission in Lunacy. 1897. p. 378. 1263:. Neurons that fire in bursts are called phasic. 283:but has additional unique structures such as an 4438:. In Eckmiller R, Hartmann G, Hauske G (eds.). 2448:. Although demyelination is often caused by an 1591:. Histamine-producing neurons are found in the 672:of the spinal cord, over 1.5 meters in adults. 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 2876:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 12.2 Nervous tissue. 1833:around their axons. The sheaths are formed by 1754:– transneuronally transported proteins (TNTPs) 1556:) receptors. ATP is, however, best known as a 1494:. Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid 1287:Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters 545:is the body of the neuron. As it contains the 6572: 6056: 4511:Animal physiology: mechanisms and adaptations 3565: 3563: 1422:coupled receptor (often referred to as GPCR). 683:Fully differentiated neurons are permanently 8: 4887:"Electrical synapses in the mammalian brain" 4768:"Whonamedit - dictionary of medical eponyms" 4479:(12 ed.). Australia: Cengage Learning. 3627:. Acta Physiologica Congress. Archived from 3444:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3421:Anatomy and Physiology' 2007 Ed.2007 Edition 2600:modifications play a key role in regulating 1804:subthreshold membrane potential oscillations 1782:Mechanisms for propagating action potentials 1390:. GABA is one of two neuroinhibitors in the 6395:Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes 5848:Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). 5759:"Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration" 5587: 5585: 4142:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–62. 2934:"What are the parts of the nervous system?" 1572:, which particularly acts at P2Y receptors. 1371:. Noradrenaline is one of the three common 181:. Neurons communicate with other cells via 7251: 6971: 6964: 6775: 6670: 6600: 6579: 6565: 6557: 6174: 6165: 6145: 6084: 6063: 6049: 6041: 6026:Immunohistochemistry Image Gallery: Neuron 5594:"DNA methylation dynamics in neurogenesis" 5592:Wang Z, Tang B, He Y, Jin P (March 2016). 2655:used mainly at later developmental stages 2345:. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, 1498:. Tyrosine is catalyzed into levodopa (or 1212:and instead express a class of inhibitory 392:Neurons are the primary components of the 52: 5899:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5782: 5725: 5676: 5666: 5617: 5534: 5415:The International Neuromodulation Society 5209: 5125: 5115: 5074: 5025: 4949: 4845: 4630: 4607:"Grey Matter Etymology and the neuron(e)" 4537: 4535: 4364: 4189: 4114: 3875: 3865: 3824: 3695: 3597: 3587: 3543: 3394: 3384: 3343: 3099: 3089: 2960:Neuroscience: A journey through the brain 2816: 2806: 2632:that carry out oxidative reactions (e.g. 2270:Learn how and when to remove this message 2156:has just 302 neurons, making it an ideal 1708:to support continuous neurotransmission. 220:period. Predecessors of neurons were the 6012:according to the Petilla convention, at 5869:The Fine Structure of the Nervous System 5469: 5467: 1903: 1729: 1659:Neurons communicate with each other via 1158:(causing a decrease in firing rate), or 769: 754: 349:during brain development and childhood. 345:In most cases, neurons are generated by 7394: 6516:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 6440:Primary central nervous system lymphoma 6364:Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour 5867:Peters A, Palay SL, Webster HS (1991). 5852:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4735:. Oxford University Press. p. 47. 4548:. Oxford University Press. p. 47. 4514:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. p. 2851: 2849: 2768: 2521:. Neurogenesis primarily occurs during 2505:Neurons develop through the process of 1355:(norepinephrine) is released from most 1320:for both ligand-gated ion channels and 5977:, which presently offers two courses: 5381:"Parkinson's Disease Information Page" 4903:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131128 4583: 4581: 3791:Ivannikov MV, Macleod GT (June 2013). 3437: 2047:, one of the central tenets of modern 1691:to enter the terminal. Calcium causes 1154:(causing an increase in firing rate), 137: 43: 5920:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 5269:"About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms" 4286:"Milestones in Neuroscience Research" 2897:Moore, Keith; Dalley, Arthur (2005). 2775:UK for neuron; Cambridge Dictionary, 1312:Cholinergic neurons – acetylcholine. 7: 6005:Cell Centered Database – Neuron 5275:from the original on 15 January 2012 5190:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 5049:Cochilla AJ, Alford S (March 1997). 3848:Herculano-Houzel S (November 2009). 3179:"Medical Definition of Neurotubules" 2731:List of animals by number of neurons 2208:adding citations to reliable sources 2124:Compartmental modelling of dendrites 1824:Thin neurons and axons require less 1603:and regulating sleep/wake behaviors. 1351:Adrenergic neurons – noradrenaline. 857:Image of pyramidal neurons in mouse 6202:Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 5391:from the original on 4 January 2017 5339:The New England Journal of Medicine 5163:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.002231 4339:Harris-Warrick, RM (October 2011). 3424:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 288. 3277:Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2528:Neurons initially develop from the 2403:inhibitors and, in selected cases, 1410:Glutamatergic neurons – glutamate. 1398:, gating anion channels that allow 1069:, neurons with both ends linked to 877:SMI32-stained pyramidal neurons in 778:Numerous microscopic clumps called 192:Neurons are the main components of 169:that fires electric signals called 6000:Neuroscience Information Framework 4700:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010 4309:Patlak J, Gibbons R (2000-11-01). 4148:10.1093/med/9780199773893.003.0003 3938:10.1212/01.WNL.0000166914.38327.BB 3576:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2349:, a slowing of physical movement ( 2293:, affecting 36 in 100,000 people. 2117:Compartmental modelling of neurons 2009:Drawing of a Purkinje cell in the 1841:in the central nervous system and 25: 6031:Khan Academy: Anatomy of a neuron 5890:(10th ed.). Baltimore: Wood. 4803:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.004 4444:. North-Holland. pp. 91–94. 3652:. Ykolodin.50webs.com. 2008-04-27 3418:Al, Martini, Frederic Et (2005). 2142:and 55–70 billion neurons in the 2081:Drawing of neurons in the pigeon 1623:Allen Institute for Brain Science 979:: 1 axon and 2 or more dendrites 589:voltage-dependent sodium channels 7409: 7397: 6390:Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor 4973:Sabbatini RM (April–July 2003). 4315:Action Potentials in Nerve Cells 4178:European Neuropsychopharmacology 3211:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00186.x 2861: This article incorporates 2856: 2184: 1533:are used for treatment, such as 1403:neurotransmitters by the enzyme 1036:, interneurons of the cerebellum 751:Histology and internal structure 470: 432:, but some reside in peripheral 134:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy 6743:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell 5271:. National Institute on Aging. 4345:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 4311:"Electrical Activity of Nerves" 4191:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.004 3854:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2195:needs additional citations for 2097:, both of which are multipolar. 240:, and they send signals to the 6484:Cranial and paraspinal nerves 5117:10.1523/jneurosci.0764-09.2009 5098:Gouwens NW, Wilson RI (2009). 5067:10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp021940 5010:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-04.2004 4060:The Scripps Research Institute 2954:Davies, Melissa (2002-04-09). 2905:(5th ed.). LWW. pp. 2736:List of neuroscience databases 2626:DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 2618:5-methylcytosine demethylation 2102:metabolically distinct units. 2054:In 1891, the German anatomist 1993:Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a 1685:voltage-gated calcium channels 1564:can also be mediated by other 1: 6197:Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 6072:Tumours of the nervous system 6010:Complete list of neuron types 5151:Annual Review of Neuroscience 4891:Annual Review of Neuroscience 3289:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00959-0 3123:Giménez, C. (February 1998). 2956:"The Neuron: size comparison" 2307:characterized by progressive 1725:This number declines with age 865:. The red staining indicates 525:Structure of a typical neuron 6242:Anaplastic oligodendroglioma 5979:Fundamentals of Neuroscience 5850:Principles of Neural Science 5763:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 5718:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111369 4885:Connors BW, Long MA (2004). 4508:Eckert R, Randall D (1983). 4099:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110287 3386:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040029 3031:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2085:, by Spanish neuroscientist 1739:Nonelectrochemical signaling 973:, and as part of the retina. 894:and function. The anatomist 6853:Postganglionic nerve fibers 5895:Roberts A, Bush BM (1981). 5757:Yiu G, He Z (August 2006). 4998:The Journal of Neuroscience 4655:"Google Books Ngram Viewer" 3766:Macpherson, Gordon (2002). 2901:Clinically Oriented Anatomy 2711:Compartmental neuron models 2299:(AD), also known simply as 2283:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2032:that had been developed by 1599:. Histamine is involved in 1177:and a modulatory effect at 1084:, a type of Golgi II neuron 932:Different kinds of neurons: 784:rough endoplasmic reticulum 7453: 6848:Preganglionic nerve fibers 5971:Department of Neuroscience 5527:10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.004 4357:10.1016/j.conb.2011.05.011 4035:10.1038/d41586-021-03516-0 3990:10.1038/s41586-021-04125-7 3768:Black's Medical Dictionary 3336:10.1038/s41598-017-09832-8 3242:Developmental Neuroscience 2841:Neuroanatomy, Motor Neuron 2808:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.027 2669: 2653:non-homologous end joining 2649:homologous recombinational 2498: 2414: 2173: 1982: 1911: 1632: 1614:computational neuroscience 1585:monoamine neurotransmitter 1361:sympathetic nervous system 1290: 1094:located in the spinal cord 883: 36: 29: 7358:Olfactory receptor neuron 7022:Neurofibril/neurofilament 6540: 5897:Neurones without Impulses 5482:. StatPearls Publishing. 5055:The Journal of Physiology 4979:Brain & Mind Magazine 4924:Guillery RW (June 2005). 4589:Oxford English Dictionary 3867:10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009 3817:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.064 3199:Journal of Neurochemistry 2981:"Brain Facts and Figures" 2640:) and enzymes of the DNA 2305:neurodegenerative disease 2056:Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer 1954:Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer 1608:Multimodel classification 1377:peripheral nervous system 1105:Functional classification 919:Structural classification 863:green fluorescent protein 414:peripheral nervous system 132: 51: 6369:Lhermitte–Duclos disease 6293:Choroid plexus carcinoma 6288:Choroid plexus papilloma 5989:NIF Search – Neuron 5983:Comparative Neuroscience 5886:Ramón y Cajal S (1933). 5247:10.1093/brain/123.7.1516 4729:Finger, Stanley (1994). 4542:Finger, Stanley (1994). 3589:10.3389/fncel.2014.00320 3570:Llinás RR (2014-01-01). 3164:State Hospitals Bulletin 3091:10.4103/1673-5374.353482 2874:Anatomy & Physiology 2622:DNA cytosine methylation 2610:DNA cytosine methylation 1863:graded electrical signal 1593:tuberomammillary nucleus 1544:Purinergic neurons—ATP. 1363:onto two sets of GPCRs: 37:Not to be confused with 5825:10.1126/science.1114394 5668:10.1073/pnas.0602436103 5104:Journal of Neuroscience 4688:Brain Research Bulletin 4475:Kalat, James W (2016). 4255:10.1126/science.aax6752 3473:10.1023/A:1022477203420 3183:www.merriam-webster.com 2741:Neuronal galvanotropism 2701:Biological neuron model 2638:5-hydroxymethylcytosine 2442:Guillain-Barré syndrome 2426:Guillain–Barré syndrome 2393:acetylcholine receptors 2383:leading to fluctuating 2163:Drosophila melanogaster 2128:Drosophila melanogaster 2030:silver staining process 1985:History of neuroscience 1405:glutamate decarboxylase 1388:gamma aminobutyric acid 1142:Action on other neurons 426:somatic nervous systems 319:gradients across their 32:Neuron (disambiguation) 7305:Neuromuscular junction 7168:III or Aδ or fast pain 6212:Anaplastic astrocytoma 6207:Fibrillary astrocytoma 4942:10.1098/rstb.2003.1459 4791:Brain Research Reviews 3005:"16.7: Nervous System" 2515:differentiated neurons 2429: 2323:), skilled movements ( 2291:neurological disorders 2176:Neurological disorders 2170:Neurological disorders 2153:Caenorhabditis elegans 2098: 2087:Santiago Ramón y Cajal 2023:Santiago Ramón y Cajal 2018: 2015:Santiago Ramón y Cajal 2002: 1968:'sinew, cord, nerve'. 1960:in 1891, based on the 1948:Etymology and spelling 1909: 1884:and the individual or 1735: 1656: 1648: 1575:Histaminergic neurons— 1552:receptors) and GPCRs ( 1527:tryptophan hydroxylase 1436:receptors function as 1392:central nervous system 1288: 1272:retinal ganglion cells 1179:metabotropic receptors 1042:, most neurons in the 953: 881: 870: 775: 767: 657: 641: 630: 447:Axons may bundle into 430:central nervous system 402:central nervous system 389: 365:Schematic of a single 6468:Esthesioneuroblastoma 6192:Pilocytic astrocytoma 5917:Clinical Neuroanatomy 5568:10.1038/news.2011.328 5476:"Physiology, Synapse" 5351:10.1056/NEJMra0909142 4592:, 3rd edition, 2003, 4477:Biological psychology 4290:Neuroscience for Kids 3129:Revista de Neurologia 2985:Neuroscience for Kids 2801:(21): 4676–4693.e29. 2706:Cellular neuroscience 2523:embryonic development 2424: 2417:Demyelinating disease 2415:Further information: 2381:neuromuscular disease 2371:cognitive dysfunction 2089:in 1899. (A) denotes 2080: 2008: 1992: 1983:Further information: 1952:The German anatomist 1907: 1900:All-or-none principle 1733: 1654: 1646: 1562:purinergic signalling 1531:serotonin transporter 1513:Serotonergic neurons— 1477:Dopaminergic neurons— 1286: 1030:, large motor neurons 951:Pseudounipolar neuron 931: 876: 856: 773: 758: 655: 639: 628: 463:Anatomy and histology 416:, which includes the 404:, which includes the 364: 7323:Meissner's corpuscle 7288:Postsynaptic density 7185:Efferent nerve fiber 7173:IV or C or slow pain 7115:Afferent nerve fiber 6941:Satellite glial cell 6473:Ganglioneuroblastoma 6378:CNS embryonal tumors 6283:Choroid plexus tumor 5411:"Movement Disorders" 4623:10.1093/brain/awz367 4029:. 24 November 2021. 3688:10.1093/sleep/zsy183 2865:available under the 2642:base excision repair 2587:transdifferentiation 2367:dopaminergic neurons 2337:(PD), also known as 2327:), and recognition ( 2204:improve this article 2134:Neurons in the brain 1956:introduced the term 1386:GABAergic neurons – 1326:muscarinic receptors 1246:electrophysiological 1175:ionotropic receptors 1076:Unipolar brush cells 1040:Medium spiny neurons 971:olfactory epithelium 7437:Medical terminology 7328:Merkel nerve ending 6316:Gliomatosis cerebri 5659:2006PNAS..10310017O 4390:Nature Neuroscience 4247:2020Sci...367..528C 3982:2021Natur.600..686U 3809:2013BpJ...104.2353I 3797:Biophysical Journal 3747:"BRAIN CELL CENSUS" 3528:10.1038/nature11347 3520:2012Natur.488..343W 3328:2017NatSR...7.9583Z 2604:in differentiating 2552:become the brain's 2462:axonal degeneration 2456:Axonal degeneration 2335:Parkinson's disease 2297:Alzheimer's disease 2146:. By contrast, the 1867:non-spiking neurons 1790:suggested that the 1663:, where either the 1504:tyrosine hydroxlase 1492:Parkinson's disease 1490:has been linked to 1365:alpha adrenoceptors 1330:Nicotinic receptors 1210:glutamate receptors 1199:photoreceptor cells 1185:, and "inhibitory" 1071:alpha motor neurons 835:Class III β-tubulin 593:threshold potential 379:synaptic connection 254:muscle contractions 7363:Photoreceptor cell 7333:Pacinian corpuscle 7264:Electrical synapse 7218:Lower motor neuron 7213:Upper motor neuron 6934:Internodal segment 6874:Connective tissues 6844:Autonomic ganglion 6480:Nerve sheath tumor 6422:Hemangiopericytoma 5994:2015-01-22 at the 5610:10.2217/epi.15.119 4936:(1458): 1281–307. 4856:10.1002/glia.20415 4772:www.whonamedit.com 4431:Thorpe SJ (1990). 4321:on August 27, 2009 3316:Scientific Reports 3009:Biology LibreTexts 2839:Zayia LC, Tadi P. 2696:Bidirectional cell 2666:Nerve regeneration 2575:Adult neurogenesis 2513:divide to produce 2438:multiple sclerosis 2430: 2397:immunosuppressants 2343:movement disorders 2099: 2019: 2003: 1997:stained using the 1941:pacinian corpuscle 1910: 1856:Multiple sclerosis 1797:membrane potential 1788:John Zachary Young 1736: 1670:supraoptic nucleus 1657: 1649: 1468:glutamate synthase 1369:beta adrenoceptors 1289: 1236:Discharge patterns 1148:chemical receptors 954: 882: 871: 776: 768: 731:materials include 658: 642: 631: 390: 115:H2.00.06.1.00002 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7348:Free nerve ending 7315:Sensory receptors 7243: 7242: 7158:Ib or Golgi or Aα 7066: 7065: 6949: 6948: 6826:Ramus communicans 6765: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6631:Commissural fiber 6626:Association fiber 6621:Projection fibers 6554: 6553: 6493:Neurofibromatosis 6448: 6447: 6403: 6402: 6329: 6328: 6237:Oligodendroglioma 6135: 6134: 6102:Craniopharyngioma 5927:978-0-7817-9427-5 5914:Snell RS (2010). 5202:10.1002/cne.24040 5196:(18): 3865–3895. 5110:(19): 6239–6249. 4525:978-0-7167-1423-1 4241:(6477): 528–537. 4157:978-0-19-977389-3 3976:(7890): 686–689. 3726:. 3 December 2020 3431:978-971-23-4807-5 3254:10.1159/000111315 2883:978-1-947172-04-3 2691:Artificial neuron 2672:Neuroregeneration 2606:neural stem cells 2567:differentiate at 2538:intermediate zone 2511:neural stem cells 2377:Myasthenia gravis 2280: 2279: 2272: 2254: 2011:cerebellar cortex 1702:energy metabolism 1693:synaptic vesicles 1346:acetyl coenzyme A 1298:Neurotransmitters 1248:characteristics: 946:Multipolar neuron 762:neurons in human 653: 551:protein synthesis 451:that make up the 396:, along with the 381:from an incoming 371:excitatory neuron 347:neural stem cells 187:neurotransmitters 171:action potentials 148: 147: 143: 60:multipolar neuron 16:(Redirected from 7444: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7278:Synaptic vesicle 7273:Chemical synapse 7252: 6972: 6965: 6776: 6671: 6601: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6558: 6545:brain metastasis 6509:Acoustic neuroma 6311:Oligoastrocytoma 6304:Multiple/unknown 6175: 6166: 6146: 6120: 6095: 6085: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6042: 5931: 5910: 5891: 5882: 5863: 5844: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5729: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5670: 5653:(26): 10017–22. 5638: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5387:. 30 June 2016. 5377: 5371: 5370: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5308:10.1136/bmj.b158 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5119: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5061:(Pt 2): 443–57. 5046: 5040: 5039: 5029: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4849: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4694:(4–6): 391–405. 4683: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4659:books.google.com 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4602: 4596: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4454:. 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2860: 2853: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2634:5-methylcytosine 2624:is catalyzed by 2614:5-methylcytosine 2534:ventricular zone 2313:neuropsychiatric 2275: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2212: 2188: 2180: 2093:and (B) denotes 1852:nodes of Ranvier 1839:oligodendrocytes 1792:squid giant axon 1750:the transfer of 1655:Chemical synapse 1639:Chemical synapse 1619:patch-sequencing 1488:substantia nigra 1293:Neurotransmitter 1279:Neurotransmitter 1126:Efferent neurons 1116:Afferent neurons 695:are star-shaped 678:squid giant axon 670:posterior column 654: 629:Neuron cell body 615:neurotransmitter 474: 367:pyramidal neuron 332:action potential 330:pulse called an 309:undifferentiated 258:glandular output 140:edit on Wikidata 56: 44: 21: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7396: 7388: 7386: 7377: 7309: 7239: 7188: 7179: 7163:II or Aβ and Aγ 7118: 7109: 7062: 7052:Apical dendrite 7047:Dendritic spine 7026: 6988: 6958: 6945: 6929:Node of Ranvier 6924:Myelin incisure 6896: 6868: 6757: 6748:Oligodendrocyte 6731:Ependymal cells 6712: 6662: 6590: 6585: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6536: 6520: 6444: 6426: 6399: 6385:Medulloblastoma 6373: 6335: 6325: 6299: 6269: 6246: 6229:Oligodendrocyte 6223: 6158: 6152: 6150:Neuroepithelial 6131: 6116: 6111: 6088: 6074: 6069: 6020:NeuroMorpho.Org 5996:Wayback Machine 5939: 5934: 5928: 5913: 5907: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5866: 5860: 5847: 5819:(5749): 791–3. 5810: 5806: 5804:Further reading 5801: 5800: 5775:10.1038/nrn1956 5756: 5755: 5751: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5430:Nature Medicine 5427: 5426: 5422: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5004:(30): 6703–14. 4991: 4990: 4986: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4847:10.1.1.598.7002 4831: 4830: 4826: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4743: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4586: 4579: 4556: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4487: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4021: 4020: 4018: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3904:Allen Institute 3898: 3897: 3893: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3803:(11): 2353–61. 3790: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3632: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3514:(7411): 343–8. 3501: 3500: 3496: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3436: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3239: 3238: 3234: 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926: 921: 888: 879:cerebral cortex 859:cerebral cortex 851: 786:and associated 753: 715:, a bilayer of 713:plasma membrane 709: 656:Neurology video 644: 565:dendritic spine 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 503: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 465: 449:nerve fascicles 387:dendritic spine 375:cerebral cortex 359: 328:electrochemical 230:Sensory neurons 144: 62: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7450: 7448: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7406: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7373:Taste receptor 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7343:Muscle spindle 7340: 7338:Ruffini ending 7335: 7330: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7300:Ribbon synapse 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7124: 7122: 7120:Sensory neuron 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7090: 7088:Pseudounipolar 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7056:Basal dendrite 7049: 7044: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7007:Axon terminals 7004: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6969: 6962: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6859:Nerve fascicle 6856: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6782: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6588:Nervous tissue 6586: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6459: 6457: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6354:Retinoblastoma 6351: 6345:Ganglioneuroma 6341: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6279: 6277: 6275:Choroid plexus 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6183: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6007: 6002: 5986: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5938: 5937:External links 5935: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5911: 5905: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5864: 5858: 5845: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5749: 5712:(12): 111369. 5692: 5633: 5581: 5550: 5515:Cell Stem Cell 5500: 5463: 5442:10.1038/nm1229 5420: 5402: 5372: 5329: 5286: 5260: 5241:(7): 1516–27. 5225: 5176: 5141: 5090: 5041: 4984: 4965: 4916: 4897:(1): 393–418. 4877: 4824: 4781: 4759: 4741: 4721: 4671: 4646: 4617:(1): 374–379. 4597: 4577: 4554: 4531: 4524: 4500: 4485: 4464: 4461:on 2012-02-15. 4450: 4423: 4402:10.1038/nn1228 4380: 4331: 4301: 4276: 4221: 4184:(2): 307–316. 4163: 4156: 4130: 4072: 4047: 3959: 3932:(12): 2004–5. 3916: 3891: 3840: 3783: 3776: 3758: 3745:Science AAAS. 3737: 3711: 3662: 3641: 3613: 3559: 3494: 3451: 3430: 3410: 3359: 3302: 3267: 3232: 3205:(6): 1766–73. 3188: 3170: 3154: 3115: 3084:(4): 750–755. 3064: 3021: 2996: 2971: 2946: 2936:. October 2018 2925: 2915: 2889: 2882: 2845: 2832: 2780: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2756:Sholl analysis 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2499:Main article: 2496: 2493: 2457: 2454: 2412: 2409: 2401:cholinesterase 2278: 2277: 2192: 2190: 2183: 2174:Main article: 2171: 2168: 2158:model organism 2135: 2132: 2118: 2115: 2091:Purkinje cells 2074: 2071: 1999:silver nitrate 1980: 1977: 1949: 1946: 1912:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1874: 1871: 1783: 1780: 1772:gut microbiome 1756: 1755: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1630: 1627: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1589:neuromodulator 1573: 1542: 1511: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1441: 1424: 1423: 1408: 1384: 1357:postganglionic 1349: 1291:Main article: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1257: 1237: 1234: 1187:spinal neurons 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1049:Purkinje cells 1046: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1003:Pseudounipolar 1000: 994: 993: 992: 986: 974: 964: 941:Bipolar neuron 925: 922: 920: 917: 913:synaptic cleft 909:axon terminals 850: 849:Classification 847: 815:catecholamines 807:neurofilaments 752: 749: 708: 705: 623: 622: 601: 600: 599: 568: 554: 524: 517: 512: 507: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 469: 468: 467: 466: 464: 461: 394:nervous system 369:, the primary 358: 357:Nervous system 355: 325:all-or-nothing 297:axon terminals 266:neural circuit 238:sensory organs 194:nervous tissue 179:nervous system 175:neural network 146: 145: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 88: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 64: 63: 57: 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7449: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7234: 7233:γ motorneuron 7231: 7229: 7228:β motorneuron 7226: 7224: 7223:α motorneuron 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6548: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463:Neuroblastoma 6461: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6432:Hematopoietic 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349:Ganglioglioma 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6265:Subependymoma 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160:spinal tumors 6156: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6036:Neuron images 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5906:0-521-29935-7 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5878:0-19-506571-9 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5859:0-8385-7701-6 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5769:(8): 617–27. 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5604:(3): 401–14. 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5501: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345:(4): 329–44. 5344: 5340: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5157:(1): 423–53. 5156: 5152: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4742:9780195146943 4738: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4555:9780195146943 4551: 4547: 4546: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4486:9781305105409 4482: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4451:9780444883902 4447: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4396:(5): 456–61. 4395: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4351:(5): 685–92. 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093:(4): 110287. 4092: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4073: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3759: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3631:on 2012-10-07 3630: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037:(5): 368–78. 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2916:0-7817-3639-0 2912: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:motor neurons 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2433:Demyelination 2427: 2423: 2418: 2411:Demyelination 2410: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:basal ganglia 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2271: 2263: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2221: – 2220: 2216: 2215:Find sources: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2193:This article 2191: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2095:granule cells 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2034:Camillo Golgi 2031: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:ancient Greek 1959: 1955: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1896:information. 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Neural coding 1873:Neural coding 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1843:Schwann cells 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:neurotrophins 1761: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:axon terminal 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1665:axon terminal 1662: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:cotransmitter 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508:decarboxylase 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:catecholamine 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Noradrenaline 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:Acetylcholine 1311: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1254:neurostriatum 1251: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226:visual cortex 1223: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203:bipolar cells 1200: 1194: 1192: 1189:that release 1188: 1184: 1183:acetylcholine 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1098:Spindle cells 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088:Anterior horn 1086: 1083: 1082:Granule cells 1080: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1067:Renshaw cells 1065: 1062: 1061:Rosehip cells 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 990: 987: 984: 981: 980: 978: 975: 972: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 930: 923: 918: 916: 914: 910: 906: 905:myelin sheath 902: 901:motor neurons 897: 896:Camillo Golgi 893: 887: 880: 875: 869:interneurons. 868: 864: 860: 855: 848: 846: 844: 839: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:ribosomal RNA 785: 781: 772: 765: 761: 760:Golgi-stained 757: 750: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:voltage gated 722: 718: 714: 706: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 638: 634: 627: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607: 606:axon terminal 602: 597: 596: 594: 590: 586: 585: 579: 578:nerve signals 575: 574: 569: 566: 561: 560: 555: 552: 548: 544: 543: 538: 537: 536: 535:in diameter. 534: 520: 519:Myelin sheath 515: 510: 509:Axon terminal 505: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 462: 460: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 356: 354: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 326: 322: 318: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:Motor neurons 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 141: 135: 131: 128: 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