644:
programming from a station's secondary affiliation normally airs outside its usual network time slot, and some less popular programs may simply be left off of a station's schedule; this form of dual affiliation was the norm before the digital age. Dual affiliations are most commonly associated with the smaller
American television networks, such as The CW and MyNetworkTV, which air fewer hours of prime time programming than the "Big Four" networks and can therefore be more easily combined into a single schedule, although historically the "Big Four" have had some dual-affiliate stations in small markets as well and in some cases, affiliates of more than two networks (including a few that had affiliations with ABC, NBC, CBS and
192:
affiliated with, the network choosing to affiliate with another local station in order to improve local viewership of its programming by aligning with a stronger station, or a dispute between a network and station owner while negotiating a contract renewal for a particular station such as those over reverse compensation shares), often at the end of one network's existing contract with a station. One of the most notable and expansive affiliation changes occurred in the
58:
686:
systems) has significantly reduced the number of one-station markets (limiting them to those with population densities too small to be able to make any additional stations economically viable), providing networks with a larger selection of stations as potential primary affiliates. A new station which
486:
schedule of the originating network (save for major local events), an affiliate is independently owned and typically under no obligation to do so. This is especially the case for network shows airing outside the network's primetime hours. Affiliated stations often buy supplementary programming from
191:
While many television and radio stations maintain affiliations with the same network for decades, on occasion, there are certain factors that may lead a network to move its programming to another station (such as the owner of a network purchasing a station other than that which the network is already
187:
revenue to the network). Affiliation contracts normally last between three and five years, though contracts have run for as little as one year or as long as ten; in addition, if a company owns two or more stations affiliated with the same network, affiliation contracts may have end-of-term dates that
643:
In some smaller markets in the United States, a station may even be simultaneously listed as an affiliate of two (or in rare cases, three) networks. A station which has a dual affiliation is typically expected to air all or most of both networks' core day time and/or prime time schedules – although
166:
Notwithstanding this distinction, it is common in informal speech (even for networks or O&Os themselves) to refer to any station, O&O or otherwise, that carries a particular network's programming as an affiliate, or to refer to the status of carrying such programming in a given market as an
828:
In Canada, affiliated stations may acquire broadcast rights to programs from a network other than their primary affiliation, but as such an agreement pertains only to a few specific programs, which are chosen individually, they are not normally considered to be affiliated with the second network.
651:
Historically, the sole commercial station in a market would commonly take affiliations or secondary affiliations from most or all of the major national networks. As a local monopoly, a station could become a primary affiliate of one of the stronger networks, carrying most of that network's
611:
stations – in some cases, these are owned by the same entity – which split the programming rights. To avoid programming conflicts, the network utilizes a
Program Differentiation Plan to assign programming quotas in these situations, resulting in the primary member station carrying more
869:
in 2012. This model eventually ceased as Rogers' was granted a request by the CRTC in late 2012 to change the station's format from a multicultural station to a conventional
English-language station, and contribute funding and programming to a new independent multicultural station,
652:
programming while remaining free to "cherry-pick" popular programming from any or all of the rival networks. Similarly, some markets that had two commercial stations shared a secondary affiliation with one network, while maintaining separate primary affiliations (such as in the
825:, which also carries CBS programming on its main signal and both Fox and MyNetworkTV on its second digital subchannel. In addition, however, WBKB-TV also has an ABC affiliate on WBKB-DT3, giving the station four different network affiliations between three subchannels.
400:, government regulations limit the number of owned-and-operated stations that a television network can own based on the percentage of total national market reach. As a result, the five main national networks tend to have O&Os only in the metropolitan areas of
467:(CRTC) has significantly more lenient rules regarding media ownership. As such, most television stations, regardless of market size, are now O&Os of their respective networks, with only a few true affiliates remaining (mainly located in smaller cities). The
491:
service, or another television network which otherwise does not have coverage in the station's broadcast area. Some affiliates may air such programs instead of those from their primary network affiliation; a common example of this was the popular syndicated
612:
PBS-distributed programming than the secondary member; the number of two-to-a-market PBS members (not counting repeaters of the market's main PBS outlet) has been steadily decreasing since the early 2000s, with few remaining outside larger markets.
690:
In 2009, after many years of decline, the era of secondary affiliations to multiple major networks (once common in communities where fewer stations existed than networks seeking carriage) finally came to an end at the smallest-market U.S. station,
1664:
1660:
703:
allowed KXGN to carry CBS and NBC programming side-by-side on separate subchannels, essentially becoming a primary affiliate of both networks. This is the most common type of "dual affiliation" existing today in the digital TV age.
687:
could clear one network's entire programming lineup better serves the network's interests than the former pattern of partial access afforded by mixing various secondary affiliations on the schedule of a single local analog channel.
627:, but the original "one station, one vote" model has largely faltered as increasing numbers of stations are acquired by the same owners. In CTV's case, the systematic pattern of acquisition of CTV member stations by the owners of
1830:
567:
or local and state educational organizations. The national PBS system is owned collectively by hundreds of broadcasters in communities nationwide. Individual member stations are free to carry large amounts of
368:
limit the number of network-owned commercial television stations as a percentage of total national market reach. As such, commercial networks tend to have O&Os only in the four largest media markets
607:
it may operate to extend its coverage, PBS is not beholden to exclusive programming agreements with stations in the same metropolitan area. In some markets, the network maintains memberships with two
1850:
1992:
1952:
1079:
648:
during the late 1940s through the mid-1950s, when fewer television stations existed in a particular market, especially those that would eventually be able to support four commercial outlets).
464:
1650:
1645:
1870:
1845:
1604:
1972:
1705:
1700:
254:), and rely on affiliates to carry their programming in other, smaller markets. However, even the largest markets may have network affiliates in lieu of O&Os. For instance,
1855:
179:, which may allow the network to dictate certain requirements that a station must agree to as part of the contract (such as programming clearances, local programming quotas or
700:
188:
are the same or differ among that company's affiliates, depending on when a particular station's affiliation agreement was either previously renewed or originally signed.
2121:
2086:
2051:
2036:
1891:
1860:
1635:
1630:
242:(FCC) regulations limit the number of network-owned stations as a percentage of total national market reach. As such, networks tend to have O&Os only in the largest
668:
shared secondary affiliations with NBC, while the former was primarily affiliated with ABC and the latter with CBS; the former station is now a primary NBC affiliate).
2106:
1655:
365:
1875:
72:
922:, while maintaining Fox's MyNetworkTV programming service in a late night timeslot. Beginning on September 1, 2019, The CW affiliation of WPWR-TV was changed to
603:
Unlike the modern-day affiliation model with commercial stations, in which network programming is only shared between the main station in a given market and any
1710:
1640:
536:
owning stations, the stations collectively own the network and brand themselves as "member stations" or "member networks" instead of as affiliates or O&Os.
774:
on the same transmitter tower under the control of the same owners, using the same studios to provide a second high definition channel for the Fox affiliate.
1977:
1911:
1840:
1685:
471:
originally relied on a large number of privately owned affiliates to disseminate its radio and television programming. However, since the 1960s, most of the
1597:
200:(through both direct swaps involving the new and original affiliates, and transactions involving multiple stations) as a result of a May 1994 agreement by
197:
805:(leaving WTRF-DT2 with MyNetworkTV and WVNS as the only one with affiliations from both), each network was carried on the second digital subchannel of
2126:
2091:
2066:
2056:
2041:
1982:
1865:
1835:
731:. Often, the multiple commonly controlled stations will use the same news and local advertising sales operations, but carry different network feeds.
1695:
1625:
834:
801:
both had Fox as their primary affiliation and MyNetworkTV as a secondary affiliation. Until WTRF lost its Fox affiliation in 2014 to NBC affiliate
389:
is a government-owned, non-commercial television network and, since it is not covered by the ownership cap, owns and operates all of its stations.
1757:
1590:
1174:
600:. These are not affiliate stations in that the ownership of the main network is not independent of ownership of the individual local stations.
742:, traditional dual affiliation arrangements in which programming from two networks is combined into a single schedule are becoming more rare.
1027:
961:
2014:
1962:
1802:
1680:
842:
502:(1987–1994). Some network affiliates may also choose to air season games involving local sports teams in lieu of network programming.
385:), and rely on affiliates to carry their programming in other prefectures. However, there are two major exceptions to the regulations.
1916:
437:
678:
since 1964, the rapid expansion of broadcast television onto UHF channels in the 1970s and 1980s (along with increased deployment of
2101:
2071:
2008:
2003:
1987:
1957:
1777:
1407:
1383:
1062:"Broadcasting-History.ca on CTV's historical (1966–1994) co-operative structure, with control by individually owned member stations"
468:
239:
106:
1135:
1690:
728:
585:
719:
and shared services agreements to operate a second station nominally owned by another broadcaster. These may be supplemented by
2183:
1921:
1544:
1392:
1105:
588:; likewise, most content on PBS's core national programming service is produced by various individual member stations such as
2113:
1246:
498:
393:
is also not covered by the ownership cap due to the network's low number of affiliates (which are all owned by the network).
1388:
378:
135:
is a local broadcaster, owned by a company other than the owner of the network, which carries some or all of the lineup of
2078:
1519:
1441:
989:
290:
209:
1967:
1936:
1931:
1906:
1486:
893:
after it lost their individual affiliates in those markets to other networks as it offered the network's last season of
778:
456:
only have one owned-and-operated station each; those networks are smaller than the five major networks by market reach.
46:
2178:
2138:
433:
1458:
449:
1901:
1167:
1061:
935:
771:
581:
529:
233:
160:
902:
From
September 1, 2016, to August 31, 2019, the largest current-day market example of a dual affiliation was with
208:, resulting in various other affiliation transactions including additional groupwide deals (such as those between
1494:
1402:
899:
to the local CW affiliates in both cities without forcing them to carry the remainder of MyNetworkTV's schedule.
846:
716:
645:
624:
608:
221:
838:
672:
511:
408:
and mainly rely on affiliates to carry their programming outside of those two areas. The metropolitan areas of
322:
205:
88:
1926:
1896:
1782:
1322:
1312:
903:
786:
604:
526:
2143:
1358:
794:
720:
712:
635:
ultimately allowed control over the network as a whole, turning former member stations into CTV O&Os.
620:
573:
271:
184:
84:
2149:
1998:
1160:
569:
488:
483:
213:
2133:
1787:
1741:
1731:
1551:
1253:
724:
708:
683:
675:
255:
180:
38:
1772:
1453:
1397:
1353:
1260:
755:
544:
279:
267:
1566:
1534:
1241:
966:
886:
747:
739:
735:
559:) are not allowed to be owned by the Public Broadcasting Service; most belong to local community
533:
201:
152:
144:
136:
707:
In larger markets, multiple full-service channels may be operated by the same broadcaster using
1715:
1571:
1539:
1509:
1476:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1373:
1348:
1339:
1231:
1219:
1023:
1015:
858:
813:, respectively, both of which carry CBS programming on their main signals. Another example is
696:
518:
441:
42:
31:
754:
is one such example, carrying CBS programming on its 12.1 subchannel and Fox on 12.2. KEYC's
727:
stations to allow more channels to be added without encountering federally imposed limits on
1736:
1426:
1416:
1236:
878:
818:
759:
679:
275:
1813:
1767:
1317:
1273:
1214:
940:
862:
822:
493:
285:
in that market. On the other hand, several other television stations in the same market –
1481:
1327:
1278:
1264:
657:
472:
409:
401:
338:
1083:
777:
One notable exception to the survival of secondary affiliations are stations owned by
2172:
1209:
1199:
911:
895:
798:
653:
247:
193:
156:
148:
140:
124:
68:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1762:
1421:
1344:
1332:
1307:
1183:
1131:
866:
243:
120:
17:
1043:
405:
1104:
766:
follows this same pattern (CBS on 7.1 and Fox on 7.2), but supplements this with
175:
Stations which carry a network's programming by method of affiliation maintain a
1504:
1499:
1412:
1204:
1109:
577:
413:
330:
251:
1561:
1363:
1288:
564:
560:
556:
475:
affiliates have become network owned-and-operated stations or retransmitters.
445:
390:
374:
196:
from
September 1994 to September 1996, when television stations in 30 markets
1582:
1556:
1514:
890:
751:
580:
content for distribution to other PBS member stations through services like
552:
548:
476:
453:
346:
314:
424:
are examples of those who have both O&Os and affiliates. For instance,
354:
1226:
854:
790:
782:
425:
370:
176:
27:
Local broadcaster owned by a company other than the owner of the network
1268:
923:
915:
907:
871:
850:
830:
814:
810:
806:
802:
767:
763:
743:
692:
632:
628:
597:
589:
540:
525:(NPR), have been founded on a principle which effectively reverses the
382:
350:
342:
334:
326:
294:
286:
282:
919:
616:
460:
429:
421:
417:
397:
263:
1136:"Robservations: Weigel Broadcasting turns WCIU into CW26 on Sunday"
1283:
865:
to satisfy its ethnic programming requirements due to its sale to
361:
882:
665:
661:
593:
318:
310:
302:
259:
1586:
1156:
1152:
1106:"CRTC increases the diversity of voices in the Montreal market"
522:
514:
386:
306:
298:
217:
51:
671:
As U.S.-marketed television receivers have been required to
1080:
877:
This was also done by MyNetworkTV in the 2009–10 season in
465:
845:, uses this model to acquire programming from CTV and the
482:
While network-owned stations will normally carry the full
615:
The "member station" model had historically been used in
80:
1016:"Cult Television as Digital Television's Cutting Edge"
738:
stations to offer a distinct programming stream on a
962:"FOX WILL SIGN UP 12 NEW STATIONS; TAKES 8 FROM CBS"
37:
For the general concept in the corporate world, see
2024:
1945:
1884:
1823:
1750:
1724:
1673:
1618:
1467:
1372:
1298:
1190:
1084:"Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2012-475"
857:formerly maintained dual affiliations through both
699:(which was affiliated with both CBS and NBC). The
918:market, which carried a primary affiliation with
163:(O&O), which is owned by the parent network.
532:model and is called a state network. Instead of
278:each owning 12.5% stakes), while Paramount owns
366:Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
990:"Syndicated 'Star Trek' Puts Dent in Networks"
619:in the early days of privately owned networks
1598:
1168:
65:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1022:. Duke University Press. pp. 105–131.
586:National Educational Television Association
1605:
1591:
1583:
1175:
1161:
1153:
1018:. In James Bennett; Niki Strange (eds.).
262:serves as the New York City affiliate of
127:, and even more in the United States), a
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:(which is 75% owned by station operator
41:. For the novel by Sergei Dovlatov, see
952:
364:, in which regulations governed by the
914:-licensed station serving the entire
7:
204:to switch twelve of its stations to
510:A handful of networks, such as the
479:stations are now entirely O&O.
228:Network owned-and-operated stations
988:Aljean Harmetz (October 4, 1987).
25:
469:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
240:Federal Communications Commission
1289:BitTorrent television and movies
729:concentration of media ownership
56:
1545:Director of network programming
713:duopoly or twinstick operations
1247:Digital terrestrial television
499:Star Trek: The Next Generation
1:
1520:Television news screen layout
734:Further, with the ability of
432:have O&Os in Recife, but
1487:Broadcast television systems
1393:Children's television series
960:Bill Carter (May 24, 1994).
779:West Virginia Media Holdings
539:Individual stations such as
151:. This distinguishes such a
47:Affiliation (disambiguation)
2107:owned and operated stations
1389:Children's interest channel
1020:Television as Digital Media
874:, which signed on in 2013.
572:and many produce their own
515:Public Broadcasting Service
83:, discuss the issue on the
2200:
936:Owned-and-operated station
896:WWE Friday Night Smackdown
717:local marketing agreements
660:market, where until 1985,
582:American Public Television
530:owned-and-operated station
487:another source, such as a
234:Owned-and-operated station
231:
183:of a share of a station's
161:owned-and-operated station
123:industry (particularly in
36:
29:
2159:
1613:U.S. broadcast categories
1495:Digital on-screen graphic
1408:Movie television channels
1384:Adult television channels
847:Global Television Network
673:include factory-installed
609:noncommercial educational
360:A similar rule exists in
222:Westinghouse Broadcasting
1459:Women's interest channel
1014:Roberta Pearson (2011).
768:a 15kW low-power station
715:, or through the use of
450:Rede Brasil de TelevisĂŁo
202:New World Communications
30:Not to be confused with
1701:Lists of radio stations
1323:Multichannel television
1313:Commercial broadcasting
1284:Peer-to-peer television
1066:Broadcasting-History.ca
904:Fox Television Stations
527:commercial broadcasting
71:and do not represent a
2184:Television terminology
1696:Lists in North America
1641:Lists in North America
1403:Men's interest channel
1359:Religious broadcasting
570:syndicated programming
272:Warner Bros. Discovery
238:In the United States,
185:retransmission consent
45:. For other uses, see
1082:(September 5, 2012).
523:National Public Radio
489:broadcast syndication
214:E. W. Scripps Company
177:contractual agreement
1646:Lists of TV channels
1552:Outside broadcasting
709:broadcast automation
684:satellite television
256:Mission Broadcasting
198:changed affiliations
181:reverse compensation
89:create a new article
81:improve this article
67:deal primarily with
39:Affiliate (commerce)
2025:Lists of affiliates
1454:Sports broadcasting
1398:Documentary channel
1354:Public broadcasting
1261:Internet television
1134:(August 28, 2019).
843:independent station
711:, either openly as
545:Watertown, New York
534:television networks
280:independent station
268:Nexstar Media Group
137:television programs
18:Network affiliation
2179:Radio broadcasting
1885:Network affiliates
1567:Television licence
1535:Broadcast designer
1112:on January 9, 2013
994:The New York Times
967:The New York Times
740:digital subchannel
736:digital television
701:digital conversion
357:) – are O&Os.
133:affiliated station
2166:
2165:
1824:Network templates
1580:
1579:
1572:Television studio
1540:Broadcast license
1527:Network affiliate
1510:On-screen display
1477:Broadcast network
1447:Livestreamed news
1437:Business channels
1432:News broadcasting
1349:Pirate television
1340:News broadcasting
1220:Mobile television
1029:978-0-8223-4910-5
697:Glendive, Montana
639:Dual affiliations
519:public television
129:network affiliate
117:
116:
109:
91:, as appropriate.
43:Affiliate (novel)
32:Affiliate network
16:(Redirected from
2191:
2161:†Defunct network
1751:Network articles
1607:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1427:Shopping channel
1417:Music television
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:. Archived from
1101:
1095:
1094:
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1070:
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1058:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1034:
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1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
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974:
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819:Alpena, Michigan
770:broadcasting in
276:Paramount Global
112:
105:
101:
98:
92:
60:
59:
52:
21:
2199:
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2162:
2155:
2026:
2020:
1941:
1880:
1819:
1746:
1720:
1669:
1661:By callsign (K)
1614:
1611:
1581:
1576:
1469:
1463:
1375:
1368:
1318:Community radio
1300:
1294:
1274:Streaming media
1186:
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1125:
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1008:
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987:
986:
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972:
970:
959:
958:
954:
949:
941:Phantom station
932:
863:Omni Television
841:, nominally an
823:The Marks Group
772:high definition
762:sister station
641:
508:
506:Member stations
494:science fiction
236:
230:
173:
167:"affiliation".
113:
102:
96:
93:
78:
61:
57:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
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1996:
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1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:American radio
1677:
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1529:
1524:
1523:
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1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1482:Broadcast-safe
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
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1711:By frequency
1531:Occupations
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1345:Pirate radio
1333:Pay-per-view
1308:Campus radio
1299:Broadcasting
1184:Broadcasting
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1626:American TV
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1500:Lower third
1470:and funding
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973:October 22,
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578:edutainment
574:educational
484:programming
391:TXN Network
331:MyNetworkTV
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2173:Categories
2102:affiliates
2079:ESPN Radio
1968:ESPN Radio
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1846:ESPN Radio
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1656:By channel
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1468:Production
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947:References
879:Des Moines
835:St. John's
676:UHF tuners
561:non-profit
557:California
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375:Keihanshin
153:television
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605:repeaters
553:San Diego
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