863:
1070:
664:
82:
919:
708:
4336:
821:
764:
46:
3446:
4324:
987:
526:
diverge rapidly from mainland species once a few vagrants arrive at a suitable island. Both the
Norfolk kākā and the Chatham kākā are the result of migration of a limited number of individuals to islands and subsequent adaptation to the habitat of those islands. The lack of DNA material for the
1220:
Of the five species, the
Norfolk kākā and Chatham kākā became extinct in recent history. The last known Norfolk kākā died in captivity in London sometime after 1851, and only between seven and 20 skins survive. The Chatham kākā became extinct between 1500 and 1650 in pre-European times, after
1277:
The kākāpō was hunted for its meat, skin, and plumage. When the first
European settlers arrived, the kākāpō was already declining, but still widespread. The large-scale clearance of forests and bush destroyed its habitat while introduced predators such as rats, cats, and
926:
Large rotund parrots 58–64 cm (23–25 in) long; males are larger than females and weigh 2–4 kg (4.4–8.8 lb) at maturity. Mostly green with brown and yellow mottled barring, the underparts are greenish-yellow. Its face is pale and owl-like.
1253:
were present prior to colonisation by humans, and the only predators were birds of prey that hunt by sight. These circumstances influence the design of New
Zealand's parrots, for example, the flightlessness of the kākāpō and the ground breeding of the kea.
481:
mechanisms at work. In this scenario, ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining parrots when New
Zealand broke away from Gondwana about 82 million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the two groups. This mechanism is called
1317:
The kea nests in holes in the ground, again making it vulnerable to introduced predators. Another major threat, resulting from development of the alpine zone, is their opportunistic reliance on human food sources as their natural food sources dwindle.
1158:
The kea is well adapted to life at high altitudes, and they are regularly observed in the snow at ski resorts. As trees are absent in the alpine zone, they breed in hollows in the ground instead of in tree hollows like most parrot species.
522:. Around three million years ago, two lineages may have adapted to high altitude and low altitude, respectively. The high-altitude lineage gave rise to the modern kea, while the low-altitude lineage gave rise to the various kākā species.
1608:"The history of the Chatham Islands' bird fauna of the last 7000 years – a chronicle of change and extinction. Proceedings of the 4th International meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Washington, D.C., June 1996)"
1540:"The history of the Chatham Islands' bird fauna of the last 7000 years – a chronicle of change and extinction. Proceedings of the 4th International meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Washington, D.C., June 1996)"
352:
have been extinct for 16 million years. All extant species, the kākāpō, kea, and the two subspecies of the kākā, are threatened. Human activity caused the two extinctions and the decline of the other three species. Settlers introduced
1326:
Recovery programs for the kākāpō and the kākā have been established, while the kea is also closely monitored. The 247 as of 2023. living kākāpō are all in a breeding and conservation program. Each one has been individually named.
546:
Until modern times, New
Zealand and the surrounding islands were not inhabited by four-legged mammals, an environment that enabled some birds to make nests on the ground and others to be flightless without fear of predation.
1285:
The New
Zealand kākā needs large tracts of forest to thrive, and the continued fragmentation of forests due to agriculture and logging has a devastating effect on this species. Another threat comes from competition with
416:
until recently. The placement of the
Strigopoidea species has been variable in the past. The family belongs to its own superfamily Strigopoidea. This superfamily is one of three superfamilies in the order
2459:
2019:
Leo Joseph, Alicia Toon, Erin E. Schirtzinger, Timothy F. Wright & Richard
Schodde. (2012) A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205:
2106:
de Kloet, RS; de Kloet SR (2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the
Psittaciformes".
461:
in the Strigopidae. Traditionally, the species of the family Strigopoidea were placed in the superfamily Psittacoidea, but several studies confirmed the unique placement of this group at the
1274:(Polynesian rat) to the islands. This was disastrous for the native fauna, because mammalian predators can locate prey by scent, and the native fauna had no defence against them.
2571:
1919:
Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E.; Matsumoto T.; Eberhard J. R.; Graves G. R.; Sanchez J. J.; Capelli S.; Muller H.; Scharpegge J.; Chambers G. K.; Fleischer R. C. (2008).
771:
About 45 cm (18 in) long. Mainly olive-brown with dark feather edges. Crimson underwings, rump, and collar. The cheeks are golden/brown. The crown is greyish.
671:
48 cm (19 in) long. Mostly olive-green with scarlet underwings and rump. Dark-edged feathers. Dark brown beak, iris, legs, and feet. Male has longer bill.
4525:
4451:
3054:
1836:
2804:
1562:
1366:
1861:
1172:
The parrots were important to the Māori in various ways. They hunted them for food, kept them as pets, and used their feathers in weaving such items as their
1118:
The three extant species of this family occupy rather different ecological niches, a result of the phylogeographical dynamics of this family. The kākāpō is a
2171:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul (2011). "An early Miocene diversity of parrots (Aves, Strigopidae, Nestorinae) from New Zealand".
1889:
1418:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul (2011). "An early Miocene diversity of parrots (Aves, Strigopidae, Nestorinae) from New Zealand".
828:
About 38 cm long. Mostly olive-brown upperparts, (reddish-)orange cheeks and throat, straw-coloured breast, thighs, rump and lower abdomen dark orange.
2681:
715:
Similar to the North Island kākā, but slightly smaller, brighter colours, the crown is almost white, and the bill is longer and more arched in males.
4425:
2832:
2734:
527:
Chatham kākā makes it difficult to establish precisely when those speciation events occurred. Finally, in recent times, the kākā populations at the
2863:
2535:
1137:
on the island, while the local owls are too small to prey on the kākāpō at night. The kākāpō is the only flightless bird in the world to use a
2519:
2039:
1402:
381:, which eat the eggs of ground-nesting birds, and additional declines have been caused by hunting for food, killing as agricultural pests,
2630:
862:
2706:
3047:
2287:
1572:
2056:
1607:
1539:
2760:
2342:
2325:
2308:
2255:
1522:
2586:
4206:
3929:
1188:, a Māori weapon, but were removed prior to battle. The skins of the kākāpō with the feathers attached were used to make cloaks (
1085:
The isolated location of New Zealand has made it difficult for mammals to reach the island. This is reflected in the absence of
836:
354:
334:
4157:
4152:
4147:
1086:
963:
4520:
3040:
911:
4314:
2479:
2410:
2777:
1921:"A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous"
4399:
1250:
939:
935:
2808:
1840:
81:
2356:
1865:
1115:) to the island. Later, Europeans introduced many more species, including large herbivores and mammalian predators.
4277:
3351:
2856:
1893:
600:
consists of three described and one undescribed species recovered from early Miocene deposits in Otago. The genus
4118:
4130:
3697:
3685:
2030:
Homberger, D. G. (2006). "Classification and the status of wild populations of parrots". In Luescher AU (ed.).
1069:
165:
148:
4236:
2685:
3750:
3738:
3486:
1979:
Grant-Mackie, E.J.; J.A. Grant-Mackie; W.M. Boon; G.K. Chambers (2003). "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots".
1291:
378:
2142:
4352:
4248:
4010:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3539:
3392:
2782:
574:
from New Caledonia. They may have reached New Zealand between 450,000 and 625,000 years ago from mainland
499:
20:
4404:
4515:
4487:
4289:
4113:
4108:
3998:
3842:
3714:
3673:
3315:
2912:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct; ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
2849:
1151:
663:
503:
483:
462:
277:
185:
2206:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Archer, Michael; Schofield, R. Paul; De Pietri, Vanesa L. (2019).
1813:
1709:
1453:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Archer, Michael; Schofield, R. Paul; De Pietri, Vanesa L. (2019).
392:
The family diverged from the other parrots around 82 million years ago when New Zealand broke off from
1763:
1658:
4466:
4412:
3939:
3624:
3252:
3151:
3079:
3063:
3021:
3016:
1342:
1307:
1049:. Note that a long ā in Maori should be pronounced like the a in English "father". The etymology of
972:
793:
737:
681:
2993:
1230:
4069:
4057:
3522:
3510:
3474:
3175:
1078:
990:
Current distribution of extant species, as well as previous distribution of extinct island species.
523:
1370:
4340:
4216:
4211:
4032:
3983:
3973:
3588:
3462:
3404:
3269:
3264:
3223:
3163:
2188:
2084:
1435:
1287:
1138:
1038:
756:
700:
219:
76:
4492:
4167:
2960:
2955:
2092:
2057:"Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony"
846:
801:
591:
345:
341:
298:
294:
3445:
2638:
1394:
1314:. Females, young, and eggs are particularly vulnerable in the tree hollows in which they nest.
4474:
4260:
4231:
4221:
4194:
4081:
3825:
3786:
3544:
3286:
3274:
3240:
3211:
3199:
3139:
3091:
2756:
2515:
2283:
2237:
2123:
2076:
2035:
1950:
1568:
1518:
1486:
1398:
1249:
The fauna of New Zealand evolved in the total absence of humans and other mammals. Only a few
1019:
995:
310:
4479:
4456:
4390:
2841:
2710:
4294:
4265:
4184:
4098:
3854:
3837:
3416:
3127:
2998:
2888:
2873:
2227:
2219:
2180:
2115:
2068:
1940:
1932:
1808:
1758:
1704:
1653:
1476:
1466:
1427:
1386:
1090:
495:
918:
4189:
3803:
3726:
3303:
1119:
602:
4162:
3534:
2989:
1826:
Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
1790:
1776:
Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
1722:
Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered,
1686:
1093:. Many of the adaptations found in the avifauna reflect the unique context in which they
900:
891:
306:
265:
209:
1740:
1635:
707:
4020:
3900:
3871:
3859:
3561:
3327:
2936:
2749:
2659:
2439:
2232:
2207:
1945:
1920:
1481:
1454:
1336:
1269:
1112:
1102:
878:
832:
636:
557:
474:
418:
413:
330:
326:
259:
202:
4509:
3993:
3988:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3895:
2664:
2072:
1799:
1749:
1695:
1644:
1387:
1361:
Nestoridae and Strigopidae are described in the same article, Bonaparte, C.L. (1849)
1179:
1174:
1074:
943:
596:
579:
511:
271:
195:
35:
2828:
2730:
2192:
2088:
1439:
4328:
4172:
4015:
3883:
3762:
3636:
3498:
3363:
3187:
1311:
1299:
1134:
1123:
1089:. The main predators were birds: harriers, falcons, owls, and the massive, extinct
1054:
775:
719:
675:
552:
535:
became isolated from each other due to the rise in sea levels when the continental
532:
528:
434:
430:
382:
65:
2603:
2509:
2184:
1431:
4438:
4384:
3978:
3813:
3600:
2119:
1259:
1255:
1222:
1196:), especially for the wives and daughters of chiefs. Māori like to refer to the
1098:
1015:
931:
570:
565:
561:
540:
422:
314:
69:
4226:
3774:
3702:
3115:
2926:
2487:
2418:
1564:
Vanished and vanishing parrots : profiling extinct and endangered species
1131:
1127:
986:
958:
952:
812:
788:
782:
732:
726:
656:
515:
478:
321:
were endemics of the main islands, while the two extinct species of the genus
4375:
3641:
2950:
1234:
745:
689:
290:
53:
3912:
3612:
3339:
1936:
1295:
1226:
1094:
994:
All common names for species in this family are the same as the traditional
967:
871:
820:
606:
consists of a giant species also described from the early Miocene of Otago.
575:
93:
3387:
3298:
3235:
2241:
2223:
2127:
2080:
1954:
1490:
1471:
1229:
bones. Of the surviving species, the kākāpō is critically endangered, with
1369:, the first reviser determines priority, which is Bonaparte, C.L. (1850),
763:
45:
4369:
4135:
2508:
Evans, Miriama; Ranui Ngarimu; Creative New Zealand; Norman Heke (2005).
2364:
1142:
1014:
or night parrot, reflecting the species' nocturnal behaviour. (In modern
507:
426:
393:
113:
2484:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
2415:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
1517:(corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London.
1141:-breeding system. Usually, they breed only every 3–5 years when certain
1077:, like these in the Southern Alps. The highest mountain in New Zealand,
4430:
3428:
3032:
2908:
1264:
1107:
536:
4443:
3375:
3103:
2141:
Boon, W. M.; Kearvell, J.; Daugherty, C. H.; Chambers, G. K. (2001).
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1184:
370:
254:
133:
103:
19:
For the native and introduced parrots of New Zealand in general, see
4346:
2386:
348:
have become extinct in recent times, while the species of the genus
2208:"Evidence for a giant parrot from the early Miocene of New Zealand"
1455:"Evidence for a giant parrot from the early Miocene of New Zealand"
2897:
2707:"Naturalis – Extinct bird: Nestor productus (Norfolk Island Kaka)"
1279:
1068:
1023:
250:
4417:
510:, supposedly around five million years ago, the formation of the
477:
of this group has been proposed, providing an example of various
4093:
3556:
1303:
1146:
386:
123:
4350:
3036:
2845:
2682:"Nestor productus – Norfolk Island Kaka specimen(s) in the ZMA"
1002:
derives from the ancient Proto-Polynesian word meaning parrot.
4103:
3646:
2945:
1238:
645:
404:
diverged from each other between 60 and 80 million years ago.
374:
366:
362:
358:
286:
514:
diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for
2807:. Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawbai. Archived from
1892:. Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawbai. Archived from
1864:. Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawbai. Archived from
1839:. Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawbai. Archived from
1097:. This unique balance was disrupted with the arrival of the
917:
861:
819:
762:
706:
680:
High-level forests and subalpine scrublands 850–1400 m
662:
2778:"Rare rats off the hook as DoC gives them island sanctuary"
1033:
1027:
1182:). Feathers were also used to decorate the head of the
1997:
For a discussion about older taxonomic positions, see
1282:
found the flightless, ground-nesting birds easy prey.
4312:
2143:"Molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki (
486:. Over time, ancestors of the two surviving genera,
191:
181:
4359:
4048:
3928:
3802:
3577:
3453:
3070:
2980:
2973:
2934:
2925:
2896:
2887:
2034:. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 3–11.
1629:
1627:
1625:
608:
2748:
2663:
2326:"Norfolk Island Kaka – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1814:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22684831A119243358.en
1710:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685245A129751169.en
1764:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684840A93049267.en
1659:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684834A93049105.en
962:(conifer) forests, regenerating subalpine scrub,
325:were found at the nearby oceanic islands such as
2337:
2335:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2301:
2299:
1513:Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) .
437:). While some taxonomists include three genera (
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
412:No consensus existed regarding the taxonomy of
1999:Sibley, Charles Gald; Jon E. Ahlquist (1991).
1680:
1678:
1676:
1225:arrived at the island, and is only known from
3048:
2857:
2670:(2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
1567:. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. p. 19.
1233:numbering only 247 as of 2023. The mainland
568:and are closely related to the endemic genus
8:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1389:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
550:The parakeet species belonging to the genus
4298:
4281:
4269:
4252:
4240:
4198:
4176:
4139:
4122:
4085:
4073:
4061:
4036:
4024:
4002:
3965:
3943:
3916:
3904:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3846:
3829:
3817:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3565:
3548:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3290:
3278:
3256:
3244:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
2055:Tokita, M; Kiyoshi T; Armstrong KN (2007).
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:For more recent taxonomies, see Christides.
1784:
1782:
4347:
3055:
3041:
3033:
2977:
2931:
2902:
2893:
2864:
2850:
2842:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
1884:
1882:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
449:) in the family Strigopidae, others place
44:
27:
2231:
1944:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1812:
1762:
1708:
1657:
1612:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
1544:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
1480:
1470:
1258:arrived at Aotearoa between 800 and 1300
2666:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
2635:maori.org.nz Main Maori Site on the Net!
2611:maori.org.nz Main Maori Site on the Net!
2280:Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World
1006:is a logical extension of that name, as
985:
888:
633:
4319:
2835:. New Zealand. Retrieved 28 August 2023
2755:. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
2751:The Origins of the First New Zealanders
2737:. New Zealand. Retrieved 28 August 2023
2540:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1354:
1237:is listed as endangered, alongside the
4526:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1393:. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p.
796:in summer and 0–550 m in winter.
740:in summer and 0–550 m in winter.
512:Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
2514:. Wellington, N.Z.: Huia Publishers.
2343:"Kakapo – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
2108:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2001:Phylogeny and Classification of Birds
7:
4467:4210f89d-52a3-4f42-b45d-209c2f23debb
1073:Kea are well adapted to life in the
1053:in Māori is less clear; it might be
396:, while the ancestors of the genera
2604:"Putting Together a Mihi for a Hui"
2309:"Kaka – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1800:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1750:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1696:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1645:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1363:Conspectus Systematis Ornithologiae
792:forests between 450 and 850 m
752:Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis
60:Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis
2709:. Nlbif.eti.uva.nl. Archived from
2684:. Nlbif.eti.uva.nl. Archived from
2256:"Kea – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
2173:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1420:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
457:in the Nestoridae and retain only
14:
2278:Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998).
1204:, the incantation to begin their
4334:
4322:
4207:North Island little spotted kiwi
3444:
2440:"The Māori Language – Ko Te Reo"
2073:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x
1561:Forshaw, Joseph Michael (2017).
1365:. Therefore, under rules of the
1208:(tribute), because their voice (
696:Nestor meridionalis meridionalis
80:
2747:Douglas G. Sutton, ed. (1994).
2536:"Kahu huruhuru (feather cloak)"
2345:. BirdLife International. 2008.
2328:. BirdLife International. 2008.
2311:. BirdLife International. 2008.
2258:. BirdLife International. 2008.
1789:BirdLife International (2017).
1739:BirdLife International (2016).
1685:BirdLife International (2018).
1634:BirdLife International (2016).
1385:Christidis L, Boles WE (2008).
590:Very little is known about the
473:An unproven hypothesis for the
4158:North Island stout-legged wren
4153:South Island stout-legged wren
2776:Tahana, Yvonne (2 June 2010).
1:
421:; the other two families are
249:, consists of at least three
2185:10.1080/02724634.2011.595857
1432:10.1080/02724634.2011.595857
1087:land mammals other than bats
625:
2120:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013
2061:Evolution & Development
1290:for food, for example with
1251:bat species and sea mammals
1022:, the long versions of the
317:. The species of the genus
4542:
4278:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
3352:South Island oystercatcher
2833:Department of Conservation
2735:Department of Conservation
1010:means night, resulting in
275:, and probably the fossil
18:
4119:Auckland Island merganser
3442:
3012:
2905:
2631:"Slideshow: Manu – Birds"
2585:: 193–194. Archived from
2391:Polynesian Lexicon Online
2282:. Yale University Press.
2032:Manual of parrot behavior
1807:: e.T22684831A119243358.
1703:: e.T22685245A129751169.
971:grassland 10–1400 m
628:
611:
539:melted at the end of the
309:. All extant species are
225:
218:
178:
173:
77:Scientific classification
75:
56:, North Island subspecies
52:
43:
30:
4131:Chatham Island merganser
3698:Northern royal albatross
3686:New Zealand storm petrel
2511:The Art of Māori Weaving
2154:Science for Conservation
2003:. Yale University Press.
1757:: e.T22684840A93049267.
1652:: e.T22684834A93049105.
1606:Millener, P. R. (1999).
1538:Millener, P. R. (1999).
1372:Conspectus Generum Avium
1163:Relationship with humans
3751:South Island saddleback
3739:North Island saddleback
3715:Orange-fronted parakeet
3487:North Island brown kiwi
1339:, New Zealand parakeets
1168:Importance to the Māori
1081:, is in the background.
736:forests 450–850 m
582:, but this is disputed.
494:, adapted to different
4299:
4282:
4270:
4253:
4241:
4199:
4177:
4140:
4123:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4037:
4025:
4003:
3966:
3944:
3917:
3905:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3847:
3830:
3818:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3662:New Zealand fairy tern
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3566:
3549:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3393:Variable oystercatcher
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3291:
3279:
3257:
3245:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
2872:Kea, Kākā and kākāpō (
2783:The New Zealand Herald
2572:"Kakapo in Maori lore"
2486:. 2000. Archived from
2417:. 2000. Archived from
2361:Kiwi Conservation Club
2224:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0467
1472:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0467
1082:
998:names. The Māori word
991:
922:
866:
824:
767:
711:
667:
500:reproductive isolation
21:Parrots of New Zealand
4488:Paleobiology Database
4290:New Zealand musk duck
4237:Scarlett's shearwater
4114:South Island adzebill
4109:North Island adzebill
3999:Erect-crested penguin
3843:Chatham oystercatcher
3674:New Zealand king shag
3316:New Zealand rock wren
2805:"DOC's work with Kea"
2660:Greenway, James Cowan
1937:10.1093/molbev/msn160
1375:, E.J. Brill, Leyden.
1262:, and introduced the
1152:Dacrydium cupressinum
1101:, who introduced the
1072:
989:
921:
912:Critically endangered
865:
857:Extinct by 1500–1650
823:
766:
710:
666:
504:ecological speciation
484:allopatric speciation
4521:Birds of New Zealand
3940:Antipodean albatross
3930:Subantarctic islands
3253:New Zealand dotterel
3152:Double-banded plover
3064:Birds of New Zealand
3022:Birds of New Zealand
3017:List of Strigopoidea
1515:Parrots of the World
1343:Fauna of New Zealand
940:Codfish / Whenua Hou
877:Formerly endemic on
831:Formerly endemic on
465:of the parrot tree.
329:of New Zealand, and
305:contains the iconic
4249:North Island takahē
4124:rakiraki maungahuka
4070:New Zealand bittern
4058:South Island piopio
4011:Reischek's parakeet
3657:South Island kōkako
3652:North Island kōkako
3540:South Island takahē
3523:Yellow-eyed penguin
3511:Southern brown kiwi
3475:Little spotted kiwi
2992:(supporting pages:
1837:"Threats to Kākāpō"
1743:Nestor meridionalis
1689:Strigops habroptila
1192:) and dress capes (
1155:) mast abundantly.
1130:to avoid the large
1079:Aoraki / Mount Cook
907:Strigops habroptila
853:Nestor chathamensis
780:Unbroken tracts of
724:Unbroken tracts of
31:New Zealand parrots
4217:South Island snipe
4212:North Island snipe
4033:Subantarctic snipe
3984:Campbell albatross
3974:Antipodes parakeet
3918:kawau o rangihaute
3589:Black-fronted tern
3463:Great spotted kiwi
3405:White-fronted tern
3270:North Island robin
3265:South Island robin
3224:Long-tailed cuckoo
3164:New Zealand falcon
2570:Tipa, Rob (2006).
2460:"Māori dictionary"
2357:"Maori Bird Names"
1981:NZ Science Teacher
1310:, an excretion of
1288:introduced species
1231:living individuals
1083:
992:
923:
867:
825:
768:
712:
668:
629:Range and habitat
301:, while the genus
243:New Zealand parrot
4503:
4502:
4475:Open Tree of Life
4353:Taxon identifiers
4310:
4309:
4261:New Zealand goose
4082:New Zealand quail
3826:Chatham albatross
3545:Fiordland penguin
3287:Paradise shelduck
3275:New Zealand scaup
3212:Sacred kingfisher
3200:Grey-faced petrel
3092:Black-billed gull
3030:
3029:
3008:
3007:
2969:
2968:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2829:"Kākāpō Recovery"
2731:"Kākāpō Recovery"
2521:978-1-86969-161-5
2041:978-0-8138-2749-0
1931:(10): 2141–2156.
1862:"Threats to Kākā"
1404:978-0-643-06511-6
1212:) is continuous.
1037:are written with
1012:kākā of the night
979:
978:
746:North Island kākā
690:South Island kākā
518:within the genus
496:ecological niches
385:, and introduced
239:
238:
233:
169:
152:
4533:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4447:
4446:
4434:
4433:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4302:
4295:New Zealand swan
4285:
4273:
4256:
4244:
4202:
4180:
4148:Long-billed wren
4143:
4126:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4040:
4028:
4006:
3969:
3947:
3920:
3908:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:Chatham parakeet
3850:
3838:Chatham gerygone
3833:
3821:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3569:
3552:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3294:
3282:
3260:
3248:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3128:Buff-banded rail
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3034:
2999:Sirocco (parrot)
2978:
2951:New Zealand kākā
2932:
2903:
2894:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2637:. Archived from
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2567:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2363:. Archived from
2353:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2275:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2091:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1890:"Threats to Kea"
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1793:Nestor notabilis
1786:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1736:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1638:Nestor productus
1631:
1620:
1619:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1359:
1294:for the endemic
870:Only known from
841:Rocks and trees
815:by 1851 approx.
808:Nestor productus
652:Nestor notabilis
609:
560:) belong to the
502:, an example of
355:invasive species
285:consists of the
231:
193:
183:
164:
147:
85:
84:
48:
34:Temporal range:
28:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4442:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4190:Waitaha penguin
4185:Chatham penguin
4050:
4044:
3932:
3924:
3806:
3804:Chatham Islands
3798:
3727:Red-billed gull
3720:kākāriki karaka
3581:
3579:
3573:
3455:
3449:
3440:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3031:
3026:
3004:
2965:
2913:
2883:
2870:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2218:(8): 20190467.
2212:Biology Letters
2205:
2204:
2200:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2009:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1817:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1769:
1767:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1605:
1604:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1465:(8): 20190467.
1459:Biology Letters
1452:
1451:
1447:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1333:
1324:
1306:for shimmering
1247:
1218:
1170:
1165:
1067:
984:
949:
947:
910:
903:
883:
882:
856:
849:
840:
839:
811:
804:
779:
778:
755:
748:
723:
722:
699:
692:
679:
678:
655:
648:
619:
613:
588:
471:
410:
232:Bonaparte, 1849
163:
146:
79:
63:
57:
39:
32:
24:
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
4539:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4484:
4471:
4461:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4409:
4396:
4381:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4292:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4232:Imber's petrel
4229:
4224:
4222:Forbes's snipe
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4195:Eyles' harrier
4192:
4187:
4182:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4133:
4128:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4030:
4021:Snares penguin
4018:
4013:
4008:
4004:tawaki nana hī
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3910:
3901:Magenta petrel
3898:
3893:
3881:
3872:Chatham pigeon
3869:
3860:Chatham petrel
3857:
3852:
3840:
3835:
3823:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3554:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3328:Shining cuckoo
3325:
3313:
3301:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:List of Kākāpō
2986:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2821:
2796:
2768:
2761:
2739:
2723:
2698:
2673:
2651:
2622:
2595:
2592:on 2008-10-14.
2551:
2527:
2520:
2500:
2471:
2451:
2431:
2402:
2378:
2367:on 22 May 2010
2348:
2331:
2314:
2295:
2289:978-0300074536
2288:
2261:
2247:
2198:
2179:(5): 1102–16.
2163:
2133:
2114:(3): 706–721.
2098:
2095:on 2012-10-05.
2067:(6): 590–601.
2047:
2040:
2022:
2007:
1990:
1960:
1906:
1878:
1853:
1828:
1778:
1724:
1672:
1621:
1587:
1574:978-1501704697
1573:
1553:
1530:
1523:
1496:
1445:
1426:(5): 1102–16.
1410:
1403:
1377:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1246:
1243:
1217:
1214:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1126:species, well
1113:Polynesian dog
1103:Polynesian rat
1066:
1063:
1020:Māori language
983:
980:
977:
976:
928:
924:
915:
897:
896:
886:
885:
881:of New Zealand
879:Chatham Island
875:
868:
859:
843:
842:
837:Phillip Island
833:Norfolk Island
829:
826:
817:
798:
797:
772:
769:
760:
742:
741:
716:
713:
704:
686:
685:
672:
669:
660:
642:
641:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
587:
584:
524:Island species
498:. This led to
475:phylogeography
470:
469:Phylogeography
467:
419:Psittaciformes
414:Psittaciformes
409:
406:
335:Phillip Island
331:Norfolk Island
327:Chatham Island
237:
236:
235:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
206:
199:
189:
176:
175:
171:
170:
158:
154:
153:
141:
137:
136:
134:Psittaciformes
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
50:
49:
41:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4538:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4320:
4316:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4266:Finsch's duck
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Haast's eagle
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Campbell teal
3992:
3990:
3989:Campbell shag
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:tētē kākāriki
3963:
3962:Auckland teal
3960:
3958:
3957:Auckland shag
3955:
3953:
3952:Auckland rail
3950:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Chatham snipe
3894:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:endemic birds
3576:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3480:kiwi pukupuku
3476:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3447:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:pīpīwharauroa
3329:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3104:Brown creeper
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2811:on 2009-10-04
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2762:1-86940-098-4
2758:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2713:on 2011-06-08
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2688:on 2011-06-08
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2641:on 2009-02-16
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2490:on 2008-04-18
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2421:on 2008-04-20
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Mol Biol Evol
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1896:on 2009-10-03
1895:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1868:on 2008-12-31
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1843:on 2009-04-04
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1524:0-7153-7698-5
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:scale insects
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:feather cloak
1177:
1176:
1175:kahu huruhuru
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:birds of prey
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Haast's eagle
1088:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
988:
981:
974:
970:
969:
965:
961:
960:
955:
954:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:New Zealand:
929:
925:
920:
916:
914:
913:
908:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
893:
887:
880:
876:
873:
869:
864:
860:
858:
854:
848:
845:
844:
838:
835:and adjacent
834:
830:
827:
822:
818:
816:
814:
809:
803:
800:
799:
795:
791:
790:
785:
784:
777:
774:New Zealand:
773:
770:
765:
761:
759:
758:
753:
747:
744:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:
721:
718:New Zealand:
717:
714:
709:
705:
703:
702:
697:
691:
688:
687:
683:
677:
674:New Zealand:
673:
670:
665:
661:
659:
658:
653:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
638:
632:
622:
617:
616:binomial name
610:
607:
605:
604:
599:
598:
597:Nelepsittacus
593:
585:
583:
581:
580:New Caledonia
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Nelepsittacus
452:
448:
444:
443:Nelepsittacus
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
350:Nelepsittacus
347:
343:
338:
336:
333:and adjacent
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Nelepsittacus
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
273:
272:Nelepsittacus
269:, the fossil
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
230:
227:
226:
224:
221:
217:
212:
211:
207:
205:
204:
200:
198:
197:
196:Nelepsittacus
190:
188:
187:
180:
179:
177:
172:
167:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
142:
140:Superfamily:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
71:
67:
61:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
36:Early Miocene
29:
26:
22:
4516:Strigopoidea
4360:
4173:Laughing owl
4168:Chatham kākā
4163:Lyall's wren
4016:Snares snipe
3884:Chatham shag
3763:Shore plover
3637:Foveaux shag
3562:Blue penguin
3499:Okarito kiwi
3364:Spotted shag
3292:pūtangitangi
3188:Grey warbler
2981:
2961:Chatham kākā
2956:Norfolk kākā
2935:
2907:
2878:
2877:
2824:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2781:
2771:
2750:
2742:
2726:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2676:
2665:
2654:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:the original
2634:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:
2598:
2587:the original
2582:
2578:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2510:
2503:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2483:
2474:
2463:. Retrieved
2454:
2443:. Retrieved
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2414:
2405:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:the original
2360:
2351:
2279:
2250:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2145:Cyanoramphus
2144:
2136:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2093:the original
2064:
2060:
2050:
2031:
2025:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1928:
1924:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1831:
1818:. Retrieved
1804:
1798:
1792:
1768:. Retrieved
1754:
1748:
1742:
1714:. Retrieved
1700:
1694:
1688:
1663:. Retrieved
1649:
1643:
1637:
1615:
1611:
1580:17 September
1578:. Retrieved
1563:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1514:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1325:
1322:Conservation
1316:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1248:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1157:
1150:
1117:
1106:
1084:
1058:
1055:onomatopoeic
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1026:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
982:Common names
966:
964:snow tussock
957:
956:(beech) and
951:
906:
904:
890:
889:
852:
850:
847:Chatham kākā
807:
805:
802:Norfolk kākā
787:
781:
776:North Island
751:
749:
731:
725:
720:South Island
695:
693:
676:South Island
651:
649:
635:
634:
626:Description
615:
601:
595:
594:. The genus
592:Chatham kākā
589:
569:
553:Cyanoramphus
551:
549:
545:
533:South Island
529:North Island
519:
491:
487:
472:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:true parrots
431:Psittacoidea
411:
401:
397:
391:
383:habitat loss
349:
346:Chatham kākā
342:Norfolk kākā
339:
322:
318:
302:
299:Chatham kākā
295:Norfolk kākā
282:
281:. The genus
276:
270:
264:
258:
246:
242:
240:
228:
208:
201:
194:
184:
160:
144:Strigopoidea
143:
66:Auckland Zoo
59:
25:
4439:iNaturalist
4391:Strigopidae
4385:Wikispecies
4361:Strigopidae
4341:New Zealand
4283:ruru hinapō
3979:Bounty shag
3814:Black robin
3601:Black stilt
3434:ngutuparore
3398:tōrea pango
3309:tītipounamu
3258:tūturiwhatu
3133:moho-pererū
2974:Strigopidae
2879:Strigopidae
2789:17 February
2371:12 December
1820:12 November
1770:12 November
1716:12 November
1665:12 November
1256:Polynesians
1223:Polynesians
1202:tauparapara
1194:kahu kākāpō
1145:trees like
1128:camouflaged
1099:Polynesians
1075:alpine zone
1016:orthography
612:Common name
571:Eunymphicus
566:Psittacidae
562:true parrot
541:Pleistocene
423:Cacatuoidea
408:Systematics
315:New Zealand
247:Strigopidae
161:Strigopidae
70:New Zealand
4510:Categories
4271:manutahora
4227:Snipe-rail
4141:mātuhituhi
3787:Yellowhead
3775:Stitchbird
3703:Otago shag
3691:takahikare
3578:Endangered
3454:Flightless
3369:pārekareka
3181:pīwakawaka
3116:Brown teal
2927:Nestoridae
2815:2008-12-31
2717:2008-12-28
2692:2008-12-28
2645:2009-01-02
2616:2009-01-02
2545:2008-12-31
2494:2008-12-31
2465:2009-01-02
2445:2009-01-01
2425:2008-12-31
2396:2012-02-29
1900:2008-12-31
1872:2008-12-31
1847:2008-12-31
1349:References
1268:(dog) and
1120:flightless
959:Podocarpus
953:Nothofagus
789:Podocarpus
783:Nothofagus
757:Endangered
733:Podocarpus
727:Nothofagus
701:Endangered
657:Endangered
578:by way of
516:speciation
479:speciation
357:, such as
229:Nestoridae
38:to present
4026:pokotiwha
3913:Pitt shag
3768:tūturuatu
3732:tarāpunga
3679:kawau tūī
3613:Blue duck
3594:tarapiroe
3422:pōpokotea
3417:Whitehead
3340:Silvereye
1618:: 85–109.
1550:: 85–109.
1302:and with
1296:mistletoe
1227:subfossil
1124:nocturnal
968:Danthonia
872:subfossil
576:Australia
506:. In the
427:cockatoos
166:Bonaparte
149:Bonaparte
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
4418:13030591
4370:Wikidata
4136:Bushwren
4038:tutukiwi
3667:tara-iti
3625:Fernbird
3582:(flying)
3381:miromiro
3321:pīwauwau
3304:Rifleman
3246:pīhoihoi
3193:riroriro
3169:kārearea
3157:pohowera
3140:Dabchick
3097:tarāpuka
3085:korimako
3080:Bellbird
2982:Strigops
2662:(1967).
2579:Notornis
2411:"kakapo"
2387:"Kaakaa"
2242:31387471
2193:86361015
2128:16099384
2089:46659963
2081:17976055
1955:18653733
1491:31387471
1440:86361015
1337:Kākāriki
1331:See also
1308:honeydew
1143:podocarp
1105:and the
1041:; i.e.,
892:Strigops
884:Forests
603:Heracles
558:kākāriki
537:glaciers
508:Pliocene
492:Strigops
459:Strigops
447:Strigops
402:Strigops
394:Gondwana
344:and the
303:Strigops
278:Heracles
266:Strigops
245:family,
220:Synonyms
210:Strigops
186:Heracles
157:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
4480:3600447
4431:6101197
4376:Q788544
4315:Portals
4200:kērangi
4075:kaoriki
4049:Extinct
3865:ranguru
3516:tokoeka
3429:Wrybill
3280:pāpango
3229:koekoeā
3176:Fantail
2909:Species
2233:6731479
1946:2727385
1482:6731479
1292:possums
1245:Threats
1200:in the
1132:diurnal
1095:evolved
1065:Ecology
1059:kee-aah
1057:of its
1039:macrons
1018:of the
950:Climax
946:Islands
874:bones.
813:Extinct
620:Status
586:Species
564:family
379:possums
371:weasels
311:endemic
255:parrots
174:Genera
130:Order:
120:Class:
4493:333964
4464:NZOR:
4457:123259
4444:200965
4405:743433
4242:ōiruki
4178:whēkau
4087:koreke
4063:piopio
3819:karure
3708:Matapo
3630:mātātā
3567:kororā
3550:tawaki
3535:Kākāpō
3376:Tomtit
3345:tauhou
3299:Pūkeko
3236:Kererū
3217:kōtare
3145:weweia
3121:pāteke
3109:pipipi
3071:Common
2990:Kākāpō
2937:Nestor
2889:Family
2874:family
2759:
2518:
2286:
2240:
2230:
2191:
2147:spp.)"
2126:
2087:
2079:
2038:
1953:
1943:
1571:
1521:
1489:
1479:
1438:
1401:
1280:stoats
1216:Status
1190:kākahu
1185:taiaha
1061:call.
1024:vowels
1004:Kākāpō
948:
944:Anchor
936:Chalky
901:Kākāpō
637:Nestor
623:Image
520:Nestor
488:Nestor
451:Nestor
445:, and
439:Nestor
429:) and
398:Nestor
323:Nestor
307:kākāpō
283:Nestor
260:Nestor
251:genera
203:Nestor
168:, 1849
151:, 1849
4452:IRMNG
4329:Birds
4300:poūwa
4051:birds
3945:Toroa
3933:birds
3906:tāiko
3889:papua
3877:parea
3848:tōrea
3831:toroa
3807:birds
3792:mōhua
3756:tīeke
3744:tīeke
3528:hoiho
3492:roroa
3468:roroa
3456:birds
3357:tōrea
3241:Pipit
3073:birds
2898:Genus
2607:(PDF)
2590:(PDF)
2575:(PDF)
2480:"kea"
2189:S2CID
2150:(PDF)
2085:S2CID
2020:26–40
1436:S2CID
1304:wasps
1271:kiore
996:Māori
387:wasps
367:foxes
4426:GBIF
4400:BOLD
4254:moho
4094:Huia
3780:hihi
3642:Kākā
3618:whio
3606:kakī
3557:Weka
3504:rowi
3410:tara
2791:2019
2757:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2373:2012
2284:ISBN
2238:PMID
2124:PMID
2077:PMID
2036:ISBN
1951:PMID
1822:2021
1805:2017
1772:2021
1755:2016
1718:2021
1701:2018
1667:2021
1650:2016
1582:2022
1569:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1487:PMID
1399:ISBN
1367:ICZN
1300:rata
1298:and
1265:kurī
1235:kākā
1206:mihi
1198:kākā
1147:rimu
1108:kurī
1045:and
1031:and
1000:kākā
973:AMSL
942:and
932:Maud
794:AMSL
786:and
738:AMSL
730:and
682:AMSL
531:and
490:and
463:base
453:and
400:and
377:and
375:rats
363:cats
359:pigs
340:The
297:and
291:kākā
241:The
124:Aves
54:Kākā
4413:EoL
4104:Moa
3647:Kea
3388:Tūī
2946:Kea
2228:PMC
2220:doi
2181:doi
2158:176
2116:doi
2069:doi
1985:103
1941:PMC
1933:doi
1809:doi
1759:doi
1705:doi
1654:doi
1477:PMC
1467:doi
1428:doi
1395:200
1239:kea
1210:reo
1139:lek
1051:kea
646:Kea
313:to
287:kea
253:of
64:at
4512::
4490::
4477::
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2110:.
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1983:.
1963:^
1949:.
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1927:.
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1397:.
1260:AD
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1008:pō
975:.
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