227:
44:
69:
254:, located well back on the garfish helps it make sharp turns and stabilise rolling. Unlike most fishes, the dorsal fin of the garfish lacks spines. Rather than having multiple spines running top to bottom, the dorsal fin is soft and veins of cartilage give rigidity to it when needed. The pelvic fin aids the fish with stopping quickly and general stability, as well as diving into deeper waters and rising to the surface. The
398:. However, it is unlikely that garfish would be predated on by all three seabird species at once. The species of seabird that the garfish is subject to predation from is heavily dependent on whereabouts in the marine environment they are. Garfish schooling in shallow harbor areas are likely to be predated upon by shags, while garfish schooling in more open, deeper waters will more likely become prey for gannets/penguins.
304:
or shallow waters, and over shallow reefs. Although garfish are widespread, it is rare and uncommon to estimate garfish abundance. This is due to their localised schooling behaviour, which makes it difficult to estimate abundance. The fish are typically found in the open ocean during the daytime,
238:
The garfish is an unusual looking fish with many distinct features such as its elongated slender body, as well as its long lower jaw. The garfish typically grows to about 22 centimeters. The colouring of the fish allows it to appear somewhat camouflaged due to it having a greenish blue upper body
320:
The New
Zealand garfish is known to spawn at the end of spring to around the beginning summer. This is done in shallow bays, allowing the eggs to sink to the seafloor and adhere to vegetation. After the eggs adhere to the vegetation the larvae may be taken in coastal plankton surveys. It is also
265:
Their most distinctive feature is their long lower jaw with an orange tip. Their upper jaw is usually longer than wide and their lower jaw is usually longer than the head length, which allows them to detect vibrations caused by prey. Due to their mouth posted far back from the front end of their
418:
was used where one end of the net was fixed to the shore while the other end was dragged out and around in a large arc and pulled back to shore. The same technique is still used by modern fishermen by where a fine mesh net is dragged around shallow harbors. The garfish are often kept alive and
239:
with brown flecks and a silver-white belly and underbody. According to
Montgomery and Saunders, "the fish can control its coloration by expanding or reducing the pigment in the dorsal melanophores". They also have a long silver strip running from the top of the pectoral fin base to the tail.
369:
was absent. This means that the amount of light that can pass through the retina was not as strong as nocturnal fish that obtain this feature. Their pupils are small and are fully occupied by the lens. The garfish swims with a nearly rigid body, which has been related to its use of the
374:
in feeding. Due to the presence of the lateral line system and the absence of the tapetum lucidum it indicated that the beak may have had a sensory function. This led to the hypothesis that the garfish use their anterior lateral line system to detect prey.
292:
a similar species can be identified in
Australia. The garfish occurs all around New Zealand. They are also found in the southwest Pacific and the Chatham Islands. However, they are most common in northern and central inshore areas of New Zealand.
438:
Garfish are considered easy to fish in New
Zealand. They are often eaten by battering and frying in a doughnut shape, created by rolling a fish around a bottle as a way to more easily break and remove the spine.
406:
Garfish were once a staple resource for early Maori and were of high cultural significance. They were a source of food as well as an important source of bait when fishing for larger species such as
568:
Saunders, A. J.; Montgomery, J. C. (1985). "Field and laboratory studies of the feeding behaviour of the piper
Hyporhamphus ihi with reference to the role of the lateral line in feeding".
269:
Another feature they obtain is the two to three rows of teeth that they have in both the upper and lower jaw. These type of teeth are called tricuspid, there are teeth are on both the
313:
The lifestyle patterns of the garfish are unknown to New
Zealand in great detail; however, they may be similar to closely related species from Australia such as the southern garfish (
321:
suspected that the garfish are less variable in comparison to other small pelagic eggs. This feature however allows localized populations, which are susceptible to local depletion.
514:. Volume 1: A field guide to common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing. NZ Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report, No. 68. Wellington. Ministry of Fisheries.
266:
body, "this places the mouth in a superior position making the garfish 'well adapted 'for surface feeding". The elongated jaw is a sensory organ, used to detect prey.
1383:
317:). It is known that the New Zealand garfish matures at 22 cm and had a maximum of 40 cm, however, the maximum age may be slightly lower than 10 years.
1409:
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1504:
386:(Morrison, Lowe, Spong & Rush, 2007) and dolphins. The schooling behavior of garfish also exposes them to heavy predation from sea birds such as
1357:
1396:
704:
258:
is the main propulsion fin, also known as the tail. Garfish have a forked caudal fin with a large lower lobe, called the hypocercal tail. The
1432:
679:
508:
McMillan, P.J., Francis, M.P., James, G.D., Paul, L.J., Marriott, P.J., Mackay, E., Wood, B.A., Griggs, L.H., Sui, H. and Wei, F. (2011)
805:, (2008) "The New Zealand common dolphin (Delphinus sp.): Identity, ecology and conservation." Doctoral dissertation, Massey University.
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staying close to the surface of the water to avoid detection. They migrate to harbours and estuaries in the evening.
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on the garfish, which allows it to have further stability in the water, is located at the back of the body.
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The pectoral, dorsal, pelvic and caudal fins are dusky, and the anal fin are pale. As is usual with
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63:
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Garfish occupy inshore waters to depths of a few meters, in sheltered gulfs, bays, and larger
285:
The garfish is endemic to New
Zealand and this particular species is only found here, however
203:
1137:
685:
585:
56:
43:
927:
655:
Te Ara - the
Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated: 12 Jun 2006. Accessed:28 November 2020.
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allows the fish to turn left or right and also support the stability of the fish. The
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277:(which is an anterior bone of the lower jaw which is an area that bears teeth.
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251:
689:
297:
274:
80:
589:
410:. Garfish were generally caught by dragging a finely woven flax net across
597:
27:
Species of halfbeak found all around New
Zealand in shallow inshore waters
1344:
1316:
877:
570:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences
483:
334:
259:
243:
211:
130:
100:
1349:
273:(which is small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw, and the
1471:
1362:
672:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
395:
338:
1375:
387:
90:
1293:
529:
Allan Burgess, New Zealand Online Fishing Magazine, 24 October 2020.
819:
New Zealand fishes: Identification, natural history & fisheries
1445:
365:
however, does not rely on sight to catch prey. It was seen that a
354:
350:
225:
1437:
419:
transported to other fishing grounds where they are deployed as
1297:
831:
382:, they attract bigger species of fish and mammals such as the
733:
Morphology, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Osteolepiform Fish
703:
Berkovitz, Barry K. B.; p Shellis, R. (10 August 2018).
793:
Fisheries summary 2017, Fisheries New Zealand Infosit.
773:
Fisheries summary 2013, Fisheries New Zealand Infosit.
1306:
730:Borgen, Ulf J.; Nakrem, Hans A. (4 January 2017).
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674:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 68ā71.
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625:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
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836:
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465:
463:
42:
31:
665:
663:
661:
653:Coastal fish - Shallow-water fish: Piper
622:Ayling, Tony; Cox, Geoffrey K. (1987).
448:
7:
1477:3ECFE262-302A-45D4-BBCE-2E00B3E5903E
1451:BAB39BD7-C4E1-134F-90C0-D6737F9A19F0
1425:4c777c7c-b381-49d4-8f06-16661b1290a8
361:larvae. The garfish is a nocturnal
1505:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
858:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
706:The Teeth of Mammalian Vertebrates
670:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
456:Hyporhamphus ihi - The Taxonomicon
25:
67:
378:Due to the garfish's localised
1:
1142:Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae
1118:New Zealand slender clingfish
1258:Spotted estuary smooth-hound
1188:New Zealand urchin clingfish
912:Fiordichthys slartibartfasti
988:New Zealand black angelfish
218:in shallow inshore waters.
1526:
1278:Yellow-and-black triplefin
1232:Coelorinchus aspercephalus
1208:Oblique-swimming triplefin
1108:New Zealand sand stargazer
1062:Trachelochismus pinnulatus
1008:New Zealand blueback sprat
527:How to Catch Piper/Garfish
1112:Crapatalus novaezelandiae
1098:New Zealand sand flounder
902:Cephaloscyllium isabellum
863:
169:
162:
64:Scientific classification
62:
50:
41:
34:
1282:Forsterygion flavonigrum
1128:New Zealand smooth skate
487:. December 2019 version.
473:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1202:Aplodactylus etheridgii
1078:New Zealand rough skate
1072:Acanthoclinus littoreus
1510:Fish described in 1932
1242:Crapatalus angusticeps
1218:Prickly deep-sea skate
1212:Forsterygion maryannae
1198:Notchheaded marblefish
1162:Notoclinus fenestratus
1122:Gastrocyathus gracilis
1088:New Zealand sand diver
1038:New Zealand damselfish
998:New Zealand black goby
962:Gastroscyphus hectoris
932:Kathetostoma giganteum
590:10.1098/rspb.1985.0030
414:in shallow harbors. A
235:
1262:Mustelus lenticulatus
1248:Smooth deep-sea skate
1192:Dellichthys morelandi
1172:Tetronarce fairchildi
952:Grahamichthys radiata
892:Histiobranchus bruuni
888:Bruun's cutthroat eel
229:
1272:Notolabrus celidotus
1222:Brochiraja spinifera
1182:Colistium nudipinnis
1132:Dipturus innominatus
1068:New Zealand rockfish
1058:New Zealand lumpfish
1048:New Zealand flathead
1028:New Zealand catshark
992:Parma alboscapularis
416:seine-like technique
1252:Brochiraja asperula
1228:Rough-head whiptail
1168:New Zealand torpedo
1158:New Zealand topknot
1102:Rhombosolea plebeia
1032:Bythaelurus dawsoni
898:Draughtsboard shark
872:Alertichthys blacki
582:1985RSPSB.224..209S
408:yellowtail kingfish
230:An illustration of
194:, the known as the
18:New Zealand garfish
1178:New Zealand turbot
1052:Bembrops morelandi
1022:Colistium guntheri
1012:Sprattus antipodum
982:Pempheris adspersa
978:New Zealand bigeye
968:Longsnout pipefish
958:Hector's clingfish
942:Notolabrus cinctus
511:New Zealand fishes
402:In a human context
380:schooling behavior
325:Prey and predators
287:southern garfish,
236:
1487:
1486:
1300:Taxon identifiers
1291:
1290:
1238:Slender stargazer
1152:Sprattus muelleri
1148:New Zealand sprat
1092:Tewara cranwellae
1018:New Zealand brill
908:Fiordland brotula
882:Parapercis colias
817:Paul, L. (2000).
681:978-1-77554-179-0
576:(1235): 209ā221.
423:for fish such as
214:found all around
187:
186:
16:(Redirected from
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1326:
1325:
1308:Hyporhamphus ihi
1295:
1138:New Zealand sole
1082:Dipturus nasutus
1042:Chromis dispilus
1002:Gobiopsis atrata
972:Leptonotus norae
948:Graham's gudgeon
922:Hyporhamphus ihi
852:
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477:Hyporhamphus ihi
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333:as they feed on
302:seagrass meadows
300:, mainly around
232:Hyporhamphus ihi
191:Hyporhamphus ihi
175:
173:Hyporhamphus ihi
72:
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36:Hyporhamphus ihi
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928:Giant stargazer
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938:Girdled wrasse
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788:Garfish (gar)
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651:Walrond, Carl
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635:978-0002169875
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868:Alert pigfish
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821:. Reed Books.
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164:Binomial name
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131:Hemiramphidae
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725:
705:
698:
671:
624:
573:
569:
510:
482:
476:
451:
437:
405:
377:
372:lateral line
341:and smaller
329:Garfish are
328:
319:
314:
312:
295:
288:
284:
281:Distribution
268:
264:
248:pectoral fin
241:
237:
231:
207:
199:
195:
190:
189:
188:
172:
170:
154:
153:
142:Hyporhamphus
141:
121:Beloniformes
52:
35:
29:
1371:iNaturalist
628:. Collins.
363:planktivore
347:zooplankton
343:crustaceans
271:premaxillae
222:Description
216:New Zealand
155:H. ihi
1494:Categories
690:Q114871191
443:References
421:live baits
359:polychaete
345:, such as
331:omnivorous
309:Life cycle
256:caudal fin
252:dorsal fin
202:or by its
298:estuaries
275:dentaries
244:fish fins
234:from 1875
180:Phillipps
149:Species:
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
57:Northland
1389:11375011
1345:FishBase
1323:Q2499162
1317:Wikidata
878:Blue cod
686:Wikidata
606:30703241
484:FishBase
429:kingfish
396:penguins
384:kingfish
335:eelgrass
260:anal fin
212:halfbeak
127:Family:
101:Chordata
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
1472:ZooBank
1415:2696611
1363:2368863
918:Garfish
598:2860673
578:Bibcode
433:kahawai
425:snapper
388:gannets
353:, crab
339:seaweed
210:, is a
196:garfish
137:Genus:
117:Order:
107:Class:
1464:272182
1438:272182
1422:NZOR:
1402:616686
1376:464168
1268:Spotty
740:
713:
688:
678:
632:
604:
596:
355:larvae
351:mysids
246:, the
208:takeke
182:, 1932
1459:WoRMS
1446:Plazi
1384:IRMNG
1350:13135
1337:6MQTZ
602:S2CID
392:shags
206:name
204:MÄori
200:piper
1433:OBIS
1410:NCBI
1397:ITIS
1358:GBIF
738:ISBN
711:ISBN
676:ISBN
630:ISBN
594:PMID
431:and
394:and
357:and
1332:CoL
586:doi
574:224
55:in
1496::
1474::
1461::
1448::
1435::
1412::
1399::
1386::
1373::
1360::
1347::
1334::
1319::
810:^
778:^
752:^
736:.
709:.
684:.
660:^
644:^
614:^
600:.
592:.
584:.
572:.
534:^
519:^
493:^
481:.
462:^
435:.
427:,
390:,
349:,
337:,
198:,
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1260:(
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1250:(
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1230:(
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870:(
851:e
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746:.
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692:.
638:.
608:.
588::
580::
479:"
475:"
20:)
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