1087:
4264:
1179:) by A. Newton, but Cheke did not find this likely, as their beaks are grey. Pingré also mentioned green birds, perhaps with some red colours, but his account is partially unintelligible and therefore ambiguous. A red shoulder patch is also present on the related Alexandrine parakeet. None of the existing Newton's parakeet specimens have red patches. Fuller suggested the single known male specimen may have been immature, judged on the colour of its beak, and this may also explain the absence of the red patch. When
4288:
95:
4240:
1025:
1210:
4276:
4164:
1314:
69:
42:
4188:
2164:
1201:
4252:
402:
4200:
711:
4176:
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4228:
1054:, where it became gradually narrower. The underside of the tail was greyish, the upper beak was dark reddish brown, and the mandible was black. The legs were grey and the iris yellow. The female was similar but had a greyer head and a black beak. The black collar was not so prominent as that of the male and did not extend to the back of the neck.
647:, members of which are known as Psittaculines, basing this theory on morphological features and the fact that parrots from that group have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the Indian Ocean. The Psittaculini could have invaded the area several times, as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on
1244:), which is endangered today, but was common all over Rodrigues and nearby islets during his visit. Newton's parakeet may have fed on leaves as the related echo parakeet does. The fact that it survived long after Rodrigues had been heavily deforested shows that its ecology was less vulnerable than that of, for example, the Rodrigues parrot.
558:
483:" ("exiled") refers to Leguat, in that he was exiled from France when he gave the first description of the bird. Newton had tried to find a more descriptive name, perhaps based on colouration, but found it difficult. He refrained from publishing a figure of the female in his original description, though the journal
1158:
The parrots are of three kinds, and in quantity ... The second species is slightly smaller and more beautiful, because they have their plumage green like the preceding , a little more blue, and above the wings a little red as well as their beak. The third species is small and altogether green,
1082:
received a live specimen on
Mauritius in the 1770s and described it as "greyish blue". French artist Paul Philippe Sanguin de Jossigny made two illustrations of this specimen, the only known depictions of Newton's parakeet in life, unpublished until 2007. Though both existing specimens are blue, some
592:
species on Indian Ocean islands, with new populations settling during the species' southwards colonisation from its native South Asia. Features of that species gradually disappear in species further away from its range. Subfossil remains of Newton's parakeet show that it differed from other
Mascarene
1264:
for the RĂ©union parakeet and Newton's parakeet, due to their close evolutionary relationship. The echo parakeet was itself close to extinction in the 1980s, numbering only twenty individuals, but has since recovered, so introducing it to the nearby islands could also help secure the survival of this
1342:
The perruche seemed to me much more delicate . I would not have missed any game from France if this one had been commoner in
Rodrigues; but it begins to become rare. There are even fewer perroquets , although there were once a big enough quantity according to François Leguat; indeed a little islet
1268:
Many other species endemic to
Rodrigues became extinct after humans arrived, and the island's ecosystem remains heavily damaged. Forests had covered the entire island before humans arrived, but very little forestation can be seen today. Newton's parakeet lived alongside other recently extinct birds
500:
A. Newton requested further specimens, especially males, but in 1875 he finally published a plate of the female, lamenting that no male specimens could be found. Tafforet's 1726 account had been rediscovered the previous year, and A. Newton noted that it confirmed his assumption that the male would
1929:
Braun, Michael P.; Datzmann, Thomas; Arndt, Thomas; Reinschmidt, Matthias; Schnitker, Heinz; Bahr, Norbert; Sauer-GĂĽrth, Hedwig; Wink, Michael (2019). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus
Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, †Mascarinus) with
1146:
produces green colouration in parrot feathers. Complete lack of psittacin produces blue colouration, whereas reduced psittacin can produce a colour between green and blue called parblue, which corresponds to the colour of the two preserved Newton's parakeet specimens. The reason why only parblue
1121:
of Newton's parakeet, as Hume has suggested. As A. Newton observed in his original description, some feathers of the female specimen display both blue and green tinges, depending on the light. This may explain some of the discrepancies. According to Fuller, the green parrots mentioned could also
512:
In 1876, the Newton brothers noted that they had expected the male would be adorned with a red patch on the wing, but that the absence of this indicated it was immature. They still found it more beautiful than the female. These two specimens are the only preserved individuals of the species. The
1356:
struck the following year and may have devastated the remaining population. Further severe storms hit in 1878 and 1886, and since few forested areas were left by this time, there was little cover to protect any remaining birds. The male could, therefore, have been the last of the species alive.
1329:
by humans. Leguat stated that Newton's parakeet was abundant during his stay. It was still common when
Tafforet visited in 1726, but when Pingré mentioned it in 1761, he noted that the bird had become scarce. It was still present on southern islets off Rodrigues (Isle Gombrani), along with the
505:, had seen a live Newton's parakeet the year before, but was not carrying a gun at the time. On 14 August 1875, William Vandorous shot a male specimen. It may have been the same specimen Slater had observed. It was subsequently sent to E. Newton by William J. Caldwell. This is the
1041:
was 22 mm (0.87 in). The wing of the female specimen was 191 mm (7.5 in), the tail 210 mm (8.3 in), the culmen 24 mm (0.94 in), and the tarsus was 22 mm (0.87 in). The male specimen was greyish blue (also described as
1129:
The two existing specimens were originally preserved in alcohol, but though this can discolour specimens, it is not probable that it could turn green to blue. Hume and the Dutch orhinthologist Hein van Grouw have also suggested that due to an inheritable
221:
632:, so it was possible for species to colonise some of these less isolated islands. Although most extinct parrot species of the Mascarenes are poorly known, subfossil remains show that they shared common features such as enlarged heads and jaws, reduced
389:. A male, the last specimen recorded, was collected in 1875, and these two specimens are the only ones that exist today. The bird became scarce due to deforestation and perhaps hunting, but it was thought to have been finally wiped out by a series of
1061:
species, including the black collar, but the bluish grey colouration set it apart from other members of its genus, which are mostly green. It differed from its
Mascarene relatives in some skeletal details, including in that the internal margin of the
1255:
Hunting and
Fishing were so easie to us, that it took away from the Pleasure. We often delighted ourselves in teaching the Parrots to speak, there being vast numbers of them. We carried one to Maurice Isle , which talk'd French and
1227:
Almost nothing is known about the behaviour of Newton's parakeet, but it is probable that it was similar to that of other members of its genus. Leguat mentioned that the parrots of the island ate the nuts of the bois d'olive tree
1352:, and assistant colonial secretary William J. Caldwell saw several specimens in 1875 during his own three-month visit. The male that he received in 1875 and gave to Newton is the last recorded member of the species. A series of
385:" is a reference to Leguat, who was exiled from France. Only two life drawings exist, both of a single specimen held in captivity in the 1770s. The species was scientifically described in 1872, with a female specimen as the
1347:
According to government surveyor Thomas Corby, Newton's parakeet may still have been fairly common in 1843. Slater reported that he saw a single specimen in southwestern
Rodrigues during his three-month stay to observe the
1337:
According to early accounts praising its flavour, it appears visitors commonly ate Newton's parakeet. Several individuals would likely be needed to provide a single meal, owing to the bird's small size. Pingré stated:
702:
of rose-ringed parakeet subspecies (from Asia and Africa), which it had diverged from 3.82 million years ago. Furthermore, Newton's parakeet appeared to be ancestral to the parakeets of
Mauritius and RĂ©union. The
1032:
Newton's parakeet was about 40 cm (16 in) long – roughly the size of the rose-ringed parakeet. The wing of the male specimen was 198 mm (7.8 in), the tail 206 mm (8.1 in), the
697:
could be extracted. A 2015 genetic study by the British geneticist Hazel Jackson and colleagues included viable DNA from the toe-pad of the female Newton's parakeet specimen. It was found to group within a
347:, but details of a mature male's appearance are uncertain; only one male specimen is known, and it is believed to be immature. Mature males might have possessed red patches on the wing like the related
601:
features, but also had similarities, such as a reduced sternum, which suggests a close relationship. Skeletal features indicate an especially close relationship with the Alexandrine parakeet and the
1973:
Selvatti, A. P.; GalvĂŁo, A.; Mayr, G.; Miyaki, C. Y.; Russo, C. A. M. (2022). "Southern hemisphere tectonics in the Cenozoic shaped the pantropical distribution of parrots and passerines".
1368:
stated in 1973 that his visits to Rodrigues the previous seven years confirmed the bird was extinct. Hume concluded in 2007 that the islets were probably too small to sustain a population.
1325:
Of the roughly eight parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes, only the echo parakeet has survived. The others were likely all made extinct by a combination of excessive hunting and
972:(an unnatural grouping), and stated this argued for breaking up the latter genus. To solve the issue, the German ornithologist Michael P. Braun and colleagues proposed in 2019 that
1822:
Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones, R. P.; Groombridge, J. J. (2011). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy".
2055:
Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
1364:
stated that an extremely small population might still survive on small offshore islets, since this is often the last refuge of endangered birds. The Mauritian ornithologist
1660:
Hume, J. P.; Steel, L.; André, A. A.; Meunier, A. (2014). "In the footsteps of the bone collectors: Nineteenth-century cave exploration on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean".
1260:
The authors of the 2015 study which resolved the phylogenetic placement of the Mascarene island parakeets suggested that the echo parakeet of Mauritius would be a suitable
4613:
3076:
1247:
Leguat and his men were hesitant to hunt the parrots of Rodrigues because they were so tame and easy to catch. Leguat's group took a parrot as a pet and were able to
489:
had offered him the space. He instead wanted to wait until a male specimen could be procured since he imagined it would be more attractive. The female, which is the
4439:
1862:"Micro-evolutionary diversification among Indian Ocean parrots: temporal and spatial changes in phylogenetic diversity as a consequence of extinction and invasion"
4583:
4478:
1894:
Provost, Kaiya L.; Joseph, Leo; Smith, Brian Tilston (2018). "Resolving a phylogenetic hypothesis for parrots: implications from systematics to conservation".
985:
A 2022 genetic study by the Brazilian ornithologist Alexandre P. Selvatti and colleagues confirmed the earlier studies in regard to the relationship between
393:
and storms that hit Rodrigues in the late 19th century. Speculation about the possible survival of the species, though unfounded, lasted as late as 1967.
1154:
Tafforet also described what appears to be green Newton's parakeets, but the issue of colouration was further complicated by the mention of red plumage:
363:
occurred, but no definitive explanation exists for these reports. Little is known about its behaviour in life, but it may have fed on the nuts of the
1105:
There are abundance of green and blew Parrets, they are of a midling and equal bigness; when they are young, their Flesh is as good as young Pigeons.
4545:
4413:
4452:
3071:
1695:
1605:"Unpublished material from the Transit of Venus expedition to Rodrigues in 1874 - Henry Slater's sketchbook and notes on the birds of Rodrigues"
4573:
2196:
1298:
2105:
2080:
2020:
1806:
1764:
4603:
4588:
1066:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) was oval instead of square-shaped when seen from above, and in that the upper end of the
1187:, blue is easily produced from green; the production of blue may suppress red colouration, so blue morphs may have lacked the red patch.
1488:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
1083:
early accounts from Rodrigues have caused confusion over the colouration of the plumage. One of these is Leguat's following statement:
1167:
proposed that the last two types mentioned were male and female Newton's parakeets, and that the differences between them were due to
359:
yellow. Some 17th-century accounts indicate that some members of the species were green, which would suggest that both blue and green
1360:
There were unfounded rumours of its continued existence until the beginning of the 20th century. In 1967, the American ornithologist
2456:
4598:
2615:
1096:
314:
is a close relative and probable ancestor. Newton's parakeet may itself have been ancestral to the endemic parakeets of nearby
1294:
4457:
4204:
4218:
994:
4608:
3061:
2363:
494:
2156:
4483:
1086:
94:
2843:
2368:
2276:
2189:
925:
2758:
2748:
1487:
325:
Around 40 centimetres (16 in) long, Newton's parakeet was roughly the size of a rose-ringed parakeet. Its
3084:
3066:
2347:
1722:
2524:
1046:
blue") tinged with green, and darker above. The head was bluer, with a dark line running from the eye to the
3089:
2544:
2519:
2357:
2337:
2261:
675:
633:
4364:
4304:
3056:
2868:
2818:
1431:
1427:
1384:
1261:
637:
410:
360:
4491:
2893:
2529:
2504:
2225:(extinctions: †indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
2182:
1349:
1286:
1172:
842:
446:
190:
4342:
2168:
1411:
1164:
4356:
3521:
2539:
2514:
2509:
2488:
2477:
2332:
2302:
2266:
1699:
1523:
1063:
978:
602:
577:
573:
348:
307:
1861:
525:
remains have since been found in the Plaine Corail caverns on Rodrigues. The American ornithologist
4578:
4292:
3051:
2943:
2883:
2828:
2608:
2567:
2482:
2393:
2352:
2327:
2271:
1716:
1630:
1318:
1302:
1282:
1270:
1079:
442:
437:
there. Subsequent accounts were by Julien Tafforet, who was marooned on the island in 1726, in his
58:
4187:
2064:
4593:
3834:
2898:
2858:
2823:
2408:
2403:
2296:
2241:
1955:
1911:
1734:
1677:
1433:
The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope
1278:
1240:
1230:
585:
364:
306:
from related species, indicating long-term isolation on Rodrigues and subsequent adaptation. The
303:
236:
89:
4496:
1218:
418:
378:
4444:
4180:
1151:, as unusually coloured specimens are more likely to be collected than those of normal colour.
4470:
4387:
4280:
3960:
3907:
3857:
3000:
2990:
2933:
2733:
2728:
2438:
2428:
2398:
2342:
2130:
2101:
2076:
2016:
1947:
1839:
1802:
1760:
1168:
1091:
1070:(upper arm bone) was less expanded than in the Mascarene grey parakeet and the echo parakeet.
1038:
490:
461:
340:
287:
3826:
2968:
2640:
2577:
2534:
2448:
2373:
2100:. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection 13. pp. 107–108.
2068:
2056:
1982:
1939:
1903:
1876:
1831:
1726:
1669:
1642:
1585:
1554:
1504:
1406:
1290:
1110:
951:
501:
turn out be much more colourful than the female. Newton's collector, the English naturalist
4369:
1330:
Rodrigues parrot. After this point, much of Rodrigues was severely deforested and used for
1024:
381:
in 1708 and was only mentioned a few times by other writers afterwards. The specific name "
4239:
4058:
3886:
3356:
2878:
2863:
2801:
2700:
2628:
2443:
2205:
1148:
641:
636:
bones, and robust leg bones. Hume has suggested that they all have a common origin in the
526:
502:
473:
426:
2057:
2036:
Hume, J. P.; van Grouw, H. (2014). "Colour aberrations in extinct and endangered birds".
1388:
4256:
4244:
4168:
4098:
4050:
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3923:
3878:
3865:
3739:
3702:
3553:
3327:
3164:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2888:
2873:
2768:
2763:
2743:
2738:
2720:
2668:
2601:
2556:
2433:
1646:
1589:
1558:
1361:
1274:
998:
648:
625:
485:
17:
4567:
4465:
4268:
4106:
4090:
4013:
4005:
3839:
3637:
3487:
3374:
3332:
3132:
3124:
3046:
3010:
2928:
2852:
2493:
1681:
1604:
1397:
1326:
1034:
976:
should be split into multiple genera. They placed Newton's parakeet in the new genus
715:
686:
656:
469:
457:
210:
156:
79:
1959:
1915:
1738:
1313:
982:, along with its closest relatives, the echo parakeet and the rose-ringed parakeet.
456:
of Rodrigues, collected a female specimen; it was preserved in alcohol and given to
4536:
4392:
4232:
4192:
3936:
3781:
3597:
3435:
3383:
3255:
3216:
2985:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2650:
2209:
1365:
1248:
1118:
969:
644:
610:
368:
299:
49:
41:
4509:
4379:
1907:
1860:
Jackson, H.; Jones, C. G.; Agapow, P. M.; Tatayah, V.; Groombridge, J. J. (2015).
1799:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, RĂ©union & Rodrigues
2072:
1673:
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3997:
3844:
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3629:
3618:
3583:
3450:
3440:
3398:
3289:
3156:
2958:
2783:
2778:
2710:
2695:
2663:
2384:
2318:
2307:
2252:
1835:
1209:
960:
629:
621:
509:
of the species, numbered UMZC 18/Psi/67/h/2 and housed in the Cambridge Museum.
356:
220:
4251:
2163:
401:
4504:
4114:
3976:
3915:
3894:
3726:
3710:
3645:
3590:
3562:
3494:
3459:
3337:
3185:
3020:
2995:
2753:
2468:
2452:
2287:
1943:
1508:
1184:
950:
In 2018, the American ornithologist Kaiya L. Provost and colleagues found the
667:
664:
545:
539:
453:
335:
330:
319:
276:
166:
73:
4327:
4074:
4029:
3818:
3611:
3528:
3512:
3501:
3411:
3347:
3306:
3005:
2806:
2793:
2773:
2673:
2232:
1730:
1331:
1143:
1135:
719:
704:
690:
620:, are descended from South Asian ancestors, and the British palaeontologist
598:
522:
465:
434:
430:
315:
295:
291:
229:
106:
2134:
1951:
1843:
1234:). Tafforet also stated that the parrots ate the seeds of the bois de buis
710:
2151:
1545:
Newton, A. (1872). "On an undescribed bird from the island of Rodriguez".
4530:
4321:
4042:
3772:
3747:
3693:
3604:
3576:
3466:
3430:
3422:
3404:
3299:
3284:
3268:
3015:
2978:
2811:
2419:
1131:
1126:
species from other islands, that survived on Rodrigues for a short time.
1001:
565:
514:
506:
472:. A. Newton scientifically described the species in 1872 and gave it the
406:
386:
375:
126:
4550:
549:, wherein he also classified other extant parakeets of Asia and Africa.
4418:
4351:
3952:
3805:
3684:
3569:
3535:
3473:
3294:
3148:
3140:
2833:
2705:
2690:
2680:
2174:
1495:
1353:
1139:
1067:
1013:
651:
before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea. Other members of the genus
613:
of Newton's parakeet indicates it had long been isolated on Rodrigues.
561:
518:
390:
326:
279:
2593:
1986:
1880:
1200:
1057:
The general appearance of Newton's parakeet was similar to the extant
4431:
4082:
4021:
3797:
3789:
3718:
3658:
3542:
3480:
3363:
3030:
3025:
2903:
1043:
283:
146:
116:
4405:
4298:
1171:. The last bird mentioned had earlier been identified as introduced
557:
533:
for Newton's parakeet in his 1937 checklist of birds, replacing the
624:
has proposed that this may also be the case for all parrots there.
4400:
3968:
3755:
3318:
2218:
2123:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius
1312:
1235:
1085:
1023:
1016:(8–5 million years ago), and colonised the Mascarenes from there.
709:
699:
556:
534:
400:
311:
3944:
3311:
3274:
3244:
2658:
2624:
1609:
Journal of the Royal Society of Arts & Sciences of Mauritius
1051:
1047:
617:
352:
344:
136:
4302:
3108:
2597:
2178:
1801:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 46–56.
355:, but this was clearer in the male. The legs were grey and the
4066:
2923:
2685:
694:
1317:
Statues in Hungary of Newton's parakeet and the also extinct
351:. Both sexes had a black collar running from the chin to the
1524:"Additional evidence as to the original fauna of Rodriguez"
1343:
south of Rodrigues still retains the name Isle of Parrots .
1050:. It had a broad black collar running from the chin to the
1012:
lineage were the first psittaculines in Africa by the late
367:
tree, along with leaves. It was very tame and was able to
343:
than the female and possessed a reddish instead of black
374:
Newton's parakeet was first written about by the French
339:, a genus containing mostly green species. The male had
1855:
1853:
1436:. Vol. 1. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 84–85.
1100:, based on his 1875 illustration of the female specimen
993:. They suggested that Psittaculinae originated in the
693:
was unable to include Newton's parakeet, as no viable
4216:
2015:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–227.
1109:
If the green parrots Leguat referred to were not the
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1479:
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1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
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3701:
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1447:
1445:
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2063:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1631:"XXVII.-On the psittaci of the Mascarene Islands"
1412:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685465A93074571.en
1750:
1748:
468:, who sent it to his brother, the ornithologist
2121:Staub, F. (1973). "Birds of Rodriguez Island".
1528:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1340:
1253:
1156:
1103:
2609:
2489:Rose-ringed parakeet (or ringnecked parakeet)
2190:
1759:. London: A & C Black. pp. 175–176.
521:were extracted from the female specimen, and
8:
2478:Alexandrine parakeet (or Alexandrine parrot)
2038:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1221:'s 1708 maps of Rodrigues and his settlement
1004:), and that the ancestral population of the
616:Many endemic Mascarene birds, including the
425:. Leguat was the leader of a group of nine
4299:
3777:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3418:
3264:
3251:
3212:
3208:
3181:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3101:
2616:
2602:
2594:
2197:
2183:
2175:
1704:. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 65.
1624:
1622:
1134:, some Newton's parakeets may have lacked
219:
67:
40:
31:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1410:
1122:instead have been storm-blown members of
445:, who travelled to Rodrigues to view the
4614:Species made extinct by human activities
2098:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
1147:specimens are known today may be due to
1117:), they might perhaps have been a green
568:extracted from the female specimen, 1875
417:Newton's parakeet was first recorded by
27:Extinct parrot from the island Rodrigues
4223:
1376:
707:accompanying the study is shown below:
663:) of Mauritius, as well as its extinct
655:from the Mascarenes include the extant
441:, and then by the French mathematician
1299:saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
433:between 1691 and 1693 after they were
4584:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
1824:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
4175:
452:In 1871, George Jenner, the British
4199:
1398:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1037:25 mm (0.98 in), and the
1028:Jossigny's other 1770s life drawing
834:
827:
770:
747:
740:
733:
726:
1797:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
1647:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1876.tb06925.x
1590:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1875.tb05978.x
1559:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1872.tb05858.x
757:(Abyssinian rose-ringed parakeet)
25:
3077:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2059:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1755:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
682:) of both Mauritius and RĂ©union.
493:of the species, is housed in the
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4053:(New World vultures and condors)
2162:
2150:
1718:Check-List of Birds of the World
1208:
1199:
497:as specimen UMZC 18/Psi/67/h/1.
93:
1629:Newton, A.; Newton, E. (1876).
1293:. Extinct reptiles include the
1163:In 1987, the British ecologist
929:(African rose-ringed parakeet)
755:Psittacula krameri parvirostris
423:A New Voyage to the East Indies
333:in colour, which is unusual in
1295:domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
796:(Boreal rose-ringed parakeet)
780:(Indian rose-ringed parakeet)
778:Psittacula krameri manillensis
273:Rodrigues ring-necked parakeet
1:
4574:IUCN Red List extinct species
1908:10.1080/01584197.2017.1387030
722:, the closest living relative
2073:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003
1674:10.1080/08912963.2014.886203
1572:Newton, A. (1875). "Note on
1273:, the Rodrigues parrot, the
989:, the Mascarene parrot, and
4604:Taxa named by Alfred Newton
4589:Bird extinctions since 1500
4117:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2364:Yellow-breasted racket-tail
1836:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025
794:Psittacula krameri borealis
584:) has been proposed as the
495:Cambridge University Museum
405:Illustration of the female
4630:
3979:(cormorants and relatives)
3072:Extinct species since 1500
2369:Golden-mantled racket-tail
1721:. Vol. 3. Cambridge:
1115:Necropsittacus rodericanus
926:Psittacula krameri krameri
439:Relation de l'ĂŽle Rodrigue
302:. Several of its features
4158:
4109:(kingfishers and rollers)
3963:(albatrosses and petrels)
3847:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3829:(nightjars and relatives)
3679:
3653:(pheasants and relatives)
3211:
3180:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3100:
2636:
1944:10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8
1930:taxonomic implications".
1896:Emu - Austral Ornithology
1509:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
1074:Possible colour variation
922:
882:
857:
839:
832:
825:
791:
775:
768:
752:
745:
738:
731:
242:
235:
227:
218:
196:
189:
90:Scientific classification
88:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
4008:(seriemas and relatives)
3987:(pelicans and relatives)
2348:Blue-crowned racket-tail
2096:Greenway, J. C. (1967).
1723:Harvard University Press
1405:: e.T22685465A93074571.
964:species to group within
52:by Paul Jossigny, 1770s
4599:Birds described in 1872
4101:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4016:(falcons and relatives)
2561:(probably Psittaculini)
2545:Mascarene grey parakeet
2520:Blossom-headed parakeet
2358:Blue-winged racket-tail
2338:Blue-headed racket-tail
2277:Madarasz's tiger parrot
1975:Journal of Biogeography
1731:10.5962/bhl.title.14581
995:Australo–Pacific region
676:Mascarene grey parakeet
429:refugees who colonised
4085:(trogons and quetzals)
3897:(cranes and relatives)
3167:(emus and cassowaries)
3057:Glossary of bird terms
2869:Confuciusornithiformes
1715:Peters, J. L. (1937).
1385:BirdLife International
1345:
1322:
1262:ecological replacement
1258:
1161:
1107:
1101:
1090:Keulemans' plate from
1078:The French naturalist
1029:
956:Mascarinus marscarinus
860:Psittacula eques eques
723:
672:Psittacula eques eques
628:were lower during the
569:
462:colonial administrator
414:
411:John Gerrard Keulemans
329:was mostly greyish or
18:Newton's Parakeet
4492:Paleobiology Database
3926:(kagu and sunbittern)
3889:(gulls and relatives)
2894:Songlingornithiformes
2859:Omnivoropterygiformes
2530:Red-breasted parakeet
2525:Lord Derby's parakeet
2505:Slaty-headed parakeet
2360:(or Sulu racket-tail)
1603:Cheke, A. S. (2019).
1350:1874 Transit of Venus
1316:
1287:Rodrigues night heron
1191:Behaviour and ecology
1173:grey-headed lovebirds
1089:
1027:
843:Psittacula eques echo
713:
661:Psittacula eques echo
560:
447:1761 transit of Venus
404:
267:), also known as the
3748:Phoenicopteriformes
2540:Long-tailed parakeet
2515:Plum-headed parakeet
2510:Grey-headed parakeet
2333:Mindanao racket-tail
2303:Blue-collared parrot
2267:Painted tiger parrot
2262:Brehm's tiger parrot
2159:at Wikimedia Commons
1725:. pp. 242–246.
1486:Hume, J. P. (2007).
1064:mandibular symphysis
968:, making that genus
603:rose-ringed parakeet
578:Alexandrine parakeet
349:Alexandrine parakeet
308:rose-ringed parakeet
3719:Mesitornithiformes
3713:(doves and pigeons)
3047:Families and orders
2909:Ichthyornithiformes
2884:Patagopterygiformes
2568:Broad-billed parrot
2483:Seychelles parakeet
2394:Great-billed parrot
2353:Mindoro racket-tail
2328:Montane racket-tail
2299:(or singing parrot)
2272:Modest tiger parrot
2011:Fuller, E. (2000).
1522:Newton, A. (1875).
1426:Leguat, F. (1891).
1319:broad-billed parrot
1303:Rodrigues day gecko
1283:Rodrigues scops owl
1271:Rodrigues solitaire
1159:and the beak black.
1142:that together with
1080:Philibert Commerson
862:(RĂ©union parakeet)
582:Psittacula eupatria
421:in his 1708 memoir
59:Conservation status
4609:Fauna of Rodrigues
4061:(eagles and hawks)
3961:Procellariiformes
3866:Opisthocomiformes
3835:Steatornithiformes
3062:List by population
2899:Hongshanornithidae
2824:Evolution of birds
2409:Black-lored parrot
2404:Blue-backed parrot
2297:Red-cheeked parrot
2242:Blue-rumped parrot
1662:Historical Biology
1391:Alexandrinus exsul
1323:
1279:Rodrigues starling
1241:Fernelia buxifolia
1231:Cassine orientalis
1102:
1030:
997:(then part of the
724:
680:Psittacula bensoni
607:Psittacula krameri
586:founder population
570:
415:
269:Rodrigues parakeet
35:Newton's parakeet
4561:
4560:
4305:Taxon identifiers
4214:
4213:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
3947:(loons or divers)
3916:Phaethontiformes
3908:Phaethontimorphae
3858:Opisthocomiformes
3827:Caprimulgiformes
3767:
3766:
3756:Podicipediformes
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3393:
3392:
3176:
3175:
3133:Struthioniformes
3001:Waterfowl hunting
2934:Gastornithiformes
2929:Aepyornithiformes
2919:Lithornithiformes
2591:
2590:
2499:Newton's parakeet
2439:Tanimbar eclectus
2429:Moluccan eclectus
2399:Blue-naped parrot
2343:Green racket-tail
2155:Media related to
2107:978-0-486-21869-4
2082:978-0-521-11331-1
2022:978-0-670-81787-0
1987:10.1111/jbi.14466
1981:(10): 1753–1766.
1881:10.1111/ibi.12275
1808:978-0-7136-6544-4
1766:978-1-4081-5725-1
1249:teach it to speak
1169:sexual dimorphism
1092:Walter Rothschild
947:
946:
938:
937:
911:
910:
902:
901:
891:Newton's parakeet
871:
870:
814:
813:
805:
804:
491:holotype specimen
259:Newton's parakeet
256:
255:
250:
83:
76: (ca. 1875)
16:(Redirected from
4621:
4554:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4522:Palaeornis exsul
4513:
4512:
4510:Psittacula-exsul
4500:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4448:
4447:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4359:
4357:C7B5B8044FD44F97
4347:
4346:
4345:
4343:Psittacula exsul
4332:
4331:
4330:
4313:Psittacula exsul
4300:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4242:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4165:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4091:Leptosomiformes
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4059:Accipitriformes
4054:
4033:
4032:(perching birds)
4025:
4017:
4009:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3953:Sphenisciformes
3948:
3927:
3919:
3898:
3890:
3887:Charadriiformes
3869:
3848:
3830:
3809:
3801:
3798:Musophagiformes
3793:
3778:
3759:
3751:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3654:
3641:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3321:
3314:
3278:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3213:
3209:
3182:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3102:
2969:Bird collections
2924:Dinornithiformes
2829:Darwin's finches
2819:Origin of flight
2759:Seabird breeding
2749:Sexual selection
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2578:Rodrigues parrot
2535:Nicobar parakeet
2449:Oceanic eclectus
2374:Buru racket-tail
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2169:Psittacula exsul
2167:Data related to
2166:
2157:Psittacula exsul
2154:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2008:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1574:Palaeornis exsul
1569:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1483:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1381:
1291:Rodrigues pigeon
1212:
1203:
1165:Anthony S. Cheke
1111:Rodrigues parrot
952:Mascarene parrot
886:Psittacula exsul
846:(echo parakeet)
835:
828:
771:
748:
741:
734:
727:
611:derived features
609:), but the many
597:species in some
531:Psittacula exsul
477:Palaeornis exsul
443:Alexandre Pingré
341:stronger colours
264:Psittacula exsul
248:
246:Palaeornis exsul
223:
205:
203:Psittacula exsul
201:
98:
97:
77:
71:
70:
44:
32:
21:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4099:Bucerotiformes
4093:(cuckoo-roller)
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4051:Cathartiformes
4037:
4031:
4023:
4022:Psittaciformes
4015:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3985:Pelecaniformes
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3924:Eurypygiformes
3917:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3873:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3828:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3734:
3728:
3727:Pterocliformes
3720:
3712:
3663:
3652:
3639:
3624:
3548:
3507:
3445:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3369:
3342:
3319:
3312:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3165:Casuariiformes
3158:
3157:Apterygiformes
3150:
3142:
3134:
3111:
3096:
3067:Lists by region
3035:
2945:
2938:
2879:Chaoyangiformes
2864:Jeholornithidae
2838:
2802:Origin of birds
2788:
2769:Brood parasites
2715:
2645:
2632:
2622:
2592:
2587:
2560:
2550:
2462:
2444:Papuan eclectus
2413:
2378:
2312:
2281:
2246:
2226:
2212:
2203:
2147:
2142:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1774:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1441:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1311:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:François Leguat
1215:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1193:
1185:aviculturalists
1177:Agapornis canus
1149:collecting bias
1076:
1022:
948:
939:
912:
903:
872:
815:
806:
649:hotspot islands
555:
527:James L. Peters
503:Henry H. Slater
474:scientific name
427:French Huguenot
419:François Leguat
399:
379:François Leguat
298:in the western
214:
207:
199:
198:
185:
92:
84:
72:
68:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4542:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4449:
4436:
4423:
4410:
4397:
4384:
4374:
4361:
4348:
4333:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4172:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4107:Coraciiformes
4104:
4096:
4088:
4083:Trogoniformes
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:Passeriformes
4027:
4019:
4014:Falconiformes
4011:
4006:Cariamiformes
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3969:Ciconiiformes
3966:
3958:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3879:Cursorimorphae
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3740:Mirandornithes
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3711:Columbiformes
3707:
3705:
3703:Columbimorphae
3696:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3638:Meleagridinae
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3554:Odontophoridae
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
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2066:
2061:
2060:
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2018:
2014:
2013:Extinct Birds
2007:
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2001:
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1757:Extinct Birds
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1701:Extinct Birds
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1428:Oliver, S. P.
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1327:deforestation
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1098:
1097:Extinct Birds
1094:'s 1907 book
1093:
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716:echo parakeet
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708:
706:
701:
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692:
688:
687:genetic study
683:
681:
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673:
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658:
657:echo parakeet
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650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:morphological
567:
563:
559:
552:
550:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
475:
471:
470:Alfred Newton
467:
463:
460:, a British
459:
458:Edward Newton
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
409:specimen, by
408:
403:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:colour morphs
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
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309:
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247:
244:
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238:
234:
231:
226:
222:
217:
212:
206:
204:
195:
192:
191:Binomial name
188:
184:
183:
182:P. exsul
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:Psittaculidae
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
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108:
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101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
75:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4521:
4312:
4293:Paleontology
4203:
4191:
4179:
4167:
4077:(mousebirds)
4075:Coliiformes
3945:Gaviiformes
3937:Aequornithes
3845:Apodiformes
3806:Otidiformes
3782:Otidimorphae
3729:(sandgrouse)
3651:Phasianinae
3617:
3610:
3603:
3598:Odontophorus
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3436:Oreophasinae
3382:
3362:
3355:
3260:(waterfowls)
3256:Anseriformes
3006:Cockfighting
2991:Conservation
2986:Bird feeding
2974:Birdwatching
2964:Ornithomancy
2904:Gansuiformes
2851:
2844:Fossil birds
2734:Intelligence
2581:
2571:
2555:
2498:
2467:
2418:
2383:
2317:
2286:
2251:
2231:
2217:
2210:Psittaculini
2126:
2122:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2012:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1868:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1798:
1756:
1717:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1638:
1634:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1500:
1494:
1432:
1421:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1366:France Staub
1359:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1324:
1321:of Mauritius
1269:such as the
1267:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1226:
1183:are bred by
1180:
1176:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1128:
1123:
1119:colour morph
1114:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1077:
1058:
1056:
1031:
1009:
1005:
990:
986:
984:
979:Alexandrinus
977:
973:
970:paraphyletic
965:
959:
955:
949:
924:
923:
890:
885:
884:
883:
859:
858:
841:
840:
793:
792:
777:
776:
754:
753:
684:
679:
671:
660:
652:
645:Psittaculini
615:
606:
599:osteological
594:
589:
581:
571:
544:
538:
530:
511:
499:
484:
480:
476:
451:
438:
422:
416:
382:
373:
369:mimic speech
365:bois d'olive
334:
324:
310:of the same
300:Indian Ocean
272:
268:
263:
262:
258:
257:
249:Newton, 1872
245:
228:Location of
202:
197:
181:
180:
167:
50:Life drawing
29:
4427:iNaturalist
4337:Wikispecies
4205:WikiProject
4115:Piciformes
3998:Australaves
3977:Suliformes
3895:Gruiformes
3750:(flamingos)
3659:Tetraoninae
3630:Phasianidae
3619:Rhynchortyx
3584:Dactylortyx
3451:Megapodidae
3441:Penelopinae
3399:Galliformes
3141:Rheiformes
3135:(ostriches)
3085:individuals
2959:Ornithology
2946:interaction
2701:Preen gland
2457:prehistoric
2385:Tanygnathus
2319:Prioniturus
2308:Song parrot
2253:Psittacella
1902:(1): 7–21.
1020:Description
991:Tanygnathus
961:Tanygnathus
674:), and the
630:Pleistocene
622:Julian Hume
4579:Psittacula
4568:Categories
4537:Q109563395
4505:Xeno-canto
4281:Madagascar
3955:(penguins)
3808:(bustards)
3646:Perdicinae
3591:Dendrortyx
3563:Callipepla
3495:Megapodius
3460:Aepypodius
3338:Tadorninae
3320:true geese
3151:(tinamous)
3110:Neornithes
3021:Pheasantry
2996:Aviculture
2764:Incubation
2754:Lek mating
2580:†(genus:
2570:†(genus:
2469:Psittacula
2288:Geoffroyus
2044:: 168–193.
1938:(3): 547.
1372:References
1309:Extinction
1301:, and the
1289:, and the
1181:Psittacula
1124:Psittacula
1059:Psittacula
1010:Mascarinus
1006:Psittacula
987:Psittacula
974:Psittacula
966:Psittacula
718:of nearby
689:of parrot
668:subspecies
653:Psittacula
626:Sea levels
595:Psittacula
590:Psittacula
546:Psittacula
540:Palaeornis
454:magistrate
336:Psittacula
331:slate blue
294:island of
168:Psittacula
4594:Parakeets
4024:(parrots)
3868:(hoatzin)
3819:Strisores
3800:(turacos)
3792:(cuckoos)
3721:(mesites)
3640:(turkeys)
3612:Philortyx
3529:Agelastes
3522:Acryllium
3513:Numididae
3502:Talegalla
3412:gamebirds
3405:landfowls
3384:Anseranas
3348:Anhimidae
3307:Anserinae
3090:fictional
2812:dinosaurs
2807:Theropoda
2794:Evolution
2739:Migration
2721:Behaviour
2233:Psittinus
2129:: 28–29.
1682:128901896
1553:: 31–34.
1332:livestock
1265:species.
1144:eumelanin
1136:psittacin
720:Mauritius
705:cladogram
691:phylogeny
638:radiation
572:Based on
553:Evolution
523:subfossil
466:Mauritius
431:Rodrigues
316:Mauritius
296:Rodrigues
292:Mascarene
286:that was
230:Rodrigues
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
4551:11331662
4531:Wikidata
4471:22685465
4445:11213939
4370:22685465
4365:BirdLife
4322:Wikidata
4169:Category
4043:Afroaves
3971:(storks)
3773:Passerea
3758:(grebes)
3694:Columbea
3605:Oreortyx
3577:Cyrtonyx
3467:Alectura
3431:Cracinae
3423:Cracidae
3300:Oxyurini
3290:Aythyini
3285:Anatinae
3269:Anatidae
3016:Falconry
2979:big year
2834:Seabirds
2744:Foraging
2691:Feathers
2420:Eclectus
1960:91969786
1952:31716534
1916:52995298
1844:22019932
1739:41950882
1698:(1907).
1668:(2): 1.
1615:: 48–56.
1534:: 39–43.
1503:: 4–29.
1387:(2016).
1354:cyclones
1256:Flemish.
1132:mutation
1002:Gondwana
634:pectoral
588:for all
566:mandible
515:mandible
507:paratype
435:marooned
407:holotype
397:Taxonomy
391:cyclones
387:holotype
376:Huguenot
304:diverged
275:, is an
237:Synonyms
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
4484:1560314
4419:5229073
4406:newpar2
4380:newpar2
4352:Avibase
4328:Q634873
4257:Biology
4245:Animals
4219:Portals
4181:Commons
3685:Neoaves
3570:Colinus
3536:Guttera
3474:Eulipoa
3295:Mergini
3159:(kiwis)
3143:(rheas)
2954:Ringing
2779:Hybrids
2774:Nesting
2729:Singing
2706:Plumage
2681:Dactyly
2651:Anatomy
2641:Outline
2631:: Aves)
2453:extinct
2135:6800045
1932:Zootaxa
1496:Zootaxa
1430:(ed.).
1140:pigment
1068:humerus
1014:Miocene
685:A 2011
665:RĂ©union
640:of the
562:Sternum
519:sternum
327:plumage
320:RĂ©union
290:to the
288:endemic
280:species
277:extinct
213:, 1872)
200:†
179:†
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
74:Extinct
4497:371632
4458:554891
4269:Africa
4193:Portal
4069:(owls)
3543:Numida
3481:Leipoa
3364:Chauna
3357:Anhima
3052:Genera
3026:Imping
2944:Human
2784:Colony
2711:Vision
2696:Flight
2206:Tribus
2133:
2104:
2079:
2019:
1958:
1950:
1914:
1842:
1805:
1763:
1737:
1680:
1297:, the
1285:, the
1281:, the
1277:, the
1044:slatey
1039:tarsus
1035:culmen
958:) and
413:, 1875
284:parrot
211:Newton
4440:IRMNG
4432:18909
4401:eBird
4393:4PKCG
4377:BOW:
4233:Birds
3313:swans
3275:ducks
3245:fowls
3040:Lists
2664:Brain
2629:class
2625:Birds
2451:†₴ (
2219:Genus
2067:–89.
1956:S2CID
1912:S2CID
1865:(PDF)
1735:S2CID
1678:S2CID
1491:(PDF)
1236:shrub
700:clade
642:tribe
543:with
537:name
535:genus
481:Exsul
383:exsul
312:genus
4546:GBIF
4479:NCBI
4466:IUCN
4453:ITIS
4414:GBIF
2686:Eggs
2674:milk
2669:Crop
2659:Beak
2131:OCLC
2102:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1948:PMID
1936:4563
1869:Ibis
1840:PMID
1803:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1635:Ibis
1578:Ibis
1547:Ibis
1532:1875
1501:1513
1403:2016
1138:, a
1052:nape
1048:cere
714:The
618:dodo
564:and
517:and
486:Ibis
357:iris
353:nape
345:beak
318:and
137:Aves
4388:CoL
2455:or
2069:doi
2042:134
1983:doi
1940:doi
1904:doi
1900:118
1877:doi
1873:157
1832:doi
1727:doi
1670:doi
1643:doi
1586:doi
1576:".
1555:doi
1505:doi
1407:doi
695:DNA
479:. "
464:in
282:of
271:or
4570::
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4533::
4507::
4494::
4481::
4468::
4455::
4442::
4429::
4416::
4403::
4390::
4367::
4354::
4339::
4324::
2208::
2125:.
2075:.
2040:.
1995:^
1979:49
1977:.
1954:.
1946:.
1934:.
1910:.
1898:.
1871:.
1867:.
1852:^
1838:.
1828:62
1826:.
1775:^
1747:^
1733:.
1676:.
1666:27
1664:.
1639:18
1637:.
1633:.
1621:^
1611:.
1607:.
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1580:.
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1549:.
1530:.
1526:.
1499:.
1493:.
1442:^
1401:.
1395:.
1334:.
1305:.
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449:.
371:.
322:.
4221::
3414:)
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3403:(
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3204:e
3202:a
3200:h
3198:t
3196:a
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1989:.
1985::
1962:.
1942::
1918:.
1906::
1883:.
1879::
1846:.
1834::
1811:.
1769:.
1741:.
1729::
1684:.
1672::
1649:.
1645::
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1561:.
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1409::
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