1129:
195:
2623:
288:
157:, but because the state-owned enterprises were essentially private firms owned by the government, there was an argument that they would prevent assets which had been given by Māori for use by the state from being returned to Māori by the Waitangi Tribunal and through Treaty settlements. The Act was challenged in court in 1987, and the judgement of
245:
land. Some of the problems were with the court itself – holding proceedings in
English and in cities far from Māori settlements, judges with inadequate knowledge of Māori custom – while others were more to do with the laws it enforced. For example, for many decades land law did not recognise that an entire
167:
in the context of that case and the proposed sale of government assets was found to be in breach of this proviso. This allowed the courts to consider the Crown's actions in terms of consistence with the Treaty and established the principle that if the Treaty is mentioned in strong terms in a piece of
256:
The New
Zealand judiciary have generally been seen as independent and non-corrupt, although not always non-biased. Until recent years they have played a very minor role in developing the law, and as late as 1966 it was said that they "usually follow English decisions scrupulously". In the 1980s the
126:
judgement, Judge
Prendergast argued that the Treaty was a "simple nullity" in terms of transferring sovereignty from Māori to the United Kingdom. This remained the legal orthodoxy until at least the 1970s. Māori have since argued that Prendergast's decision, as well as laws later based on it were a
331:
altered this, and New
Zealand contract law is now 'largely... distinct from other jurisdictions'. The main distinction of New Zealand contract law is the wide discretionary power given to courts in granting relief. Although these changes were initially opposed due to fears that they would make the
244:
In 1865 a Native Land Court was established to "define the land rights of Māori people under Māori custom and to translate those rights or customary titles into land titles recognisable under
European law". It has since been heavily criticised for acting as a device for removing Māori from their
547:
1145:
275:. While the Bill of Rights Act is not a superior law to which all other laws are subject, judges are required to interpret other statutes to be consistent with it if at all possible. If there is an inconsistency, the
142:; to make findings of fact; and to make non-binding recommendations. The act was amended in 1985 to enable the tribunal to consider claims back to 1840 and to increase the tribunal's membership.
233:
was set up in 1862 and originally consisted of panels of judges from the
Supreme Court. The Court of Appeal was the highest court in New Zealand, although appeals could be taken from this to the
237:
in London. In 1957 the Court of Appeal was reconstituted to become separate from the
Supreme Court, having its own judges. In 2004 a new Supreme Court was established, becoming New Zealand's
694:
921:
600:
272:
311:. These principles dictate that lower courts must follow the decisions of the more senior courts in the judicial hierarchy. This encourages consistency of decision-making.
1825:
1420:
569:
1937:
481:
1332:
1090:
159:
656:
1118:
120:, its provisions were first incorporated into legislation as early as the Land Claims Ordinance 1841 and the Native Rights Act 1865. However, in the 1877
1046:
652:
1165:
680:
He
Tirohanga ō Kawa ki te Tiriti o Waitangi: a guide to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi as expressed by the Courts and the Waitangi Tribunal
436:
2168:
2047:
1860:
1717:
2322:
1867:
1062:
959:
234:
173:
678:
1877:
1676:
516:
Helen
Robinson, 'Simple Nullity or Birth of Law and Order? The Treaty of Waitangi in Legal and Historiographical Discourse from 1877 to 1970',
154:
146:
98:, which clarified that New Zealand was not a British colony (despite being claimed by Captain Cook) and "not within His Majesty's dominions".
2544:
2657:
1814:
592:
169:
164:
150:
139:
111:
54:
made by decisions of the courts of New
Zealand. At a more fundamental level, the law of New Zealand is based on three related principles:
2496:
1155:
626:
266:
253:, and has been substantially reformed since the nineteenth century. Until the mid-twentieth century it also dealt with Māori adoptions.
2567:
1490:
1415:
1299:
1160:
984:"The New Zealand Court of Appeal and the doctrine of stare decisis" [2003] CanterLawRw 13; (2003) 9 Canterbury Law Review 294
2708:
2572:
1984:
1805:
1462:
929:
688:
541:
432:
149:
Act 1986. Section 9 of the act states "Nothing in this Act shall permit the Crown to act in a manner that is inconsistent with the
1128:
843:
2052:
1922:
1820:
1744:
1729:
1527:
1392:
1325:
1246:
1083:
122:
43:
2350:
2251:
2015:
1855:
1848:
1712:
1663:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1272:
1241:
766:
276:
2642:
2236:
2231:
2069:
1783:
1749:
1537:
1532:
1505:
1387:
1210:
377:
2652:
1999:
1872:
1569:
1549:
1542:
1485:
1220:
226:
213:), and various lower courts subsequently established. Its establishment followed the arrival in New Zealand of the first
2461:
1957:
1942:
1910:
1771:
1766:
1475:
1205:
561:
214:
210:
344:
The Trusts Act 2019 (No 38) came into force on 30 January 2021, so far as it was not already in force. It repealed the
2806:
2667:
2315:
2191:
2158:
2084:
2042:
2032:
1964:
1739:
1702:
1470:
1435:
1318:
1251:
1137:
1076:
364:
230:
131:
817:
2637:
2094:
1905:
1754:
1495:
1367:
2683:
2647:
2612:
2537:
2501:
2365:
2256:
2221:
2119:
2099:
2079:
2064:
1795:
1294:
1215:
1170:
648:
206:
55:
271:
The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act was enacted in 1990 to affirm fundamental rights and freedoms set out in the
2738:
2104:
2059:
1994:
1761:
1707:
1554:
1449:
1190:
757:
420:
189:
2511:
2471:
2456:
2428:
352:
345:
138:. The tribunal had authority to investigate post-1975 Māori claims of actions that are inconsistent with the
2688:
2395:
2385:
2163:
2131:
2027:
1979:
1800:
1690:
1430:
895:
370:
116:
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840. Although the Treaty had never been incorporated into New Zealand
95:
2491:
2451:
168:
legislation, it takes precedence over other parts of that legislation should they come into conflict. The "
2592:
2486:
2466:
2308:
2275:
2211:
2183:
2089:
1989:
1974:
1952:
1893:
1843:
1835:
1810:
1734:
1671:
1642:
1500:
1480:
1350:
424:
218:
47:
2201:
2074:
1947:
1932:
1722:
1597:
1592:
1425:
1150:
127:
politically convenient and deliberate ploy to legitimise the seizure of Māori land and other resources.
222:
2777:
2597:
2582:
2577:
2530:
2360:
2284:
2246:
2241:
2226:
2173:
2151:
2037:
1559:
1522:
1180:
791:
324:
238:
63:
2506:
336:, it is generally agreed that this has not happened, and that the laws are working satisfactorily.
249:
owned its land, and land ownership was put in the hands of a few people. In 1954 it was renamed the
2481:
2206:
2126:
2114:
1612:
1607:
1256:
257:
judiciary played a major role in redefining the constitutional position of the Treaty of Waitangi.
250:
198:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2662:
2476:
2433:
2355:
2289:
1927:
1405:
475:
328:
107:
32:
731:
194:
2602:
2109:
1790:
1236:
684:
618:
537:
467:
463:
402:
135:
2733:
2718:
2703:
2587:
2345:
2216:
1915:
1622:
1410:
1382:
982:
88:
1016:
The Trusts Act 2019, section 2(1); Ryan v Lobb NZHC 3085 (20 November 2020) at paragraph
2743:
2607:
2196:
2141:
1286:
153:". The government had proposed a transfer of assets from former Government departments to
59:
2146:
84:
720:. Wellington: Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, Victoria University of Wellington. 2011.
2410:
2331:
2136:
847:
80:
36:
896:"New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as at 01 July 2013), Public Act Contents"
870:
2800:
2713:
2405:
308:
117:
1017:
761:
507:
Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington (1877) 3 NZ Jurist Reports (NS) Supreme Court, p72.
2753:
2723:
2370:
1617:
1602:
1582:
1515:
1510:
320:
2622:
1649:
954:
241:
following the simultaneous abolition of the right to appeal to the Privy Council.
1055:– assent versions of New Zealand ordinances and statutes passed from 1841 to 1940
531:
2763:
2758:
2553:
1969:
1341:
1175:
1113:
296:
287:
172:" became a common topic in contemporary New Zealand politics, and in 1989, the
17:
2784:
2748:
1637:
496:
Talking Through the Treaty – Truly a Case of Pokarekare Ana or Troubled Waters
333:
300:
406:
2698:
2693:
593:"Māori, the Treaty and the Constitution – Rt. Hon. Sir Geoffrey Palmer QC"
1632:
1577:
304:
180:
a similar list of principles to that established in the 1987 court case.
145:
The Treaty was incorporated in a limited way into New Zealand law by the
51:
1627:
1587:
1310:
246:
1068:
533:
Healing the Breach: One Maori's Perspective on the Treaty of Waitangi
401:(4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. pp. 15f.
332:
remedy of contractual disputes unpredictable and increase levels of
1052:
1042:
286:
205:
A Supreme Court was first established in 1841 (it was renamed the
193:
2300:
2526:
2304:
1314:
1072:
94:
The first mention of New Zealand in British statutes is in the
2522:
460:
The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand's Law and Constitution
303:
countries, English law is organised around the doctrines of
997:
995:
718:
Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi, 1989
612:
610:
498:, New Zealand Association for Comparative Law Yearbook 10
201:, built in 1865–1868 for the Supreme Court in New Zealand
42:
There are several sources of law, the primary ones being
1058:
178:"Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi"
1002:
Chetwin, Maree; Graw, Stephen; Tiong, Raymond (2006).
1004:
An Introduction to the Law of Contract in New Zealand
953:
Joseph, Philip A.; Joseph, Thomas (11 October 2016).
562:"The Treaty in practice: Page 6 – The Treaty Debated"
295:
The New Zealand legal system is heavily based on the
91:) would have served as rule of law for most tribes.
433:
Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga
299:, and remains similar in many respects. As with all
273:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2676:
2630:
2560:
2442:
2419:
2338:
2182:
2014:
1892:
1834:
1689:
1662:
1568:
1461:
1448:
1349:
1285:
1265:
1229:
1198:
1189:
1136:
1106:
221:, and it heard its first case in January 1842. The
786:
784:
1006:(4 ed.). Wellington: Brookers. pp. 2–3.
955:"Judicial system - What is the judicial system?"
2538:
2316:
1326:
1084:
8:
536:. Collins New Zealand. pp. 26, 27, 28.
160:New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General
399:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984
209:in 1980, and is different from the current
35:system, inherited from being a part of the
2545:
2531:
2523:
2323:
2309:
2301:
2020:
1898:
1695:
1458:
1454:
1355:
1333:
1319:
1311:
1195:
1091:
1077:
1069:
480:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1166:New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel
948:
946:
307:(like cases should be decided alike) and
1065:– includes databases of court decisions
1063:New Zealand Legal Information Institute
960:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
389:
235:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
603:from the original on 16 February 2015.
473:
659:from the original on 20 December 2012
572:from the original on 10 February 2015
550:from the original on 23 January 2018.
439:from the original on 22 December 2017
225:came into being in 1846 (replaced by
7:
1049:– up-to-date versions of legislation
1029:The Trusts Act 2019, section 162(a).
922:"The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act"
844:"Maori Land Court: Past and Present"
792:"Court of Appeal – History and role"
697:from the original on 23 January 2015
165:Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi
151:Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi
140:Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi
112:Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi
1156:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
327:. Since 1969, however, a series of
267:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
1161:Imperial Laws Application Act 1988
649:"State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986"
425:"The Establishment of Sovereignty"
25:
629:from the original on 18 June 2017
351:As to charitable trusts, see the
2621:
1127:
617:Laking, Rob (17 February 2017).
123:Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington
875:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
767:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
732:"High Court – History and role"
429:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
323:was initially derived from the
134:became law. It established the
2351:Federated States of Micronesia
871:"Type and Character of Courts"
591:Palmer, Geoffrey (June 2013).
397:Wilson, James Oakley (1985) .
378:List of national legal systems
261:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act
1:
1047:Parliamentary Counsel Office
653:Parliamentary Counsel Office
2668:Courts of England and Wales
1138:Constitution of New Zealand
494:Jamieson, Nigel J. (2004),
365:Constitution of New Zealand
79:Before colonisation by the
2823:
1421:New Zealand and Antarctica
1053:Early New Zealand Statutes
989:. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
518:NZ Universities Law Review
353:Charitable Trusts Act 1957
264:
187:
176:responded by adopting the
105:
96:Murders Abroad Act of 1817
2772:
2619:
2269:
2169:Structural discrimination
2120:New Zealand Sign Language
2023:
1901:
1698:
1457:
1401:
1358:
1295:Admission to practice law
1171:Parliamentary sovereignty
1125:
987:, Canterbury, New Zealand
902:. New Zealand Legislation
869:McLintock, A. H. (1966).
619:"State-owned enterprises"
374:, an encyclopaedia of law
56:parliamentary sovereignty
2497:Northern Mariana Islands
1815:House of Representatives
683:. Te Puni Kokiri. 2001.
458:Palmer, Matthew (2008).
423:, ed. (22 April 2009) .
346:Trustee Act 1956 (No 61)
291:Common law legal systems
279:must inform Parliament.
190:Judiciary of New Zealand
174:Fourth Labour Government
170:Principles of the Treaty
2462:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1677:Territorial authorities
1230:Specialist jurisdiction
1043:New Zealand Legislation
824:. Courts of New Zealand
798:. Courts of New Zealand
738:. Courts of New Zealand
371:The Laws of New Zealand
155:state-owned enterprises
147:State Owned Enterprises
2709:British Virgin Islands
1938:Information technology
292:
202:
132:Treaty of Waitangi Act
48:New Zealand Parliament
2445:and other territories
1191:Courts of New Zealand
1151:Constitution Act 1986
762:"Magistrates' Courts"
530:Tauroa, Hiwi (1989).
520:, 24, 2 (2010), p262.
290:
265:Further information:
197:
188:Further information:
1273:Court of Arbitration
1266:Defunct jurisdiction
1199:General jurisdiction
1181:Separation of powers
239:court of last resort
64:separation of powers
2115:New Zealand English
1806:Official Opposition
1300:List of law schools
1146:Letters Patent 1983
930:Ministry of Justice
900:legislation.govt.nz
223:magistrates' courts
199:Auckland High Court
2807:Law of New Zealand
2573:Administrative law
1985:Telecommunications
1406:Treaty of Waitangi
1119:Acts of Parliament
1100:Law of New Zealand
850:on 19 October 2007
822:courtsofnz.govt.nz
818:"History and role"
796:courtsofnz.govt.nz
736:courtsofnz.govt.nz
329:Acts of Parliament
293:
203:
108:Treaty of Waitangi
102:Treaty of Waitangi
33:English common law
29:law of New Zealand
2794:
2793:
2520:
2519:
2512:Wallis and Futuna
2420:Associated states
2298:
2297:
2265:
2264:
2053:Gender inequality
2010:
2009:
1888:
1887:
1821:Political funding
1730:Foreign relations
1718:Political parties
1685:
1684:
1658:
1657:
1444:
1443:
1393:Political history
1308:
1307:
1281:
1280:
1247:Environment Court
1237:Disputes Tribunal
981:Scragg, Richard,
462:. Rochester, NY.
136:Waitangi Tribunal
16:(Redirected from
2814:
2689:Northern Ireland
2631:Further subjects
2625:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2502:Pitcairn Islands
2472:French Polynesia
2457:Christmas Island
2386:Papua New Guinea
2366:Marshall Islands
2339:Sovereign states
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2278:
2021:
1899:
1856:Governor-General
1713:Electoral system
1696:
1623:Palmerston North
1459:
1455:
1416:Women's suffrage
1411:New Zealand Wars
1378:Military history
1373:Economic history
1356:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1257:Māori Land Court
1242:Employment Court
1196:
1131:
1093:
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1030:
1027:
1021:
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1008:
1007:
999:
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918:
912:
911:
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892:
886:
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883:
881:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
846:. Archived from
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
788:
779:
778:
776:
774:
758:McLintock, A. H.
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
728:
722:
721:
713:
707:
706:
704:
702:
675:
669:
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664:
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639:
638:
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634:
614:
605:
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597:Māori Law Review
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
566:NZHistory.net.nz
558:
552:
551:
527:
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514:
508:
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492:
486:
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471:
455:
449:
448:
446:
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421:McLintock, A. H.
417:
411:
410:
394:
277:attorney-general
251:Māori Land Court
75:Pre-European law
21:
2822:
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2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2768:
2744:Anglo-Saxon law
2677:Related systems
2672:
2658:Civil procedure
2643:Competition law
2626:
2617:
2608:Retained EU law
2568:UK Constitution
2556:
2551:
2521:
2516:
2444:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2396:Solomon Islands
2334:
2332:Law of Oceania
2329:
2299:
2294:
2281:
2274:
2261:
2237:Public holidays
2232:Performing arts
2178:
2070:Gender equality
2006:
1884:
1830:
1681:
1654:
1564:
1538:Marine reserves
1533:Protected areas
1440:
1397:
1388:Natural history
1345:
1339:
1309:
1304:
1277:
1261:
1225:
1211:Court of Appeal
1185:
1132:
1123:
1102:
1097:
1039:
1034:
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1028:
1024:
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1001:
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952:
951:
944:
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932:
926:justice.govt.nz
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660:
647:
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632:
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616:
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590:
589:
585:
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568:. 7 July 2014.
560:
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342:
317:
285:
283:Legal tradition
269:
263:
231:Court of Appeal
227:district courts
192:
186:
114:
106:Main articles:
104:
87:customary law (
77:
72:
60:the rule of law
46:enacted by the
23:
22:
18:New Zealand law
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2653:Commercial law
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2634:
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2492:Norfolk Island
2489:
2484:
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2474:
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2459:
2454:
2452:American Samoa
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2422:of New Zealand
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
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2085:Homelessness
2043:Demographics
1965:Reserve Bank
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1740:Human rights
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2729:New Zealand
2638:Company law
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2376:New Zealand
2127:LGBT issues
2095:Immigration
2033:Citizenship
1970:Rogernomics
1906:Agriculture
1784:enforcement
1496:Environment
1491:Earthquakes
1368:Archaeology
1342:New Zealand
1176:Rule of law
1114:English law
576:16 February
297:English law
2749:Common law
2663:Family law
2648:Labour law
2257:Television
2212:Literature
2100:Irreligion
2080:Healthcare
2065:Euthanasia
1836:Government
1811:Parliament
1745:Disability
1638:Wellington
1216:High Court
854:2 February
384:References
334:litigation
301:common law
207:High Court
62:; and the
2734:Singapore
2719:Hong Kong
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2603:Trust law
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2105:Languages
2060:Education
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1762:Judiciary
1708:Elections
1650:Whangārei
1555:Volcanism
1528:Mountains
1450:Geography
1287:Education
701:12 August
663:12 August
476:cite book
407:154283103
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31:uses the
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2694:Scotland
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2164:Religion
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1980:Taxation
1801:Monarchy
1796:Military
1750:Intersex
1691:Politics
1633:Tauranga
1598:Hastings
1593:Hamilton
1578:Auckland
1463:Physical
1431:Dominion
1363:Timeline
966:28 April
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880:27 April
828:27 April
802:26 April
773:27 April
760:(1966).
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695:Archived
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437:Archived
359:See also
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2684:UK-wide
2593:Privacy
2507:Tokelau
2411:Vanuatu
2276:Outline
2252:Symbols
2207:Cuisine
2184:Culture
2090:Housing
2016:Society
1990:Tourism
1953:Poverty
1894:Economy
1844:Cabinet
1735:Gun law
1672:Regions
1643:capital
1628:Rotorua
1588:Dunedin
1506:Islands
1501:Geology
1481:Climate
1351:History
1107:Sources
633:25 July
468:1429905
443:24 June
89:tikanga
81:British
70:History
2785:Portal
2754:Equity
2714:Canada
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2142:"Kiwi"
2137:People
2075:Health
1948:Mining
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2227:Music
2222:Media
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1476:Caves
1059:NZLII
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2434:Niue
2356:Fiji
1878:list
1861:list
1849:list
1755:LGBT
968:2020
937:2020
908:2020
882:2020
856:2008
830:2020
804:2020
775:2020
744:2020
703:2012
685:ISBN
665:2012
635:2017
578:2015
538:ISBN
482:link
464:SSRN
445:2017
403:OCLC
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