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working in the manufacturing industry. Being less attractive in the eyes of Hong Kong local born women, many of these young mainlanders generally had to find spouses in
Mainland China. Soon after the Mainland government opened its door for economic development and after the signing of Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, there was a massive relocation of industrial activities from Hong Kong to the Pearl River Delta. Such industrial relocation has accentuated the trend of marriage between Hong Kong working-class men and Mainland women (So, 2002). According to the General Household Survey 1991, some 95,200 Hong Kong residents who were married in Mainland China had spouses still in Mainland. It was estimated that 149,500 had children living in China and the total number of children was around 310,000 (Fung, 1996).
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strategies for immigration and reunification. The families have to plan the ‘best’ time for reunification, decide who will take care of the children, and discuss where and in what school the children should receive their education (Ku, 2001). Rational and strategic use of family resources, including maximisation of family social capital is essential. Middle-class families tend to have an advantage in this process because of the financial capital and cultural capital they accumulated, but it is not the case for working-class newly arrived families.
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women from the mainland come to Hong Kong to give birth because it entitles their babies to permanent residency there. The benefits include a free education and subsidised health care as part of Hong Kong's
British-inspired welfare policies. Hong Kong residents pay as little as $ 12.80 to give birth at a hospital because of extensive government subsidies.
22:
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For working-class newly arrived families, the family reunification process is typically long and difficult with a number of obstacles to overcome. There are complicated procedures and a long waiting time for getting a one-way permit. Therefore, cross-border family members need to formulate their own
349:
Hei Hang Hayes Tang (2003) gave the following account: after the first influx of refugee capitalists and workers from
Mainland China in the late 1940s, Hong Kong experienced another influx in the late 1970s. The migrants of this second wave were mainly young male mainlanders who made their living by
401:
To limit mainland mothers coming to give birth, starting 1 February 2007, pregnant women from the mainland have to pay $ 5,000 for their hospital care before they are even allowed to enter Hong Kong. Under the new release rules, immigration officers will be instructed to turn back any mainlander who
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The number of children born to non-Hong Kong permanent residents in Hong Kong hospitals has increased almost 100 times from 2001 to the first 10 months of 2006. The number of babies born to mainland mothers soared to 20,000 in the first 10 months of 2006 from less than 9,000 in 2002. Thousands of
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In the latter case, the father needs to take up the role of nurturing which was previously played by the mother. Such a social phenomenon may create tension in family functioning (So, 2002:20). Rao and Yuen (2001) suggest that psychiatric problems in newly arrived students may rise owing to the
366:. The scenarios could be: 1. The mother migrates first, and the children receive education and are taken care of by their grandparents, relatives or school in the Mainland; 2. The child migrates first, and leaves behind his/her mother and possibly also siblings to join the father in Hong Kong.
340:
ruled against the amendment. This ruling immediately granted up to 300,000 people in mainland China the right of abode in Hong Kong, and it was estimated that within the next ten years, about 1.6 million people in mainland China would become eligible for right of abode in Hong Kong.
429:". They co-sponsored a controversial ad which claimed that reducing immigration would help the people of Hong Kong to get to the bottom of the housing problem, while rejecting claims of bias or discrimination against mainlanders, despite condemnation from the
685:
2001. “Dialect and
Territory-Based Associations: Cultural and Identity Brokers in Hong Kong.” in P.T. Lee (eds). Hong Kong Reintegrating with China:P, Cultural and Social Dimensions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University
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Many political parties in Hong Kong were opposed to large
Chinese immigration due to cultural reasons and a lack of resources, especially in primary schools, public housing and certain jobs. These parties included
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disruptions in family relations and changes in family ecologies. It is also claimed that home-school co-operation can hardly be established if the mother, who has arrived in Hong Kong, does not know
Cantonese.
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that would restrict immigration to children born outside of Hong Kong that were born to Hong Kong residents. The constitutionality of this amendment came to be challenged in court, and in
January 1999, the
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1999. "The split-family phenomenon: a new immigrant family structure.” in G. Wang and J. Wong (eds). Hong Kong in China: The
Challenges of Transition. Singapore: Time Academic Press. pp. 203–230.
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2002. Social
Relations between Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong : A Study of Cross-border Families. Hong Kong: Centre for China Urban and Regional Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University.
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from
Chinese authorities and to reduce the quota of such permits. Fan also refers to immigrants from mainland China and the quota of 150 daily permits as "the root of the housing problem".
362:
The various scenarios in the family reunification process affect the social relations in the family, and therefore impact on the utilisation of family resources as well as its
256:
672:
2001. “Hegemonic Construction, Negotiation, and Displacement: The Struggle over Right of Abode in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Cultural Studies, no.4(3): 259–278.
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A survey in 2012 found that 50.6 per cent of Hong Kongers thought the number of mainland immigrants should decrease. Only 16% thought immigration should increase.
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1996. “Population and Immigration.” in M.K. Nyaw and S.M. Li (eds.) The Other Hong Kong Report 1996. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. pp. 326–347.
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2001. “Accommodations for Assimilation: Supporting Newly Arrived Children from the Chinese Mainland to Hong Kong” in Childhood Education, no. 77 (5): 313–318
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433:. Fan later introduced a motion on adhering to the need to "put Hong Kong people first" in formulating policies, but the motion was ultimately defeated.
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held that a boy born in Hong Kong to two mainland parents neither of whom was a Hong Kong resident nevertheless was entitled to the right of abode.
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2002. New Arrival Students in Hong Kong: Adaptation and School Performance. M.Phil thesis, Department of Sociology, The University of Hong Kong.
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has taken an anti-immigration stance, Fan has been frequently calling for the government to take back the approval rights on
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291:). Despite its literal meaning, the term is rarely used to describe newly arrived immigrants from regions other than
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2000. The Family Functioning of Newly Arrived Families in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Family Welfare Society.
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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Immediately after the handover of Hong Kong back to Chinese rule, Hong Kong's
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643:"Hong Kong accepting too many mainland Chinese immigrants, survey finds"
608:"Head of equality watchdog condemns lawmakers' ad on mainland migrants"
570:"Lawmakers Gary Fan and Claudia Mo take disingenuous stand on housing"
657:"Many Hongkongers urge cut in number of mainland Chinese immigrants"
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of migrants from mainland China have been coming to the territory.
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appears to be at least seven months pregnant and has not paid.
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589:"Legislators defend controversial advert on mainland migrants"
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Influx of mainland women coming to Hong Kong to give birth
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516:Chow, Magdalen; Lau, Shirley (21 July 2001),
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387:Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen
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547:"Lawmakers deny bias against mainlanders"
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
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311:Family reunification and Right of abode
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345:Immigration and Cross-border Families
79:Demographics and culture of Hong Kong
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626:"Legislaitve Council of Hong Kong"
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553:. 15 October 2013. Archived from
587:Chong, Tanna (14 October 2013).
518:"Boy wins landmark abode battle"
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606:But, Joshua (12 October 2013).
431:Equal Opportunities Commission
421:In January 2013, Gary Fan and
301:The People's Republic of China
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1:
568:Lo, Alex (15 October 2013).
467:Mainland Chinese Hongkongers
878:By nationality or ethnicity
798:Refugees and asylum seekers
331:passed an amendment to the
317:Right of abode in Hong Kong
277:New immigrants in Hong Kong
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683:Kuah, K.E.; and Wong, S.L.
380:Birth tourism in Hong Kong
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854:Shanghainese (and Ningbo)
807:By Chinese dialect group
612:South China Morning Post
593:South China Morning Post
574:South China Morning Post
522:South China Morning Post
842:Fujianese/Hoklo/Hokkien
472:Mainlanders (Hong Kong)
425:formed a group called "
114:Hong Kong identity card
783:Indigenous inhabitants
210:Other Hong Kong topics
818:Ethnic Cantonese and
392:Court of Final Appeal
338:Court of Final Appeal
1048:Society of Hong Kong
776:By migration history
443:Hong Kong Indigenous
364:capital accumulation
323:Family reunification
832:Puntis (Aboriginal)
690:Rao, N., Yuen, M.T.
659:. 23 November 2012.
645:. 22 November 2012.
557:on 3 November 2013.
492:"香江客语：赴港生子，无法预知的十年"
329:Legislative Council
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305:increasing numbers
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295:. Since the
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993:Australians
950:Indonesians
769:Hongkongers
410:Politician
289:Mainlanders
104:Hongkongers
1058:Euphemisms
1042:Categories
1023:Ukrainians
964:Vietnamese
931:Pakistanis
814:Yue people
716:Wong, C.Y.
709:Tang, H.H.
677:Kuah, K.E.
478:References
423:Claudia Mo
406:Opposition
321:See also:
197:Visual art
192:Literature
44:footnoting
1003:Canadians
988:Americans
943:Filipinos
885:From Asia
793:Returnees
696:Siu, Y.M.
532:4 October
502:4 October
333:Basic Law
228:Geography
223:Education
119:Languages
1018:Russians
983:Africans
896:Japanese
702:So, A.Y.
456:See also
427:HK First
412:Gary Fan
238:Politics
182:Shopping
124:Religion
40:citation
998:Britons
924:Nepalis
917:Indians
903:Koreans
869:Teochew
281:Chinese
233:History
218:Economy
157:Cuisine
138:Culture
1008:French
976:Others
686:Press.
670:Ku, A.
390:, the
283::
152:Comics
147:Cinema
99:Health
94:Census
957:Thais
864:Tanka
847:Hoklo
837:Hakka
629:(PDF)
285:香港新移民
202:Slang
187:Sport
172:Opera
167:Music
162:Media
1013:Jews
858:list
824:list
534:2011
504:2011
445:and
42:and
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