472:
771:
2422:
637:
929:
362:
54:
963:: single process. Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons. Their dendrites are receiving sensory information, sometimes directly from the stimulus itself. The cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. Sensory reception is a peripheral function, so the cell body is in the periphery, though closer to the CNS in a ganglion. The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system.
2858:
1652:
1644:
1181:. Similarly, GABA acts on several types of receptors, but all of them have inhibitory effects (in adult animals, at least). Because of this consistency, it is common for neuroscientists to refer to cells that release glutamate as "excitatory neurons", and cells that release GABA as "inhibitory neurons". Some other types of neurons have consistent effects, for example, "excitatory" motor neurons in the spinal cord that release
747:. The interactions between ion channels and ion pumps produce a voltage difference across the membrane, typically a bit less than 1/10 of a volt at baseline. This voltage has two functions: first, it provides a power source for an assortment of voltage-dependent protein machinery that is embedded in the membrane; second, it provides a basis for electrical signal transmission between different parts of the membrane.
1905:
1731:
756:
7416:
2186:
1284:
4654:
626:
2006:
723:, but in neurons, many of the protein structures embedded in the membrane are electrically active. These include ion channels that permit electrically charged ions to flow across the membrane and ion pumps that chemically transport ions from one side of the membrane to the other. Most ion channels are permeable only to specific types of ions. Some ion channels are
2078:
1990:
874:
7428:
2166:, a common subject in biological experiments, has around 100,000 neurons and exhibits many complex behaviors. Many properties of neurons, from the type of neurotransmitters used to ion channel composition, are maintained across species, allowing scientists to study processes occurring in more complex organisms in much simpler experimental systems.
1821:, stretch, chemical transmitters, and changes of the electric potential across the cell membrane. Stimuli cause specific ion-channels within the cell membrane to open, leading to a flow of ions through the cell membrane, changing the membrane potential. Neurons must maintain the specific electrical properties that define their neuron type.
4755:... a man who would write a highly influential review of the evidence in favor of the neuron doctrine two years later. In his paper, Waldeyer (1891), ... , wrote that nerve cells terminate freely with end arborizations and that the 'neuron' is the anatomical and physiological unit of the nervous system. The word 'neuron' was born this way.
1150:. The effect upon the postsynaptic neuron is determined by the type of receptor that is activated, not by the presynaptic neuron or by the neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter can be thought of as a key, and a receptor as a lock: the same neurotransmitter can activate multiple types of receptors. Receptors can be classified broadly as
1466:. When blood flow is suppressed, glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons, causing greater NMDA and AMPA receptor activation than normal outside of stress conditions, leading to elevated Ca and Na entering the post synaptic neuron and cell damage. Glutamate is synthesized from the amino acid glutamine by the enzyme
854:
2109:, which are non-neuronal, play an essential role in information processing. Also, electrical synapses are more common than previously thought, comprising direct, cytoplasmic connections between neurons. In fact, neurons can form even tighter couplings: the squid giant axon arises from the fusion of multiple axons.
1927:
respond to a steady stimulus and produce a steady rate of firing. Tonic receptors most often respond to increased stimulus intensity by increasing their firing frequency, usually as a power function of stimulus plotted against impulses per second. This can be likened to an intrinsic property of light
530:
Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given their diversity of functions performed in different parts of the nervous system, there is a wide variety in their shape, size, and electrochemical properties. For instance, the soma of a neuron can vary from
1943:
is one such structure. It has concentric layers like an onion, which form around the axon terminal. When pressure is applied and the corpuscle is deformed, mechanical stimulus is transferred to the axon, which fires. If the pressure is steady, the stimulus ends; thus, these neurons typically respond
1616:
community to come up with a universal classification of neurons that will apply to all neurons in the brain as well as across species. This is done by considering the three essential qualities of all neurons: electrophysiology, morphology, and the individual transcriptome of the cells. Besides being
660:
Axons and dendrites in the central nervous system are typically only about one micrometer thick, while some in the peripheral nervous system are much thicker. The soma is usually about 10â25 micrometers in diameter and often is not much larger than the cell nucleus it contains. The longest axon of a
898:
grouped neurons into two types; type I with long axons used to move signals over long distances and type II with short axons, which can often be confused with dendrites. Type I cells can be further classified by the location of the soma. The basic morphology of type I neurons, represented by spinal
314:
Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and soma and send out signals down the axon. At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. However, synapses can connect an axon to another axon or a dendrite to another dendrite. The signaling process
1196:
The distinction between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is not absolute. Rather, it depends on the class of chemical receptors present on the postsynaptic neuron. In principle, a single neuron, releasing a single neurotransmitter, can have excitatory effects on some targets, inhibitory
2121:
Although neurons are often described of as "fundamental units" of the brain, they perform internal computations. Neurons integrate input within dendrites, and this complexity is lost in models that assume neurons to be a fundamental unit. Dendritic branches can be modeled as spatial compartments,
727:, meaning that they can be switched between open and closed states by altering the voltage difference across the membrane. Others are chemically gated, meaning that they can be switched between open and closed states by interactions with chemicals that diffuse through the extracellular fluid. The
1402:
ions to enter the post synaptic neuron. Cl causes hyperpolarization within the neuron, decreasing the probability of an action potential firing as the voltage becomes more negative (for an action potential to fire, a positive voltage threshold must be reached). GABA is synthesized from glutamate
2112:
RamĂłn y Cajal also postulated the Law of
Dynamic Polarization, which states that a neuron receives signals at its dendrites and cell body and transmits them, as action potentials, along the axon in one direction: away from the cell body. The Law of Dynamic Polarization has important exceptions;
1485:
is a neurotransmitter that acts on D1 type (D1 and D5) Gs-coupled receptors, which increase cAMP and PKA, and D2 type (D2, D3, and D4) receptors, which activate Gi-coupled receptors that decrease cAMP and PKA. Dopamine is connected to mood and behavior and modulates both pre- and post-synaptic
2435:
is a process characterized by the gradual loss of the myelin sheath enveloping nerve fibers. When myelin deteriorates, signal conduction along nerves can be significantly impaired or lost, and the nerve eventually withers. Demyelination may affect both central and peripheral nervous systems,
1922:
response. In other words, if a neuron responds at all, then it must respond completely. Greater intensity of stimulation, like brighter image/louder sound, does not produce a stronger signal but can increase firing frequency. Receptors respond in different ways to stimuli. Slowly adapting or
2101:
The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. The theory was put forward by
Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal in the late 19th century. It held that neurons are discrete cells (not connected in a meshwork), acting as
2788:
Najle, Sebastiån R.; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Elek, Anamaria; Navarrete, Cristina; Cianferoni, Damiano; Chiva, Cristina; Cañas-Armenteros, Didac; Mallabiabarrena, Arrate; Kamm, Kai; Sabidó, Eduard; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Schierwater, Bernd; Serrano, Luis; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau (Oct 2023).
1667:
of one cell contacts another neuron's dendrite, soma or, less commonly, axon. Neurons such as
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum can have over 1000 dendritic branches, making connections with tens of thousands of other cells; other neurons, such as the magnocellular neurons of the
580:
away from the soma and carries some types of information back to it. Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon mayâand usually willâundergo extensive branching, enabling communication with many target cells. The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the
3196:
Zecca L, Gallorini M, SchĂŒnemann V, Trautwein AX, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Vezzoni P, Tampellini D (March 2001). "Iron, neuromelanin and ferritin content in the substantia nigra of normal subjects at different ages: consequences for iron storage and neurodegenerative processes".
2491:(caused by the influx of calcium ion), suggesting that axonal degeneration is an active process that produces complete fragmentation. The process takes about roughly 24 hours in the PNS and longer in the CNS. The signaling pathways leading to axolemma degeneration are unknown.
224:
secretory cells. They eventually gained new gene modules which enabled cells to create post-synaptic scaffolds and ion channels that generate fast electrical signals. The ability to generate electric signals was a key innovation in the evolution of the nervous system.
1625:. In 2023, a comprehensive cell atlas of the adult, and developing human brain at the transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional levels was created through an international collaboration of researchers using the most cutting-edge molecular biology approaches.
2319:), which usually manifests as minor forgetfulness that becomes steadily more pronounced with illness progression, with relative preservation of older memories. As the disorder progresses, cognitive (intellectual) impairment extends to the domains of language (
1935:
which, when touched causes neurons to fire, but if the object maintains even pressure, the neurons stop firing. The neurons of the skin and muscles that are responsive to pressure and vibration have filtering accessory structures that aid their function.
1695:
filled with neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the membrane, releasing their contents into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and activate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. High cytosolic calcium in the
5577:, is the latest in a fast-moving field called transdifferentiation, in which cells are forced to adopt new identities. In the past year, researchers have converted connective tissue cells found in skin into heart cells, blood cells, and liver cells.
1944:
with a transient depolarization during the initial deformation and again when the pressure is removed, which causes the corpuscle to change shape again. Other types of adaptation are important in extending the function of a number of other neurons.
4572:
in 1888. He acknowledged that he found the nerve fibers to be very intricate, but stated that he could find no evidence for either axons or dendrites undergoing anastomosis and forming nets. He called each nervous element 'an absolutely autonomous
1216:
glutamate receptors. When light is present, the photoreceptors cease releasing glutamate, which relieves the ON bipolar cells from inhibition, activating them; this simultaneously removes the excitation from the OFF bipolar cells, silencing them.
5572:
By transforming cells from human skin into working nerve cells, researchers may have come up with a model for nervous-system diseases and perhaps even regenerative therapies based on cell transplants. The achievement, reported online today in
645:
291:. The soma is a compact structure, and the axon and dendrites are filaments extruding from the soma. Dendrites typically branch profusely and extend a few hundred micrometers from the soma. The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the
2289:) that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs extending to the hands and arms in advanced stages. Presently incurable, this disease is one of the most common inherited
4171:
OâLeary, Olivia F.; Ogbonnaya, Ebere S.; Felice, Daniela; Levone, Brunno R.; C. Conroy, Lorraine; Fitzgerald, Patrick; Bravo, Javier A.; Forsythe, Paul; Bienenstock, John; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F. (1 February 2018).
3967:
Ucar, Hasan; Watanabe, Satoshi; Noguchi, Jun; Morimoto, Yuichi; Iino, Yusuke; Yagishita, Sho; Takahashi, Noriko; Kasai, Haruo (December 2021). "Mechanical actions of dendritic-spine enlargement on presynaptic exocytosis".
1722:
has some 8.6 x 10 (eighty six billion) neurons. Each neuron has on average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. It has been estimated that the brain of a three-year-old child has about 10 synapses (1 quadrillion).
4776:
Today, Wilhelm von
Waldeyer-Hartz is remembered as the founder of the neurone theory, coining the term "neurone" to describe the cellular function unit of the nervous system and enunciating and clarifying that concept in
1794:
could be used to study neuronal electrical properties. It is larger than but similar to human neurons, making it easier to study. By inserting electrodes into the squid giant axons, accurate measurements were made of the
1778:, the brain's main immune cells via specialised contact sites, called "somatic junctions". These connections enable microglia to constantly monitor and regulate neuronal functions, and exert neuroprotection, when needed.
1675:
Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory, either increasing or decreasing activity in the target neuron, respectively. Some neurons also communicate via electrical synapses, which are direct, electrically conductive
837:
is found almost exclusively in neurons. Actin is predominately found at the tips of axons and dendrites during neuronal development. There the actin dynamics can be modulated via an interplay with microtubule.
4080:
Schiapparelli, Lucio M.; Sharma, Pranav; He, Hai-Yan; Li, Jianli; Shah, Sahil H.; McClatchy, Daniel B.; Ma, Yuanhui; Liu, Han-Hsuan; Goldberg, Jeffrey L.; Yates, John R.; Cline, Hollis T. (25 January 2022).
2581:
forms before birth and persists without replacement. The extent to which adult neurogenesis exists in humans, and its contribution to cognition are controversial, with conflicting reports published in 2018.
562:
of a neuron are cellular extensions with many branches. This overall shape and structure are referred to metaphorically as a dendritic tree. This is where the majority of input to the neuron occurs via the
5508:
Kempermann G, Gage FH, Aigner L, Song H, Curtis MA, Thuret S, Kuhn HG, Jessberger S, Frankland PW, Cameron HA, Gould E, Hen R, Abrous DN, Toni N, Schinder AF, Zhao X, Lucassen PJ, Frisén J (July 2018).
1849:
than in unmyelinated axons of the same diameter, whilst using less energy. The myelin sheath in peripheral nerves normally runs along the axon in sections about 1 mm long, punctuated by unsheathed
1828:
expense to produce and carry action potentials, but thicker axons convey impulses more rapidly. To minimize metabolic expense while maintaining rapid conduction, many neurons have insulating sheaths of
2069:
investigations because, for reasons unknown, it stains only a small percentage of cells in a tissue, exposing the complete micro structure of individual neurons without much overlap from other cells.
6548:
6448:
6166:
6107:
3240:
Herrero MT, Hirsch EC, Kastner A, Luquin MR, Javoy-Agid F, Gonzalo LM, Obeso JA, Agid Y (1993). "Neuromelanin accumulation with age in catecholaminergic neurons from Macaca fascicularis brainstem".
2596:
in the mammalian brain, progenitor and stem cells progress from proliferative divisions to differentiative divisions. This progression leads to the neurons and glia that populate cortical layers.
5233:
Krajewski KM, Lewis RA, Fuerst DR, Turansky C, Hinderer SR, Garbern J, Kamholz J, Shy ME (July 2000). "Neurological dysfunction and axonal degeneration in
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A".
3004:
1802:
The cell membrane of the axon and soma contain voltage-gated ion channels that allow the neuron to generate and propagate an electrical signal (an action potential). Some neurons also generate
5954:
633:
The accepted view of the neuron attributes dedicated functions to its various anatomical components; however, dendrites and axons often act in ways contrary to their so-called main function.
6042:
5700:
Cserép, Csaba; Schwarcz, Anett D.; Pósfai, Balåzs; Låszló, Zsófia I.; Kellermayer, Anna; Környei, Zsuzsanna; Kisfali, Måté; Nyerges, Miklós; Lele, Zsolt; Katona, Istvån (September 2022).
652:
650:
647:
646:
1521:(5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) can act as excitatory or inhibitory. Of its four 5-HT receptor classes, 3 are GPCR and 1 is a ligand-gated cation channel. Serotonin is synthesized from
1205:
are, like most neurons, excited by the released glutamate. However, neighboring target neurons called ON bipolar cells are instead inhibited by glutamate, because they lack typical
1880:
is concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the
651:
2585:
The body contains a variety of stem cell types that have the capacity to differentiate into neurons. Researchers found a way to transform human skin cells into nerve cells using
885:
794:(1860â1919), they are involved in protein synthesis and their prominence can be explained by the fact that nerve cells are very metabolically active. Basophilic dyes such as
216:
do not have nerve cells. Molecular evidence suggests that the ability to generate electric signals first appeared in evolution some 700 to 800 million years ago, during the
295:
and travels for as far as 1 meter in humans or more in other species. It branches but usually maintains a constant diameter. At the farthest tip of the axon's branches are
264:
connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are functionally connected together, they form what is called a
1220:
It is possible to identify the type of inhibitory effect a presynaptic neuron will have on a postsynaptic neuron, based on the proteins the presynaptic neuron expresses.
845:, except some in the initial segment. Dendrites contain granular endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes, in diminishing amounts as the distance from the cell body increases.
2480:
in the paranodal regions at the site of injury. Endoplasmic reticulum degrades and mitochondria swell up and eventually disintegrate. The disintegration is dependent on
2445:
6008:
3445:
2872:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023).
4686:
López-Muñoz F, Boya J, Alamo C (October 2006). "Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to
Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal".
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576:
is a finer, cable-like projection that can extend tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length. The axon primarily carries
2341:, is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs motor skills and speech. Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of conditions called
5388:
649:
6021:
3622:
2647:
At different stages of mammalian nervous system development two DNA repair processes are employed in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These pathways are
2055:
2021:
The neuron's place as the primary functional unit of the nervous system was first recognized in the late 19th century through the work of the
Spanish anatomist
1953:
676:
have single axons several meters in length running along the entire length of their necks. Much of what is known about axonal function comes from studying the
591:. This makes it the most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon. In electrophysiological terms, it has the most negative
126:
3719:
2577:
can occur and studies of the age of human neurons suggest that this process occurs only for a minority of cells, and that the vast majority of neurons in the
1803:
6411:
2544:. Dividing cells of the ventricular zone form the intermediate zone which stretches to the outermost layer of the neural tube called the pial layer. The
1908:
As long as the stimulus reaches the threshold, the full response would be given. A larger stimulus does not result in a larger response, and vice versa.
1888:
neuronal responses and the relationships among the electrical activities of the neurons within the ensemble. It is thought that neurons can encode both
1734:
An annotated diagram of the stages of an action potential propagating down an axon including the role of ion concentration and pump and channel proteins
5428:
Kerschensteiner M, Schwab ME, Lichtman JW, Misgeld T (May 2005). "In vivo imaging of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the injured spinal cord".
1252:
Tonic or regular spiking. Some neurons are typically constantly (tonically) active, typically firing at a constant frequency. Example: interneurons in
809:, which together with neurotubules (neuronal microtubules) are assembled into larger neurofibrils. Some neurons also contain pigment granules, such as
770:
6595:
6532:
6456:
6380:
2464:, which is the rapid separation of the proximal and distal ends, occurring within 30 minutes of injury. Degeneration follows with swelling of the
1928:
where greater intensity of a specific frequency (color) requires more photons, as the photons can not become "stronger" for a specific frequency.
1467:
2460:
Although most injury responses include a calcium influx signaling to promote resealing of severed parts, axonal injuries initially lead to acute
4432:
3899:
2395:
at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Myasthenia is treated with
2138:
The number of neurons in the brain varies dramatically from species to species. In a human, there are an estimated 10â20 billion neurons in the
2548:
of the brain is derived from the intermediate zone. The extensions of the neurons in the intermediate zone make up the marginal zone that when
5925:
4523:
4155:
3429:
2881:
102:
4832:
Witcher MR, Kirov SA, Harris KM (January 2007). "Plasticity of perisynaptic astroglia during synaptogenesis in the mature rat hippocampus".
1931:
Other receptor types include quickly adapting or phasic receptors, where firing decreases or stops with a steady stimulus; examples include
1529:, and then further by decarboxylase. A lack of 5-HT at postsynaptic neurons has been linked to depression. Drugs that block the presynaptic
648:
2730:
2282:
2123:
1266:
Fast-spiking. Some neurons are notable for their high firing rates, for example some types of cortical inhibitory interneurons, cells in
6218:
6072:
6047:
3310:
Zhao B, Meka DP, Scharrenberg R, König T, Schwanke B, Kobler O, Windhorst S, Kreutz MR, Mikhaylova M, Calderon de Anda F (August 2017).
455:
in the peripheral nervous system (like strands of wire that make up a cable). In the central nervous system bundles of axons are called
5643:"Selective utilization of nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways during nervous system development"
821:(a yellowish-brown pigment), both of which accumulate with age. Other structural proteins that are important for neuronal function are
6016:
4310:
2537:
1014:
Some unique neuronal types can be identified according to their location in the nervous system and distinct shape. Some examples are:
598:
While the axon and axon hillock are generally involved in information outflow, this region can also receive input from other neurons.
5904:
5876:
5857:
4740:
4553:
4484:
4449:
2914:
2269:
1684:
1622:
1325:
782:(or Nissl substance) are seen when nerve cell bodies are stained with a basophilic ("base-loving") dye. These structures consist of
588:
339:
335:
1975:. That spelling was also used by many writers in English, but has now become rare in American usage and uncommon in British usage.
1138:
Afferent and efferent also refer generally to neurons that, respectively, bring information to or send information from the brain.
617:
chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons. In addition to synaptic boutons at the axon terminal, a neuron may have
5811:
Bullock TH, Bennett MV, Johnston D, Josephson R, Marder E, Fields RD (November 2005). "Neuroscience. The neuron doctrine, redux".
7219:
7149:
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2126:
is especially helpful for understanding the behavior of neurons that are too small to record with electrodes, as is the case for
133:
2039:
In 1888 RamĂłn y Cajal published a paper about the bird cerebellum. In this paper, he stated that he could not find evidence for
7214:
7144:
6759:
5272:
680:, an ideal experimental preparation because of its relatively immense size (0.5â1 millimeter thick, several centimeters long).
334:. This potential travels rapidly along the axon and activates synaptic connections as it reaches them. Synaptic signals may be
2441:
2425:
6065:
4388:
Brown EN, Kass RE, Mitra PP (May 2004). "Multiple neural spike train data analysis: state-of-the-art and future challenges".
3775:
2735:
2608:, and are critical for cell fate determination in the developing and adult mammalian brain. Epigenetic modifications include
2207:
6005:
1762:
released from other parts of the organism, which could be influenced more or less directly by neurons. This also applies to
907:. The dendritic tree wraps around the cell body and receives signals from other neurons. The end of the axon has branching
6834:
6213:
3275:
Brunk UT, Terman A (September 2002). "Lipofuscin: mechanisms of age-related accumulation and influence on cell function".
2122:
whose activity is related due to passive membrane properties, but may also be different depending on input from synapses.
121:
7406:
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687:
however, stem cells present in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism (see
7453:
6829:
6817:
6588:
6258:
5380:
2676:
Peripheral axons can regrow if they are severed, but one neuron cannot be functionally replaced by one of another type (
2043:
between axons and dendrites and called each nervous element "an absolutely autonomous canton." This became known as the
1743:
Beyond electrical and chemical signaling, studies suggest neurons in healthy human brains can also communicate through:
1340:
depolarization and increases the probability of presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Acetylcholine is synthesized from
1173:, have largely consistent actions. Glutamate acts on several types of receptors, and has effects that are excitatory at
841:
There are different internal structural characteristics between axons and dendrites. Typical axons almost never contain
6869:
6807:
2710:
1087:
985:: neurons with long-projecting axonal processes; examples are pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, and anterior horn cells
3628:
2250:
1418:. Glutamate receptors are one of four categories, three of which are ligand-gated ion channels and one of which is a
6864:
5186:"The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting"
2652:
2421:
2222:
1727:, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates vary for an adult, ranging from 10 to 5 x 10 synapses (100 to 500 trillion).
1613:
1584:
1360:
5995:
2196:
7374:
7224:
7159:
6787:
6470:
4789:
Grant G (October 2007). "How the 1906 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine was shared between Golgi and Cajal".
4588:
2304:
2086:
2022:
2014:
1376:
862:
724:
413:
7154:
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6309:
6304:
6096:
3125:"[Composition and structure of the neuronal membrane: molecular basis of its physiology and pathology]"
2648:
2514:
1592:
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417:
308:
174:
109:
72:
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universal this classification has the advantage of being able to classify astrocytes as well. A method called
1021:, interneurons that form a dense plexus of terminals around the soma of target cells, found in the cortex and
6853:
6581:
6088:
2740:
2700:
2637:
2620:. These modifications are critical for cell fate determination in the developing and adult mammalian brain.
2392:
2203:
2162:
1984:
1404:
1387:
1147:
720:
31:
3793:"Mitochondrial free CaÂČâș levels and their effects on energy metabolism in Drosophila motor nerve terminals"
7321:
6848:
6612:
6560:
Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see
6228:
6223:
6157:
5999:
4841:
3029:
Herrup K, Yang Y (May 2007). "Cell cycle regulation in the postmitotic neuron: oxymoron or new biology?".
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429:
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reaction, it may also be caused by viral infections, metabolic disorders, trauma, and some medications.
719:
molecules with many types of protein structures embedded in it. A lipid bilayer is a powerful electrical
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783:
233:
3074:"In vivo astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming for central nervous system regeneration: a narrative review"
1201:
in the retina constantly release the neurotransmitter glutamate in the absence of light. So-called OFF
189:
to pass the electric signal from the presynaptic neuron to the target cell through the synaptic gap.
114:
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1002:
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891:
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highlight negatively charged components, and so bind to the phosphate backbone of the ribosomal RNA.
550:
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4846:
3650:"Ionic conductances underlying excitability in tonically firing retinal ganglion cells of adult rat"
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361:
315:
is partly electrical and partly chemical. Neurons are electrically excitable, due to maintenance of
7344:
7189:
7184:
6719:
6652:
6332:
5980:
4083:"Proteomic screen reveals diverse protein transport between connected neurons in the visual system"
2461:
2218:
1866:
1858:
is a neurological disorder that results from demyelination of axons in the central nervous system.
1643:
1364:
1329:
1209:
1206:
1174:
1075:
1039:
636:
592:
4568:
Ramon y Cajal's first paper on the Golgi stain was on the bird cerebellum, and it appeared in the
4231:"Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions"
928:
7379:
7349:
7280:
7249:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7174:
6950:
6860:
6714:
6496:
6438:
5836:
5739:
5453:
5362:
5319:
4867:
4814:
4711:
4413:
4266:
4211:
4009:
3949:
3572:"Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function: a historical perspective"
3484:
3439:
3222:
3054:
2695:
2574:
2437:
2396:
2365:, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine, which is produced in the
2342:
1940:
1924:
1855:
1796:
1787:
1688:
1669:
1447:
1241:
1198:
1070:
699:
that have been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of their stem cell-like characteristic of
618:
323:. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount over a short interval, the neuron generates an
253:
163:
4515:
4509:
2921:
A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS is a tract.
2540:, and a marginal zone. The ventricular zone surrounds the tube's central canal, and becomes the
53:
5968:
2955:
2906:
2899:
2113:
dendrites can serve as synaptic output sites of neurons and axons can receive synaptic inputs.
1118:
convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system and are also called
7364:
7354:
7339:
7244:
7109:
6890:
6842:
6647:
6642:
6509:
6253:
6118:
5987:
5921:
5900:
5872:
5853:
5828:
5788:
5731:
5682:
5623:
5540:
5483:
5445:
5354:
5311:
5250:
5215:
5166:
5131:
5080:
5031:
4955:
4906:
4859:
4806:
4746:
4736:
4703:
4636:
4559:
4549:
4519:
4490:
4480:
4445:
4405:
4370:
4258:
4203:
4195:
4151:
4120:
4102:
4001:
3993:
3941:
3881:
3830:
3771:
3701:
3603:
3549:
3476:
3425:
3419:
3400:
3349:
3292:
3257:
3214:
3162:
3144:
3136:
3105:
3046:
2910:
2877:
2822:
2776:
2690:
2677:
2671:
2617:
2605:
2376:
2315:
symptoms or behavioral changes. The most striking early symptom is loss of short-term memory (
2036:. The improved process involves a technique called "double impregnation" and is still in use.
2029:
2010:
1869:
tend to be sensory neurons or interneurons, because they cannot carry signals long distances.
1811:
1701:
1692:
1368:
1345:
1245:
976:
945:
370:
170:
59:
4730:
4543:
4055:
1462:
Glutamate can cause excitotoxicity when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, resulting in
7448:
7331:
7294:
7289:
6637:
6561:
6327:
5820:
5778:
5770:
5721:
5713:
5672:
5662:
5613:
5605:
5563:
5530:
5522:
5437:
5346:
5303:
5242:
5205:
5197:
5158:
5121:
5111:
5070:
5062:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4974:
4945:
4937:
4926:"Observations of synaptic structures: origins of the neuron doctrine and its current status"
4898:
4851:
4798:
4695:
4626:
4618:
4397:
4360:
4352:
4250:
4185:
4143:
4110:
4094:
4030:
3985:
3933:
3871:
3861:
3820:
3812:
3691:
3683:
3593:
3583:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3468:
3390:
3380:
3339:
3331:
3284:
3249:
3206:
3095:
3085:
3038:
2812:
2802:
2633:
2613:
2533:
2510:
2312:
1862:
1791:
1724:
1638:
1618:
1487:
1297:
1292:
677:
669:
614:
366:
346:
331:
186:
4902:
4318:
1457:
Metabotropic receptors, GPCRs modulate synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability.
587:. Besides being an anatomical structure, the axon hillock also has the greatest density of
7432:
7099:
7068:
7063:
6945:
6940:
6764:
6401:
6245:
6012:
5949:
4994:"Voltage imaging from dendrites of mitral cells: EPSP attenuation and spike trigger zones"
2866:
2857:
2745:
2621:
2609:
2601:
2384:
2139:
2044:
1919:
1913:
1885:
1851:
1838:
1818:
1267:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1043:
996:
960:
935:
878:
858:
712:
564:
501:
386:
374:
327:
324:
4147:
3369:"Dynamic remodeling of dendritic arbors in GABAergic interneurons of adult visual cortex"
2058:
wrote a highly influential review of the neuron doctrine in which he introduced the term
1440:
channels permeable to Na cation channels mediating fast excitatory synaptic transmission.
1240:
Neurons have intrinsic electroresponsive properties like intrinsic transmembrane voltage
1224:-expressing neurons typically dampen the output signal of the postsynaptic neuron in the
5658:
5162:
4930:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
4246:
3981:
3808:
3746:
3519:
3327:
3072:
Talifu Z, Liu JY, Pan YZ, Ke H, Zhang CJ, Xu X, Gao F, Yu Y, Du LJ, Li JJ (April 2023).
2817:
2790:
1651:
7420:
7389:
7359:
7316:
7136:
7094:
7072:
6992:
6875:
6699:
6604:
6370:
6361:
6291:
5783:
5758:
5726:
5701:
5677:
5642:
5618:
5593:
5535:
5510:
5210:
5185:
5126:
5099:
5075:
5050:
5026:
4993:
4950:
4925:
4699:
4631:
4606:
4365:
4340:
4115:
4082:
3937:
3876:
3849:
3825:
3792:
3696:
3671:
3624:
Ion conductances related to shaping the repetitive firing in rat retinal ganglion cells
3598:
3571:
3544:
3503:
3395:
3368:
3344:
3311:
3178:
3100:
3073:
2755:
2400:
2387:
and fatigability during simple activities. Weakness is typically caused by circulating
2157:
2005:
1998:
1961:
1771:
1588:
1507:
1356:
1332:
are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels composed of alpha and beta subunits that bind
1128:(motor neurons) transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells.
1097:
1060:
1054:
940:
912:
805:
The cell body of a neuron is supported by a complex mesh of structural proteins called
541:
448:
393:
296:
265:
229:
193:
178:
166:
4802:
3288:
2791:"Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution"
400:
that give them structural and metabolic support. The nervous system is made up of the
7442:
7038:
7023:
6704:
6479:
6365:
6281:
5944:
5840:
5743:
5366:
4270:
4022:
4013:
3210:
2468:, and eventually leads to bead-like formation. Granular disintegration of the axonal
2432:
2362:
2094:
2090:
2033:
1893:
1877:
1697:
1664:
1557:
1454:
within the channel pore. NMDA receptors do not function without both ligands present.
1415:
1395:
1372:
1352:
1313:
1225:
1186:
1182:
1048:
991:: neurons whose axonal process projects locally; the best example is the granule cell
908:
904:
900:
895:
814:
806:
787:
605:
508:
320:
5457:
5410:
5268:
4871:
4818:
4715:
4215:
4190:
4173:
4138:
Levitan, Irwin B.; Kaczmarek, Leonard K. (2015). "Electrical
Signaling in Neurons".
3953:
3488:
3226:
3058:
2243:
7284:
7206:
7119:
7000:
6930:
6709:
6632:
6516:
6504:
6233:
6176:
5959:
5323:
5116:
5066:
5009:
2980:
2593:
2560:
2553:
2506:
2500:
2477:
2469:
2449:
2358:
2350:
2066:
2048:
1889:
1842:
1763:
1677:
1596:
1553:
1463:
1229:
1081:
1066:
966:
810:
799:
700:
688:
662:
583:
577:
546:
513:
496:
491:
350:
292:
280:
276:
272:
249:
4417:
4285:
3459:
Gerber U (January 2003). "Metabotropic glutamate receptors in vertebrate retina".
1904:
755:
471:
90:
5977:
an online neuromics tool for cataloging neuronal types and synaptic connectivity.
5915:
5717:
4767:
4439:
4098:
3385:
1845:
in the peripheral nervous system. The sheath enables action potentials to travel
1647:
A signal propagating down an axon to the cell body and dendrites of the next cell
1232:-expressing neurons typically block dendritic inputs to the postsynaptic neuron.
185:, which are specialized connections that commonly use minute amounts of chemical
77:
7299:
7114:
7018:
6976:
6908:
6903:
6724:
6662:
6657:
6627:
6375:
6337:
6203:
6171:
6123:
6057:
5475:
2840:
2725:
2720:
2629:
2597:
2545:
2529:
2185:
2040:
1994:
1989:
1817:
Several stimuli can activate a neuron leading to electrical activity, including
1719:
1672:, have only one or two dendrites, each of which receives thousands of synapses.
1621:
in which all three qualities can be measured at once is used extensively by the
1433:
1301:
1283:
1221:
1131:
1091:
1033:
1018:
830:
791:
763:
759:
456:
409:
397:
307:
is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly when the cell is
261:
241:
221:
7415:
5647:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5526:
5246:
4356:
4174:"The vagus nerve modulates BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus"
4034:
3989:
3900:"Why is the human brain so difficult to understand? We asked 4 neuroscientists"
3335:
2807:
1730:
1700:
triggers mitochondrial calcium uptake, which, in turn, activates mitochondrial
625:
7369:
7058:
6935:
6898:
6520:
6433:
6276:
3866:
3816:
3472:
3367:
Lee WC, Huang H, Feng G, Sanes JR, Brown EN, So PT, Nedivi E (February 2006).
2750:
2715:
2564:
2549:
2404:
2388:
2286:
2143:
2082:
2028:
To make the structure of individual neurons visible, RamĂłn y Cajal improved a
1932:
1825:
1522:
1022:
818:
779:
696:
532:
481:
205:
5702:"Microglial control of neuronal development via somatic purinergic junctions"
4494:
4199:
4106:
3997:
3720:"Patch-seq technique helps depict the variation of neural cells in the brain"
3588:
3140:
3090:
1146:
A neuron affects other neurons by releasing a neurotransmitter that binds to
7384:
6918:
6769:
6742:
6734:
6195:
6143:
5824:
5667:
4750:
4732:
Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function
4563:
4545:
Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function
4254:
3670:
Scammell TE, Jackson AC, Franks NP, Wisden W, Dauvilliers Y (January 2019).
2843:. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.
2659:
2578:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2308:
2106:
2017:, demonstrating the ability of Golgi's staining method to reveal fine detail
1775:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1518:
1514:
1450:. The function of NMDA receptors depend on glycine receptor binding as a co-
1419:
1411:
1166:
1027:
903:, consists of a cell body called the soma and a long thin axon covered by a
842:
736:
692:
558:
17:
5971:. Fostering neuroscience research especially in less well-funded countries.
5832:
5792:
5735:
5686:
5627:
5544:
5487:
5449:
5358:
5315:
5254:
5219:
5135:
5035:
4959:
4941:
4910:
4863:
4810:
4707:
4640:
4622:
4433:"Spike arrival times: A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks"
4409:
4374:
4262:
4207:
4124:
4005:
3945:
3885:
3834:
3705:
3687:
3607:
3553:
3504:"Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo"
3480:
3404:
3353:
3296:
3218:
3124:
3109:
3050:
2826:
1316:
is released from presynaptic neurons into the synaptic cleft. It acts as a
665:
can be over a meter long, reaching from the base of the spine to the toes.
228:
Neurons are typically classified into three types based on their function.
5567:
5350:
5170:
5084:
4605:
Mehta AR, Mehta PR, Anderson SP, MacKinnon BL, Compston A (January 2020).
4229:
Cserép C, Pósfai B, Lénårt N, Fekete R, Låszló ZI, Lele Z (January 2020).
3261:
3148:
2077:
1506:, and levodopa is then converted into dopamine by the aromatic amino acid
1414:
is one of two primary excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, along with
252:
receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to control everything from
7048:
7033:
7028:
6752:
6747:
6674:
6669:
6425:
6268:
6030:
5051:"Glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic excitation in axons of the lamprey"
4230:
2541:
2476:
occurs after axolemma degradation. Early changes include accumulation of
2465:
2354:
2147:
2062:
to describe the anatomical and physiological unit of the nervous system.
1660:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1399:
1380:
1333:
1300:
are chemical messengers passed from one neuron to another neuron or to a
1260:
1253:
988:
886:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body § Nervous system
740:
684:
610:
476:
433:
288:
197:
84:
5981:
High Resolution Neuroanatomical Images of Primate and Non-Primate Brains
3535:
3527:
2357:). The primary symptoms are the results of decreased stimulation of the
1197:
effects on others, and modulatory effects on others still. For example,
1063:, unique human inhibitory neurons that interconnect with Pyramidal cells
873:
553:
occurs here. The nucleus can range from 3 to 18 micrometers in diameter.
7311:
7272:
5609:
4855:
4341:"Neuromodulation and flexibility in Central Pattern Generator networks"
2518:
2485:
2331:), and functions such as decision-making and planning become impaired.
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
1861:
Some neurons do not generate action potentials, but instead generate a
1759:
1751:
1712:
1634:
1600:
1451:
1341:
1190:
982:
826:
795:
744:
673:
441:
378:
316:
304:
300:
182:
38:
6026:
5201:
4056:"Researchers discover new type of cellular communication in the brain"
3253:
2311:
deterioration, together with declining activities of daily living and
2160:
as scientists have been able to map all of its neurons. The fruit fly
1134:
connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system.
853:
711:
Like all animal cells, the cell body of every neuron is enclosed by a
436:, and many sensory neurons are situated in sensory organs such as the
303:
to another cell. Neurons may lack dendrites or have no axon. The term
6926:
6186:
6039:
an online database of digital reconstructions of neuronal morphology.
5963:
5307:
5017:
3312:"Microtubules Modulate F-actin Dynamics during Neuronal Polarization"
2662:
is also indispensable for proper neurogenesis and brain development.
2517:. Once fully differentiated they are no longer capable of undergoing
2346:
1830:
1715:
is a synapse in which a neuron's axon connects to its own dendrites.
1565:
1538:
1534:
1499:
1337:
1317:
1051:, huge neurons in the cerebellum, a type of Golgi I multipolar neuron
732:
518:
437:
217:
201:
5774:
3042:
2105:
Later discoveries yielded refinements to the doctrine. For example,
1162:(causing long-lasting effects not directly related to firing rate).
609:
is found at the end of the axon farthest from the soma and contains
139:
5441:
4886:
4401:
27:
Electrically excitable cell found in the nervous system of animals
2568:
2420:
2373:
and subtle language problems. PD is both chronic and progressive.
2076:
2004:
1988:
1650:
1642:
1305:
1282:
927:
872:
852:
822:
716:
643:
635:
624:
452:
405:
360:
257:
245:
237:
213:
209:
6573:
2628:. Methylcytosine demethylation is catalyzed in several stages by
7164:
7010:
5337:
Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (January 2010). "Alzheimer's disease".
3850:"The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain"
1834:
1807:
1806:. These signals are generated and propagated by charge-carrying
1774:
is also connected with the brain. Neurons also communicate with
1767:
1548:
is a neurotransmitter acting at both ligand-gated ion channels (
1429:
1170:
866:
572:
486:
382:
342:, increasing or reducing the net voltage that reaches the soma.
284:
6577:
6061:
5184:
von Bartheld CS, Bahney J, Herculano-Houzel S (December 2016).
4023:"Forceful synapses reveal mechanical interactions in the brain"
2559:
Differentiation of the neurons is ordered by their size. Large
1446:
receptors are another cation channel that is more permeable to
1100:, interneurons that connect widely separated areas of the brain
1078:, interneurons with unique dendrite ending in a brush-like tuft
6549:
WHO classification of the tumors of the central nervous system
5149:
Williams RW, Herrup K (1988). "The control of neuron number".
3770:(40 ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 431â434.
3649:
2179:
1854:, which contain a high density of voltage-gated ion channels.
1758:
They can also get modulated by input from the environment and
1549:
1437:
890:
Neurons vary in shape and size and can be classified by their
728:
271:
A neuron contains all the structures of other cells such as a
1865:, which in turn causes graded neurotransmitter release. Such
1683:
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it opens
1394:(CNS), along with glycine. GABA has a homologous function to
999:: where the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrite(s)
668:
Sensory neurons can have axons that run from the toes to the
5558:
Callaway, Ewen (26 May 2011). "How to make a human neuron".
5511:"Human Adult Neurogenesis: Evidence and Remaining Questions"
5474:
Caire, Michael J.; Reddy, Vamsi; Varacallo, Matthew (2024).
1005:: 1 process which then serves as both an axon and a dendrite
915:
between the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron.
813:(a brownish-black pigment that is byproduct of synthesis of
353:
largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain.
236:
such as touch, sound, or light that affect the cells of the
30:
This article is about the type of cell. For other uses, see
2777:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/neurone
2658:
Intercellular communication between developing neurons and
1165:
The two most common (90%+) neurotransmitters in the brain,
5991:
5294:
Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease".
1244:
patterns. So neurons can be classified according to their
6036:
3621:
Kolodin YO, Veselovskaia NN, Veselovsky NS, Fedulova SA.
2651:
repair used in proliferating neural precursor cells, and
1810:
including sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and
5974:
2369:
of the brain. Secondary symptoms may include high level
1375:
neurotransmitter, and the most prevalent of them in the
428:. In vertebrates, the majority of neurons belong to the
3924:
Drachman DA (June 2005). "Do we have brain to spare?".
2589:, in which "cells are forced to adopt new identities".
2436:
contributing to various neurological disorders such as
2285:(CMT) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder of nerves (
2065:
The silver impregnation stains are a useful method for
1612:
Since 2012 there has been a push from the cellular and
1379:; as with other catecholamines, it is synthesised from
790:. Named after German psychiatrist and neuropathologist
640:
Diagram of a typical myelinated vertebrate motor neuron
4470:
4468:
2353:), and in extreme cases, a loss of physical movement (
1747:
force generated by the enlargement of dendritic spines
969:: 1 axon and 1 dendrite. They are found mainly in the
7404:
4992:
Djurisic M, Antic S, Chen WR, Zecevic D (July 2004).
1918:
The conduction of nerve impulses is an example of an
1336:. Ligand binding opens the channel causing influx of
911:
that release neurotransmitters into a gap called the
774:
Actin filaments in a mouse cortical neuron in culture
4975:"Neurons and Synapses: The History of Its Discovery"
3502:
Wilson NR, Runyan CA, Wang FL, Sur M (August 2012).
3461:
Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology
2532:
in the embryo. The neural tube has three layers â a
613:. Synaptic boutons are specialized structures where
299:, where the neuron can transmit a signal across the
7330:
7271:
7264:
7200:
7130:
7087:
7047:
7009:
6991:
6984:
6970:
6917:
6889:
6795:
6786:
6733:
6690:
6683:
6620:
6611:
6541:
6469:
6447:
6424:
6394:
6350:
6320:
6290:
6267:
6244:
6194:
6185:
6165:
6156:
6132:
6104:
6095:
5871:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
4441:
Parallel processing in neural systems and computers
2210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1486:neurotransmission. Loss of dopamine neurons in the
956:Most neurons can be anatomically characterized as:
120:
108:
96:
83:
71:
66:
46:
5641:Orii KE, Lee Y, Kondo N, McKinnon PJ (June 2006).
5100:"Signal propagation in Drosophila central neurons"
2898:
2563:are first. Smaller sensory neurons together with
2446:chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
1971:The word was adopted in French with the spelling
1057:, neurons with triangular soma, a type of Golgi I
621:, which are located along the length of the axon.
5969:IBRO (International Brain Research Organization)
3672:"Histamine: neural circuits and new medications"
3167:. State Commission in Lunacy. 1897. p. 378.
1263:. Neurons that fire in bursts are called phasic.
283:but has additional unique structures such as an
4438:. In Eckmiller R, Hartmann G, Hauske G (eds.).
2448:. Although demyelination is often caused by an
1591:. Histamine-producing neurons are found in the
672:of the spinal cord, over 1.5 meters in adults.
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
2876:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 12.2 Nervous tissue.
1833:around their axons. The sheaths are formed by
1754:â transneuronally transported proteins (TNTPs)
1556:) receptors. ATP is, however, best known as a
1494:. Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid
1287:Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters
545:is the body of the neuron. As it contains the
6589:
6073:
4511:Animal physiology: mechanisms and adaptations
3565:
3563:
1422:coupled receptor (often referred to as GPCR).
683:Fully differentiated neurons are permanently
8:
4887:"Electrical synapses in the mammalian brain"
4768:"Whonamedit - dictionary of medical eponyms"
4479:(12 ed.). Australia: Cengage Learning.
3627:. Acta Physiologica Congress. Archived from
3444:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3421:Anatomy and Physiology' 2007 Ed.2007 Edition
2600:modifications play a key role in regulating
1804:subthreshold membrane potential oscillations
1782:Mechanisms for propagating action potentials
1390:. GABA is one of two neuroinhibitors in the
6412:Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes
5848:Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000).
5759:"Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration"
5587:
5585:
4142:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41â62.
2934:"What are the parts of the nervous system?"
1572:, which particularly acts at P2Y receptors.
1371:. Noradrenaline is one of the three common
181:. Neurons communicate with other cells via
7268:
6988:
6981:
6792:
6687:
6617:
6596:
6582:
6574:
6191:
6182:
6162:
6101:
6080:
6066:
6058:
6043:Immunohistochemistry Image Gallery: Neuron
5594:"DNA methylation dynamics in neurogenesis"
5592:Wang Z, Tang B, He Y, Jin P (March 2016).
2655:used mainly at later developmental stages
2345:. It is characterized by muscle rigidity,
1498:. Tyrosine is catalyzed into levodopa (or
1212:and instead express a class of inhibitory
392:Neurons are the primary components of the
52:
5899:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5782:
5725:
5676:
5666:
5617:
5534:
5415:The International Neuromodulation Society
5209:
5125:
5115:
5074:
5025:
4949:
4845:
4630:
4607:"Grey Matter Etymology and the neuron(e)"
4537:
4535:
4364:
4189:
4114:
3875:
3865:
3824:
3695:
3597:
3587:
3543:
3394:
3384:
3343:
3099:
3089:
2960:Neuroscience: A journey through the brain
2816:
2806:
2632:that carry out oxidative reactions (e.g.
2270:Learn how and when to remove this message
2156:has just 302 neurons, making it an ideal
1708:to support continuous neurotransmission.
220:period. Predecessors of neurons were the
6029:according to the Petilla convention, at
5953:) is being considered for deletion. See
5869:The Fine Structure of the Nervous System
5469:
5467:
1903:
1729:
1659:Neurons communicate with each other via
1158:(causing a decrease in firing rate), or
769:
754:
349:during brain development and childhood.
345:In most cases, neurons are generated by
7411:
6533:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
6457:Primary central nervous system lymphoma
6381:Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
5867:Peters A, Palay SL, Webster HS (1991).
5852:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4735:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4548:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4514:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. p.
2851:
2849:
2768:
2521:. Neurogenesis primarily occurs during
2505:Neurons develop through the process of
1355:(norepinephrine) is released from most
1320:for both ligand-gated ion channels and
5994:, which presently offers two courses:
5381:"Parkinson's Disease Information Page"
4903:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131128
4583:
4581:
3791:Ivannikov MV, Macleod GT (June 2013).
3437:
2047:, one of the central tenets of modern
1691:to enter the terminal. Calcium causes
1154:(causing an increase in firing rate),
137:
43:
5920:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5269:"About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms"
4286:"Milestones in Neuroscience Research"
2897:Moore, Keith; Dalley, Arthur (2005).
2775:UK for neuron; Cambridge Dictionary,
1312:Cholinergic neurons â acetylcholine.
7:
6022:Cell Centered Database â Neuron
5275:from the original on 15 January 2012
5190:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
5049:Cochilla AJ, Alford S (March 1997).
3848:Herculano-Houzel S (November 2009).
3179:"Medical Definition of Neurotubules"
2731:List of animals by number of neurons
2208:adding citations to reliable sources
2124:Compartmental modelling of dendrites
1824:Thin neurons and axons require less
1603:and regulating sleep/wake behaviors.
1351:Adrenergic neurons â noradrenaline.
857:Image of pyramidal neurons in mouse
6219:Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
5391:from the original on 4 January 2017
5339:The New England Journal of Medicine
5163:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.002231
4339:Harris-Warrick, RM (October 2011).
3424:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 288.
3277:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
2528:Neurons initially develop from the
2403:inhibitors and, in selected cases,
1410:Glutamatergic neurons â glutamate.
1398:, gating anion channels that allow
1069:, neurons with both ends linked to
877:SMI32-stained pyramidal neurons in
778:Numerous microscopic clumps called
192:Neurons are the main components of
169:that fires electric signals called
6017:Neuroscience Information Framework
4700:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010
4309:Patlak J, Gibbons R (2000-11-01).
4148:10.1093/med/9780199773893.003.0003
3938:10.1212/01.WNL.0000166914.38327.BB
3576:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2349:, a slowing of physical movement (
2293:, affecting 36 in 100,000 people.
2117:Compartmental modelling of neurons
2009:Drawing of a Purkinje cell in the
1841:in the central nervous system and
25:
6048:Khan Academy: Anatomy of a neuron
5957:to help reach a consensus. âș
5890:(10th ed.). Baltimore: Wood.
4803:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.004
4444:. North-Holland. pp. 91â94.
3652:. Ykolodin.50webs.com. 2008-04-27
3418:Al, Martini, Frederic Et (2005).
2142:and 55â70 billion neurons in the
2081:Drawing of neurons in the pigeon
1623:Allen Institute for Brain Science
979:: 1 axon and 2 or more dendrites
589:voltage-dependent sodium channels
7426:
7414:
6407:Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
4973:Sabbatini RM (AprilâJuly 2003).
4315:Action Potentials in Nerve Cells
4178:European Neuropsychopharmacology
3211:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00186.x
2861: This article incorporates
2856:
2184:
1533:are used for treatment, such as
1403:neurotransmitters by the enzyme
1036:, interneurons of the cerebellum
751:Histology and internal structure
470:
432:, but some reside in peripheral
134:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
6760:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
5271:. National Institute on Aging.
4345:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
4311:"Electrical Activity of Nerves"
4191:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.004
3854:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2195:needs additional citations for
2097:, both of which are multipolar.
240:, and they send signals to the
6501:Cranial and paraspinal nerves
5117:10.1523/jneurosci.0764-09.2009
5098:Gouwens NW, Wilson RI (2009).
5067:10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp021940
5010:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-04.2004
4060:The Scripps Research Institute
2954:Davies, Melissa (2002-04-09).
2905:(5th ed.). LWW. pp.
2736:List of neuroscience databases
2626:DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)
2618:5-methylcytosine demethylation
2102:metabolically distinct units.
2054:In 1891, the German anatomist
1993:Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a
1685:voltage-gated calcium channels
1564:can also be mediated by other
1:
6214:Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
6089:Tumours of the nervous system
6027:Complete list of neuron types
5151:Annual Review of Neuroscience
4891:Annual Review of Neuroscience
3289:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00959-0
3123:Giménez, C. (February 1998).
2956:"The Neuron: size comparison"
2307:characterized by progressive
1725:This number declines with age
865:. The red staining indicates
525:Structure of a typical neuron
6259:Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
5996:Fundamentals of Neuroscience
5850:Principles of Neural Science
5763:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
5718:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111369
4885:Connors BW, Long MA (2004).
4508:Eckert R, Randall D (1983).
4099:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110287
3386:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040029
3031:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2085:, by Spanish neuroscientist
1739:Nonelectrochemical signaling
973:, and as part of the retina.
894:and function. The anatomist
6870:Postganglionic nerve fibers
5895:Roberts A, Bush BM (1981).
5757:Yiu G, He Z (August 2006).
4998:The Journal of Neuroscience
4655:"Google Books Ngram Viewer"
3766:Macpherson, Gordon (2002).
2901:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
2711:Compartmental neuron models
2299:(AD), also known simply as
2283:CharcotâMarieâTooth disease
2032:that had been developed by
1599:. Histamine is involved in
1177:and a modulatory effect at
1084:, a type of Golgi II neuron
932:Different kinds of neurons:
784:rough endoplasmic reticulum
7470:
6865:Preganglionic nerve fibers
5988:Department of Neuroscience
5527:10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.004
4357:10.1016/j.conb.2011.05.011
4035:10.1038/d41586-021-03516-0
3990:10.1038/s41586-021-04125-7
3768:Black's Medical Dictionary
3336:10.1038/s41598-017-09832-8
3242:Developmental Neuroscience
2841:Neuroanatomy, Motor Neuron
2808:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.027
2669:
2653:non-homologous end joining
2649:homologous recombinational
2498:
2414:
2173:
1982:
1911:
1632:
1614:computational neuroscience
1585:monoamine neurotransmitter
1361:sympathetic nervous system
1290:
1094:located in the spinal cord
883:
36:
29:
7375:Olfactory receptor neuron
7039:Neurofibril/neurofilament
6557:
5897:Neurones without Impulses
5482:. StatPearls Publishing.
5055:The Journal of Physiology
4979:Brain & Mind Magazine
4924:Guillery RW (June 2005).
4589:Oxford English Dictionary
3867:10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009
3817:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.064
3199:Journal of Neurochemistry
2981:"Brain Facts and Figures"
2640:) and enzymes of the DNA
2305:neurodegenerative disease
2056:Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer
1954:Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer
1608:Multimodel classification
1377:peripheral nervous system
1105:Functional classification
919:Structural classification
863:green fluorescent protein
414:peripheral nervous system
132:
51:
6386:LhermitteâDuclos disease
6310:Choroid plexus carcinoma
6305:Choroid plexus papilloma
6006:NIF Search â Neuron
6000:Comparative Neuroscience
5955:templates for discussion
5886:RamĂłn y Cajal S (1933).
5247:10.1093/brain/123.7.1516
4729:Finger, Stanley (1994).
4542:Finger, Stanley (1994).
3589:10.3389/fncel.2014.00320
3570:LlinĂĄs RR (2014-01-01).
3164:State Hospitals Bulletin
3091:10.4103/1673-5374.353482
2874:Anatomy & Physiology
2622:DNA cytosine methylation
2610:DNA cytosine methylation
1863:graded electrical signal
1593:tuberomammillary nucleus
1544:Purinergic neuronsâATP.
1363:onto two sets of GPCRs:
37:Not to be confused with
5825:10.1126/science.1114394
5668:10.1073/pnas.0602436103
5104:Journal of Neuroscience
4688:Brain Research Bulletin
4475:Kalat, James W (2016).
4255:10.1126/science.aax6752
3473:10.1023/A:1022477203420
3183:www.merriam-webster.com
2741:Neuronal galvanotropism
2701:Biological neuron model
2638:5-hydroxymethylcytosine
2442:Guillain-Barré syndrome
2426:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
2393:acetylcholine receptors
2383:leading to fluctuating
2163:Drosophila melanogaster
2128:Drosophila melanogaster
2030:silver staining process
1985:History of neuroscience
1405:glutamate decarboxylase
1388:gamma aminobutyric acid
1142:Action on other neurons
426:somatic nervous systems
319:gradients across their
32:Neuron (disambiguation)
7322:Neuromuscular junction
7185:III or AÎŽ or fast pain
6229:Anaplastic astrocytoma
6224:Fibrillary astrocytoma
4942:10.1098/rstb.2003.1459
4791:Brain Research Reviews
3005:"16.7: Nervous System"
2515:differentiated neurons
2429:
2323:), skilled movements (
2291:neurological disorders
2176:Neurological disorders
2170:Neurological disorders
2153:Caenorhabditis elegans
2098:
2087:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2023:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2018:
2015:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2002:
1968:'sinew, cord, nerve'.
1960:in 1891, based on the
1948:Etymology and spelling
1909:
1884:and the individual or
1735:
1656:
1648:
1575:Histaminergic neuronsâ
1552:receptors) and GPCRs (
1527:tryptophan hydroxylase
1436:receptors function as
1392:central nervous system
1288:
1272:retinal ganglion cells
1179:metabotropic receptors
1042:, most neurons in the
953:
881:
870:
775:
767:
657:
641:
630:
447:Axons may bundle into
430:central nervous system
402:central nervous system
389:
365:Schematic of a single
6485:Esthesioneuroblastoma
6209:Pilocytic astrocytoma
5917:Clinical Neuroanatomy
5568:10.1038/news.2011.328
5476:"Physiology, Synapse"
5351:10.1056/NEJMra0909142
4592:, 3rd edition, 2003,
4477:Biological psychology
4290:Neuroscience for Kids
3129:Revista de Neurologia
2985:Neuroscience for Kids
2801:(21): 4676â4693.e29.
2706:Cellular neuroscience
2523:embryonic development
2424:
2417:Demyelinating disease
2415:Further information:
2381:neuromuscular disease
2371:cognitive dysfunction
2089:in 1899. (A) denotes
2080:
2008:
1992:
1983:Further information:
1952:The German anatomist
1907:
1900:All-or-none principle
1733:
1654:
1646:
1562:purinergic signalling
1531:serotonin transporter
1513:Serotonergic neuronsâ
1477:Dopaminergic neuronsâ
1286:
1030:, large motor neurons
951:Pseudounipolar neuron
931:
876:
856:
773:
758:
655:
639:
628:
463:Anatomy and histology
416:, which includes the
404:, which includes the
364:
7340:Meissner's corpuscle
7305:Postsynaptic density
7202:Efferent nerve fiber
7190:IV or C or slow pain
7132:Afferent nerve fiber
6958:Satellite glial cell
6490:Ganglioneuroblastoma
6395:CNS embryonal tumors
6300:Choroid plexus tumor
5411:"Movement Disorders"
4623:10.1093/brain/awz367
4029:. 24 November 2021.
3688:10.1093/sleep/zsy183
2865:available under the
2642:base excision repair
2587:transdifferentiation
2367:dopaminergic neurons
2337:(PD), also known as
2327:), and recognition (
2204:improve this article
2134:Neurons in the brain
1956:introduced the term
1386:GABAergic neurons â
1326:muscarinic receptors
1246:electrophysiological
1175:ionotropic receptors
1076:Unipolar brush cells
1040:Medium spiny neurons
971:olfactory epithelium
7454:Medical terminology
7345:Merkel nerve ending
6333:Gliomatosis cerebri
5659:2006PNAS..10310017O
4390:Nature Neuroscience
4247:2020Sci...367..528C
3982:2021Natur.600..686U
3809:2013BpJ...104.2353I
3797:Biophysical Journal
3747:"BRAIN CELL CENSUS"
3528:10.1038/nature11347
3520:2012Natur.488..343W
3328:2017NatSR...7.9583Z
2604:in differentiating
2552:become the brain's
2462:axonal degeneration
2456:Axonal degeneration
2335:Parkinson's disease
2297:Alzheimer's disease
2146:. By contrast, the
1867:non-spiking neurons
1790:suggested that the
1663:, where either the
1504:tyrosine hydroxlase
1492:Parkinson's disease
1490:has been linked to
1365:alpha adrenoceptors
1330:Nicotinic receptors
1210:glutamate receptors
1199:photoreceptor cells
1185:, and "inhibitory"
1071:alpha motor neurons
835:Class III ÎČ-tubulin
593:threshold potential
379:synaptic connection
254:muscle contractions
7380:Photoreceptor cell
7350:Pacinian corpuscle
7281:Electrical synapse
7235:Lower motor neuron
7230:Upper motor neuron
6951:Internodal segment
6891:Connective tissues
6861:Autonomic ganglion
6497:Nerve sheath tumor
6439:Hemangiopericytoma
6011:2015-01-22 at the
5610:10.2217/epi.15.119
4936:(1458): 1281â307.
4856:10.1002/glia.20415
4772:www.whonamedit.com
4431:Thorpe SJ (1990).
4321:on August 27, 2009
3316:Scientific Reports
3009:Biology LibreTexts
2839:Zayia LC, Tadi P.
2696:Bidirectional cell
2666:Nerve regeneration
2575:Adult neurogenesis
2513:divide to produce
2438:multiple sclerosis
2430:
2397:immunosuppressants
2343:movement disorders
2099:
2019:
2003:
1997:stained using the
1941:pacinian corpuscle
1910:
1856:Multiple sclerosis
1797:membrane potential
1788:John Zachary Young
1736:
1670:supraoptic nucleus
1657:
1649:
1468:glutamate synthase
1369:beta adrenoceptors
1289:
1236:Discharge patterns
1148:chemical receptors
954:
882:
871:
776:
768:
731:materials include
658:
642:
631:
619:en passant boutons
390:
115:H2.00.06.1.00002
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7365:Free nerve ending
7332:Sensory receptors
7260:
7259:
7175:Ib or Golgi or Aα
7083:
7082:
6966:
6965:
6843:Ramus communicans
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6648:Commissural fiber
6643:Association fiber
6638:Projection fibers
6571:
6570:
6510:Neurofibromatosis
6465:
6464:
6420:
6419:
6346:
6345:
6254:Oligodendroglioma
6152:
6151:
6119:Craniopharyngioma
5927:978-0-7817-9427-5
5914:Snell RS (2010).
5202:10.1002/cne.24040
5196:(18): 3865â3895.
5110:(19): 6239â6249.
4525:978-0-7167-1423-1
4241:(6477): 528â537.
4157:978-0-19-977389-3
3976:(7890): 686â689.
3726:. 3 December 2020
3431:978-971-23-4807-5
3254:10.1159/000111315
2883:978-1-947172-04-3
2691:Artificial neuron
2672:Neuroregeneration
2606:neural stem cells
2567:differentiate at
2538:intermediate zone
2511:neural stem cells
2377:Myasthenia gravis
2280:
2279:
2272:
2254:
2011:cerebellar cortex
1702:energy metabolism
1693:synaptic vesicles
1346:acetyl coenzyme A
1298:Neurotransmitters
1248:characteristics:
946:Multipolar neuron
762:neurons in human
653:
551:protein synthesis
451:that make up the
396:, along with the
381:from an incoming
371:excitatory neuron
347:neural stem cells
187:neurotransmitters
171:action potentials
148:
147:
143:
60:multipolar neuron
16:(Redirected from
7461:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7419:
7418:
7410:
7295:Synaptic vesicle
7290:Chemical synapse
7269:
6989:
6982:
6793:
6688:
6618:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6575:
6562:brain metastasis
6526:Acoustic neuroma
6328:Oligoastrocytoma
6321:Multiple/unknown
6192:
6183:
6163:
6137:
6112:
6102:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6059:
5931:
5910:
5891:
5882:
5863:
5844:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5729:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5670:
5653:(26): 10017â22.
5638:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5387:. 30 June 2016.
5377:
5371:
5370:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5308:10.1136/bmj.b158
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5119:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5061:(Pt 2): 443â57.
5046:
5040:
5039:
5029:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4849:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4694:(4â6): 391â405.
4683:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4659:books.google.com
4651:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4602:
4596:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4454:. Archived from
4437:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4317:. Archived from
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4193:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4017:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3869:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3724:News-medical.net
3716:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3618:
3612:
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3601:
3591:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3435:
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3398:
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3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
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3301:
3300:
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3266:
3265:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3135:(150): 232â239.
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3078:Neural Regen Res
3069:
3063:
3062:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2634:5-methylcytosine
2624:is catalyzed by
2614:5-methylcytosine
2534:ventricular zone
2313:neuropsychiatric
2275:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2212:
2188:
2180:
2093:and (B) denotes
1852:nodes of Ranvier
1839:oligodendrocytes
1792:squid giant axon
1750:the transfer of
1655:Chemical synapse
1639:Chemical synapse
1619:patch-sequencing
1488:substantia nigra
1293:Neurotransmitter
1279:Neurotransmitter
1126:Efferent neurons
1116:Afferent neurons
695:are star-shaped
678:squid giant axon
670:posterior column
654:
629:Neuron cell body
615:neurotransmitter
474:
367:pyramidal neuron
332:action potential
330:pulse called an
309:undifferentiated
258:glandular output
140:edit on Wikidata
56:
44:
21:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7427:
7425:
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7403:
7394:
7326:
7256:
7205:
7196:
7180:II or AÎČ and AÎł
7135:
7126:
7079:
7069:Apical dendrite
7064:Dendritic spine
7043:
7005:
6975:
6962:
6946:Node of Ranvier
6941:Myelin incisure
6913:
6885:
6774:
6765:Oligodendrocyte
6748:Ependymal cells
6729:
6679:
6607:
6602:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6553:
6537:
6461:
6443:
6416:
6402:Medulloblastoma
6390:
6352:
6342:
6316:
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6263:
6246:Oligodendrocyte
6240:
6175:
6169:
6167:Neuroepithelial
6148:
6133:
6128:
6105:
6091:
6086:
6037:NeuroMorpho.Org
6013:Wayback Machine
5958:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5913:
5907:
5894:
5885:
5879:
5866:
5860:
5847:
5819:(5749): 791â3.
5810:
5806:
5804:Further reading
5801:
5800:
5775:10.1038/nrn1956
5756:
5755:
5751:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5473:
5472:
5465:
5430:Nature Medicine
5427:
5426:
5422:
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5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5379:
5378:
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5266:
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5232:
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5183:
5182:
5178:
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5147:
5143:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5004:(30): 6703â14.
4991:
4990:
4986:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4847:10.1.1.598.7002
4831:
4830:
4826:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4743:
4728:
4727:
4723:
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4684:
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4663:
4661:
4653:
4652:
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4604:
4603:
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4526:
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4506:
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4386:
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4307:
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4292:
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4054:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4021:
4020:
4018:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3904:Allen Institute
3898:
3897:
3893:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3803:(11): 2353â61.
3790:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3514:(7411): 343â8.
3501:
3500:
3496:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3436:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3043:10.1038/nrn2124
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2871:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2746:Neuroplasticity
2686:
2674:
2668:
2644:(BER) pathway.
2602:gene expression
2503:
2497:
2458:
2428:â demyelination
2419:
2413:
2385:muscle weakness
2276:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2140:cerebral cortex
2136:
2119:
2075:
2073:Neuron doctrine
2067:neuroanatomical
2045:neuron doctrine
1987:
1981:
1950:
1925:tonic receptors
1916:
1914:All-or-none law
1902:
1875:
1784:
1741:
1680:between cells.
1641:
1633:Main articles:
1631:
1610:
1359:neurons in the
1295:
1281:
1268:globus pallidus
1238:
1144:
1120:sensory neurons
1112:
1107:
1055:Pyramidal cells
1044:corpus striatum
1012:
948:
943:
938:
936:Unipolar neuron
933:
926:
921:
888:
879:cerebral cortex
859:cerebral cortex
851:
786:and associated
753:
715:, a bilayer of
713:plasma membrane
709:
656:Neurology video
644:
565:dendritic spine
528:
527:
526:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
503:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
465:
449:nerve fascicles
387:dendritic spine
375:cerebral cortex
359:
328:electrochemical
230:Sensory neurons
144:
62:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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7467:
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7457:
7456:
7451:
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7423:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7390:Taste receptor
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7360:Muscle spindle
7357:
7355:Ruffini ending
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7317:Ribbon synapse
7314:
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7162:
7157:
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7147:
7141:
7139:
7137:Sensory neuron
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7105:Pseudounipolar
7102:
7097:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7073:Basal dendrite
7066:
7061:
7053:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7024:Axon terminals
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6986:
6979:
6968:
6967:
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6963:
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6906:
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6895:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6876:Nerve fascicle
6873:
6867:
6858:
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6856:
6851:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
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6821:
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6650:
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6640:
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6622:
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6609:
6608:
6605:Nervous tissue
6603:
6601:
6600:
6593:
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6569:
6568:
6558:
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6551:
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6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6371:Retinoblastoma
6368:
6362:Ganglioneuroma
6358:
6356:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6312:
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6296:
6294:
6292:Choroid plexus
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
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6250:
6248:
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6239:
6238:
6237:
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6216:
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6189:
6180:
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6077:
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6045:
6040:
6034:
6024:
6019:
6003:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5942:
5938:
5937:External links
5935:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5911:
5905:
5892:
5883:
5877:
5864:
5858:
5845:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5749:
5712:(12): 111369.
5692:
5633:
5581:
5550:
5515:Cell Stem Cell
5500:
5463:
5442:10.1038/nm1229
5420:
5402:
5372:
5329:
5286:
5260:
5241:(7): 1516â27.
5225:
5176:
5141:
5090:
5041:
4984:
4965:
4916:
4897:(1): 393â418.
4877:
4824:
4781:
4759:
4741:
4721:
4671:
4646:
4617:(1): 374â379.
4597:
4577:
4554:
4531:
4524:
4500:
4485:
4464:
4461:on 2012-02-15.
4450:
4423:
4402:10.1038/nn1228
4380:
4331:
4301:
4276:
4221:
4184:(2): 307â316.
4163:
4156:
4130:
4072:
4047:
3959:
3932:(12): 2004â5.
3916:
3891:
3840:
3783:
3776:
3758:
3745:Science AAAS.
3737:
3711:
3662:
3641:
3613:
3559:
3494:
3451:
3430:
3410:
3359:
3302:
3267:
3232:
3205:(6): 1766â73.
3188:
3170:
3154:
3115:
3084:(4): 750â755.
3064:
3021:
2996:
2971:
2946:
2936:. October 2018
2925:
2915:
2889:
2882:
2845:
2832:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2756:Sholl analysis
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2670:Main article:
2667:
2664:
2499:Main article:
2496:
2493:
2457:
2454:
2412:
2409:
2401:cholinesterase
2278:
2277:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2174:Main article:
2171:
2168:
2158:model organism
2135:
2132:
2118:
2115:
2091:Purkinje cells
2074:
2071:
1999:silver nitrate
1980:
1977:
1949:
1946:
1912:Main article:
1901:
1898:
1874:
1871:
1783:
1780:
1772:gut microbiome
1756:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1630:
1627:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1589:neuromodulator
1573:
1542:
1511:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1408:
1384:
1357:postganglionic
1349:
1291:Main article:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1257:
1237:
1234:
1187:spinal neurons
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1049:Purkinje cells
1046:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:Pseudounipolar
1000:
994:
993:
992:
986:
974:
964:
941:Bipolar neuron
925:
922:
920:
917:
913:synaptic cleft
909:axon terminals
850:
849:Classification
847:
815:catecholamines
807:neurofilaments
752:
749:
708:
705:
623:
622:
601:
600:
599:
568:
554:
524:
517:
512:
507:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
468:
467:
466:
464:
461:
394:nervous system
369:, the primary
358:
357:Nervous system
355:
325:all-or-nothing
297:axon terminals
266:neural circuit
238:sensory organs
194:nervous tissue
179:nervous system
175:neural network
146:
145:
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
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49:
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7361:
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7291:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7251:
7250:Îł motorneuron
7248:
7246:
7245:ÎČ motorneuron
7243:
7241:
7240:α motorneuron
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
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6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6565:
6563:
6556:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6480:Neuroblastoma
6478:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6449:Hematopoietic
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6366:Ganglioglioma
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6349:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6282:Subependymoma
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6177:spinal tumors
6173:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6054:
6053:Neuron images
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5906:0-521-29935-7
5902:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5878:0-19-506571-9
5874:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5859:0-8385-7701-6
5855:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:(8): 617â27.
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5604:(3): 401â14.
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5501:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:(4): 329â44.
5344:
5340:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5287:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:(1): 423â53.
5156:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4742:9780195146943
4738:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4555:9780195146943
4551:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4486:9781305105409
4482:
4478:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4451:9780444883902
4447:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4396:(5): 456â61.
4395:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4351:(5): 685â92.
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:(4): 110287.
4092:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4073:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3631:on 2012-10-07
3630:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
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3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
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3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:(5): 368â78.
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:0-7817-3639-0
2912:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:motor neurons
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2433:Demyelination
2427:
2423:
2418:
2411:Demyelination
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:basal ganglia
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2263:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221: â
2220:
2216:
2215:Find sources:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2193:This article
2191:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2095:granule cells
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2034:Camillo Golgi
2031:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:ancient Greek
1959:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1896:information.
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Neural coding
1873:Neural coding
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:Schwann cells
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:neurotrophins
1761:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:axon terminal
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:axon terminal
1662:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:cotransmitter
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:decarboxylase
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:catecholamine
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:Noradrenaline
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Acetylcholine
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:neurostriatum
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:visual cortex
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:bipolar cells
1200:
1194:
1192:
1189:that release
1188:
1184:
1183:acetylcholine
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:Spindle cells
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:Anterior horn
1086:
1083:
1082:Granule cells
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:Renshaw cells
1065:
1062:
1061:Rosehip cells
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
930:
923:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:myelin sheath
902:
901:motor neurons
897:
896:Camillo Golgi
893:
887:
880:
875:
869:interneurons.
868:
864:
860:
855:
848:
846:
844:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:ribosomal RNA
785:
781:
772:
765:
761:
760:Golgi-stained
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
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725:voltage gated
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578:nerve signals
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58:Anatomy of a
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7285:Gap junction
7207:Motor neuron
7001:Axon hillock
6977:nerve fibers
6971:
6931:Schwann cell
6841:
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6720:Medium spiny
6691:
6633:White matter
6621:Tissue Types
6559:
6517:Neurilemmoma
6505:Neurofibroma
6353:
6234:Glioblastoma
6172:brain tumors
6134:
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5960:Neurobiology
5948:
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5706:Cell Reports
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4087:Cell Reports
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3008:
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2984:
2979:Chudler EH.
2974:
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2949:
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2928:
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2900:
2892:
2873:
2855:
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2646:
2594:neurogenesis
2591:
2584:
2573:
2558:
2554:white matter
2527:
2507:neurogenesis
2504:
2501:Neurogenesis
2478:mitochondria
2470:cytoskeleton
2459:
2431:
2375:
2359:motor cortex
2351:bradykinesia
2338:
2333:
2300:
2295:
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2257:
2247:
2240:
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2202:Please help
2197:verification
2194:
2161:
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2137:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:neuroscience
2038:
2027:
2020:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1930:
1917:
1876:
1860:
1823:
1816:
1812:calcium (Ca)
1801:
1785:
1757:
1742:
1717:
1710:
1689:calcium ions
1682:
1674:
1658:
1629:Connectivity
1611:
1597:hypothalamus
1464:brain damage
1322:metabotropic
1296:
1239:
1230:somatostatin
1219:
1214:metabotropic
1195:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1132:Interneurons
1034:Lugaro cells
1019:Basket cells
1013:
955:
889:
840:
831:microtubules
811:neuromelanin
804:
800:haematoxylin
798:or (weakly)
780:Nissl bodies
777:
710:
701:pluripotency
689:neurogenesis
682:
667:
663:motor neuron
659:
632:
604:
584:axon hillock
582:
571:
557:
540:
529:
514:Schwann cell
492:Axon hillock
457:nerve tracts
446:
391:
351:Neurogenesis
344:
313:
293:axon hillock
281:Golgi bodies
277:mitochondria
270:
262:Interneurons
227:
191:
159:
155:
151:
149:
103:A14.0.00.002
18:Nerve sheath
7300:Active zone
7265:Termination
7115:Interneuron
7019:Telodendron
6927:Myelination
6909:Endoneurium
6904:Perineurium
6725:Interneuron
6715:Von Economo
6663:Decussation
6658:Nerve tract
6628:Grey matter
6376:Neurocytoma
6338:Gliosarcoma
6204:Astrocytoma
6124:Pituicytoma
5992:Wikiversity
5943:âč The
5598:Epigenomics
5279:28 December
4664:19 December
4065:12 February
4040:21 February
3467:(1): 83â7.
3322:(1): 9583.
2726:Growth cone
2721:Dogiel cell
2678:LlinĂĄs' law
2630:TET enzymes
2565:glial cells
2546:gray matter
2530:neural tube
2509:, in which
2495:Development
2391:that block
2301:Alzheimer's
2107:glial cells
2041:anastomosis
1995:hippocampus
1920:all-or-none
1720:human brain
1704:to produce
1687:, allowing
1302:muscle cell
1242:oscillatory
1222:Parvalbumin
1092:motoneurons
861:expressing
792:Franz Nissl
764:hippocampal
697:glial cells
685:postmitotic
533:micrometers
410:spinal cord
398:glial cells
242:spinal cord
232:respond to
222:peptidergic
67:Identifiers
7443:Categories
7370:Nociceptor
7110:Multipolar
7059:Nissl body
6936:Neurilemma
6899:Epineurium
6684:Cell Types
6521:Schwannoma
6434:Meningioma
6277:Ependymoma
5975:NeuronBank
5480:StatPearls
4325:2009-06-20
4295:2009-06-20
4140:The Neuron
3909:17 October
3777:0810849844
3752:2023-10-17
3656:2013-02-16
3635:2009-06-20
3379:(2): e29.
3015:2022-02-28
2990:2009-06-20
2965:2009-06-20
2940:2022-07-08
2763:References
2751:Red neuron
2716:Connectome
2598:Epigenetic
2550:myelinated
2474:organelles
2472:and inner
2450:autoimmune
2405:thymectomy
2389:antibodies
2339:Parkinsons
2287:neuropathy
2230:newspapers
2144:cerebellum
2083:cerebellum
1523:tryptophan
1306:gland cell
1259:Phasic or
1228:, whereas
1207:ionotropic
1160:modulatory
1156:inhibitory
1152:excitatory
1028:Betz cells
1023:cerebellum
977:Multipolar
892:morphology
884:See also:
819:lipofuscin
693:Astrocytes
412:, and the
340:inhibitory
336:excitatory
206:placozoans
160:nerve cell
7385:Hair cell
6919:Neuroglia
6881:Funiculus
6770:Microglia
6743:Astrocyte
6700:Pyramidal
6653:Lemniscus
6196:Astrocyte
6144:Pinealoma
6097:Endocrine
5888:Histology
5841:170670241
5744:252416407
5367:205115756
5018:1912/2958
4842:CiteSeerX
4495:898154491
4271:209343260
4200:0924-977X
4107:2211-1247
4014:244648506
3998:1476-4687
3926:Neurology
3730:26 August
3440:cite book
3141:0210-0010
2867:CC BY 4.0
2660:microglia
2579:neocortex
2489:proteases
2482:ubiquitin
2309:cognitive
1826:metabolic
1776:microglia
1678:junctions
1581:Histamine
1577:histamine
1570:adenosine
1519:Serotonin
1515:serotonin
1420:G-protein
1416:aspartate
1412:Glutamate
1167:glutamate
1110:Direction
867:GABAergic
843:ribosomes
737:potassium
721:insulator
559:dendrites
531:4 to 100
418:autonomic
377:, with a
321:membranes
289:dendrites
173:across a
164:excitable
7433:Medicine
7170:Ia or Aα
7100:Unipolar
7049:Dendrite
7034:Axolemma
7029:Axoplasm
6813:Ganglion
6753:Tanycyte
6705:Purkinje
6692:Neuronal
6675:Meninges
6670:Neuropil
6426:Meninges
6269:Ependyma
6031:NeuroLex
6015:via the
6009:Archived
5945:template
5833:16272104
5793:16858390
5736:36130488
5687:16777961
5628:26950681
5545:29681514
5488:30252303
5458:25287010
5450:15821747
5389:Archived
5359:20107219
5316:19196745
5302:: b158.
5273:Archived
5255:10869062
5220:27187682
5136:19439602
5036:15282273
4960:16147523
4911:15217338
4872:10664003
4864:17001633
4819:24331507
4811:17306375
4751:27151391
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4564:27151391
4410:15114358
4375:21646013
4263:31831638
4216:46819013
4208:29426666
4125:35081342
4006:34819666
3954:38482114
3946:15985565
3886:19915731
3835:23746507
3706:30239935
3608:25408634
3554:22878717
3489:22296630
3481:12675489
3405:16366735
3354:28851982
3297:12208347
3227:31301135
3219:11259494
3110:36204831
3059:12908713
3051:17453017
2869:license.
2827:37729907
2818:10580291
2684:See also
2612:to form
2542:ependyma
2466:axolemma
2355:akinesia
2260:May 2018
2219:"Neuron"
2148:nematode
2013:done by
1886:ensemble
1882:stimulus
1819:pressure
1786:In 1937
1766:such as
1760:hormones
1752:proteins
1661:synapses
1496:tyrosine
1483:Dopamine
1479:dopamine
1381:tyrosine
1334:nicotine
1324:(GPCRs)
1261:bursting
997:Anaxonic
989:Golgi II
961:Unipolar
924:Polarity
825:and the
741:chloride
707:Membrane
674:Giraffes
611:synapses
477:Dendrite
183:synapses
85:NeuroLex
7449:Neurons
7421:Biology
7407:Portals
7312:Autapse
7273:Synapse
7120:Renshaw
7095:Bipolar
6972:Neurons
6825:Ventral
6796:General
6710:Granule
5947:below (
5813:Science
5784:2693386
5727:9513806
5678:1502498
5655:Bibcode
5619:4864063
5536:6035081
5493:10 July
5395:18 July
5324:8570146
5211:5063692
5171:3284447
5127:2709801
5085:9080373
5076:1159318
5027:6729725
4951:1569502
4632:6935745
4570:Revista
4366:3171584
4243:Bibcode
4235:Science
4116:8906846
3978:Bibcode
3877:2776484
3826:3672877
3805:Bibcode
3697:6335869
3599:4219458
3582:: 320.
3545:3653570
3516:Bibcode
3396:1318477
3345:5575062
3324:Bibcode
3262:7505739
3149:9563093
3101:9700087
2592:During
2519:mitosis
2486:calpain
2361:by the
2329:agnosia
2325:apraxia
2321:aphasia
2317:amnesia
2303:, is a
2244:scholar
1979:History
1973:neurone
1964:ÎœÎ”áżŠÏÎżÎœ
1890:digital
1837:cells:
1713:autapse
1635:Synapse
1601:arousal
1595:of the
1566:purines
1560:. Such
1452:agonist
1434:Kainate
1342:choline
1191:glycine
1090:cells,
983:Golgi I
967:Bipolar
827:tubulin
817:), and
796:aniline
745:calcium
549:, most
547:nucleus
504:Ranvier
502:Node of
497:Nucleus
442:cochlea
434:ganglia
422:enteric
385:onto a
373:of the
317:voltage
305:neurite
301:synapse
273:nucleus
234:stimuli
202:sponges
200:except
198:animals
196:in all
177:in the
156:neurone
78:D009474
39:Neutron
7165:fibers
6803:Dorsal
6354:neuron
6351:Mature
6187:Glioma
6135:Other:
6108:Sellar
5964:Curlie
5950:Curlie
5924:
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5875:
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5575:Nature
5560:Nature
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4027:Nature
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3970:Nature
3952:
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3860:: 31.
3833:
3823:
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3606:
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3508:Nature
3487:
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2880:
2825:
2815:
2444:, and
2347:tremor
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2060:neuron
2001:method
1966:neuron
1958:neuron
1894:analog
1847:faster
1831:myelin
1770:. The
1539:Zoloft
1535:Prozac
1500:L-DOPA
1438:cation
1318:ligand
766:tissue
743:, and
733:sodium
661:human
453:nerves
438:retina
287:, and
279:, and
218:Tonian
210:Plants
162:is an
152:neuron
47:Neuron
7088:Types
6985:Parts
6854:White
6835:Ramus
6818:Ramus
6735:Glial
6542:Other
5837:S2CID
5740:S2CID
5454:S2CID
5385:NINDS
5363:S2CID
5320:S2CID
5235:Brain
4981:: 17.
4868:S2CID
4815:S2CID
4777:1891.
4712:S2CID
4611:Brain
4459:(PDF)
4436:(PDF)
4414:S2CID
4267:S2CID
4212:S2CID
4010:S2CID
3950:S2CID
3682:(1).
3676:Sleep
3485:S2CID
3223:S2CID
3055:S2CID
2569:birth
2536:, an
2379:is a
2251:JSTOR
2237:books
2150:worm
1835:glial
1583:is a
1568:like
1502:) by
1010:Other
823:actin
717:lipid
406:brain
246:brain
214:fungi
158:, or
138:[
127:54527
7011:Axon
6993:Soma
6849:Gray
6830:Root
6808:Root
5998:and
5986:The
5922:ISBN
5901:ISBN
5873:ISBN
5854:ISBN
5829:PMID
5789:PMID
5732:PMID
5683:PMID
5624:PMID
5541:PMID
5495:2024
5484:PMID
5446:PMID
5397:2016
5355:PMID
5312:PMID
5281:2011
5251:PMID
5216:PMID
5167:PMID
5132:PMID
5081:PMID
5032:PMID
4956:PMID
4907:PMID
4860:PMID
4834:Glia
4807:PMID
4747:OCLC
4737:ISBN
4704:PMID
4666:2020
4637:PMID
4594:s.v.
4560:OCLC
4550:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4491:OCLC
4481:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4406:PMID
4371:PMID
4259:PMID
4204:PMID
4196:ISSN
4152:ISBN
4121:PMID
4103:ISSN
4067:2022
4042:2022
4002:PMID
3994:ISSN
3942:PMID
3911:2023
3882:PMID
3831:PMID
3772:ISBN
3732:2021
3702:PMID
3604:PMID
3550:PMID
3477:PMID
3446:link
3426:ISBN
3401:PMID
3350:PMID
3293:PMID
3258:PMID
3215:PMID
3145:PMID
3137:ISSN
3106:PMID
3047:PMID
2911:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2863:text
2823:PMID
2795:Cell
2616:and
2484:and
2223:news
1939:The
1933:skin
1892:and
1808:ions
1768:BDNF
1718:The
1637:and
1587:and
1537:and
1444:NMDA
1432:and
1430:AMPA
1367:and
1344:and
1171:GABA
1169:and
603:The
573:axon
570:The
556:The
542:soma
539:The
487:Axon
482:Soma
440:and
424:and
408:and
383:axon
285:axon
212:and
204:and
167:cell
98:TA98
73:MeSH
7225:SVE
7220:GVE
7215:GSE
7160:SVA
7155:SSA
7150:GVA
7145:GSA
6788:PNS
6613:CNS
6471:PNS
6158:CNS
5990:at
5962:at
5821:doi
5817:310
5779:PMC
5771:doi
5722:PMC
5714:doi
5673:PMC
5663:doi
5651:103
5614:PMC
5606:doi
5564:doi
5531:PMC
5523:doi
5438:doi
5347:doi
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