579:). Nevertheless, Iversen concluded that communists within academia "tended to be concentrated in a few areas, leaving the schools as a whole relatively unaffected." Further, their active period was largely only the 1930s and "varied widely in the degree of their commitment and involvement in the movement." During the 1940s, graduates tended to move to the suburbs and reject communism. As for the vehemence of the 1940s and 1950s attacks on the Teachers Union, Iversen ascribes such to "a bewildering web of persistent patriots who have made careers of dossier-building" at home in reaction to the spread of Communist nations abroad (e.g., Soviet atomic capability and the victory of the Chinese Communist Party, both in 1949). Ultimately, Iversen concluded that American students were not communist "products" of indoctrination in the American school system.
169:
149:
634:(TG), a social-democratic split off from the more radical New York Teachers' Union (TU), which Communist Party activists had helped reorganize as a CIO union during the Great Depression. The early UFT, like its Teachers' Guild ancestor, succeeded, in large measure, as a result of the evisceration of the Teachers' Union, which had been expelled from the AFT in 1940 and effectively destroyed in the late 1950s amidst a swelling chorus of
321:
211:-educated academic). From 1916 to 1935, Linville served as president and Lefkowitz as vice president and legislative expert. Their top agenda for the TU were: 1) recognition for teachers as professionals, 2) better salaries for teachers, 3) respect for teachers by administrators, and 4) academic freedom (including protection from
231:
594:, founded in 1916, and its successor in the American Federation of Teachers, worked not only to improve wages and benefits, but also to promote measures they believed would benefit schools and pupils. It was not until the 1960s, however, that teacher unions generally attained the status of collective bargaining agents.
616:
objectives were to overcome barriers to education, which include racial discrimination and poverty – in addition to higher salaries and better working conditions for teachers. Ultimately, he concludes, the TU created a "unique type of unionism that was in the forefront for civil rights and academic freedom."
615:
Taylor's response is that both viewpoints are "too simplistic." Instead, he argues, there is a need to appreciate the TU's advocacy for "social movement unionism," which manifested itself in the TU's alliances with unions, parents, civil rights organizations, and political parties. The TU's primary
394:
delivered the
Committee of Five's report, which called for investigation into the two groups and whether a new local might form free from communist influence. By 1935, the committee had determined that the TU was helpless to rid itself of communist factions; it could not muster the votes needed.
610:
The evidence is clear that members of the TU, especially those in the
Communist Party, supported Communist Party policies. But does the evidence show that the TU was a tool of the Communist Party, unconcerned with the interest of teachers, or did the union act independently of the Communist
454:
During an August 1935 national convention of the AFT, the TU administration asked for a referendum to reorganize, voted down 100 to 79. As a result, TU co-founders
Linville and Lefkowitz led some 800 of some 2,000 members out of the TU to form the New York City
343:
Another split occurred when leadership strove to keep TU membership limited to full-time public school teachers, while other members began advocating to open membership to substitute teachers, private school teachers, and (after 1929) teachers in the
311:
as head of the CPUSA, Lovestone's followers in the TU formed a "Progressive Group" against a "Rank and File Group" that remained loyal to the CPUSA. Progressive Group members included Mandel, Davidson, and Wolfe.
406:, the CPUSA gained control of the Teachers Union, which it held through 1938. The CPUSA then tried to gain control of its parent, the American Federation of Teachers (whose president at that time was
184:
In 1916, the New York City
Teachers Union formed. That same year, it received a charter to join the American Federation of Teachers as "AFT Local 5" (often cited simply as "Local 5").
466:(AFL), parent of the American Federation of Teachers (AFL) (parent to the TU), recommended that the AFL revoke the TU's charter as Local 5, AFT. The AFT (whose president was then
303:), Sarah Golden, Clara Reibert, Abraham Zitron, and Isidore Begun. By 1925, they had emerged as a vociferous faction with the TU (as Linville attested to the AFT in 1935). When
410:, later involved in a sensational libel suit). At the same time, the CPUSA tried to mobilize Teachers Union members into joined various United Front-style group, including:
425:
242:
In the 1920s, the TU sought to gain increases in teacher salaries and pensions, smaller sizes for classroom, tenure for teachers, and more aid from the State of New York.
1456:
177:
1441:
355:, the CPUSA began to make headway in its control as its members struggled internally with less leftist, more liberal fellow members of the Teachers Union.
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988:
387:
431:
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1018:
513:
439:
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493:
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1228:
1176:
879:
572:
358:
On
October 27, 1932, the TU administration choose a Committee of Five to deliberate on five members of the "Rank and File" group (
770:
509:
874:. Columbia University Press. pp. 1-8 (overview), 11-13 (1916-1935), 24-27 (attempt to expel 5+1), 27-28 (minority report).
765:
497:
133:
112:
31:
958:
775:
627:
591:
463:
348:
168:
539:
In
February 1950, the CIO expelled the UPW (thus also the TU) from membership. In 1952, the TU withdrew from the UPW.
276:
272:
448:
421:
152:
467:
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in 1929.) First, it addressed adult education (largely for non-native speaker) with workers' schools, focused on
245:
In the mid-1920s, political factions appeared within the TU, of which the most prominent were communist factions.
728:
325:
292:
1034:
568:
382:). In a counter-attack, the two communist factions made their own minority report (written by Begun, Davidson,
249:
136:, which found itself hounded throughout its history due largely to co-membership of many of its members in the
914:. Harcourt, Brace. pp. 175 (post-WWII, ammunition), 360 (products), 361 (rejected), 362 (concentrated).
524:
435:
280:
265:
576:
1053:
508:
In August 1941, the AFT revoked the TU's charter as Local 5, AFT. The TU then became Local 555 of the
383:
371:
252:, the CPUSA became active in education. (The Communists split several times during the 1920s, e.g.,
954:
375:
208:
137:
367:
363:
1401:
693:
192:
30:
This article is about the defunct New York City labor union. For teachers unions in general, see
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1273:
444:
Special-interest groups for
African-Americans, foreign-born Americans, sharecroppers, scientists
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1329:
1308:
1277:
1224:
1172:
1168:
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distinguishes between "anti-Communist" and "revisionist" histories of the TU. He questions:
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204:
91:
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had caused impoverished families to send their children to "free municipal colleges" (e.g.,
564:
352:
337:
132:(1916–1964) was the first New York labor union for teachers, formed as "AFT Local 5" of the
17:
1298:
1193:
Gould, Sidney C. (1965). "A History of the New York City
Teachers Union and Why It Died".
1066:
865:
821:. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library
723:
688:
603:
528:
284:
173:
156:
1416:
The New York City
Teachers Union, 1916–1964: A Story of Educational and Social Commitment
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678:
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456:
188:
87:
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871:
Reds at the
Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union
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478:
379:
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308:
304:
296:
261:
253:
235:
122:
283:("Comintern"). Heading the Research Study Group was TU secretary (and CPUSA member)
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575:
worked to recruit them or steer them toward YCL-CPUSA-controlled fronts (e.g., the
520:
474:
399:
268:. Concurrently, the CPUSA began a campaign to gain control of the Teachers Union.
212:
1397:
1384:
Toloudis, Nicholas (2015). "Teacher Unions Conflict in New York City, 1935–1960".
320:
1414:
1302:
1246:
1218:
1141:
1120:
1095:
869:
1347:
1013:
Lynskey, Dorian (2011). "33 Revolutions Per Minute". London: Faber & Faber.
703:
638:
635:
486:
329:
300:
1035:"Researching the History of Your School: Suggestions for Students and Teachers"
1248:
The Teachers Union of the City of New York from Inception to Schism, 1912-1935
1206:
698:
391:
291:
or HUAC); members (not yet split into two rival communist parties) included:
733:
403:
257:
219:
1163:
The American Federation of Teachers, 1916–1961: A History of the Movement
345:
200:
340:, however, CPUSA membership grew, reflected in TU membership by 1932.
271:
In 1923, a "Research Study Group" formed, affiliated with the outside
547:
In June 1964, the TU agreed to dissolve during an annual convention.
645:
The TG and UFT helped quell the social movement unionism of the TU.
230:
319:
229:
167:
147:
1354:
United They Teach: The Story of the United Federation of Teachers
1100:. Teachers Union, Local 5, American Federation of Teachers. 1940
919:
819:"Teachers Union of the City of New York Records, 1920-1942"
630:(UFT) would literally grow out of the shell of the older
989:"The UFT's Opposition to the Community Control Movement"
299:, Jacob Lind, Rachel Ragozin, Jack Hardy (party name of
159:
of New York City in 1900, not long before the TU formed
238:
was a contender for control of the TU during the 1920s
108:
98:
81:
65:
57:
49:
1351:
1265:
1160:
959:"FBI Book Reviews: The Communists and the Schools"
512:(UPW), affiliate of the AFL's national rival, the
1268:Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980
1251:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 444
390:) on the TU's administration. On April 29, 1933,
494:Greater New York Centra Trades and Labor Council
1331:Subversive Influence in the Educational Process
1167:. Southern Illinois University Press. pp.
1143:Searchlight: An Exposé of New York City Schools
1040:. University of the State of New York. 1985: 12
531:, and the rural-dominated state legislatures."
523:, the Teachers Union found itself attacked by "
426:National Council of American–Soviet Friendship
378:) and one member of the "Progressive" group (
324:The TU's communist membership grew after the
222:that targeted teachers and union organizers.
27:Former New York City labor union for teachers
8:
961:. Federal Bureau Investigations. p. 170
496:suspended to the TU's membership, while the
481:" under the title "Bitter Fruit" in 1937 in
256:, until it received full alignment with the
37:
1307:. Princeton University Press. p. 573.
1304:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America
1122:The New York City Teachers Union, 1916-1964
949:
44:New York City Teachers Union – Local 5, AFT
1125:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 248.
947:
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641:, propagated in large part by TG leaders.
500:(JCTO) of New York City expelled the TU.
498:Joint Committee of Teachers Organizations
218:In 1919, AFT and TU leaders resisted the
854:
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470:) disregarded the AFL's recommendation.
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432:American League Against War and Fascism
248:During the 1920s, under the legal name
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1051:
750:Teachers Union of the City of New York
289:House Un-American Activities Committee
180:in 1908, shortly before the TU formed.
1272:. Cornell University Press. pp.
7:
1457:1916 establishments in New York City
1146:. Teachers Center Press. p. 302
514:Congress of Industrial Organizations
440:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee
287:(later director of research for the
1442:Trade unions disestablished in 1964
584:University of the State of New York
1140:Alison (pseudonym), David (1951).
622:In 2018, Stephen Brier assessed:
416:Jefferson School of Social Science
25:
987:Brier, Stephen (September 2018).
573:Young Communist League of America
414:"Intellectual" fronts, e.g., the
277:Red International of Labor Groups
273:Educational Workers International
1452:Trade unions in New York (state)
1447:Trade unions established in 1916
912:The Communists & the Schools
771:United Public Workers of America
626:The union that later became the
590:Teachers' unions, including the
557:The Communists & the Schools
489:magazine of the Teachers Union.
398:By 1935, thanks in part to the "
254:Communist Party (Majority Group)
236:Communist Party (Majority Group)
1419:. Humanities Press. p. 288
1245:Muraskin, Lana Darlene (1979).
766:American Federation of Teachers
447:"Defense" organizations, e.g.,
187:Its principal co-founders were
134:American Federation of Teachers
113:American Federation of Teachers
1159:Eaton, William Edward (1975).
279:, in turn affiliated with the
32:List of education trade unions
1:
1398:10.1080/0023656X.2015.1116805
1223:. New York University Press.
776:United Federation of Teachers
628:United Federation of Teachers
430:"Anti-fascist" groups, e.g.,
1413:Zitron, Celia Lewis (1969).
1119:Zitron, Celia Lewis (1969).
592:New York City Teachers Union
464:American Federation of Labor
349:Work Projects Administration
18:New York City Teachers Union
462:In 1936, leadership of the
449:International Labor Defense
422:Friends of the Soviet Union
1473:
351:. In the 1930s during the
29:
1264:Murphy, Marjorie (1990).
1220:High Priests of Democracy
1207:10.1080/00131726509339359
42:
1080:"The New York Teacher".
569:City College of New York
420:"Friends" groups, e.g.,
328:(here, crowd gathers at
250:Workers Party of America
178:world's tallest building
73:United States of America
665:The TU was a client of
492:On March 15, 1938, the
436:American Medical Bureau
281:Communist International
275:, itself formed by the
266:New York Workers School
1061:Cite journal requires
643:
613:
600:Reds at the Blackboard
596:
577:American Student Union
333:
239:
181:
160:
1358:. Nash Pub. pp.
1195:The Educational Forum
624:
608:
588:
510:United Public Workers
323:
233:
203:biology teacher) and
171:
151:
1097:The New York Teacher
1082:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
957:(30 December 1959).
955:Sullivan, William C.
868:(1 September 2013).
483:The New York Teacher
477:published the poem "
209:New York University
138:Communist Party USA
39:
38:Teachers Union (TU)
908:Iversen, Robert W.
745:Variations on name
694:Charles J. Hendley
334:
332:and Broad Street).
240:
182:
161:
1020:978-0-571-24134-7
684:Abraham Lefkowitz
653:The TU published
598:In his 2013 book
561:Robert W. Iversen
555:In his 1959 book
205:Abraham Lefkowitz
119:
118:
115:(AFT) (1916–1940)
92:Abraham Lefkowitz
16:(Redirected from
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866:Taylor, Clarence
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667:Harold I. Cammer
655:New York Teacher
565:Great Depression
402:" policy of the
353:Great Depression
338:Great Depression
172:New York City's
103:New York Teacher
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1134:Further reading
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1084:. 10 June 1941.
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724:Morris U. Cohen
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632:Teachers' Guild
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604:Clarence Taylor
563:noted that the
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529:American Legion
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388:David M. Wittes
384:Florence Gitlin
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285:Benjamin Mandel
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174:Singer Building
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157:Lower East Side
153:Mulberry Street
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1392:(5): 566–586.
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1334:. US GPO. 1952
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1201:(2): 207–215.
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372:Abraham Zitron
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