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home. One of the primary roles of the New Soviet Woman was that of mother. This role became of great importance in the wake of population decline beginning in the 1920s. War and revolution had decimated the population. Legislation legalizing abortions and the increasing use of contraception—though still not that widespread—in the 1920s also contributed to the lower population numbers as women began to work more and give birth less.
418:
the
Stalinist era by either a restriction of professional aspirations or by limiting family size. Despite pitfalls, unprecedented opportunities were available to lower-class women during this time. Women now had a voice in debates and the Zhenotdel, the women's section of the Central Committee from 1919 to 1930, made strides during its operation to increase political, social and economic agency of Soviet women.
345:
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administrative positions. Access to the political sphere, however, was extremely limited. In the long term, Soviet thought said that the organization of house communes, communal kitchens, nurseries, kindergartens etc. would allow a woman to "interest herself in all those matters which now interest the proletarian man", as opposed to full time domestic work and childcare.
374:
This was so partly because the proletarian movement was organized and fought by men of the working class. Thus, propaganda often equated male domination with proletariat domination over the bourgeoisie. Although the party leadership claimed the sexes enjoyed equal status under the law, a significant accomplishment in itself, men remained the measure of worth.
36:
414:. Propaganda presented pronatalism, a means to encourage women to bear children, in different ways to urban working-class women and to rural peasant women. Propaganda designed for an urban audience linked healthy female sexuality with reproduction while medical information to peasant women positioned conception as the purpose of sexual intercourse.
405:
The New Soviet Woman differed greatly from the conceptions of revolutionaries preceding the 1930s. Instead of being freed from domestic concerns, she was bound to them. Though she now filled the role of man's peer in the workplace, she was also obligated to devote herself to being his helpmate in the
385:
There were gains made in combating illiteracy and promoting education for women during the 1920s. Soviet policy encouraged working-class women to attend school and develop vocational skills. There existed opportunities for women to participate in politics, become party members and vie for elected and
373:
centered on the New Soviet Person, it was standard for men to be depicted as the primary actors, either battling opponents of the
Marxist revolution or rebuilding the world. Women, on the other hand, were often portrayed as "backward," passive beneficiaries of the revolution rather than its securers.
584:
Palgrave
Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1999 (from Springer Link: “This book explores the Soviet attempt to propagandise the 'new Soviet woman' through the magazines Rabotnitsa and Krest'yanka from the 1920s to the end of the Stalin era. Balancing work and family did not prove
559:
Herschel and Edith Alt, The New Soviet Man. His
Upbringing and Character Development, New York: Bookman Associates, Inc., 1964 (from a review: "The aim of the Alts' study was to portray the impact upon the character of the individual of the entire Soviet system, of which child rearing and education
417:
During the 1920s and into the
Stalinist era, Soviet policy forced women to curtail their professional aspirations in order to fulfill their dual role as worker and housewife. Competing requirements of family life limited female occupational mobility. Women managed the role strain experienced during
389:
Joseph Stalin's policies on women were more conservative than that of his predecessor Lenin. Because he was concerned with a declining population rate, Stalin de-emphasized the
Marxist feminist view of women in society, which, in his view, freed women from patriarchy and capitalism. In keeping with
166:
Man will make it his purpose to master his own feelings, to raise his instincts to the heights of consciousness, to make them transparent, to extend the wires of his will into hidden recesses, and thereby to raise himself to a new plane, to create a higher social biologic type, or, if you please, a
381:
period on the extent to which women could work in dangerous conditions, how many hours they could work in a shift and the kinds of special care they received during maternity made many factory owners reluctant to hire women, despite the
Commissariat of Labor's requirements that women to be given
397:
The "withering away" of the family was no longer a goal of economic and political progress. The new party line was that the family, like the state, was to grow stronger with the full realization of socialism. Massive propaganda campaigns linked the joys of motherhood with the benefits of Soviet
86:
178:
Will the new socio-economic system reproduce itself in the structure of the people's character? If so, how? Will his traits be inherited by his children? Will he be a free, self-regulating personality? Will the elements of freedom incorporated into the structure of the personality make any
188:
360:
the concept of the "New Soviet Woman" served alongside that of the "New Soviet Man." Her roles were vastly different from those of her male counterpart; she was burdened with a complex identity that changed with ideology shifts in the party doctrine toward more
228:
He treated public property with respect, as if it were his own. He should regard himself as being Soviet (culturally, ethnically, and linguistically) rather than
Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, or any of the many other people and cultures found in the USSR.
706:
communism claims to have created not only the new society but also the new man. They talk a great deal in Soviet Russia about the new man, about a new spiritual make-up. Foreigners who have visited Soviet Russia are also fond of talking about it
365:
notions of the role of the family and the mother in the Soviet system. The New Soviet Woman was a
Superwoman who balanced competing responsibilities and took on the burden of multiple roles: Communist citizen, full-time worker, wife and mother.
224:
and hard discipline. He was not driven by crude impulses of nature but by conscious self-mastery, a belief that required the rejection of both innate personality and the unconscious, which Soviet psychologists therefore rejected.
249:
described the Soviet woman as someone who had and could never have existed before. Female
Stakhanovites were rarer than male, but a quarter of all trade-union women were designated as "norm-breaking." For the Paris World Fair,
394:, Stalin reasserted the importance of women in the workforce and female education, primarily literacy, although he began to emphasize the role of mother in a way that differed from more radical notions of the early 1920s.
409:
As a means to combat that trend, propaganda placed a new emphasis on the female's role as the perpetuator of the Communist regime in their ability to produce the next class of healthy workers, a policy called
472:
377:
This marginalization of women in the newly developing civil order made it difficult for women to find a place among the proletarian class for which the revolution was fought. Regulations during the
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began to argue that woman's public role was compatible with her roles as wife and mother. In fact, that the two reinforced one another and were both necessary for real womanhood.
399:
113:
1151:
Heller quotes from a 1974 book "Sovetskye lyudi" ("Soviet People"): Soviet Union is the fatherland of a new, more advanced type of Homo sapiens - Homo sovieticus.
352:
gave to the female worker and peasant". 1920 Soviet propaganda poster. The inscriptions on the buildings read "library", "kindergarten", "school for adults", etc.
357:
220:, and individual behavior consistent with those philosophies' prescriptions, were among the crucial traits expected of the New Soviet man, which required
505:
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put forth the satirical argument that a new kind of person was indeed created by the Soviet system, but held that this new man - which they call
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57:
44:
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policies encouraging women to have many children were justified by the selfishness inherent in limiting the next generation of "new men."
81:
1920 propaganda poster: "In order to have more, it is necessary to produce more. In order to produce more, it is necessary to know more."
117:
1079:
Gail Warshofsky Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change (University of California Press, 1978), 115.
1056:
Gail Warshofsky Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change (University of California Press, 1978), 112.
1144:
426:
Historian Stephen Wheatcroft states that Soviet peasantry were subject to cultural destruction in the creation of the New Soviet man.
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Barbara Evans Clements, Daughters of the Revolution: A History of Women in the U.S.S.R. (Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1994), 73.
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easy in a climate of shifting economic and demographic priorities, and the book charts the periodic changes made to the model.”)
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and the social conditions therein, a New Man and New Woman would develop with qualities reflecting surrounding circumstances of
872:
485:
370:
688:. Ann Arbor paperbacks for the study of communism and Marxism. University of Michigan Press (published 1960). p. 182.
1194:
621:
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Fictional characters and presentations of contemporary celebrities embodying this model were prominent features of Soviet
330:
life, especially at times when fostering the concept of the New Soviet man was given special priority by the government.
604:
Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Kennan Institute Occasional Paper Series #140, 1981.
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236:'s record-breaking day in mining coal caused him to be set forth as the exemplar of the "new man" and the members of
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49:
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1067:"Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhensky: The ABC of Communism - Chapter VI : The Soviet Power"
571:). Moscow: New Literary Observer, 2002. (The English version of this book was published under the title
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of a person with specific qualities that were said to be emerging as dominant among all citizens of the
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128:, irrespective of the country's cultural, ethnic, and linguistic diversity, creating a single united
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542:(Хевеши М.А. Толковый словарь идеологических и политических терминов советского периода.) Moscow,
232:
His work required exertion and austerity, to show the new man triumphing over his base instincts.
85:
349:
263:
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The Soviet man was to be selfless, learned, healthy, muscular, and enthusiastic in spreading the
1109:
The Complexity of the Kazakh Famine: Food Problems and Faulty Perceptions Stephen G. Wheatcroft
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This trait was glorified from the first Soviet days, as exemplified by lines from the poem
816:
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Creating the New Soviet Woman, Women's Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity, 1922-53.
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431:
268:
221:
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Barbara Alpern Engel, Women in Russia: 1700-2000 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 165.
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Barbara Alpern Engel, Women in Russia: 1700-2000 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 161.
1042:
Barbara Alpern Engel, Women in Russia: 1700-2000 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 153.
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Barbara Alpern Engel, Women in Russia: 1700-2000 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 150.
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651:
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An Explanatory Dictionary of the Ideological and Political Terms of the Soviet Period
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260:, dressed in work clothing, pressing forward with his hammer and her sickle crossed.
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287:. The selfless new man was willing to sacrifice his life for good causes.
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is used to describe the concept in countries of the former Eastern Bloc.
411:
333:
281:
809:
327:
245:
140:
From its roots in the mid 19th and early 20th century, proponents of
272:- was in many ways the opposite of the ideal of the New Soviet man.
84:
76:
591:
The New Soviet Man and Woman, Sex-Role Socialization in the USSR.
810:
1917-1987: Unsuccessful and Tragic Attempt to Create a “New Man”
1052:
1050:
1048:
575:. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 1999).
473:
Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle
369:
The New Soviet Person was generally characterized as male. In
29:
1087:
1085:
152:
and unprecedented scientific development. For example,
653:
Cogs in the wheel : the formation of Soviet man
650:
873:"In Soviet, Eager Beaver's Legend Works Overtime"
1020:
1018:
1003:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
983:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
949:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
926:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
906:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
790:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
162:about the "Communist man", "man of the future":
280:Among the major traits of a new Soviet man was
164:
144:have postulated that within the new society of
1136:Cogs in the Wheel: The Formation of Soviet Man
179:authoritarian forms of government unnecessary?
8:
943:
941:
565:Avant-garde and Construction of the New Man
89:Image of industrial worker on a 1937 stamp
1139:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 27, 43, 47.
506:Model of masculinity under fascist Italy
343:
187:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
614:
446:Moral Code of the Builder of Communism
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
569:Авангард и построение Нового Человека
27:Archetype of the ideal Soviet citizen
7:
451:Children of the revolution (concept)
1120:"Soviet-era satirist Zinovyev dies"
969:"Soviet-era satirist Zinovyev dies"
871:Schmemann, Serge (31 August 1985).
118:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
197:commemorated in a Soviet stamp in
25:
1133:Heller (Geller), Mikhail (1988).
680:Berdyayev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich
600:The Birth of the New Soviet Woman
722:Revolutionary and Socialist Art"
594:Palgrave Macmillan London, 1990.
254:depicted a momentual sculpture,
243:This could also be a new woman;
34:
685:The Origin of Russian Communism
240:tried to become Stakhanovites.
48:may be too short to adequately
1180:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
751:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
486:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
382:equal access to employment.
1185:Culture of the Soviet Union
573:Stories for Little Comrades
456:Engineers of the human soul
1211:
830:"Glossary -- Soviet Union"
726:. Marxists.org. 2007-01-06
544:Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya
462:Family in the Soviet Union
356:In the 1920s and into the
511:New Man (utopian concept)
308:is thinner than a squeak.
159:Literature and Revolution
106:
649:Geller, Mikhail (1988).
597:Barbara Evans Clements.
257:Worker and Kolkhoz Woman
194:Worker and Kolkhoz Woman
112:), as postulated by the
1170:Men in the Soviet Union
1122:. BBC News. 2006-05-10.
971:. BBC News. 2006-05-10.
501:Thought reform in China
107:новый советский человек
353:
324:
238:Stakhanovite movements
202:
181:
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110:novy sovetsky chelovek
90:
82:
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292:Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
191:
176:
88:
80:
1195:Soviet ethnic policy
890:Komsomolskaya Pravda
840:on 13 December 2000.
755:Masses and the State
834:Library of Congress
657:. New York: Knopf.
630:to Soviet Socialism
379:New Economic Policy
296:Vladimir Mayakovsky
294:by the Soviet poet
132:and Soviet nation.
1175:Soviet phraseology
892:, October 15, 1988
877:The New York Times
815:2011-07-27 at the
458:, USSR & China
429:A pejorative term
354:
350:October Revolution
317:A "1" is nonsense.
305:The voice of a "1"
264:Alexander Zinoviev
203:
91:
83:
852:The Cleanest Race
770:The Cleanest Race
622:Nikolay Ustryalov
563:Steiner, Evgeny.
496:Soviet patriotism
371:Soviet propaganda
311:Who will hear it?
199:Socialist realist
156:wrote in 1924 in
99:New Soviet person
75:
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18:New Soviet person
16:(Redirected from
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836:. Archived from
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340:New Soviet Woman
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314:Only the wife...
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303:Who needs a "1"?
234:Alexey Stakhanov
218:Marxism–Leninism
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533:Further reading
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467:Homo Sovieticus
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400:Soviet ideology
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269:Homo Sovieticus
222:intellectualism
212:. Adherence to
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43:This article's
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1190:Utopian theory
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521:Transhumanism
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66:February 2018
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879:. p. 2.
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838:the original
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728:. Retrieved
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699:. Retrieved
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638:(in Russian)
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555:(in Russian)
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538:Kheveshi M.
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422:Consequences
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368:
363:conservative
355:
332:
325:
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291:
289:
285:collectivism
279:
276:Selflessness
267:
262:
255:
252:Vera Mukhina
244:
242:
231:
227:
216:, and later
204:
192:
177:
170:
165:
157:
154:Leon Trotsky
139:
126:Soviet Union
109:
98:
94:
92:
63:
47:
45:lead section
766:B. R. Myers
634:text online
412:pronatalism
334:Pronatalist
114:ideologists
1164:Categories
730:2012-08-18
701:2015-06-12
609:References
526:Übermensch
482:, Cambodia
480:New People
392:party line
348:"What the
214:Bolshevism
210:Revolution
908:, p258-9
677:Compare:
516:New Woman
207:communist
167:superman.
142:communism
122:archetype
120:, was an
50:summarize
813:Archived
682:(1937).
632:(1934) (
439:See also
328:cultural
282:selfless
1005:, p257
985:, p301
951:, p260
928:, p259
854:, p 86
792:, p258
772:, p 81
720:"Ch. 8
546:(2002)
398:power.
184:New Man
116:of the
103:Russian
1143:
1009:
989:
955:
932:
912:
858:
796:
776:
692:
661:
550:
246:Pravda
136:Intent
626:From
201:style
1141:ISBN
1007:ISBN
987:ISBN
953:ISBN
930:ISBN
910:ISBN
856:ISBN
794:ISBN
774:ISBN
690:ISBN
659:ISBN
548:ISBN
390:the
93:The
628:NEP
97:or
1166::
1149:.
1084:^
1047:^
1017:^
940:^
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636:)
624:,
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