421:
114:
cautious in its usage of terms, avoiding terms such as 'wastewater' or 'sewage' that carried a negative connotation. Sewage treatment plants were renamed to 'water reclamation plants' and sewage or wastewater were referred to as 'used water'. This contributed to a positive framing of NEWater, enhancing public acceptance of reused water. In addition, the government extensively engaged the public through exhibitions and advertisements to educate them about NEWater. The NEWater
Visitor Centre, which allows people to view the NEWater treatment process, was also opened to enhance visitors' understanding of how NEWater is produced. These public engagement efforts were aimed at correcting any misunderstandings people might have towards recycled water and increasing public support for reused water.
488:
452:
436:
464:
409:
476:
48:
134:
142:
33:
149:
The first NEWater plant was completed in May 2000. Singapore currently has four operational NEWater factories, at Bedok, Kranji, Ulu Pandan and Changi. The Bedok and Kranji factories were commissioned in 2002, the Ulu Pandan plant in March 2007 and the Changi plant in August 2009. A plant at
Seletar,
81:
and ultraviolet radiation. The water is potable quality and can be added to drinking water supply reservoirs where it is withdrawn and treated again in conventional water treatment plants before being distributed to consumers. However, most NEWater is currently used for non-drinking purposes, mostly
113:
The PUB launched NEWater to the public in 2003, with the opening of the first two NEWater plants - the Bedok and Kranji plants - as well as the NEWater
Visitor Centre. In anticipation of the potential public concerns over the safety of recycled water, NEWater was carefully implemented. The PUB was
90:
Singapore considered water recycling to augment its limited fresh water supply starting in the 1970s. A Master Plan drafted in 1972 identified water reclamation and desalination as alternatives to reduce dependence on imported water from
Malaysia. Subsequently, an experimental water reclamation
109:
In 2001, PUB initiated efforts to identify non-potable uses of water. NEWater, because of its high quality, became the supply of choice for industry demands. This use provided an outlet for this new water supply without increasing the demand on the limited potable water supply.
1785:
420:
106:, which has long been a source of friction between the Malaysian and Singapore governments. The Malaysian government is treaty-bound to sell water to Singapore until 2061, but it has no obligation to do so after that date.
150:
commissioned in
February 2004, was closed in 2011, as the PUB implemented its plan to centralize the treatment of used water, under the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System. In January 2017, a new NEWater plant was launched at
487:
1896:
1467:
98:(MEWR) initiated the Singapore Water Reclamation Study (NEWater Study). The aim was to determine if NEWater was a viable source of raw water for Singapore's needs. NEWater and
435:
172:. The visitor centre was awarded the Best Sightseeing/Leisure/Educational Programme at the 20th Tourism Awards 2005 and the IWA Marketing & Communication Award in 2006.
2587:
451:
95:
1297:
1190:
554:
1603:
1504:
1556:
2160:
1620:
475:
1857:
545:
Government figures show the country's NEWater plans can meet up to 40% of
Singapore's current needs, and the figure is expected to go up to 55% by 2060.
394:
is used to ensure that all organisms are inactivated and the purity of the water can be guaranteed. After adding some alkaline chemicals to restore the
1376:
463:
408:
2572:
2354:
1982:
1911:
919:
2188:
185:
Water
Ambassadors – Small workshops that teach uniformed groups (i.e. National Cadet Corps and Scouts Association) skills to be water ambassadors
2299:
2109:
1406:
518:, equal to about 1% of Singapore's potable water requirement of 380 million US gallons per day (1,400,000 m/d). The rest is used at
2033:
1527:
1350:
1249:
1797:
2577:
1931:
1060:
1436:
2530:
1870:
1474:
1574:
1265:
993:"A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty"
1962:
1734:
1705:
1665:
1217:
182:
Outdoor
Classroom – Host fun activities and experiments that help students learn about reverse osmosis and other NEWater processes
2319:
2183:
2140:
1906:
1273:
175:
The visitor centre provides multiple free programmes to educate the public regarding the technologies and production of NEWater:
2203:
2155:
158:
514:
The total capacity of the plants is about 200 million US gallons per day (760,000 m/d). Some 6% of this is used for
2055:
2002:
1850:
91:
treatment plant was built in 1974, but the operation was terminated after only one year due to costs and reliability issues.
2582:
2494:
2466:
2304:
2227:
2092:
37:
157:
The Bedok and Kranji plants are operated by the Public
Utilities Board, while the Ulu Pandan and Changi plants are under
2339:
2239:
2178:
1972:
1957:
1921:
1165:"Order received for Toray's reverse osmosis membranes for Asia's largest seawater desalination plant(Only in Japanese)"
2329:
2070:
1992:
1987:
1164:
2489:
1997:
1977:
1891:
1600:
1500:
1338:
1102:
Leong, Ching (2010). "Eliminating 'Yuck': A Simple
Exposition of Media and Social Change in Water Reuse Policies".
2537:
2504:
2479:
2424:
2419:
2377:
2324:
2274:
2077:
2045:
1843:
558:
1553:
1327:
2414:
2145:
2038:
1886:
1307:
953:
502:
process of the secondary sewage treatment and the microfiltration/ultrafiltration stage of the NEWater with a
2436:
2431:
2372:
2289:
2259:
2198:
2099:
2060:
1384:
360:
352:. The filtered water after passing through the membrane contains only dissolved salts and organic molecules.
169:
1033:
2402:
2349:
2294:
2269:
2213:
2114:
2104:
2087:
2050:
1945:
1781:
1726:
The MBR book : principles and applications of membrane bioreactors for water and wastewater treatment
179:
NEWater Scientist Program – Students take on the role of NEWater Scientists and explore the visitor centre
66:
970:
117:
Also, innovative technologies which was promoted by international industries applied on NEWater, such as
2446:
2397:
2334:
2150:
2021:
2007:
1926:
427:
2523:
2364:
2344:
2284:
2254:
2208:
2128:
2065:
1967:
1878:
527:
515:
272:
2387:
2382:
2244:
2173:
1916:
1901:
1414:
1277:. Research Office, Information Services Division, Legislative Council Secretariat. 26 February 2016
1138:
503:
326:
162:
1531:
1354:
1246:
2546:
2451:
2441:
2392:
2309:
2264:
2249:
2193:
1805:
1119:
1014:
1830:
1057:
2484:
2474:
2407:
1757:
1730:
1701:
1661:
1444:
1302:
519:
1724:
2551:
2165:
2082:
1693:
1653:
1578:
1111:
1004:
499:
118:
1645:
383:. NEWater is thus free from viruses and bacteria and contains very low levels of salts and
2279:
1607:
1560:
1253:
1221:
1064:
564:
The following table compares the water quality of NEWater to the WHO and USEPA standards.
356:
338:
334:
78:
74:
59:
47:
1214:
133:
1697:
1657:
384:
349:
2566:
1123:
992:
1018:
2456:
1688:
Singh, Rajindar (2015). "Hybrid Membrane Systems – Applications and Case Studies".
364:
168:
There is a Visitor Centre in the NEWater factory in Bedok, near the Singapore Expo
141:
99:
41:
329:
plants. The effluent passes through a multiple-barrier water reclamation process:
1621:"NEWater able to meet 40% of Singapore's water needs with opening of fifth plant"
1233:
154:, and is the first plant to be jointly developed by a foreign and local company.
391:
341:
to remove suspended solids, colloidal particles, disease-causing bacteria, some
1115:
539:
395:
380:
70:
137:
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (S.C.A.D.A.) room at a NEWater plant
2314:
1866:
535:
346:
63:
1009:
390:
The third stage of the NEWater production process is a safety precaution.
1501:"PUB Expands NEWater Plants and Builds MBR Demo Plant, 15 September 2005"
1298:"Singapore launches fifth Newater plant at Changi, boosting water supply"
531:
442:
376:
372:
322:
291:
103:
17:
2499:
523:
368:
342:
1835:
1729:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2010. pp. 36–39.
971:"Singapore Water Reclamation Study, Expert Panel Review and Findings"
498:
Since 2002, there have been pilot programs to consider replacing the
151:
122:
553:
The quality of NEWater consistently exceeds the requirements set by
32:
1897:
Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)
140:
132:
82:
by industries with production requirements for high purity water.
69:. NEWater is produced by further purifying conventionally treated
1191:"Singapore selects DuPont Water Solutions' MBR, RO technologies"
561:
guidelines and is cleaner than Singapore's other water sources.
1839:
102:
both were explored to reduce reliance on water imported from
1554:
NEWater to supply 30% of Singapore's water needs by 2011: PM
1328:
NEWater to supply 30% of Singapore's water needs by 2011: PM
1601:
PUB awards contract for NEWater plant at Changi to Sembcorp
1339:
PUB awards contract for NEWater plant at Changi to Sembcorp
1690:
Membrane Technology and Engineering for Water Purification
1077:
940:
International Journal of Water Resources Development, 22
355:
The second stage of the NEWater production process uses
379:, disinfection by-products, aromatic hydrocarbons, and
333:
The first stage of the NEWater production process uses
51:
Bottle of NEWater that was given out during NDP 2014.
1104:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
901:
Heterotrophic Plate Count (CFU/mL, 35 °C, 48 h)
363:
filters out contaminants such as bacteria, viruses,
2465:
2363:
2226:
2127:
2020:
1944:
1877:
307:50 million imperial gallons (230,000 m)
94:In 1998, the Public Utilities Board (PUB) and the
58:(pronounced New-Water) is the brand name given to
387:. At this stage, the water is of potable quality.
288:50 million imperial gallons (230,000 m)
269:33 million imperial gallons (150,000 m)
1528:"Seletar Water Reclamation Plant Decommissioned"
235:12 million imperial gallons (55,000 m)
218:19 million imperial gallons (86,000 m)
96:Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources
36:Bottles of NEWater for distribution during the
1851:
8:
1912:British Military Administration (1945–1946)
2232:
2133:
2026:
1950:
1858:
1844:
1836:
188:
1008:
426:Cutaway of a microfiltration module with
2588:Water supply and sanitation in Singapore
1922:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)
1078:"PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency"
920:Water supply and sanitation in Singapore
566:
46:
31:
931:
879:Total Coliform Bacteria (Counts/100 mL)
401:
2161:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park
1719:
1717:
1169:TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. company webpage
1082:PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency
954:"Water Management Issues in Singapore"
1034:"Singapore-Malaysia Water Agreements"
493:Cutaway model of UV disinfection unit
125:in its reverse osmosis technologies.
7:
1507:from the original on 12 January 2016
1646:"Design, Operation and Maintenance"
1266:"Fact Sheet – NEWater in Singapore"
481:Cutaway of a reverse osmosis module
60:highly treated reclaimed wastewater
1698:10.1016/B978-0-444-63362-0.00003-3
1658:10.1016/B978-0-08-096682-3.10003-4
25:
1377:"The NEWater Scientist Programme"
1296:Boh, Samantha (18 January 2017).
1137:Tan, Thai Pin (15 January 2018).
2573:2003 establishments in Singapore
1927:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)
1762:Singapore Public Utilities Board
1274:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
991:Zhang, S.X.; V. Babovic (2012).
486:
474:
462:
450:
434:
419:
407:
321:NEWater source water comes from
1907:Japanese occupation (1942–1945)
1902:Straits Settlements (1826–1942)
938:Water management in Singapore.
748:Total Trihalomethanes (as mg/L)
457:Ultrafiltration membrane module
1917:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)
1610:, retrieved on August 10, 2012
1563:, retrieved on August 10, 2012
526:applications in industries in
441:Immersed ultrafiltration with
1:
737:Residual Chlorine (Cl, Total)
633:Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)
260:Keppel Seghers NEWater Plant
27:Brand of reclaimed wastewater
1932:Republic of Singapore (1965–
655:Total Hardness (CaCO3)(mg/L)
2578:Products introduced in 2003
2355:Water supply and sanitation
1437:"Wanted: Water Ambassadors"
997:Journal of Hydroinformatics
959:. Centre for Khmer Studies.
644:Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)
398:, NEWater is ready for use.
2604:
2300:National Courtesy Campaign
671:Ammoniacal nitrogen (as N)
403:NEWater production process
327:secondary sewage treatment
2517:
2235:
2136:
2029:
1953:
1116:10.1080/07900620903392174
978:United Water Technologies
873:
758:
665:
583:
2034:Administrative divisions
1892:Early history (pre–1819)
1887:Archaeology in Singapore
1351:"NEWater Visitor Centre"
1308:Singapore Press Holdings
573:Water Quality Parameters
298:BEWG-UESH NEWater Plant
40:celebrations of 2005 at
2199:Singapore Standard (SS)
1468:"Bedok NEWater Factory"
361:semi-permeable membrane
279:Sembcorp NEWater Plant
226:Kranji NEWater Factory
170:Tanah Merah MRT station
2295:Long hair in Singapore
1782:Public Utilities Board
1139:"NEWater in Singapore"
1010:10.2166/hydro.2011.078
469:Reverse osmosis system
428:hollow fiber membranes
414:Microfiltration system
252:Decommissioned in 2011
243:Seletar NEWater plant
209:Bedok NEWater Factory
161:by Keppel Seghers and
146:
138:
67:Public Utilities Board
52:
44:
2184:Proposed developments
1252:1 August 2013 at the
579:USEPA /WHO Standards
522:plants and other non-
198:Date of commissioning
145:Bedok NEWater Factory
144:
136:
50:
35:
2583:Bottled water brands
1963:Environmental issues
1215:The 3rd National Tap
1063:10 June 2013 at the
952:Lee Poh Onn (2005).
942:(2), 227–240, p. 230
611:Conductivity (ÎĽS/cm)
600:Colour (Hazen Units)
516:indirect potable use
2320:Population planning
2305:National Day Parade
2141:Economic statistics
1581:on 13 February 2013
1407:"Outdoor Classroom"
1247:A Complete Makeover
1220:28 May 2016 at the
1038:Singapore Infopedia
874:D) Bacteriological
666:B) Chemical (mg/L)
569:
504:membrane bioreactor
163:Sembcorp Industries
38:National Day Parade
2310:No U-turn syndrome
2204:Telecommunications
2194:Singapore Exchange
2156:Monetary Authority
1808:on 1 December 2014
1606:2013-03-17 at the
1559:2013-03-10 at the
1466:General Electric.
1234:"Bộ lọc nước phèn"
1195:Waste Water digest
1143:Global Water Forum
1058:History of NEWater
567:
147:
139:
53:
45:
2560:
2559:
2513:
2512:
2408:Singapore English
2222:
2221:
2123:
2122:
2110:Political parties
2056:Foreign relations
2016:
2015:
1798:"NEWater Quality"
1652:: 209–288. 2011.
1447:on 2 October 2014
1417:on 2 October 2014
1387:on 2 October 2014
1303:The Straits Times
911:
910:
759:C) Metals (mg/L)
520:wafer fabrication
314:
313:
16:(Redirected from
2595:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2240:Communitarianism
2233:
2169:
2134:
2027:
1951:
1935:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1804:. Archived from
1794:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1599:Channelnewsasia:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1570:
1564:
1552:Channelnewsasia:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1534:on 1 August 2013
1530:. Archived from
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1473:. Archived from
1472:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1443:. Archived from
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1383:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:on 19 April 2012
1353:. Archived from
1347:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1012:
988:
982:
981:
975:
967:
961:
960:
958:
949:
943:
936:
570:
500:activated sludge
490:
478:
466:
454:
438:
423:
411:
201:Current capacity
189:
159:DBOO concessions
21:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2509:
2461:
2359:
2340:Sex trafficking
2335:Public holidays
2280:Eat Frozen Pork
2218:
2167:
2119:
2012:
1940:
1933:
1873:
1864:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1608:Wayback Machine
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1561:Wayback Machine
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:Wayback Machine
1245:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:Wayback Machine
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1189:Chew, Valerie.
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1163:Chew, Valerie.
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1065:Wayback Machine
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1032:Chew, Valerie.
1031:
1030:
1026:
990:
989:
985:
973:
969:
968:
964:
956:
951:
950:
946:
937:
933:
928:
916:
896:Not detectable
885:Not detectable
589:Turbidity (NTU)
551:
512:
494:
491:
482:
479:
470:
467:
458:
455:
446:
439:
430:
424:
415:
412:
392:UV disinfection
357:reverse osmosis
339:ultrafiltration
335:microfiltration
319:
131:
88:
79:reverse osmosis
75:microfiltration
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2411:
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2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Public housing
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:Prime Minister
2068:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Urban planning
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:External links
1823:
1820:
1819:
1789:
1774:
1749:
1735:
1713:
1706:
1680:
1666:
1637:
1612:
1592:
1565:
1545:
1518:
1491:
1480:on 14 May 2012
1458:
1428:
1398:
1368:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1288:
1257:
1239:
1225:
1207:
1181:
1155:
1129:
1110:(1): 111–124.
1094:
1068:
1050:
1024:
983:
962:
944:
930:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
915:
912:
909:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:Not detectable
891:
887:
886:
883:
882:Not detectable
880:
876:
875:
871:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
852:Strontium (Sr)
849:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
830:Manganese (Mn)
827:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
798:
794:
793:
790:
787:
783:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
726:Sulphate (SO4)
723:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
663:
662:
661:Not Available
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:
617:Not Specified
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
568:Quality Chart
550:
547:
511:
508:
496:
495:
492:
485:
483:
480:
473:
471:
468:
461:
459:
456:
449:
447:
440:
433:
431:
425:
418:
416:
413:
406:
404:
400:
399:
388:
385:organic matter
353:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:
289:
286:
283:
280:
276:
275:
273:Keppel Seghers
270:
267:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
187:
186:
183:
180:
130:
127:
87:
84:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2600:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:Town Councils
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Urban renewal
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:Official site
1829:
1828:
1824:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1763:
1759:
1758:"PUB NEWater"
1753:
1750:
1738:
1736:9780080967677
1732:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:9780444633620
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1669:
1667:9780080966823
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
972:
966:
963:
955:
948:
945:
941:
935:
932:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
877:
872:
868:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
773:
770:0.05–0.2/0.2
769:
766:
763:
762:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
704:Nitrate (NO3)
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
682:Chloride (Cl)
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:
664:
660:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
588:
587:
582:
578:
575:
572:
571:
565:
562:
560:
556:
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
489:
484:
477:
472:
465:
460:
453:
448:
444:
437:
432:
429:
422:
417:
410:
405:
402:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
330:
328:
324:
316:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
184:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
143:
135:
128:
126:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
92:
85:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2538:Bibliography
2480:Coat of arms
2457:Singaporeans
2378:Architecture
2325:Prostitution
2275:Demographics
2093:Conscription
2078:Human rights
2046:Constitution
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1801:
1792:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1725:
1689:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1650:The MBR Book
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1568:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1380:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1345:
1334:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1272:
1260:
1242:
1228:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1132:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1027:
1000:
996:
986:
977:
965:
947:
939:
934:
797:Calcium (Ca)
693:Fluoride (F)
584:A) Physical
563:
552:
544:
513:
510:Applications
497:
365:heavy metals
320:
174:
167:
156:
148:
116:
112:
108:
100:desalination
93:
89:
62:produced by
55:
54:
42:Marina South
29:
2350:Social fund
2146:Agriculture
1812:23 November
1786:NEWater FAQ
1767:15 November
1742:14 November
1692:: 179–281.
1673:14 November
1451:23 November
1421:23 November
1391:23 November
1148:17 November
1087:17 November
1043:23 November
890:Enterovirus
808:Copper (Cu)
775:Barium (Ba)
192:Plant name
64:Singapore's
2567:Categories
2437:Mass media
2432:Literature
2260:Disability
2168:(currency)
2100:Parliament
2061:Government
1983:Reservoirs
926:References
907:<500/-
549:Potability
540:Ang Mo Kio
396:pH balance
381:pesticides
310:BEWG-UESH
263:Ulu Pandan
129:Production
71:wastewater
2495:Lion head
2403:Languages
2315:OB marker
2270:Education
2214:Transport
2115:President
2051:Elections
2003:Waterways
1946:Geography
1867:Singapore
1630:24 August
1575:"NEWater"
1538:10 August
1511:10 August
1484:10 August
1124:152850954
1003:: 13–29.
863:Zinc (Zn)
836:0.05/0.4
819:Iron (Fe)
786:Boron (B)
639:500/1000
536:Pasir Ris
528:Woodlands
506:process.
373:chlorides
347:protozoan
317:Procedure
204:Operator
18:New Water
2547:Category
2447:Religion
2398:Gambling
2189:Reserves
2151:Aviation
2088:Military
2022:Politics
2008:Wildlife
1871:articles
1604:Archived
1585:9 August
1557:Archived
1505:Archived
1361:24 March
1250:Archived
1218:Archived
1061:Archived
1019:54548372
914:See also
833:<0.05
825:0.3/0.3
822:<0.04
811:<0.05
764:Aluminum
751:<0.08
732:250/250
688:250/250
628:6.5–8.5
622:pH Value
532:Tampines
443:permeate
377:sulfates
369:nitrates
359:(RO). A
323:effluent
292:Sembcorp
195:Location
104:Malaysia
73:through
2524:Outline
2500:Merlion
2467:Symbols
2425:history
2420:culture
2388:Cuisine
2365:Culture
2345:Smoking
2285:Five Cs
2255:Driving
2228:Society
2209:Tourism
2166:Dollar
2129:Economy
2066:Cabinet
1973:Islands
1968:Geology
1958:Beaches
1934:present
1879:History
980:. 2002.
904:<300
866:<0.1
855:<0.1
789:<0.5
778:<0.1
767:<0.1
754:0.08/-
696:<0.5
674:<1.0
647:<0.5
636:<150
625:7.0–8.5
614:<250
576:NEWater
524:potable
343:viruses
301:Changi
282:Changi
246:Seletar
86:History
56:NEWater
2552:Portal
2505:Pledge
2490:Flower
2475:Anthem
2452:Sports
2383:Cinema
2290:Health
2245:Caning
2179:Labour
2174:Energy
2105:Police
1988:Rivers
1869:
1733:
1704:
1664:
1313:8 June
1281:8 June
1200:3 July
1174:3 July
1122:
1017:
847:-/200
844:<20
841:Sodium
814:1.3/2
800:4 - 20
792:-/0.5
781:2/0.7
715:Silica
710:10/11
707:<15
699:4/1.5
685:<20
677:-/1.2
658:<50
606:15/15
555:US EPA
538:, and
229:Kranji
212:Bedok
152:Changi
123:DuPont
2531:Index
2442:Music
2393:Dance
2265:Women
2250:Crime
1978:Parks
1573:PUB.
1526:PUB.
1499:PUB.
1478:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1269:(PDF)
1120:S2CID
1076:PUB.
1015:S2CID
974:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
740:<2
729:<5
718:<3
603:<5
592:<5
445:pumps
350:cysts
304:2017
255:PUB
238:PUB
221:PUB
119:Toray
2485:Flag
2415:LGBT
1814:2014
1769:2017
1744:2021
1731:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1675:2021
1662:ISBN
1632:2019
1587:2012
1540:2012
1513:2012
1486:2012
1453:2014
1423:2014
1393:2014
1363:2012
1315:2017
1283:2017
1202:2023
1176:2023
1150:2019
1089:2019
1045:2014
869:5/3
858:-/-
803:-/-
743:4/5
721:-/-
650:-/-
595:5/5
557:and
345:and
285:2010
266:2007
249:2004
232:2002
215:2002
121:and
2373:Art
2083:Law
1802:PUB
1694:doi
1654:doi
1625:CNA
1441:PUB
1411:PUB
1381:PUB
1112:doi
1005:doi
559:WHO
325:of
2569::
1800:.
1784:,
1760:.
1716:^
1700:.
1660:.
1648:.
1623:.
1503:.
1439:.
1409:.
1379:.
1306:.
1300:.
1271:.
1193:.
1167:.
1141:.
1118:.
1108:26
1106:.
1080:.
1036:.
1013:.
1001:14
999:.
995:.
976:.
542:.
534:,
530:,
375:,
371:,
367:,
165:.
77:,
1936:)
1859:e
1852:t
1845:v
1816:.
1771:.
1746:.
1710:.
1696::
1677:.
1656::
1634:.
1589:.
1542:.
1515:.
1488:.
1455:.
1425:.
1395:.
1365:.
1317:.
1285:.
1236:.
1204:.
1178:.
1152:.
1126:.
1114::
1091:.
1047:.
1021:.
1007::
337:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
