245:
396:
291:
49:
74:
470:, have experienced population decline due to the effects of global warming and overfishing. This has increased Kina population size all throughout New Zealand. Kina continue to multiply rapidly, even in their natural environment, caused by a lack of adequate predation. Once Kina populations become out of control, kelp forest can be entirely eaten away, leaving bare rocks, also known as Kina Barrens. A notable example of a Kina Barren is the
437:
is not a profitable species for aquaculture, there are many studies on the complete culture of this species, especially relating to roe enhancement from fished sea urchins. There is strong interest in the production of good quality roe through roe enhancement, which could allow the export of them to
281:
Individuals smaller than 1 cm of diameter are found attached under both intertidal and subtidal rocks, whereas individuals between 1–4 cm are found in intertidal and subtidal areas under the rocks, or within small depressions in rocks. After the sea urchins reach 4 cm they migrate to
449:
maintained in the laboratory is around 1 mm of diameter per month. Maturity in this species depends on the feed quality and availability rather than the sea urchin size. Therefore, it can reach maturity as small as 30 mm if it is fed with a prepared diet.
441:
Roe enhancement for only nine weeks can give the greatest return for the lowest costs (feeding and maintenance). Also, it is more profitable to enhance sea urchins with low gonad index which are found in the North Island rather than the South Island.
225:
Kina have been a traditional component of Māori diet since pre-European times and has been fished commercially since 1986 in small quantities under the quota management system in restricted areas along the coast of New
Zealand. Attempts to export
453:
Artificial diets for sea urchins are well developed. However, more studies in appropriate artificial food for newly settled sea urchins are necessary as well as the design of systems for the nursery culture of post-settled sea urchins.
277:
prefers areas with moderate wave action. In the north of New
Zealand it is found mostly on rocky seafloor areas but also in areas of sandy seafloor. In the South Island it is also found in abundant densities throughout the fiords.
366:
has an annual breeding cycle. It becomes sexually mature between 3.5 and 7.5 cm in diameter, depending on the population. Gonads are ripe from
October and individuals can spawn from November to February.
370:
Swimming larvae complete development in the water column between 4 and 6 weeks. Other studies related to larval development report development in the laboratory can take between 22 and 30 days. The larvae of
629:
James, Philip J.; Heath, Philip; Unwin, Martin J. (September 2007). "The effects of season, temperature and initial gonad condition on roe enhancement of the sea urchin
Evechinus chloroticus".
271:
This sea urchin is found all around New
Zealand in shallow waters and up to 12–14 metres deep, although there are also intertidal populations in the north of both the North and South Islands.
426:
Sea urchin gonads are highly prized in some Asian and
European seafood markets where demand has been increasing. In the New Zealand market, the roe can reach NZ$ 70 per kg. However, because
1349:
381:
as well as artificial surfaces. High sedimentation loads in the water column, such as those associated with residential construction, have a negative effect on settling sea urchins.
825:
Choat, J.H.; Schiel, David R (April 1982). "Patterns of distribution and abundance of large brown algae and invertebrate herbivores in subtidal regions of northern New
Zealand".
387:
can grow between 0.8 and 1 cm in diameter only in its first year of life, and growth rate of in wild populations has been reported between 1–2 cm in diameter annually.
868:
Villouta, E.; Chadderton, W. L.; Pugsley, C. W.; Hay, C. H. (December 2001). "Effects of sea urchin(Evechinus chloroticus)grazing in Dusky Sound, Fiordland, New
Zealand".
1416:
Barker MF, Keogh JA, Lawrence JM and
Lawrence AL. 1998. Feeding rate, absorption efficiencies, growth, and enhancement of gonad production in the New Zealand sea urchin
1644:
1657:
1455:
1785:
418:
Kina shells, also known as tests, have become a symbol of coastal New
Zealand. The shells have been used in crafts, such as ornaments and jewellery boxes.
1249:
Lamare, Miles D.; Mladenov, Philip V. (January 2000). "Modelling somatic growth in the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidea: Echinometridae)".
673:
1618:
236:
is distributed throughout New Zealand and in some northern and southern offshore islands. It is the most common sea urchin species in New Zealand.
308:, red algae and encrusting substrate. Larval stages can feed on different species of unicellular algae in a size range between 5 and 50 μm.
430:
is not well known in Japan and has a reputation for having a bitter taste, this sea urchin is unable to reach a high price in export markets.
1680:
801:
244:
1770:
1490:
Effects of copper toxicity on the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus across multiple life stages and using realistic exposure scenarios
490:, LOEC of >15 μg/L over one hour. For the pluteus stage, LOEC of 10.4 μg/L over 4 days. For adults, LOEC of 50 μg/L over 2 weeks.
944:
545:
1742:
1775:
1141:
Walker, M. M. (December 1984). "Larval life span, larval settlement, and early growth ofEvechinus chloroticus(Valenciennes)".
407:, often eaten raw from the sea. Kina were known to develop a bitter taste during much of the year, with the blooming of the
259:
is oval in shape, covered by a large number of spines, which are used as protection. In between the spines are a number of
1081:"Origin and transport of larvae of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus (Echinodermata:Echinoidea) in a New Zealand fiord"
230:
to Asian markets have been unsuccessful, so it may not be an economically attractive species for aquaculture development.
1350:"Award-winning kina research – Wetland construction at Lake Okaro – Ecological engineers – French Polynesia at Bream Bay"
1028:
Dix, Trevor G. (December 1970). "Biology ofEvechinus chloroticus(echinoidea: Echinometridae) from different localities".
1795:
1579:
1420:
Valenciennes (Echinoidea: Echinometridae) fed prepared and natural diets. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 1583–1590.
1507:
1662:
73:
677:
1790:
1557:
474:
Marine Park, which after also experiencing overfishing, has been almost entirely stripped of other marine life.
339:
334:
395:
211:. This echinoderm belongs to the family Echinometridae and it can reach a maximum diameter of 16–17 cm.
1780:
1519:
1584:
1706:
377:
168:
31:
705:
James P. 2010. Sea urchins: opportunities and lessons. New Zealand Aquaculture 36 (July/August): 12–13.
1374:
James, Philip J.; Heath, Philip L. (June 2008). "Long term roe enhancement of Evechinus chloroticus".
571:"The efficiency and effectiveness of different sea urchin removal methods for kelp forest restoration"
222:
ecosystems. Kina are now being actively removed from many ecosystems for marine conservation efforts.
1747:
1672:
1605:
1566:
1383:
1305:
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1205:
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1092:
1037:
981:
877:
834:
739:
638:
582:
467:
184:
290:
214:
Kina populations throughout New Zealand have dramatically grown due the effects of overfishing and
48:
1724:
1323:
1223:
1166:
1110:
1053:
999:
909:
893:
757:
68:
1571:
1510:, from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966.
1711:
1649:
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1331:
1274:
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541:
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1100:
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989:
932:
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807:
747:
646:
598:
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533:
1430:
351:
404:
1387:
1309:
1262:
1209:
1154:
1096:
1041:
985:
881:
838:
743:
642:
586:
570:
1294:"Biology ofevechinus chloroticus(Echinoidia: Echinometridae) from different localities"
728:"Biology ofevechinus chloroticus(echinoidea: Echinometridae) from different localities"
215:
135:
1395:
1270:
936:
650:
537:
17:
1764:
1488:
846:
412:
913:
1597:
970:"Interrelations between sea urchins and spiny lobsters in northeastern New Zealand"
471:
61:
1318:
1293:
1218:
1193:
1162:
1049:
927:
R McEdward, Larry; G Miner, Benjamin (2007). "Chapter 5 Echinoid larval ecology".
889:
752:
727:
1719:
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1551:
375:
are known to settle on substrates covered with coralline algal species, such as
219:
208:
125:
1542:
204:
115:
105:
57:
1467:
1403:
1335:
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1065:
1057:
1011:
1003:
954:
905:
897:
854:
769:
761:
658:
612:
555:
1456:"'We used to be leaders': the collapse of New Zealand's landmark ocean park"
811:
260:
145:
85:
408:
1536:
528:
F Barker, Michael (2007). "Chapter 16 Ecology of Evechinus chloroticus".
463:
326:
320:
1623:
1105:
1080:
994:
969:
794:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
487:
316:
1636:
603:
594:
95:
1513:
415:
in summer indicating times when the roe was particularly palatable.
394:
289:
243:
1685:
1610:
305:
1517:
1194:"Larval life span of the echinoidevechinus chloroticus(val.)"
399:
Kina shells have become a symbol of the beach in New Zealand
263:, which help kina to propel themselves along the seafloor.
329:, and benthic feeding fishes can feed on individuals of
218:, resulting in over-grazing that significantly damages
1298:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1198:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1143:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1030:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
870:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
732:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
624:
622:
1526:
569:Miller, Kelsey I.; Shears, Nick T. (January 2023).
1251:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
827:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
796:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 112–117.
252:, with some spines remaining attached to the shell
1369:
1367:
929:Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science
530:Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science
482:Copper has a detrimental effect on all stages of
56:Kina feeding on kelp causing a kina barren near
1487:Rouchon, Agnes; Phillips, Nicole (2015-07-08).
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
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462:Many of the Kina's natural predators, such as
304:is mainly herbivorous, feeding on large brown
1136:
1134:
1132:
8:
532:. Vol. 37. Elsevier. pp. 319–338.
1023:
1021:
701:
699:
697:
695:
1514:
931:. Vol. 37. Elsevier. pp. 71–93.
721:
719:
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47:
38:
1317:
1217:
1104:
993:
787:
785:
783:
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499:
333:. The most important predators are the
1493:. New Zealand Marine Science Society.
7:
1673:fca48012-13ea-4fe4-8e8b-83965738ee05
968:Andrew, NL; MacDiarmid, AB (1991).
343:, the seven-armed prickly starfish
1786:Endemic echinoderms of New Zealand
792:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
25:
1396:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.006
651:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.03.011
445:The growth rate in juveniles of
403:Kina are a traditional food for
319:such as the cymatiid gastropods
72:
1085:Marine Ecology Progress Series
974:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1:
1319:10.1080/00288330.1977.9515409
1271:10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00107-0
1219:10.1080/00288330.1969.9515273
1192:Dix, Trevor G. (March 1969).
1163:10.1080/00288330.1984.9516060
1050:10.1080/00288330.1970.9515355
937:10.1016/S0167-9309(07)80069-X
890:10.1080/00288330.2001.9517060
753:10.1080/00288330.1970.9515331
538:10.1016/S0167-9309(07)80080-9
1292:Dix, Trevor G. (June 1972).
847:10.1016/0022-0981(82)90155-1
726:Dix, Trevor G. (June 1970).
674:"Enhancing urchin roe value"
1812:
1454:Evans, Kate (2020-03-11).
1431:"A tragedy of the commons"
29:
1771:Animals described in 1846
174:
167:
69:Scientific classification
67:
55:
46:
41:
1352:. NIWA. 1 September 2005
349:, and the spiny lobster
340:Coscinasterias calamaria
325:and Charonia rubicunda,
438:markets such as Japan.
42:New Zealand sea urchin
1776:Commercial echinoderms
1435:New Zealand Geographic
458:Environmental concerns
433:Despite the fact that
400:
298:
253:
18:New Zealand sea urchin
1707:Paleobiology Database
1572:Evechinus chloroticus
1558:Evechinus chloroticus
1528:Evechinus chloroticus
1418:Evechinus chloroticus
398:
385:Evechinus chloroticus
378:Corallina officinalis
364:Evechinus chloroticus
335:eleven-armed sea star
302:Evechinus chloroticus
297:feeding on brown kelp
295:Evechinus chloroticus
293:
275:Evechinus chloroticus
257:Evechinus chloroticus
250:Evechinus chloroticus
247:
234:Evechinus chloroticus
200:Evechinus chloroticus
178:Evechinus chloroticus
27:Species of sea urchin
30:For other uses, see
1796:New Zealand seafood
1388:2008Aquac.278...89J
1310:1972NZJMF...6...48D
1263:2000JEMBE.243...17L
1210:1969NZJMF...3...13D
1155:1984NZJMF..18..393W
1097:1998MEPS..174..107L
1079:Lamare, MD (1998).
1042:1970NZJMF...4..385D
986:1991MEPS...70..211A
882:2001NZJMF..35.1007V
839:1982JEMBE..60..129C
744:1970NZJMF...4...91D
643:2007Aquac.270..115J
587:2023ResEc..3113754M
575:Restoration Ecology
160:E. chloroticus
1106:10.3354/meps174107
995:10.3354/meps070211
401:
391:In a human context
299:
254:
1758:
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1694:Open Tree of Life
1520:Taxon identifiers
803:978-1-77554-179-0
595:10.1111/rec.13754
346:Astrostole scabra
192:
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16:(Redirected from
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680:on 2 April 2012
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62:Hauraki Gulf
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1720:SeaLifeBase
1632:iNaturalist
1552:Wikispecies
1376:Aquaculture
1091:: 107–121.
980:: 211–222.
631:Aquaculture
422:Aquaculture
240:Description
220:kelp forest
209:New Zealand
207:endemic to
126:Camarodonta
1765:Categories
1473:2024-05-18
1440:2024-05-18
1356:3 December
812:Q114871191
604:2292/61299
494:References
478:Toxicology
413:pōhutukawa
205:sea urchin
116:Echinoidea
58:the Noises
1468:0261-3077
1404:0044-8486
1336:0028-8330
1328:1175-8805
1279:0022-0981
1236:0028-8330
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1171:1175-8805
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955:0167-9309
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898:1175-8805
855:0022-0981
770:0028-8330
762:1175-8805
659:0044-8486
613:1061-2971
556:0167-9309
312:Predators
261:tube feet
154:Species:
147:Evechinus
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
1650:11267413
1543:Q3201808
1537:Wikidata
914:84395381
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464:crayfish
327:starfish
317:Molluscs
132:Family:
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
1735:5448000
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1611:2977277
1384:Bibcode
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1093:Bibcode
1038:Bibcode
982:Bibcode
878:Bibcode
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740:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
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488:gametes
468:snapper
267:Habitat
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112:Class:
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1167:eISSN
1111:eISSN
1054:eISSN
1000:eISSN
910:S2CID
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306:algae
1681:OBIS
1658:NCBI
1619:GBIF
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1593:CoL
1567:ADW
1392:doi
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