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402:. The jury was unable to reach a verdict, deadlocked 11 to 1 for Seale's acquittal and 10 to 2 for Huggins' acquittal. On May 25, 1971 Judge Harold Mulvey stunned courtroom spectators by dismissing the charges against Huggins and Seale, saying, "I find it impossible to believe that an unbiased jury could be selected without superhuman effortsâefforts which this court, the state and these defendants should not be called upon either to make or to endure."
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white, two black) acquitted him on the most severe charges, convicting him instead on the sole charge of conspiracy to commit murder. His defense attorney declared, "The judge was fair, the jury was fair, and, in this case, a black revolutionary was given a fair trial." McLucas was sentenced to twelve to fifteen years in prison. His two collaborators in the murder, who had pleaded to second degree murder, were released after four years.
1990:
398:, founder of the New Haven chapter. This trial was an even larger undertaking, involving a full four months of jury selection. Seale's attorney Charles Garry emphasized that it was only Sams's testimony that tied Seale to Rackley's murder. Huggins's voice was heard on a tape recording of the victim's interrogation, played for the jury. Her lawyer, Catherine Roraback, argued that Huggins had been acting under
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followed Moye's car as it left toward the murder destination but lost sight of the car prior to the murder. The State Police discovered
Rackley's body the next day. This epilogue was detailed in an article "After 37 Years, Spy Comes In From Cold" by Paul Bass, author of Murder In The Model City: The Black Panthers, Yale and the Redemption of a Killer.
273:
In the days leading up to a rally on May Day 1970, thousands of supporters of the
Panthers arrived in New Haven individually and in organized groups. They were housed and fed by community organizations and by sympathetic Yale students in their dormitory rooms. The Yale college dining halls provided
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For the
Panthers, the Seale trial may have been the height of their national exposure and their popularity among the broader left-wing movement. A string of violent confrontations with law-enforcement, along with the trials and convictions of national party leaders that followed, left the movement
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In the end, compromises between the administration and the students - and, primarily, urgent calls for nonviolence from Bobby Seale and the Black
Panthers themselves - quashed the possibility of violence. While Yale (and many other colleges) went "on strike" from May Day until the end of the term,
317:
issued the statement, "I personally want to say that I'm appalled and ashamed that things should have come to such a pass that I am skeptical of the ability of a Black revolutionary to receive a fair trial anywhere in the U.S." Brewster's generally sympathetic tone enraged many of the university's
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had ordered his agents to disrupt, discredit, or otherwise neutralize radical groups like the
Panthers. Hostility between groups organizing political dissent and the Bureau was, by the time of the trials, at a fever pitch. Hostility from the left was also directed at the two Panthers cooperating
373:
installed at the courtroom doors; jury selection took six weeks, a
Connecticut record, and the jury deliberated for six days, another Connecticut record. Despite impassioned accusations from protesters that McLucas was being railroaded into the electric chair by a "racist jury," the jurors (ten
222:
Sams and Kimbro confessed to the murder, and agreed to testify against McLucas in exchange for a reduction in sentence. Sams also implicated Seale in the killing, telling his interrogators that while visiting the
Panther headquarters on the night of his speech, Seale had directly ordered him to
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In 2006, Kelly Moye revealed that he was a police informant recruited to infiltrate the
Panthers by Nick Pastore, head of New Haven Police's Intelligence Division. George Sams held a gun to Moye's head and demanded he turn over his car. Rackley was driven to his death in Moye's car. The police
190:, who had fallen under suspicion of informing for the FBI. He was held captive at the New Haven Panther headquarters on Orchard Street, where he was tortured and interrogated until he confessed. His interrogation was tape recorded by the Panthers. During that time, national party chairman
198:
for the Yale Black
Ensemble Theater Company. The prosecution alleged, but Seale denied, that after his speech, Seale briefly stopped by the headquarters where Rackley was being held captive and ordered that Rackley be executed. Early in the morning of May 21, three Panthers â
406:"Ericka Huggins and Bobby Seale would have to stand trial for their lives because they had been unyielding in their efforts to forge liberating actions for Black people. And there were innumerable other instances of frame-ups and similar political reprisals."
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ran for U.S. Senate in the state of New York. Anti-Clinton activists discovered that during the trials, Clinton (then a Yale law student named
Hillary Rodham) volunteered to monitor the trial for violations of civil rights, for the
341:, has received kudos as undergraduate spokesman to the faculty during some of the protest's tensest moments. Ralph Dawson, a classmate of Schmoke's, figured prominently as moderator of the Black Student Alliance at Yale (BSAY).
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murder Rackley. In all, nine defendants were indicted on charges related to the case. In the heated political rhetoric of the day, these defendants were referred to as the "New Haven Nine", a deliberate allusion to other
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The first trial was that of Lonnie McLucas, the only person who physically took part in the killing who refused to plead guilty. In fact, McLucas had confessed to shooting Rackley, but nonetheless chose to go to trial.
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stated, "All of us conspired to bring on this tragedy by law enforcement agencies by their illegal acts against the Panthers, and the rest of us by our immoral silence in front of these acts," while Yale President
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215:. Kimbro shot Rackley once in the head and McLucas shot him once in the chest. They dumped his corpse in a swamp, where it was discovered the next day. New Haven police immediately arrested eight
492:, who was a Yale undergraduate at the time. Although both were much too junior to have had any role in the actual legal defense, according to John Elvin of the conservative newsmagazine
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like most schools it was not actually "shut down". Classes were made "voluntarily optional" for the time and students were graded "Pass/Fail" for the work done up to then.
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211:, one of the Panthers who had come East from California to investigate the police infiltration of the New York Panther chapter, drove Rackley to the nearby town of
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525:, who arrested Seale and brought him to New Haven to stand trial, went on to become New Haven's Chief of Police, widely renowned for his successful policy of
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students and faculty. Among the materials stolen in this break-in were documents revealing the nature of the COINTELPRO program. Within the year, Director
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across the street from the Courthouse (and one hundred yards from Yale's main gate). On May Day there was a rally on the Green, featuring speakers including
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has been credited with winning tactical management on behalf of the administration to quell anxiety among law enforcement and New Haven's citizens, while
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305:, where a concert was being held in conjunction with the protests. Although the rink was damaged, no one was injured, and no culprit was identified.
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As tensions mounted, Yale officials sought to avoid deeper unrest and to deflect the real possibility of riots or violent student demonstrations.
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298:(an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Oregon). Teach-ins and other events were also held in the colleges themselves.
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514:'s contention that Hillary was a campus leader during the Panther protests"; Lee apparently played no prominent role in any protests.
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Both the Panthers and the FBI suffered damage to their reputations, after the public exposure of their most unsavory activities.
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with the prosecutors. Sams in particular was accused of being an informant, and lying to implicate Seale for personal benefit.
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McLucas's trial set new records for the scale of judicial proceedings in Connecticut. It was the first in Connecticut to have
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erroneously ascribed to Clinton responsibility for "getting the defendants off," and also blamed the future head of the
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926:'There Are Medics in the Crowd': Medical Aid and Politics of Protest at the 1970 May Day Rally to Free Bobby Seale
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named Criminal Justice Policy. Thirty-one years later, when Seale returned to New Haven to speak at the
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among critics of the Nixon administration, and especially among those hostile to the actions of the
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510:'s Hell to Pay. Together, relying on primary and other firsthand sources, they unquestionably back
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After 37 Years, Spy Comes In From Cold, by Paul Bass, New Haven Independent, Aug 4, 2006
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Black, Jonathan, "How do you try a revolutionary? A Black Panther trial in New Haven,"
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area Black Panthers. Sams and two other Panthers from California were captured later.
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older, more conservative alumni, heightening tensions within the school community.
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Murder in the Model City: The Black Panthers, Yale, and the Redemption of a Killer
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in the early hours of May 21, 1969. The trials became a rallying-point for the
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Jury selection began in May 1970. The case and trial were already a national
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The Seale trial surfaced again in the news in 2000, when former first lady
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858:"Hillary Clinton once supported Black Panthers on trial for murder-Truth!"
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for this story and lengthy selections from such other biographies as
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Courtroom portraits including Huggins, Kimbro, Seale and Sams, 1970.
832:"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Black Panthers and Hillary Clinton"
381:
357:
256:. Under the Bureau's then-secret "Counter-Intelligence Program" (
537:, Pastore decided to attend and even presented Seale with a pink
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spent and adrift, and by the mid-1970s it was largely inactive.
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879:
Urban Legend Zeitgeist: Hillary Clinton and the Black Panthers
498:, "Insight reviewed biographies of Hillary Clinton by Milton,
436:
In 1971, a group of left-wing radicals calling themselves the
253:
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and a hug, congratulating him for continuing "the struggle".
158:
In 1969-1971 there was a series of criminal prosecutions in
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Harold M. Mulvey, Judge at Tense Black Panther Party Trials
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Towards midnight on May 1, two bombs exploded in Yale's
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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452:declared that the centralized COINTELPRO was over.
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91:
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551:Revolutionary Communist League (Internationalist)
1976:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention
529:, and then headed a nonprofit advocacy group in
274:basic meals for everyone. Protesters met daily
162:, against various members and associates of the
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1823:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution
1778:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom
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194:visited New Haven and spoke on the campus of
68:Courtroom sketch of the murder trial in 1971.
8:
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610:Black Panther Torture âTrialâ Tape Surfaces
438:Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI
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2028:Political repression in the United States
656:
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622:New York Media, LLC (November 23, 1970).
1712:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America
130:convicted of conspiracy to commit murder
2048:African-American history of Connecticut
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150:: all charges dismissed after hung jury
2018:Politics and race in the United States
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629:
604:
602:
612:, New Haven Independent, Feb 21, 2013
7:
1484:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
583:. Bulk.resource.org. Archived from
440:burglarized an FBI field office in
2073:Murder trials in the United States
931:Yale University School of Medicine
444:, which was found to be spying on
25:
2043:History of New Haven, Connecticut
1957:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song
1692:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
812:A Short History of FBI COINTELPRO
1989:
1988:
1916:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
945:
754:"Edward Jay Epstein's Home Page"
702:"Edward Jay Epstein's Home Page"
182:On May 17, 1969, members of the
18:New Haven May Day protests, 1970
1745:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther
1677:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
1464:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1180:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)
339:Howard University School of Law
2033:1970 in United States case law
1936:New Haven Black Panther trials
1772:In the Event Anyone Disappears
1626:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
799:New York Times, March 1, 2000
471:American Civil Liberties Union
362:Black Panther trial sketch by
240:Proceedings and popularization
49:New Haven Black Panther trials
1:
2063:Political and cultural purges
1687:New Panther Vanguard Movement
1662:Black Riders Liberation Party
27:1969-71 criminal prosecutions
2038:20th-century American trials
1667:Black Women's Defense League
1533:United Front Against Fascism
1418:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)
952:Black Panther Trial Sketches
743:Magazine, September 14, 1970
1831:Judas and the Black Messiah
1515:Free Breakfast for Children
923:Anderson, Nientara (2020).
473:. Widely circulated mass
117:Popular distrust of the FBI
2099:
1931:Murder of Betty Van Patter
1759:The Murder of Fred Hampton
1738:Interview with Bobby Seale
821:, retrieved July 13, 2007.
378:Trial of Seale and Huggins
1984:
905:The Night of the Panthers
186:kidnapped fellow Panther
95:Kidnapping and murder of
61:
53:
1718:Black Panthers: A Report
1556:American Indian Movement
1321:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor
673:. Basic Books. pp.
394:went on trial alongside
213:Middlefield, Connecticut
111:Popularization of trials
2058:Politics of Connecticut
1793:All Power to the People
1682:New Black Panther Party
1672:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
1576:Black Panthers (Israel)
1256:Marshall "Eddie" Conway
1150:Elbert "Big Man" Howard
482:U.S. Justice Department
1807:A Huey P. Newton Story
1591:George Jackson Brigade
1581:British Black Panthers
1561:Black Guerrilla Family
1145:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt
756:. Edwardjayepstein.com
704:. Edwardjayepstein.com
639:Cite journal requires
535:Yale Repertory Theatre
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160:New Haven, Connecticut
86:New Haven, Connecticut
43:considered for merging
2083:Trials in Connecticut
2068:Crimes in Connecticut
1882:Revolutionary Suicide
1657:Black Panther Militia
1566:Black Liberation Army
1503:Programs and projects
1347:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin
1316:Russell Maroon Shoatz
486:Civil Rights Division
418:, July 1971, page 117
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310:William Sloane Coffin
227:defendants like the "
1971:Black power movement
1946:RiceâPoindexter case
1898:Black Against Empire
1752:Finally Got the News
1705:Films and television
954:at Wikimedia Commons
860:. Truthorfiction.com
737:Justice In New Haven
315:Kingman Brewster Jr.
56:Black Power movement
2078:1970 in Connecticut
2053:Black Panther Party
1996:Black Panther Party
1631:White Panther Party
1611:Polynesian Panthers
1362:Robert Hillary King
1281:Denise Oliver-Velez
990:Black Panther Party
911:, November 20, 2003
838:. February 27, 2001
624:"New York Magazine"
495:Insight on the News
442:Media, Pennsylvania
184:Black Panther Party
164:Black Panther Party
140:convicted of murder
114:Unrest in New Haven
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1766:Teach Our Children
1652:Assata's Daughters
1494:Robert F. Williams
1434:Stokely Carmichael
1301:George W. Sams Jr.
1241:Veronza Bowers Jr.
1130:Barbara Easley-Cox
1080:JoNina Abron-Ervin
817:2007-09-28 at the
527:community policing
446:Swarthmore College
429:Popular sentiments
390:In October, 1970,
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138:George W. Sams Jr.
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1621:The Pink Panthers
1528:Rainbow Coalition
1521:The Black Panther
1510:Ten-Point Program
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1236:Dhoruba bin Wahad
1175:Joan Tarika Lewis
1095:William Lee Brent
950:Media related to
929:(MD). New Haven:
909:Hartford Advocate
587:on April 15, 2013
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1926:Intercommunalism
1909:Related articles
1890:A Taste of Power
1815:Night Catches Us
1571:Black Liberators
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1326:James Dixon York
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1357:James Forman
1342:H. Rap Brown
1306:Afeni Shakur
1296:Nile Rodgers
1291:Alex Rackley
1261:Jamal Joseph
1165:Bobby Hutton
1155:John Huggins
1140:Reggie Forte
1110:Mark Comfort
1085:Richard Aoki
1046:Fred Hampton
1026:Elaine Brown
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661:Bass, Paul;
632:cite journal
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168:Alex Rackley
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29:
2023:Persecution
1858:Soul on Ice
1636:Young Lords
1606:NgÄ Tamatoa
1523:(newspaper)
1459:Black power
1372:Malik Rahim
1367:Pete O'Neal
1115:Aaron Dixon
1010:Bobby Seale
608:Paul Bass,
460:Revelations
392:Bobby Seale
333:, mayor of
329:, a future
292:Jerry Rubin
209:George Sams
192:Bobby Seale
144:Bobby Seale
32:âč The
2012:Categories
1941:Panther 21
1921:COINTELPRO
1645:Subsequent
1601:I Wor Kuen
1452:Influences
1408:Bobby Rush
1398:Mark Clark
1352:Mark Essex
1266:Chaka Khan
1185:Pat Parker
1100:Ed Bullins
1041:Donald Cox
1019:Leadership
836:Snopes.com
562:References
521:Detective
284:Jean Genet
258:COINTELPRO
1994:Category|
1489:Malcolm X
1135:Kent Ford
864:March 25,
842:March 25,
785:March 25,
760:March 25,
708:March 25,
591:March 25,
424:Aftermath
235:Reactions
217:New Haven
107:Reactions
41:is being
1967:" (2000)
998:Founders
815:Archived
665:(2006).
545:See also
409:â
276:en masse
82:Location
54:Part of
45:. âș
34:template
1785:Panther
1063:Members
899:Sources
675:159â160
479:Clinton
475:e-mails
278:on the
122:Rulings
103:Outcome
77:1970-71
1960:(1971)
1901:(2013)
1893:(1992)
1885:(1973)
1877:(1972)
1869:(1970)
1861:(1968)
1842:(2024)
1834:(2021)
1826:(2015)
1818:(2010)
1810:(2001)
1802:(1999)
1796:(1996)
1788:(1995)
1780:(1992)
1774:(1974)
1768:(1973)
1762:(1971)
1754:(1970)
1748:(1969)
1740:(1969)
1734:(1969)
1732:Mayday
1728:(1968)
1720:(1968)
1714:(1968)
1427:Others
739:," in
681:
450:Hoover
400:duress
349:Trials
294:, and
269:Unrest
207:, and
1850:Books
567:Notes
500:Brock
416:Ebony
178:Crime
92:Cause
866:2013
844:2013
787:2013
762:2013
741:Time
710:2013
679:ISBN
645:help
593:2013
502:and
146:and
136:and
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484:'s
286:,
254:FBI
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