1772:
2855:
2556:
1858:
3047:
2744:
2821:
1738:
2647:
2476:
1959:
2284:
2710:
3124:
2513:
2787:
1990:
3090:
387:
70:
1806:
2096:
2433:
1928:
2995:
2220:
2250:
49:
2354:
2952:
2889:
434:
Icterids have adapted to taking a wide range of foods. Oropendolas and caciques use their gaping motion to open the skins of fruit to obtain the soft insides, and have long bills adapted to the process. Others such as cowbirds and the bobolink have shorter, stubbier
278:
birds. The family contains 108 species and is divided into 30 genera. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. The species in the family vary widely in size, shape, behavior, and coloration. The name, meaning
489:. The cost of controlling blackbirds in California was $ 30 per acre in 1994. Not all species have been as successful, and a number of species are threatened with extinction. These include insular forms such as the Jamaican blackbird,
426:
strongly rather than passively, allowing them to force open gaps to obtain otherwise hidden food. Most icterids have rounded tails and lack rictal bristles. They have nine primary feathers and are placed among the
402:, with brighter coloration and greater size in males being typical. While such dimorphism is widely known in passerines, the sexual dimorphism by size is uniquely extreme in icterids. For example, the male
3538:
Powell, A.F.L.A.; Barker, F.K.; Lanyon, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "A comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the New World blackbirds (Icteridae)".
422:, which would then have greater variation). One unusual morphological adaptation shared by the icterids is gaping, where the skull is configured to allow them to open their
414:, the male of which measures 52 cm (20 in) and weighs about 550 g (1.21 lb). This variation is greater than in any other passerine family (unless the
525:
feed the brains to their children to make them fast learners. As the male plays no part in nesting and care of the young, a man who does not work may be called a "male
3210:
Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V.; Rising, James D. (2017).
3826:
1771:
3575:
Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Powell, A.F.L.A.; Schodde, R.; Barker, F.K.; Lanyon, S.M. (2016). "A revised classification of the
Icteridae (Aves) based on DNA sequence data".
3955:
3865:
2555:
2854:
1857:
3800:
3839:
2820:
2743:
1737:
691:
2646:
3540:
3338:
Dolbeer, R & S Ickes (1994) "Red-winged
Blackbird feeding preferences and response to wild rice treated with Portland cement or plaster"
3046:
3352:
2475:
2283:
522:
3458:"Sketches in ornithology ; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds (continued)"
3400:
3309:
3271:
682:
are those that were proposed in 2016 by Van Remsen and collaborators. The numbers of species are taken from the list maintained by
410:, in which the female averages 15 cm in length (6 in) and 18 g (0.040 lb) in weight, while the largest is the
3917:
1958:
3950:
2772:
3844:
2709:
3852:
2489:
3722:
2303:
490:
3870:
3779:
3610:
3143:
2763:
2312:
2009:
683:
69:
3123:
2512:
3792:
3066:
2602:
3340:
Vertebrate Pest
Conference Proceedings collection Proceedings of the Sixteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1994)
3109:
2840:
2339:
2018:
169:
2786:
363:
Most icterid species live in the tropics, although many species also occur in temperate regions, such as the
3453:
3152:
3075:
3014:
1886:
1877:
1757:
548:
538:
383:, with many species that nest in the United States and Canada moving south into Mexico and Central America.
146:
3665:
2695:
2632:
2187:
2160:
2027:
1904:
1843:
671:
368:
3891:
2151:
2124:
428:
3727:
3431:
3089:
2874:
2541:
1989:
391:
386:
379:. They inhabit a range of habitats, including scrub, swamp, forest, and savanna. Temperate species are
3909:
3922:
3748:
3492:
3326:
Birds of the world : a survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families
3212:"Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds"
3032:
2620:
2418:
2409:
2330:
2321:
2063:
571:
498:
482:
411:
403:
364:
348:
3293:
3185:
3023:
2666:
2611:
2461:
2169:
1895:
57:
562:
families by Carl
Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019 found that the family Icteridae was
3945:
2937:
2584:
2269:
2205:
2196:
2142:
2036:
1834:
1825:
574:) and together these two families formed a clade that was sister to the New World warbler family
440:
64:
3358:
3301:
3288:
3896:
3647:
3878:
3735:
3592:
3557:
3520:
3305:
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2806:
2373:
1913:
415:
399:
298:
3831:
3883:
3614:
3584:
3549:
3510:
3500:
3223:
2729:
2239:
2178:
2115:
2081:
2072:
2054:
2045:
975:
687:
448:
337:
329:
239:
199:
163:
1805:
2971:
2908:
2532:
2498:
2452:
2432:
2400:
2095:
1927:
494:
478:
3703:
3406:
3496:
2994:
674:
study by Alexis Powell and collaborators that was published in 2014. The study compared
328:
Despite the similar names, the first groups are only distantly related to the Old World
3787:
3774:
3515:
3480:
3180:
2575:
2227:
1745:
723:
467:
407:
380:
322:
485:
in the United States are considered the worst vertebrate pests on some crops, such as
3939:
3131:
2751:
2593:
2391:
2382:
2133:
1575:
1296:
675:
470:; females lay their eggs in the nests of other species, in a similar fashion to some
333:
284:
2219:
3457:
3190:
2980:
2828:
2440:
2249:
1346:
1092:
563:
131:
17:
48:
3740:
3618:
3857:
3813:
3697:
3553:
3167:
3002:
2959:
2896:
2717:
2654:
1997:
1935:
1507:
1455:
1423:
1278:
1244:
904:
853:
463:
452:
3433:
Aves en
Soritor - Distrito de soritor Moyobamba - Alto Mayo - San Martín - Peru
3242:
Lowther P (1975) "Geographic and
Ecological Variation in the Family Icteridae"
2353:
458:
The nesting habits of these birds are also variable, including pendulous woven
3588:
3175:
3097:
2951:
2888:
2683:
1966:
1779:
1557:
1226:
879:
749:
618:
567:
344:
318:
306:
155:
31:
3688:
501:
of
California, which is threatened by habitat loss and destruction of nests.
466:, nesting in colonies of up to 100,000 birds. Some cowbird species engage in
3761:
3505:
3054:
2563:
2483:
2361:
1813:
1532:
1160:
1117:
1060:
775:
679:
667:
595:
575:
559:
552:
544:
459:
310:
275:
272:
121:
81:
3596:
3561:
3524:
283:
ones" (from the prominent yellow feathers of many species) comes from the
3714:
3682:
2925:
2520:
2291:
2257:
1791:
1473:
1142:
1026:
1008:
444:
372:
302:
280:
101:
3228:
2862:
2794:
2629:
2103:
1865:
1398:
1364:
922:
793:
419:
314:
3818:
3170:
471:
376:
91:
3805:
3659:
3653:
3485:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States
3211:
406:
is 60% heavier than the female. The smallest icterid species is the
3766:
3904:
385:
291:
178:
27:
Family of birds, often black with yellow, orange, or red markings
514:
486:
436:
423:
111:
3663:
347:, a family created in 2017 and consisting of one species — the
3342:(W.S. Halverson& A.C. Crabb, Eds.) Univ. of Calif.:Davis.
398:
Icterids are variable in size, and often display considerable
254:
214:
3753:
3650:- videos, photos and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
263:
3378:
3166:
Prehistoric icterid genera that have been described from
371:. The highest densities of breeding species are found in
257:
242:
217:
205:
3390:. Click the link to Fauna and scroll forward one page.
245:
208:
260:
251:
220:
211:
3672:
248:
202:
3287:
3262:Parkes, Kenneth C. (1991), Forshaw, Joseph (ed.),
462:in the oropendolas and orioles. Many icterids are
551:. He placed the subfamily in the starling family
477:Some species of icterid have become agricultural
3481:"Earth history and the passerine superradiation"
297:. This group includes the New World blackbirds,
3357:, Enjoy Corporation S. A., 2007, archived from
343:The Icteridae are not to be confused with the
3266:, London: Merehurst Press, pp. 214–215,
543:The family group was introduced in 1825 as a
271:), of small to medium-sized, often colorful,
8:
3419:Moyobamba, apuntes turísticos y geográficos
443:uses its bill to pry amongst tree bark and
3660:
2474:
1978:Mexican cacique or yellow-winged cacique,
509:Cacique and oropendola species are called
497:, all threatened by habitat loss; and the
47:
38:
3514:
3504:
3286:Prum, Richard O.; Snow, David W. (2003),
3227:
797:– blackbirds and meadowlarks (5 species)
1721:
926:– Caciques and oropendolas (11 species)
3202:
692:International Ornithological Committee
451:filled elsewhere in the Neotropics by
3956:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors
3625:. International Ornithologists' Union
3541:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3257:
3255:
7:
3910:880F1003-A274-FF9D-FF23-3A7AFF29FF5E
3793:35a5deec-2730-455e-b1e0-4af0cbdd27c6
3479:Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019).
394:apparently gaping (see text) in soil
3380:Muyuna Amazon Lodge, Iquitos - Peru
1549:
1524:
1499:
1447:
1440:
1415:
1390:
1338:
1331:
1270:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1134:
1109:
1084:
1077:
1052:
1000:
993:
966:
896:
871:
844:
837:
767:
740:
714:
707:
697:
690:and David Donsker on behalf of the
611:
598:– New World warblers (120 species)
588:
581:
447:, and has adopted the evolutionary
3619:"Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds"
25:
521:are considered very intelligent,
3648:New World Blackbirds (Icteridae)
3623:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
3122:
3088:
3045:
2993:
2950:
2887:
2853:
2819:
2785:
2742:
2708:
2645:
2554:
2511:
2431:
2352:
2282:
2248:
2218:
2094:
1988:
1957:
1926:
1856:
1804:
1770:
1736:
1300:– mountain grackles (2 species)
238:
198:
68:
3264:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
558:A phylogenetic analysis of the
3324:Austin, Oliver Luther (1962).
2773:Golden-tufted mountain grackle
1:
3298:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
1762:Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
547:Icterina by Irish zoologist
3554:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.009
3028:Agelasticus xanthophthalmus
2304:Yellow-shouldered blackbird
1561:– saffron-cowled blackbird
1350:– scarlet-headed blackbird
779:– meadow larks (3 species)
491:yellow-shouldered blackbird
3972:
3656:- Tree of Life Web Project
3300:, Firefly Books, pp.
3144:Brown-and-yellow marshbird
2764:Colombian mountain grackle
2671:Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster
2313:Tawny-shouldered blackbird
2010:Chestnut-headed oropendola
908:– oropendolas (9 species)
727:– yellow-headed blackbird
670:shown below is based on a
536:
29:
3589:10.11646/zootaxa.4093.2.9
3067:Chestnut-capped blackbird
2985:Agelaioides fringillarius
2845:Amblyramphus holosericeus
2603:Greater Antillean grackle
1579:– marshbirds (2 species)
1572:
1554:
1547:
1536:– blackbirds (2 species)
1529:
1522:
1511:– blackbirds (3 species)
1504:
1497:
1470:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1420:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1361:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1293:
1275:
1268:
1241:
1230:– velvet-fronted grackle
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1157:
1146:– blackbirds (2 species)
1139:
1132:
1114:
1107:
1096:– blackbirds (2 species)
1089:
1082:
1075:
1057:
1050:
1023:
1005:
998:
991:
972:
964:
919:
901:
894:
876:
869:
850:
842:
835:
790:
772:
765:
746:
738:
720:
712:
705:
632:
616:
609:
593:
586:
184:
177:
161:
154:
65:Scientific classification
63:
55:
46:
41:
3454:Vigors, Nicholas Aylward
3110:Saffron-cowled blackbird
3080:Chrysomus icterocephalus
2841:Scarlet-headed blackbird
2340:Red-shouldered blackbird
2077:Psarocolius guatimozinus
2023:Psarocolius angustifrons
2019:Russet-backed oropendola
1949:Amblycercus holosericeus
857:– yellow-billed cacique
455:. Orioles drink nectar.
439:for crushing seeds. The
30:Not to be confused with
3506:10.1073/pnas.1813206116
3157:Pseudoleistes guirahuro
3153:Yellow-rumped marshbird
3148:Pseudoleistes virescens
3076:Yellow-hooded blackbird
3015:Yellow-winged blackbird
2768:Macroagelaius subalaris
2589:Quiscalus nicaraguensis
2378:Molothrus rufoaxillaris
2059:Psarocolius bifasciatus
1980:Cassiculus melanicterus
1947:Yellow-billed cacique,
1887:White-browed meadowlark
1878:Red-breasted meadowlark
1758:Yellow-headed blackbird
1459:– baywings (2 species)
1164:– grackles (7 species)
1064:– cowbirds (6 species)
979:– orioles (32 species)
621:– yellow breasted chat
539:List of icterid species
3417:. The source given is
3405:, 2007, archived from
3328:. Hamlyn. p. 287.
3071:Chrysomus ruficapillus
2777:Macroagelaius imthurni
2696:Velvet-fronted grackle
2633:Slender-billed grackle
2546:Euphagus cyanocephalus
2503:Ptiloxena atroviolacea
2188:Band-tailed oropendola
2161:Scarlet-rumped cacique
2032:Psarocolius atrovirens
2028:Dusky-green oropendola
1905:Long-tailed meadowlark
1248:– red-bellied grackle
672:molecular phylogenetic
429:nine-primaried oscines
395:
369:long-tailed meadowlark
232:make up a family, the
3951:Birds of the Americas
3892:Paleobiology Database
3421:by Pedro Vargas Roja.
3354:Manu Peru Manu - Aves
2734:Gymnomystax mexicanus
2700:Lampropsar tanagrinus
2396:Molothrus bonariensis
2165:Cacicus microrhynchus
2152:Yellow-rumped cacique
2125:Golden-winged cacique
2068:Psarocolius montezuma
2041:Psarocolius decumanus
1891:Leistes superciliaris
1796:Dolichonyx oryzivorus
1477:– Bolivian blackbird
1402:– Forbes's blackbird
1012:– Jamaican blackbird
483:red-winged blackbirds
389:
3788:Fauna Europaea (new)
3617:, eds. (July 2023).
3037:Agelasticus cyanopus
3033:Unicolored blackbird
2621:Great-tailed grackle
2419:Brown-headed cowbird
2410:Bronze-brown cowbird
2387:Molothrus oryzivorus
2331:Red-winged blackbird
2322:Tricolored blackbird
2129:Cacicus chrysopterus
2064:Montezuma oropendola
1368:– austral blackbird
678:gene sequences. The
572:yellow breasted chat
513:or similar names in
499:tricolored blackbird
412:Amazonian oropendola
404:great-tailed grackle
365:red-winged blackbird
349:yellow-breasted chat
230:New World blackbirds
3497:2019PNAS..116.7916O
3294:Christopher Perrins
3229:10.1642/auk-17-72.1
3024:Pale-eyed blackbird
3019:Agelasticus thilius
2942:Oreopsar bolivianus
2868:Powell et al., 2014
2667:Red-bellied grackle
2637:Quiscalus palustris
2625:Quiscalus mexicanus
2612:Boat-tailed grackle
2462:Melodious blackbird
2335:Agelaius phoeniceus
2274:Nesopsar nigerrimus
2210:Cacicus haemorrhous
2192:Cacicus latirostris
2183:Cacicus chrysonotus
2174:Cacicus uropygialis
2170:Subtropical cacique
2086:Psarocolius cassini
2050:Psarocolius viridis
2014:Psarocolius wagleri
1896:Peruvian meadowlark
1844:Lilian's meadowlark
1282:– oriole blackbird
18:New World blackbird
3613:; Donsker, David;
3462:Zoological Journal
3137:P.L. Sclater, 1862
2976:Agelaioides badius
2938:Bolivian blackbird
2875:Forbes's Blackbird
2598:Quiscalus lugubris
2585:Nicaraguan grackle
2580:Quiscalus quiscula
2542:Brewer's blackbird
2537:Euphagus carolinus
2344:Agelaius assimilis
2317:Agelaius humeralis
2308:Agelaius xanthomus
2270:Jamaican blackbird
2263:P.L. Sclater, 1859
2206:Red-rumped cacique
2197:Casqued oropendola
2143:Ecuadorian cacique
2120:Cacicus solitarius
2037:Crested oropendola
1918:Leistes defilippii
1900:Leistes bellicosus
1848:Sturnella lilianae
1835:Eastern meadowlark
1830:Sturnella neglecta
1826:Western meadowlark
1427:– chopi blackbird
1121:– Cuban blackbird
883:– Mexican cacique
441:Jamaican blackbird
396:
392:Brewer's blackbird
3933:
3932:
3879:Open Tree of Life
3666:Taxon identifiers
3615:Rasmussen, Pamela
3491:(16): 7916–7925.
3164:
3163:
3114:Xanthopsar flavus
2913:Gnorimopsar chopi
2807:Austral blackbird
2723:Reichenbach, 1850
2493:
2457:Dives warczewiczi
2414:Molothrus armenti
2374:Screaming cowbird
2326:Agelaius tricolor
2138:Cacicus koepckeae
1914:Pampas meadowlark
1882:Leistes militaris
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1486:
1485:
1377:
1376:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1257:
1256:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1039:
1038:
953:
952:
944:
943:
935:
934:
824:
823:
815:
814:
806:
805:
718:Xanthocephalinae
663:
662:
654:
653:
645:
644:
418:belongs with the
416:kinglet calyptura
400:sexual dimorphism
338:Old World orioles
299:New World orioles
191:
190:
150:
16:(Redirected from
3963:
3926:
3925:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3858:NBNSYS0000160223
3848:
3847:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3661:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3402:Moyobamba - Peru
3397:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3259:
3250:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3207:
3138:
3126:
3104:
3092:
3061:
3049:
3009:
2997:
2966:
2954:
2932:
2931:WL Sclater, 1939
2903:
2891:
2869:
2857:
2835:
2823:
2801:
2800:PL Sclater, 1862
2789:
2758:
2746:
2730:Oriole blackbird
2724:
2712:
2690:
2661:
2649:
2570:
2558:
2527:
2515:
2488:
2478:
2447:
2435:
2405:Molothrus aeneus
2368:
2356:
2298:
2286:
2264:
2252:
2234:
2222:
2179:Mountain cacique
2147:Cacicus sclateri
2116:Solitary cacique
2110:
2098:
2082:Baudo oropendola
2073:Black oropendola
2055:Olive oropendola
2046:Green oropendola
2004:
1992:
1973:
1961:
1942:
1930:
1872:
1860:
1820:
1808:
1786:
1774:
1752:
1740:
1722:
1550:
1525:
1500:
1448:
1441:
1416:
1391:
1339:
1332:
1271:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1135:
1110:
1085:
1078:
1053:
1001:
994:
967:
897:
872:
845:
838:
768:
744:Dolichonychinae
741:
715:
708:
698:
688:Pamela Rasmussen
666:The genus level
612:
589:
582:
570:(containing the
523:Native Americans
468:brood parasitism
330:common blackbird
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
145:
73:
72:
58:Bullock's oriole
51:
39:
21:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3668:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3412:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3244:Wilson Bulletin
3241:
3237:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3136:
3102:
3059:
3007:
2972:Grayish baywing
2964:
2930:
2909:Chopi blackbird
2901:
2879:Anumara forbesi
2867:
2833:
2811:Curaeus curaeus
2799:
2756:
2722:
2688:
2660:Bonaparte, 1850
2659:
2616:Quiscalus major
2607:Quiscalus niger
2568:
2533:Rusty blackbird
2525:
2499:Cuban blackbird
2453:Scrub blackbird
2445:
2401:Bronzed cowbird
2366:
2296:
2262:
2232:
2108:
2002:
1971:
1940:
1870:
1839:Sturnella magna
1818:
1784:
1751:Bonaparte, 1850
1750:
1731:Living Species
1720:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1487:
1378:
1319:
1310:
1258:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1040:
954:
945:
936:
825:
816:
807:
664:
655:
646:
549:Nicholas Vigors
541:
535:
507:
495:St Lucia oriole
481:; for example,
361:
359:Characteristics
241:
237:
201:
197:
173:
167:
144:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3914:
3901:
3888:
3875:
3862:
3849:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3775:Fauna Europaea
3771:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3709:
3694:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3642:External links
3640:
3637:
3636:
3602:
3583:(2): 285–292.
3567:
3530:
3471:
3468:(6): 182–197 .
3445:
3423:
3392:
3370:
3344:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3251:
3235:
3222:(3): 751–773.
3201:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3181:Rancho La Brea
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3139:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3105:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3062:
3060:Swainson, 1837
3050:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3010:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2967:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2902:Richmond, 1908
2892:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2836:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2759:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2576:Common grackle
2571:
2569:Vieillot, 1816
2559:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2528:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2448:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:Molothrus ater
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2369:
2367:Swainson, 1832
2357:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2299:
2297:Vieillot, 1816
2287:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2201:Cacicus oseryi
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2111:
2109:Lacepede, 1799
2099:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2005:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1972:Swainson, 1827
1962:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1873:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1821:
1819:Vieillot, 1816
1809:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1785:Swainson, 1827
1775:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1746:Xanthocephalus
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:– (5 species)
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
971:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
900:
895:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
875:
870:
868:
864:
863:
860:
859:
849:
848:Amblycercinae
843:
841:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
818:
817:
813:
812:
809:
808:
804:
803:
800:
799:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
745:
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:Xanthocephalus
719:
713:
711:
706:
704:
696:
661:
660:
657:
656:
652:
651:
648:
647:
643:
642:
639:
638:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
615:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
592:
587:
585:
580:
566:to the family
534:
531:
506:
503:
408:orchard oriole
390:Breeding male
360:
357:
353:Icteria virens
189:
188:
182:
181:
175:
174:
168:
159:
158:
152:
151:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3409:on 2008-01-06
3408:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3361:on 2006-02-25
3360:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3311:1-55297-777-3
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3273:1-85391-186-0
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:Pyelorhamphus
3182:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:Pseudoleistes
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:Ridgway, 1901
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:Cabanis, 1851
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:Macroagelaius
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:Cabanis, 1847
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:Carib grackle
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:Shiny cowbird
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:Giant cowbird
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:Brisson, 1760
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:Selva cacique
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:Cabanis, 1851
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Leistes loyca
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
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1862:
1859:
1855:
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1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
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1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
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1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
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1717:
1710:
1709:
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1700:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
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1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:Pseudoleistes
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
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1534:
1527:
1526:
1520:
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1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
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1501:
1495:
1494:
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1482:
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1464:
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1460:
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1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
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1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:Macroagelaius
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
978:
977:
969:
968:
962:
961:
958:
957:
949:
948:
940:
939:
931:
930:
927:
925:
924:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
907:
906:
899:
898:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
882:
881:
874:
873:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
856:
855:
847:
846:
840:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
802:
801:
798:
796:
795:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
778:
777:
770:
769:
763:Sturnellinae
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
752:
751:
743:
742:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
726:
725:
717:
716:
710:
709:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:mitochondrial
673:
669:
659:
658:
650:
649:
641:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
620:
614:
613:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
388:
384:
382:
378:
375:and southern
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
285:Ancient Greek
282:
277:
274:
268:
235:
231:
225:
195:
187:
186:30, See text
183:
180:
176:
171:
166:
165:
160:
157:
153:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
128:Superfamily:
127:
126:
123:
122:Passeriformes
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3673:
3627:. Retrieved
3622:
3605:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3438:, retrieved
3432:
3426:
3418:
3411:, retrieved
3407:the original
3401:
3395:
3384:, retrieved
3379:
3373:
3363:, retrieved
3359:the original
3353:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3297:
3281:
3263:
3249:(4): 481-495
3246:
3243:
3238:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3191:Shelter Cave
3184:
3174:
3173:remains are
3165:
3156:
3147:
3130:
3129:
3113:
3096:
3095:
3079:
3070:
3053:
3052:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3001:
3000:
2984:
2981:Pale baywing
2975:
2965:Cassin, 1866
2958:
2957:
2941:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2861:
2860:
2844:
2829:Amblyramphus
2827:
2826:
2810:
2793:
2792:
2776:
2767:
2757:Cassin, 1866
2750:
2749:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2653:
2652:
2636:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2562:
2561:
2545:
2536:
2526:Cassin, 1867
2519:
2518:
2502:
2482:
2481:
2465:
2456:
2446:Cassin, 1867
2439:
2438:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2360:
2359:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2273:
2256:
2255:
2226:
2225:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2156:Cacicus cela
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2003:Wagler, 1827
1996:
1995:
1979:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1934:
1933:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1871:Vigors, 1825
1864:
1863:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1812:
1811:
1795:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1574:
1573:
1556:
1555:
1531:
1530:
1506:
1505:
1472:
1471:
1454:
1453:
1422:
1421:
1397:
1396:
1363:
1362:
1347:Amblyramphus
1345:
1344:
1295:
1294:
1277:
1276:
1243:
1242:
1225:
1224:
1159:
1158:
1141:
1140:
1116:
1115:
1091:
1090:
1059:
1058:
1025:
1024:
1007:
1006:
974:
973:
921:
920:
903:
902:
878:
877:
852:
851:
792:
791:
774:
773:
748:
747:
722:
721:
701:
665:
634:
633:
617:
594:
557:
542:
526:
518:
510:
508:
476:
457:
453:woodcreepers
433:
397:
362:
352:
342:
327:
294:
287:
233:
229:
193:
192:
185:
162:
141:
132:Emberizoidea
36:
3814:iNaturalist
3698:Wikispecies
3629:19 November
3611:Gill, Frank
3168:Pleistocene
3003:Agelasticus
2960:Agelaioides
2897:Gnorimopsar
2834:Leach, 1814
2718:Gymnomystax
2655:Hypopyrrhus
2466:Dives dives
1998:Psarocolius
1936:Amblycercus
1508:Agelasticus
1456:Agelaioides
1424:Gnorimopsar
1279:Gymnomystax
1245:Hypopyrrhus
989:Agelaiinae
905:Psarocolius
867:Cassicinae
854:Amblycercus
753:– bobolink
680:subfamilies
319:oropendolas
307:meadowlarks
56:Adult male
3940:Categories
3548:: 94–112.
3440:2007-09-28
3413:2007-09-28
3386:2007-09-28
3365:2007-09-28
3289:"Cotingas"
3197:References
3176:Pandanaris
3098:Xanthopsar
2684:Lampropsar
2240:32 species
1967:Cassiculus
1780:Dolichonyx
1558:Xanthopsar
1227:Lampropsar
970:Icterinae
880:Cassiculus
750:Dolichonyx
684:Frank Gill
619:Icteriidae
568:Icteriidae
537:See also:
345:Icteriidae
156:Type genus
32:Icteriidae
3946:Icteridae
3704:Icteridae
3674:Icteridae
3654:Icteridae
3055:Chrysomus
2564:Quiscalus
2484:Ptiloxena
2362:Molothrus
1814:Sturnella
1533:Chrysomus
1161:Quiscalus
1118:Ptiloxena
1061:Molothrus
776:Sturnella
702:Icteridae
668:cladogram
635:Icteridae
596:Parulidae
576:Parulidae
560:passerine
553:Sturnidae
545:subfamily
445:epiphytes
381:migratory
336:) or the
295:ictericus
281:jaundiced
276:passerine
273:New World
234:Icteridae
142:Icteridae
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
42:Icterids
3712:BioLib:
3683:Wikidata
3597:27394496
3562:24291659
3525:30936315
3456:(1825).
2926:Oreopsar
2521:Euphagus
2292:Agelaius
2258:Nesopsar
1792:Bobolink
1474:Oreopsar
1143:Euphagus
1027:Agelaius
1009:Nesopsar
533:Taxonomy
519:paucares
505:Folklore
464:colonial
420:cotingas
373:Colombia
367:and the
323:caciques
315:cowbirds
311:grackles
303:bobolink
290:via the
194:Icterids
138:Family:
102:Chordata
98:Phylum:
92:Animalia
78:Domain:
3689:Q748159
3577:Zootaxa
3516:6475423
3493:Bibcode
3302:432–433
3296:(ed.),
3216:The Auk
2863:Anumara
2795:Curaeus
2490:Chapman
2228:Icterus
2104:Cacicus
1866:Leistes
1399:Anumara
1365:Curaeus
976:Icterus
923:Cacicus
794:Leistes
694:(IOC).
472:cuckoos
288:ikteros
170:Brisson
164:Icterus
118:Order:
108:Class:
3923:225855
3884:640561
3871:164646
3845:179030
3832:104788
3767:1ICTEF
3595:
3560:
3523:
3513:
3436:, 2006
3308:
3270:
3171:fossil
2492:, 1892
1718:Genera
564:sister
527:paucar
511:paucar
493:, and
377:Mexico
334:thrush
321:, and
301:, the
179:Genera
172:, 1760
149:, 1825
147:Vigors
3918:WoRMS
3905:Plazi
3897:83663
3827:IRMNG
3819:11989
3780:16705
3715:29412
3292:, in
3189:from
3179:from
2441:Dives
1728:Genus
1725:Image
1093:Dives
517:. As
479:pests
460:nests
449:niche
437:bills
424:bills
292:Latin
228:) or
3866:NCBI
3840:ITIS
3806:6176
3801:GBIF
3762:EPPO
3754:7543
3728:1186
3723:BOLD
3631:2023
3593:PMID
3581:4093
3558:PMID
3521:PMID
3306:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3183:and
515:Peru
487:rice
112:Aves
3853:NBN
3749:EoL
3741:BCZ
3736:CoL
3585:doi
3550:doi
3511:PMC
3501:doi
3489:116
3224:doi
3220:134
529:".
355:).
332:(a
3942::
3920::
3907::
3894::
3881::
3868::
3855::
3842::
3829::
3816::
3803::
3790::
3777::
3764::
3751::
3738::
3725::
3700::
3685::
3621:.
3591:.
3579:.
3556:.
3546:71
3544:.
3519:.
3509:.
3499:.
3487:.
3483:.
3464:.
3460:.
3304:,
3254:^
3247:87
3218:.
3214:.
3193:.
3155:,
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3112:,
3078:,
3069:,
3035:,
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2974:,
2940:,
2911:,
2877:,
2843:,
2809:,
2775:,
2766:,
2732:,
2698:,
2669:,
2635:,
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2614:,
2605:,
2596:,
2587:,
2578:,
2544:,
2535:,
2501:,
2464:,
2455:,
2421:,
2412:,
2403:,
2394:,
2385:,
2376:,
2342:,
2333:,
2324:,
2315:,
2306:,
2272:,
2208:,
2199:,
2190:,
2181:,
2172:,
2163:,
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2127:,
2118:,
2084:,
2075:,
2066:,
2057:,
2048:,
2039:,
2030:,
2021:,
2012:,
1916:,
1907:,
1898:,
1889:,
1880:,
1846:,
1837:,
1828:,
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578:.
555:.
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317:,
313:,
309:,
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255:ɛr
215:ər
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3587::
3564:.
3552::
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3503::
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3466:2
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3226::
2630:†
351:(
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267:/
264:i
261:d
258:ɪ
252:t
249:ˈ
246:k
243:ɪ
240:/
236:(
224:/
221:d
218:ɪ
212:t
209:k
206:ɪ
203:ˈ
200:/
196:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
