29:) was a bipartisan panel established in 1964 to review all of the state's election laws and recommend ways to modernize them. New Jersey's election laws had not been overhauled since 1930. The ELRC eventually produced (1) an Initial Report in 1965 recommending the elimination of paper ballots, (2) an Interim Report in 1970 recommending reforms for campaign finance laws, and (3) a Final Report in 1975 recommending a comprehensive set of reforms to curb corruption by reducing complexity and centralizing oversight under an independent, bipartisan agency. Faced with political fallout from
45:(Republican, former ELRC member) wrote in 2017, "Despite recommendations made by the Election Law Revision Commission in its 1975 report, and by numerous good government groups over the years, almost no serious measures for reform have been adopted into law....The New Jersey legislature seems intent on maintaining the status quo so that the system will continue to produce for the benefit of those who manage it."
268:
required to use paper ballots or should they be required to purchase costly adapters for the machines? Ultimately a compromise was reached allowing the 15 of 21 counties that used voting machines to conduct
Republican primaries with voting machines and to substitute paper ballots for Democrats. After the primary election, lawmakers took action, repealing and replacing the 1961 Act with the 1964 Act.
323:
In the absence of any substantive reforms, the 1969 election was still governed by NJ's 1930 legislation, including outdated campaign expenditure maximums. Major parties now routinely ignored the irrelevant caps. Accordingly, both of the major party gubernatorial candidates in 1969 exceeded the 1930
267:
Going into the 1964 primary, lawmakers faced a new technical challenge with voting machines. The machines could not accommodate an unusually large number of nominees for
Democratic Convention delegates. Legislative debates, bills, and court challenges ensued: should counties with voting machines be
37:
administration in 1973, lawmakers reformed NJ's campaign finance laws, drawing on the 1970 Interim Report recommendations. However, when the Final Report's broader recommendations for modernizing the state's election laws were introduced in the
General Assembly on April 21, 1975; lawmakers took no
213:
In August 1953, the NJ Legislature issued Joint
Resolution No.14, establishing the New Jersey Election Laws Study Commission (ELSC). The resolution specified that a nine-member panel would review NJ's election laws — many of which "are contradictory, repetitious, and some of them are outmoded and
65:
creating an "Election Laws Study
Commission" to determine how the state's election laws could be "simplified, correlated, and revised". The non-partisan panel produces a "Preliminary Report" calling for mandatory voting machines in all counties and the establishment of an elections enforcement
237:
Republican NJ Assemblyman
Raymond H. Bateman introduced a bill creating a commission to review all of the state's election laws, Signed into law, the act called for a bipartisan panel to review NJ's election laws and propose recommendations for overhauling them; the report was due by the 1963
365:
When Cahill was sworn in in 1970, Republicans held control of both houses of the state legislature. In 1974, Cahill lost his primary bid for re-election, Democrat
Brenden Byrne was sworn in, and Democrats captured majorities in both houses — and would continue to hold control for the next
48:
Nearly 60 years earlier, the
Courier-Post Editorial Board made a similar observation, "Adoption of a modern and workable election code is improbable unless the public demands it. Current practices and procedure serve the purposes of politicians too well to be altered without a struggle."
222:
The ELSC delivered its
Preliminary Report, Volume 1 in January 1955 urging the legislators to install voting machines in all counties, standardize voting machine processes across the state, and establish a 5-member bipartisan election-law enforcement
272:
The 1964 law created a new structure for the ELRC but with a mandate that was similar to the 1953 joint resolution and the 1961 Act; develop recommendations to overhaul the state's election laws and deliver a final report by the 1965 legislative
218:
In the
November 1954 election, NJ officials struggled with a statewide recount for a close US senate race. The state's recount rules only addressed paper ballots — but twelve of NJ's 21 counties now used voting machines instead of paper
117:-The ELRC repeats its call for mandatory voting machines. Once again, the Legislature fails to act. Since the ELRC views mandatory voting machines as essential to any future reform measures, they produce no further recommendations.
157:(former Assemblyman, Republican) delivers the Final Report. A bill to implement the commission's recommendations (A.3334) is introduced in the Assembly but fails to clear committee. The report covers 10 areas:
295:
Six counties (8% of the state's registered voters) still used paper ballots. The ELRC claimed they increased the likelihood of voter fraud ("stuffing the ballot box") and increased ELRC review work by 25%.
341:
In January 1971, Assemblyman (and ELRC member) William E. Schluter introduced legislation to enact the recommendations . The bill was blocked by the Assembly Committee for Revision and Amendment of Laws.
226:
Two additions to the Preliminary Report (Volume 2 in 1956 and Volume 3 in1957) also urged mandatory use of voting machines and establishment of a state board of elections. Lawmakers failed to act on the
108:- The ELRC delivers its first recommendation, urging the legislature to mandate voting machines in all counties. The Assembly passes a voting-machine bill in 1965, but the Senate fails to approve it.
379:
In addition to modernizing and simplifying NJ election laws, the ELRC's recommendations were also intended to reduce the control of party bosses over political candidates and government officials:
319:
Outgoing Governor Hughes signed a law repealing the 1930 campaign finance caps retroactively. Before leaving office, Hughes urged incoming Governor Cahill to pursue campaign finance reform.
276:
The new ELRC added an independent secretary position filled by Samuel Alito, Sr., Director of NJ's nonpartisan Office of Legislative Services (also father of future Supreme Court Justice
327:
After the 1969 election, State Senate President Raymond Bateman introduced a bill that called for the ELRC to recommend revisions for campaign funding and expenditures by April 1, 1970.
344:
In 1972, Schluter became a State Senator and sponsored a similar bill. That bill was held up by the Senate Judiciary Committee but finally passed — after the November general election.
385:
Remove responsibilities for elections falling under the NJ Secretary of State (a political appointee) and reduce county-level control to voter registration and ballot counting duties
348:
By 1973, as the Watergate scandal continued to unfold, several members of Governor Cahill's administration faced charges of corruption, driving Cahill and the Legislature to act.
306:
With the ELRC stalled, Democrats introduced a number of individual reform measures--including voter registration and campaign finance bills--effectively bypassing the ELRC.
257:
However by 1963, the Commission had failed to produce any recommendations or deliver a final report. At that point, the committee had no members and had never met.
1701:
302:
In 1967, the ELRC continued to push for voting machines as the first step for overhauling the NJ election laws, pausing its work until the decision was settled.
123:- Raymond Bateman (now State Senate President) introduces a bill to reorganize the ELRC, but called for an "Interim Report" on campaign finance reform. Governor
254:
Bateman called NJ's election laws "a horrible mass of aged inconsistencies, contradictions, and legal phrases which can be interpreted to meet any need."
160:
Electoral Supervision and Control (centralizing elections under the NJ Election Law Enforcement Commission, the independent agency established in 1973)
214:
unnecessary"— and deliver recommendations for modernizing NJ's election laws by January 1954. The committee held its first meeting in February 1954.
243:
1632:
98:(now Assistant Majority Leader) sponsor a bill to repeal and replace the 1961 Act. Signed into law, the Election Law Revision Commission Act (
1598:
362:
Going against the Interim Report recommendations, the final law set maximums on campaign finance, resulting in more confusion and complexity.
137:(State Senator and ELRC member, Republican) introduces a revised bill (S-1124). The New Jersey Campaign Contributions and Expenditures Act (
440:
The Secretary of State and county officials continued to push back against Title 19A, despite an endorsement from Governor Brenden Byrne.
901:
677:
309:
The 1967 Assembly passed another voting-machine bill. The Senate was expected to pass it this time but ultimately blocked the vote.
338:
The 12-member group worked through the summer and Chairman Irwin I. Kimmelman delivered the Interim Report in September, 1970.
1665:
1310:
829:
485:
284:
249:
Many Republicans claimed voter fraud was to blame. Recounts were held in multiple states, including five New Jersey counties.
298:
The 1966 Assembly passed a bill ending the use of paper ballots but the bill failed to clear committee in the State Senate.
1696:
352:
The Assembly approved the Senate version of Senator Schluter's Campaign Finance & Expenditures bill in April, 1973.
1706:
1572:
609:
Secretary - Samuel Alito, Sr. (Director, NJ Office of Legislative Affairs, father of Supreme Court Associate Justice
539:
Secretary - Samuel Alito, Sr. (Director, NJ Office of Legislative Affairs, father of Supreme Court Associate Justice
465:
Secretary - Samuel Alito, Sr. (Director, NJ Office of Legislative Affairs, father of Supreme Court Associate Justice
355:
Consistent with the Interim Report, the new law called for stringent disclosures along with the establishment of the
376:
Prior to publishing the Final Report, details were previewed and discussed in the press starting in December, 1974.
335:
The Governor, Senate President, and Assembly Majority Leader each appointed four members; two from each major party
382:
Centralize all election matters under an independent agency, the bipartisan NJ Election Law Enforcement Commission
1463:
1446:
1366:
1293:
1276:
1222:
886:
866:
437:
The NJ League of Women Voters endorsed the new legislation in an op-ed from the Fair Lawn, NJ chapter president.
424:
The bill died in committee. No hearings were held but county-level officials pushed back against centralization.
669:
76:(Republican) introduces a bill calling for an overhaul of NJ election laws and establishing the ELRC. Governor
388:
Eliminate county-level "Superintendent of Elections" roles and remove County Clerks from the electoral process
772:
291:
In 1965, the ELRC issued its first recommendation: Voting machines should be mandatory in all 21 counties.
519:
411:
434:
Assemblyman Albert Burstein introduced A.3324, known as Title 19A, a bill based on the ELRC Final Report.
884:
Zimmerman, Leon (August 29, 1971). "Inflation in Campaign Spending: The Price Freeze That Got Away".
1178:
1152:
640:
586:
459:
134:
91:
42:
533:
418:
introduced A.3334, a bill to replace Title 19 with Title 19A — enacting the ELRC recommendations.
1640:
1606:
1344:
1205:
1102:
1034:
846:
752:
673:
628:
603:
574:
497:
415:
242:
The ELRC was first established in the political aftermath of Nixon's close loss to JFK in the
154:
124:
77:
34:
30:
1126:
981:
942:
799:
722:
616:
546:
515:
407:
403:
399:
95:
73:
666:
Soft Corruption: How Unethical Conduct Undermines Good Government and What to Do About It
622:
568:
509:
443:
As recommended by the ELRC in 1975, Governor Brenden Byrne disbanded the ELRC in 1978.
421:
The bill went to the Committee on State Government, Federal, and Interstate Relations.
394:
In March 1975, the ELRC published its "Final Report to the Governor and Legislature".
1690:
555:
198:
163:
Financial Disclosures (aligning with prior campaign reform measures enacted in 1973)
1495:
1327:
1259:
1239:
1085:
1068:
695:
610:
540:
466:
277:
84:
into law. However, by 1963 the ELRC has no members and has made no recommendations.
1050:
283:
Other notable members included Vice-Chairman Donald G. Herzberg, Director of the
1633:"John F. Gerry, 69, Chief Judge Of Federal Court in New Jersey (Published 1995)"
1527:
1599:"Donald G. Herzberg, A Professor and Dean At Georgetown, Dies (Published 1980)"
1461:
Santangelo, Joseph (December 20, 1974). "Single Elections Agency Is Favored".
491:
324:
caps. A third-party candidate decided to test the laws and take them to court.
1644:
1610:
1444:
Santangelo, Joseph (March 26, 1975). "State Panel Submits Election Reforms".
985:
359:, a 4 member independent and bipartisan board for campaign finance oversight.
1666:"Congressional Record, Volume 161 Issue 134 (Thursday, September 17, 2015)"
975:
1291:
Comstock, Robert (February 24, 1967). "Election Reform Grips Democrats".
1130:
946:
803:
726:
1100:"Plan Election Law Revisions: Bateman Bill Would Set Up Commission".
181:
Presidential Ballot Law (aligning with the Federal Voting Rights Act)
1118:
934:
791:
714:
127:
signs the bill into law but resulting legislation dies in committee.
331:
The ELRC was reorganized and focused on Campaign Finance Reform.
356:
142:
33:
in 1974 and the conviction of several officials in NJ Governor
1510:
Korn, Gloria (February 17, 1978). "Our Most Precious Right".
1542:"Lan Disputes Byrne's Election Law Reform Recommendations".
1220:"Delay Slows Ballot Bill: Law Sought to Back Use of Paper".
827:"State Commission Again Urges Mandatory Vote Machine Law".
634:
Katherine K. Neuberger (Republican National Committeewoman)
580:
Katherine K. Neuberger (Republican National Committeewoman)
503:
Katherine K. Neuberger (Republican National Committeewoman)
371:
1975 - Delivering Recommendations for Comprehensive Reform.
80:(Democrat) signs the Election Law Revision Commission Act (
1308:"Waddington Effectively Blocks Move for Voting Machines".
1153:"Was Nixon robbed? The legend of the 1960 stolen election"
1384:
NJ Election Law Revision Commission (September 1, 1971).
1364:"Hasbrouck Heights Resident Slated for Top Labor Post".
141:
revises NJ's campaign finance laws and establishes the
1478:
NJ Election Law Revision Commission (March 25, 1975).
1544:
The Central New Jersey Home News (New Brunswick, NJ)
1429:"Campaign Funding: Is Jersey's Law Equal to Task?".
1342:"Those Paper Ballots May Still Be Around Awhile".
1049:New Jersey Election Laws Study Commission (1955).
637:Lawrence R. Olson (Somerset County, County Clerk)
583:Lawrence R. Olson (Somerset County, County Clerk)
429:1977 - Resurrecting the Election Law Reform Bill.
172:Voting Systems and the Problems of Paper Ballots
1573:"Donald Bigley, former NJ Senator, dies at 93"
1493:"Clerk's Future Not In The (Computer) Cards".
909:Election Law Enforcement Commission Newsletter
750:"Proposed Board Would Enforce Election Laws".
646:Willis R. Walling (Morris County Chairman - R)
592:Willis R. Walling (Morris County Chairman - R)
552:Thomas J. Fallon (Camden County, County Clerk)
178:Expenses (for the administration of elections)
1203:"Bill Would Let Parkway Help Essex Freeway".
453:1965 - First Recommendation (Voting Machines)
8:
1480:Final Report to the Governor and Legislature
1414:"Despite Law, Election Probe Grinds Along".
1032:"Law Banning Paper Ballots Urged On State".
38:action. The bill failed to clear committee.
565:Donald G. Herzberg (Eagleton Institute - D)
23:New Jersey Election Law Revision Commission
1066:"Public Hearings Set on Vote Law Change".
597:1975 - Final Report (Comprehensive Reform)
187:Penalties (for violation of election laws)
1017:"Election Laws Study Commission Elects".
18:Former 1960s and 1970s governmental panel
1512:News Beacon and Dispatch (Fair Lawn, NJ)
844:"Hughes to Disclose NJ Budget Feb. 14".
527:1970 - Interim Report (Campaign Finance)
1418:. New Brunswick, NJ. December 27, 1972.
864:"Bills On Campaigns Sent to Governor".
770:"State Pay Boosts Delayed in Hearing".
693:"Voice of the Press: Election Reform".
656:
1557:"Name Six to Study State Voting Law".
1386:Report to the Governor and Legislature
1252:
1250:
997:
995:
928:
926:
879:
877:
518:(Republican State Chairman, father of
357:NJ Election Law Enforcement Commission
143:NJ Election Law Enforcement Commission
1702:Electoral reform in the United States
1379:
1377:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1177:Greenberg, David (October 17, 2000).
1151:Greenberg, David (October 16, 2000).
1052:Preliminary Report: 1st-3d; 1955-1956
969:
967:
965:
963:
822:
820:
765:
763:
7:
1631:Holloway, Lynette (March 12, 1995).
1399:"'72 Candidates Can Keep A Secret".
859:
857:
785:
783:
745:
743:
708:
706:
1403:. New Brunswick, NJ. July 18, 1972.
1431:The Ridgewood News (Ridgewood, NJ)
520:NJ Governor Christine Todd Whitman
14:
1325:"Final Assessments From Hughes".
1004:The Daily Register (Red Bank, NJ)
1525:"Reform Carries A Hefty Price".
1416:The Central New Jersey Home News
1401:The Central New Jersey Home News
1117:Legislature, New Jersey (1961).
974:Legislature, New Jersey (1975).
933:Legislature, New Jersey (1973).
790:Legislature, New Jersey (1964).
713:Legislature, New Jersey (1953).
1559:The Morning Call (Paterson, NJ)
1274:"Voting-Machine Bill Planned".
1019:The News (Paterson, New Jersey)
472:Donald Bigley (Assemblyman - D)
1311:The Daily Journal (New Jersey)
1257:"Chairs Voting Laws Studies".
830:The Daily Journal (New Jersey)
484:Donald G. Herzberg (Director,
462:(Assembly Majority Leader - R)
285:Eagleton Institute of Politics
1:
1237:"Election Law Revision Due".
1002:"Energy Crisis Is Finished".
664:Schluter, William E. (2017).
560:Wallace, Douglass & Gerry
317:Addressing Campaign Finance -
201:(Democrat) disbands the ELRC.
94:(Republican) and Assemblyman
1119:"Session Laws of New Jersey"
935:"Session Laws of New Jersey"
792:"Session Laws of New Jersey"
715:"Session Laws of New Jersey"
61:- The NJ Legislature passes
494:(Democratic State Chairman)
90:- Assembly Majority Leader
1723:
244:1960 presidential election
235:Overhauling Election Laws.
211:1953 - Preceding the ELRC.
145:for independent oversight.
1464:The Record (North Jersey)
1447:The Record (North Jersey)
1367:The Record (North Jersey)
1294:The Record (North Jersey)
1277:The Record (North Jersey)
1223:The Record (North Jersey)
887:The Record (North Jersey)
867:The Record (North Jersey)
478:Benjamin Franklin III (R)
670:Rutgers University Press
606:(former Assemblyman - R)
536:(former Assemblyman - R)
63:Joint Resolution No. 14,
1083:"Machine Vote Pushed".
773:The Record (New Jersey)
398:Democratic Assemblymen
1482:. State of New Jersey.
721:. pp. 2215–2217.
412:Charles D. Worthington
287:at Rutgers University.
169:The Right of Franchise
102:restructures the ELRC.
1433:. September 12, 1973.
265:Ending Paper Ballots.
238:legislative session.
139:The Act - Chapter 83)
100:The Act - Chapter 29)
82:The Act - Chapter 81)
41:Former state senator
1697:New Jersey elections
1531:. December 24, 1978.
1499:. November 24, 1975.
1209:. February 15, 1961.
1125:. pp. 623–625.
1106:. February 14, 1961.
1072:. February 12, 1954.
1038:. December 17, 1954.
980:. pp. 249–259.
941:. pp. 155–178.
870:. November 25, 1969.
833:. February 15, 1966.
776:. February 14, 1963.
672:. pp. Preface.
1605:. August 13, 1980.
1579:. September 2, 2019
1331:. January 13, 1970.
1179:"Was Nixon Robbed?"
1089:. January 24, 1956.
1021:. February 9, 1954.
850:. January 24, 1967.
643:(State Senator - R)
641:William E. Schluter
631:(State Senator - D)
587:William E. Schluter
577:(State Senator - D)
571:(State Senator - D)
512:(State Senator - R)
500:(State Senator - D)
481:William Gellner (D)
460:Marion West Higgins
184:Absentee Ballot Law
135:William E. Schluter
92:Marion West Higgins
43:William E. Schluter
35:William T. Cahill's
1707:1964 in New Jersey
1637:The New York Times
1603:The New York Times
1546:. January 9, 1979.
1280:. October 5, 1965.
1006:. August 23, 1978.
977:Assembly, No. 3334
798:. pp. 63–65.
534:Irwin I. Kimmelman
486:Eagleton Institute
448:Commission members
166:Party Organization
1370:. March 13, 1970.
1345:Home News Tribune
1314:. April 13, 1967.
1206:Asbury Park Press
1103:Home News Tribune
1035:Asbury Park Press
986:2027/uc1.b5443806
847:New Jersey Herald
753:Asbury Park Press
625:(Assemblyman - R)
619:(Assemblyman - D)
604:William J. Dorgan
589:(Assemblyman - R)
549:(Assemblyman - D)
510:Nelson F. Stamler
506:Helen T. Ross (R)
416:Steven P. Perskie
175:Election Recounts
155:William J. Dorgan
125:William T. Cahill
1714:
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1595:
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1577:New Jersey Globe
1569:
1563:
1562:
1561:. June 17, 1964.
1554:
1548:
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1349:
1348:. April 2, 1070.
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1316:
1315:
1305:
1299:
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1282:
1281:
1271:
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1263:. June 27, 1964.
1254:
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1234:
1228:
1227:
1226:. April 7, 1964.
1217:
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1200:
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835:
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815:
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787:
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767:
758:
757:
756:. March 3, 1955.
747:
738:
737:
735:
733:
710:
701:
700:
699:. July 19, 1956.
690:
684:
683:
661:
227:recommendations.
153:- ELRC Chairman
1722:
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1713:
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1670:www.govinfo.gov
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931:
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914:
912:
911:. June 18, 2018
904:
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883:
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875:
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855:
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838:
826:
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741:
731:
729:
712:
711:
704:
692:
691:
687:
680:
663:
662:
658:
653:
617:Albert Burstein
516:Webster B. Todd
475:Mark Ferber (D)
450:
408:Edward H. Hynes
400:Albert Burstein
208:
96:Raymond Bateman
74:Raymond Bateman
55:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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1421:
1406:
1391:
1373:
1351:
1334:
1317:
1300:
1283:
1266:
1246:
1243:. May 6, 1964.
1229:
1212:
1195:
1183:Slate Magazine
1169:
1143:
1123:hdl.handle.net
1109:
1092:
1075:
1058:
1041:
1024:
1009:
991:
959:
939:hdl.handle.net
922:
893:
873:
853:
836:
816:
796:hdl.handle.net
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1675:October 30,
1650:October 31,
1616:October 30,
1583:October 30,
1528:Herald News
1188:October 20,
1162:October 20,
1136:October 19,
1131:10929/54600
952:October 21,
947:10929/54541
915:October 31,
809:October 21,
804:10929/54588
732:October 24,
727:10929/54625
602:Chairman -
532:Chairman -
197:- Governor
1691:Categories
651:References
558:(Partner;
492:Thorn Lord
53:Milestones
1645:0362-4331
1611:0362-4331
31:Watergate
273:session.
219:ballots.
115:and 1967
366:decade.
206:History
1643:
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613:, Jr.)
543:, Jr.)
469:, Jr.)
414:, and
314:1970 -
262:1964 -
232:1961 -
223:board.
66:board.
1157:Slate
905:(PDF)
1677:2020
1652:2020
1641:ISSN
1618:2020
1607:ISSN
1585:2020
1190:2020
1164:2020
1138:2020
954:2020
917:2020
811:2020
734:2020
674:ISBN
488:- D)
195:1978
151:1975
131:1973
121:1970
112:1966
106:1965
88:1964
70:1961
59:1953
27:ELRC
21:The
1127:hdl
982:hdl
943:hdl
800:hdl
723:hdl
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