944:(BCI) device the company named Telepathy in a human on the day prior, and that the patient was recovering from the surgery. As it was a "first in human" and "early feasibility" trial to develop a concept, the company was not obligated to disclose details about the procedure or to prove safety or efficacy. Neuralink provided a few details in February on the implant in a recruitment brochure for the Precise Robotically Implanted Brain-Computer Interface (PRIME) study. On February 20, Musk stated that Neuralink's first human trial participant had been able to control a computer mouse through thought.
569:
708:, with a thin gold or platinum conductor, are inserted into the brain through an automated process performed by a surgical robot. Each probe consists of an area of wires that contains electrodes capable of locating electrical signals in the brain, and a sensory area where the wire interacts with an electronic system that allows amplification and acquisition of the brain signal. Each probe contains 48 or 96 wires, each of which contains 32 independent electrodes, making a system of up to 3072 electrodes per formation.
743:
660:" using the Neuralink implant. While similar technology has existed since 2002, when a research group first demonstrated a monkey moving a computer cursor with neural signals, scientists acknowledged the engineering progress in making the implant wireless and increasing the number of implanted electrodes. In May 2021, co-founder and president Max Hodak announced that he no longer works with the company. Only two of the eight co-founders remained at the company by January 2022.
162:
959:. Later in the livestream, Noland demonstrated his ability to move a cursor on a computer screen to allow him to control music and play games such as chess. Noland expressed support for the implant in dramatically improving his quality of life. He acknowledged that the device is not perfect yet but he is excited about the future and believes it has changed his life significantly already. Arbaugh later stated in an interview with
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3167:"We are excited to share that we have received the FDA's approval to launch our first-in-human clinical study! is the result of incredible work by the Neuralink team in close collaboration with the FDA and represents an important first step that will one day allow our technology to help many people. Recruitment is not yet open for our clinical trial. We'll announce more information on this soon!"
29:
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1040:, stating that most of what Neuralink claims as "novelty" was already performed by his lab in the early 2000s; that there are ethical concerns on how the company markets and utilizes this technology; and that most patients don't want to perform any surgery to recover their movements, and so his team developed non-invasive techniques for BMI, as demonstrated in the
4300:
684:, the Neuralink team revealed to the public the technology of the first prototype they had been working on. It is a system that involves ultra-thin probes being inserted into the brain, a neurosurgical robot to perform the operations and a high-density electronic system capable of processing information from neurons. It is based on technology developed at
846:(PCRM), an animal welfare advocacy group, alleged that Neuralink and UC Davis had mistreated several monkeys, subjecting them to psychological distress, extreme suffering, and chronic infections due to surgeries. Experiments conducted by Neuralink and UC Davis have involved at least 23 monkeys, and the PCRM believes that 15 of those monkeys died or were
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the present technology, Neuralink's electrodes are still too big to record the firing of individual neurons, so they can record only the firing of a group of neurons; Neuralink representatives believe this issue might get mitigated algorithmically, but it is computationally expensive and does not produce exact results.
908:
On March 21, 2024, Musk stated that the company's second product would be called
Blindsight and was already working in animal trials with monkeys. He noted it operates at low resolution that is expected to improve and also stated that no monkey has died due to or been seriously injured by a Neuralink
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Neuralink received FDA approval for human clinical trials in May 2023. The FDA had previously rejected a 2022 application to pursue human clinical trials citing "major safety concerns involving the deviceâs lithium battery; the potential for the implantâs tiny wires to migrate to other areas of the
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within the chip and peripheral circuit control to serialize the digitized information obtained. It aims to convert information obtained from neurons into an understandable binary code in order to achieve a greater understanding of brain function and the ability to stimulate these neurons back. With
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and cerebral tissue; it is capable of inserting up to six wires (192 electrodes) per minute. A linear motor powers the needle, enabling fast retraction acceleration and varying insertion speeds. A 50-ÎŒm tungsten wire that has been bent at the tip and is driven both axially and rotationally makes up
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of primates that underwent medical trials. Veterinary records of the monkeys showed a number of complications with electrodes being surgically implanted. On
January 29, 2024, Musk announced that Neuralink had successfully implanted a Neuralink device in a human and that the patient was recovering.
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The Wall Street
Journal also reported that Neuralink would proceed with a second trial participant with the FDA signing off on the companyâs proposed fixes for a problem that occurred in the first test participant. In August 2024, the second trial participant was reportedly successfully implanted.
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On May 29, 2024, Elon Musk issued a request for public input on a challenge facing
Neuralink. Musk suggested that due to the size of the data in need of transmission, a compression rate of more than 200x was needed for its proper function. The challenge also specified that compression needed to be
1004:
accused the demonstration of having the main objective to "stir excitement", adding that "Neuralink has provided no evidence that it can (or has even tried to) treat depression, insomnia, or a dozen other diseases that Musk mentioned in a slide". Andrew
Jackson, professor of neural interfaces at
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576:
Neuralink was founded in 2016 by Elon Musk and a founding team of seven scientists and engineers (Max Hodak, Benjamin
Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa). The group of initial hires consisted of experts in areas such as neuroscience,
523:
from various universities. By July 2019, it had received $ 158 million in funding (of which $ 100 million was from Musk) and was employing a staff of 90 employees. At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a "sewing machine-like" device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6
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if it goes unchecked. He believes the device will be "something analogous to a video game, like a saved game situation, where you are able to resume and upload your last state" and "address brain injuries or spinal injuries and make up for whatever lost capacity somebody has with a chip."
649:, was listed as CEO, CFO and president of Neuralink in 2018. As of September 2018, Musk was the majority owner of Neuralink but did not hold an executive position. By August 2020, only three of the eight founding scientists remained at the company, according to an article by
503:
and a team of seven scientists and engineers (Max Hodak, Benjamin
Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa). Neuralink was launched in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017. The company is based in
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capable of rapidly inserting many flexible probes into the brain, which may avoid the problems of tissue damage and longevity issues associated with larger and more rigid probes. This surgical robot has an insertion head with a 25 ÎŒm diameter needle made of
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In August 2024, an announcement was made by
Neuralink regarding their second implanted participant. The participant stated in the article âThe Link is a big step on the path of regaining freedom and independence for myself.â
1009:, also commented on the presentation to the BBC. To Musk's statement that he found Neuralink's advancements to be "profound", Jackson responded, "I don't think there was anything revolutionary in the presentation."
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cited claims from several
Neuralink employees that testing was being rushed due to Musk's demands for fast results, which was leading to needless suffering and deaths among the animals. A September 2023 exposé by
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In July 2023, an investigation by the USDA found no evidence of animal welfare breaches in the trials other than a previous, self reported incident from 2019. The PCRM disputed the results of the investigation.
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monkeys died and were euthanized after experimentation, denying that any animal abuse had occurred. In
December 2022, it was reported that Neuralink was under federal investigation by the
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Biran, Roy; Martin, David C.; Tresco, Patrick A. (September 1, 2005). "Neuronal cell loss accompanies the brain tissue response to chronically implanted silicon microelectrode arrays".
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532:. They had anticipated starting experiments with humans in 2020, but have since moved that projection to 2023. As of May 2023, they have been approved for human trials in the
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that 85% of the implant threads from the device had completely detached while his brain has shifted approximately three times the amount of what the company expected.
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provided additional details on the primate deaths based on public records and confidential interviews with a former Neuralink employee and a current researcher at the
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but ideally an implant through a vein or artery. He said the long-term goal is to achieve "symbiosis with artificial intelligence", which he perceives as an
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which reported that Neuralink had seen "years of internal conflict in which rushed timelines have clashed with the slow and incremental pace of science."
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Levett, Jordan J.; Elkaim, Lior M.; Niazi, Farbod; Weber, Michael H.; Iorio-Morin, Christian; Bonizzato, Marco; Weil, Alexander G. (November 8, 2023).
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3318:"Several companies are testing brain implants â why is there so much attention swirling around Neuralink? Two professors unpack the ethical issues"
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reported that Neuralink worked to keep details of animal suffering and death hidden from the public. In November 2023, U.S. lawmakers asked the
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as a result of the experiments. Furthermore, the PCRM alleged that UC Davis withheld photographic and video evidence of the mistreatment.
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the pincher. An imaging stack is also included in the inserter head for needle guidance, real-time insertion viewing, and verification.
314:
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On March 20, 2024, Neuralink introduced the person who had received the first Neuralink implant in the clinical trial as 29-year-old
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to create a 1,536-channel recording system. This system consists of 256 amplifiers capable of being individually programmed,
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reported that Neuralink "remained highly secretive about its work", although public records showed that it had sought to open an
630:
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2278:, Timothy L. Hanson, Michel M. Maharbiz, Philip N. Sabes, "Methods, Compositions, and Systems for Device Implantation."
1936:
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lossless, work under low power, and be able to compress data in real time. Software consultant Roy van Rijn was quoted by the
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is undamaged. The development received âbreakthroughâ status from the federal government, which will accelerate development.
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2246:"Inside Neuralink, Elon Musk's mysterious brain chip startup: A culture of blame, impossible deadlines, and a missing CEO"
2245:
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3508:
3343:"Elon Musk claims Neuralink's first patient implanted with brain chip can already move computer mouse with their mind"
3220:"Elon Musk e Neuralink, cos'Ăš in realtĂ il chip impiantato nel cervello di un paziente e a cosa serve: la spiegazione"
755:
4522:
3887:
Neuralink; Musk, Elon (August 2, 2019). "An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels".
2449:
Hanson, Timothy L.; Diaz-Botia, Camilo A.; Kharazia, Viktor; Maharbiz, Michel M.; Sabes, Philip N. (March 14, 2019).
1826:
393:
3369:"First Neuralink human trial subject can control a computer mouse with brain implant, Elon Musk says | CNN Business"
3265:
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3922:
3420:
3063:"Elon Musk Company Neuralink Given Free Pass for Animal Welfare Act Violations, USDA Reveals in Letter to Congress"
2050:
1124:
1028:. Arzua said that the 2020 Neuralink presentation "showed little more than a flashy new design for a BMI with more
987:
862:
378:
3858:""A Neuralink de Elon Musk Ă© quase uma piada de mau gosto", diz pioneiro dos implantes cerebrais Miguel Nicolelis"
2192:
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1020:(BMI) are at least 50 years old. He cited successful control of a robotic prosthetic arm by a man that gave him
568:
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Musk defined the neural lace as a "digital layer above the cortex" that would not necessarily imply extensive
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biochemistry and robotics. The trademark "Neuralink" was purchased from its previous owners in January 2017.
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in width) threads into the brain, and demonstrated a system that reads information from a lab rat via 1,500
304:
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39:
3484:"Elon Musk's Neuralink Gets FDA Green Light for Second Patient, as First Describes His Emotional Journey"
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to investigate whether Neuralink deceived investors in by omitting details about possible animal deaths.
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3006:"Terrible Things Happened to Monkeys After Getting Neuralink Implants, According to Veterinary Records"
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293:
2557:"Invasive Brain Computer Interface for Motor Restoration in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review"
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brain; and questions over whether and how the device can be removed without damaging brain tissue."
4548:
4058:
2884:"Elon Musk's brain-implant startup has a new legal headacheâallegations that it abuses its monkeys"
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842:. At the end of their partnership, UC Davis transferred seven monkeys to Neuralink. In 2022, the
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2792:"Elon Musk says his start-up Neuralink has wired up a monkey to play video games using its mind"
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had asked for comments from five researchers that had been working on BCI implants, including
585:
551:, will allow those who would otherwise be blind to restore some level of vision, provided the
2857:"Neuralink shows what happens when you bring "move fast and break things" to animal research"
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designation which allows limited human testing under the FDA guidelines for medical devices.
592:. Musk had said his interest in the idea partly stemmed from the science fiction concept of "
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Elon Musk believes AI could turn humans into an endangered species like the mountain gorilla
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880:. Those records showed complications with the installation of electrodes, including partial
872:
445:
1578:
Elon Musk unveils Neuralinkâs plans for brain-reading âthreadsâ and a robot to insert them.
838:. From 2017 to 2020, Neuralink's experiments on monkeys were conducted in partnership with
572:
The Pioneer Building in San Francisco, formerly housing the offices of Neuralink and OpenAI
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3031:"Regulator says found no animal welfare breaches at Elon Musk firm beyond 2019 incident"
921:
In September 2023, Neuralink opened up its first human trials. It recruited people with
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3782:
3130:"Exclusive: Musk's Neuralink brain implant company cited by FDA over animal lab issues"
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Scientists have cited technical challenges for Neuralink. In 2017, a journalist at the
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designed to attach to the insertion loops, inject individual probes, and penetrate the
673:
650:
642:
580:
In April 2017, Neuralink announced that it was aiming to make devices to treat serious
520:
100:
2949:"Exclusive: Musk's Neuralink faces federal probe, employee backlash over animal tests"
2915:"Elon Musk's Neuralink confirms monkeys died in project, denies animal cruelty claims"
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3394:"Musk's Neuralink Shows Quadriplegic Patient Able to Play Online Chess With His Mind"
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and other animals. Neuralink's animal testing has been criticized by groups such as
547:
In September 2024, the company announced that its latest development effort, called
508:
with plans to build a three-story building with office and manufacturing space near
4588:
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4227:
4217:
4135:
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1764:
1320:"Elon Musk's Neuralink says has FDA approval for study of brain implants in humans"
952:
922:
637:, another company co-founded by Musk. As of 2022, Neuralink's headquarters were in
260:
223:
2132:"Neuralink's Monkey Experiment Raises Questions From Scientists and Tech Ethicist"
1965:"Elon Musk's Neuralink Sought to Open an Animal Testing Facility in San Francisco"
998:
in your skull". Several neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims.
3458:"Neuralink to implant 2nd human with brain chip as 85% of threads retract in 1st"
2568:
4604:
4568:
4563:
4388:
3835:"The story of an impossible kick: Miguel Nicolelis at TEDGlobal 2014 | TED Blog"
3421:"Watch Neuralink's First Human Subject Demonstrate His Brain-Computer Interface"
705:
689:
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facility in San Francisco; it subsequently started to carry out research at the
614:
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593:
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405:
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3686:
3633:
2976:"Investigation of Musk's Neuralink targets federal oversight of animal testing"
1856:
Elon Musk thinks we will have to use AI this way to avoid a catastrophic future
1759:
4558:
4202:
3943:"Dr. Matthew MacDougall: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains"
3942:
3928:
3918:
2684:
1289:"Elon Musk's Neuralink Building Plans in Austin Extend Area's Tech Hub Status"
847:
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4003:
3783:"Elon Musk's Neuralink is "bad science fiction," brain science pioneer says"
2556:
1729:"Elon Musk expects Neuralink's brain chip to begin human trials in 6 months"
1477:
1119:
1025:
994:. At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described their device as "a
881:
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115:
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2584:
2541:
2498:"An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform With Thousands of Channels"
2427:
2376:
2331:"An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels"
2102:"Elon Musk's Neuralink claims monkeys can play Pong using just their minds"
1905:
Everything you need to know about Neuralink: Elon Muskâs brainy new venture
1404:"Meet the Guys Who Sold "Neuralink" to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It"
940:
On January 29, 2024, Musk said that Neuralink had successfully implanted a
779:
as saying the prospect of 200x lossless compression was "just outlandish."
3266:"Neuralink's First-in-Human Clinical Trial is Open for Recruitment | Blog"
3247:"Elon Musk's Neuralink approved to recruit humans for brain-implant trial"
1473:"Elon Musk launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the human brain with AI"
4382:
3292:"Want details on Elon Musk's brain implant trial? You'll have to ask him"
2216:"Neuralink co-founder Max Hodak leaves Elon Musk's brain implant company"
2071:"Ahead of Neuralink event, ex-employees detail research timeline clashes"
1338:"Neuralink co-founder Max Hodak leaves Elon Musk's brain implant company"
1187:"Elon Musk's Inner Circle Rocked by Fight Over His $ 230 Billion Fortune"
730:
722:
245:
3189:"U.S. regulators rejected Elon Musk's bid to test brain chips in humans"
4688:
4430:
4420:
3174:
2762:"Neuralink looks to the public to solve a seemingly impossible problem"
1796:"Elon Musk is setting up a company that will link brains and computers"
1538:"Elon Musk's Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet"
1222:
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298:
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4156:
3721:"Despite a flashy design, Elon Musk's Neuralink has little substance"
2561:
Neuromodulation: Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
1016:
argued that Neuralink's functions are not novel and that ideas for a
995:
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634:
278:
239:
229:
3145:"Elon Musk: Neuralink's Next Implant Will Focus on Curing Blindness"
2667:"Neuralink demonstrates its next-generation brain-machine interface"
2608:"The Connection Between the Nervous System and Machines: Commentary"
1996:"The messy, secretive reality behind OpenAI's bid to save the world"
1646:"Elon Musk says Neuralink has implanted first brain chip in a human"
1155:"Elon Musk highlights monkey "telepathic typing" at Neuralink event"
3893:
3752:"What a Feeling: A Look Back at a High-Tech Presidential Handshake"
3112:"US Lawmakers Ask SEC to Launch Fraud Investigation Into Elon Musk"
2462:
2347:
1440:"A quick guide to Elon Musk's new brain-implant company, Neuralink"
822:
Neuralink tests their devices by surgically implanting them in the
4651:
2624:
2514:
2357:
823:
741:
567:
430:
2974:
Levy, Rachael; Lynch, Sarah; Taylor, Marisa (December 20, 2022).
2163:"Elon Musk really wants to impress you with his Neuralink monkey"
2060:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), October 16, 2018
656:
In April 2021, Neuralink demonstrated a monkey playing the game "
4361:
2796:
685:
657:
516:'s headquarters and manufacturing plant that opened in 2022.
217:
4320:
3952:
3809:""Criei hĂĄ 25 anos o que Musk fez agora", diz Miguel Nicolelis"
3509:"Elon Musk's Neuralink implants second patient with brain chip"
1521:
The company has hired away several high-profile neuroscientists
1369:"Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers"
519:
Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile
4469:
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
2451:"The "sewing machine" for minimally invasive neural recording"
2022:"Why Elon Musk's Companies Aren't Melting Down, Even If He Is"
831:
786:
104:
1673:"Elon Musk Touts New Neuralink Brain Chip to Treat Blindness"
1608:"The Gruesome Story of How Neuralink's Monkeys Actually Died"
4316:
3687:"Is Elon Musk over-hyping his brain-hacking Neuralink tech?"
3626:"Is Elon Musk over-hyping his brain-hacking Neuralink tech?"
1698:"Neuralink co-founder departs Musk-backed startup -sources"
3945:(interview with Neuralink's head neurosurgeon, April 2023)
3911:
2301:
Elon Muskâs Neuralink Aims to Merge Human Brain With A.I.
142:
4507:
Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century
3565:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
2020:
April Glaser; Aaron Mak; Will Oremus (August 17, 2018).
2712:"Elon Musk shows off a working brain implant â in pigs"
803:
955:
after experiencing a diving accident; dislocating his
762:
In July 2020, according to Musk, Neuralink obtained a
539:
The company has faced criticism for a large amount of
2825:"Why Is Elon Musk Testing His Brain Implant on Pigs?"
2750:, Neuralink, 28 August 2020, accessed 4 October 2020.
1606:
Mehrotra, Dhruv; Cameron, Dell (September 20, 2023).
1505:"Elon Musk's Brain Tech Startup Is Raising More Cash"
3657:"Neuralink Is Impressive Tech, Wrapped in Musk Hype"
4597:
4541:
4460:
4354:
4246:
4170:
4144:
4103:
4076:
3986:
3087:Cameraon, Dell; Mehrotra, Dhruv (October 4, 2023).
2685:"Neuralink Paper Review - Numenta Research Meeting"
137:
121:
111:
94:
83:
73:
55:
45:
35:
3536:"PRIME Study Progress Update â Second Participant"
3316:Ko, Andrew; Jecker, Nancy S. (February 14, 2024).
2193:"Private money will really push the field forward"
1218:"Neuralink co-founder departs Musk-backed startup"
1024:, which he used in 2016 to give President Obama a
4492:Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors
951:through a livestream on X. Arbaugh had become a
3935:of Neuralink's presentation on December 1, 2022
3595:"Elon Musk's Neuralink is neuroscience theater"
3089:"How Neuralink Keeps Dead Monkey Photos Secret"
1573:
1571:
909:device, in contradiction with earlier reports.
3856:SĂ©neca, Hugo; Delfim, TĂłmas (April 16, 2024).
1958:
1956:
1954:
4332:
3964:
1877:
1875:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1318:Sharma, Akriti; Levy, Rachel (May 25, 2023).
844:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
680:. In 2019, during a live presentation at the
584:in the short-term, with the eventual goal of
512:in Del Valle, located about 10 miles east of
466:
8:
3925:of Neuralink's presentation on July 16, 2019
1148:
1146:
21:
1933:Zamesin Ivan â from product to entrepreneur
878:California National Primate Research Center
625:As of 2020, Neuralink was headquartered in
4339:
4325:
4317:
3971:
3957:
3949:
2496:Musk, Elon; Neuralink (October 31, 2019).
1929:"Clubhouse Elon Musk interview transcript"
1760:"Neuralink and the Brain's Magical Future"
1531:
1529:
473:
459:
152:
27:
20:
4743:Health care companies based in California
3892:
2641:
2623:
2531:
2513:
2366:
2356:
2346:
3624:Cellan-Jones, Rory (September 1, 2020).
492:company that has developed, as of 2024,
3697:from the original on September 12, 2020
2942:
2940:
2256:from the original on September 25, 2022
1975:from the original on September 24, 2018
1142:
859:United States Department of Agriculture
752:application-specific integrated circuit
155:
4763:Companies based in Fremont, California
4758:American companies established in 2016
3781:Yarlagadda, Tara (February 20, 2024).
3588:
3586:
3571:from the original on November 12, 2020
3218:Porciello, Loris (February 26, 2024).
2986:from the original on December 21, 2022
2925:from the original on February 17, 2022
2823:Linder, Courtney (September 9, 2020).
2741:Neuralink Progress Update, Summer 2020
2477:from the original on November 21, 2020
2329:Musk, Elon; Neuralink (October 2019).
1789:
1787:
1671:Thompson, David (September 18, 2024).
1414:from the original on February 19, 2021
1167:from the original on December 15, 2022
1153:Falconer, Rebecca (December 1, 2022).
853:In February 2022, Neuralink said that
716:Neuralink says they have engineered a
3731:from the original on January 18, 2022
3714:
3712:
3593:Regalado, Antonio (August 30, 2020).
3451:
3449:
2955:from the original on December 6, 2022
2882:Vanian, Jonathan (February 9, 2022).
2837:from the original on January 25, 2021
2804:from the original on February 1, 2021
2324:
2322:
2320:
1939:from the original on January 27, 2022
1827:"The novelist who inspired Elon Musk"
1739:from the original on December 2, 2022
1640:
1638:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1485:from the original on February 6, 2018
1438:Masunaga, Samantha (April 21, 2017).
1331:
1329:
7:
4299:
3245:Singh, Maanvi (September 19, 2023).
2722:from the original on October 4, 2020
2612:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2502:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2203:from the original on April 19, 2021.
2081:from the original on August 27, 2020
1398:
1396:
1394:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1115:Surface chemistry of neural implants
1032:". Similar criticism is made by the
884:, bloody diarrhea, lost fingers and
3762:from the original on March 13, 2022
3290:Taylor, Marisa (February 2, 2024).
2894:from the original on March 20, 2022
2606:Valle, Giacomo (November 6, 2019).
2173:from the original on April 14, 2021
2142:from the original on April 14, 2021
1287:Rohit, Parimal M. (July 11, 2024).
746:Elon Musk discussing the Neuralink
3655:Rogers, Adam (September 4, 2020).
3367:Duffy, Clare (February 20, 2024).
3199:from the original on March 2, 2023
3043:from the original on July 19, 2023
2913:Ryan, Hannah (February 17, 2022).
2691:from the original on July 24, 2019
2112:from the original on April 9, 2021
2032:from the original on July 20, 2019
1794:Newitz, Annalee (March 27, 2017).
1727:Levy, Rachael (December 1, 2022).
1708:from the original on March 4, 2023
1556:from the original on July 17, 2019
1230:from the original on July 19, 2022
903:Securities and Exchange Commission
14:
4753:2016 establishments in California
4500:One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty
3719:Arzua, Thiago (August 29, 2020).
2947:Levy, Rachel (December 6, 2022).
2665:Wiggers, Kyle (August 28, 2020).
1837:from the original on May 21, 2017
1806:from the original on May 19, 2017
1511:from the original on May 11, 2019
1367:Winkler, Rolfe (March 27, 2017).
777:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
386:One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty
4707:
4706:
4451:
4298:
4287:
4286:
4067:
3419:Mullin, Emily (March 20, 2024).
2760:Pearson, Jordan (May 28, 2024).
2710:Metz, Rachel (August 28, 2020).
2226:from the original on May 7, 2021
2051:No-Action Letter: Neuralink Corp
1994:Hao, Karen (February 17, 2020).
1772:from the original on May 4, 2017
1452:from the original on May 5, 2017
1379:from the original on May 5, 2017
1348:from the original on May 7, 2021
1197:from the original on May 5, 2017
1090:Kernel (neurotechnology company)
935:investigational device exemption
790:
627:San Francisco's Mission District
160:
16:American neurotechnology company
3750:Hurley, Billy (March 9, 2022).
3482:Winkler, Rolfe (May 20, 2024).
3143:Kan, Michael (March 22, 2024).
2790:Shead, Sam (February 1, 2021).
2779:Neuralink Compression Challenge
2412:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.04.020
1536:Markoff, John (July 16, 2019).
1216:Levy, Rachael (July 19, 2022).
783:Animal testing and alleged harm
700:The probes, composed mostly of
678:University of California, Davis
2276:US application 20180296243
1471:Statt, Nick (March 27, 2017).
682:California Academy of Sciences
619:existential threat to humanity
1:
3534:Neuralink (August 21, 2024).
2214:Kolodny, Lora (May 2, 2021).
2161:Andrew Paul (April 9, 2021).
1825:Cross, Tim (March 31, 2017).
1758:Urban, Tim (April 20, 2017).
1336:Kolodny, Lora (May 2, 2021).
931:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
127:
2569:10.1016/j.neurom.2023.10.006
1014:Medical College of Wisconsin
865:. Additionally, a report by
770:Public Compression Challenge
756:analog-to-digital converters
4579:Talulah Riley (second wife)
3456:Mole, Beth (May 20, 2024).
3165:Neuralink (May 25, 2023).
750:Neuralink has developed an
606:, a series of 10 novels by
4779:
4679:Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster
4477:The Musk Who Fell to Earth
4121:Computational neuroscience
4024:Intelligence amplification
3807:Redação (March 14, 2024).
3039:. Reuters. July 19, 2023.
2746:February 17, 2022, at the
2100:Jack Guy (April 9, 2021).
1861:February 13, 2019, at the
1125:Wirehead (science fiction)
957:C4 and C5 spinal vertebrae
499:(BCIs). It was founded by
379:The Musk Who Fell to Earth
4702:
4635:December 2022 suspensions
4574:Justine Musk (first wife)
4449:
4282:
4065:
3815:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2563:: S1094â7159(23)00754â7.
2288:January 31, 2022, at the
1910:December 6, 2018, at the
1891:. Isobel Asher Hamilton,
1887:December 4, 2018, at the
863:animal welfare violations
497:brainâcomputer interfaces
26:
4748:Brainâcomputer interface
4523:Elon Musk's Crash Course
3980:Brainâcomputer interface
1065:Brain Computer Interface
1048:, in the context of the
942:brain computer interface
441:2022 Twitter suspensions
394:Elon Musk's Crash Course
372:The Platonic Permutation
169:This article is part of
4436:Twitter under Elon Musk
3488:The Wall Street Journal
1018:brainâmachine interface
961:The Wall Street Journal
764:FDA breakthrough device
426:Tesla Roadster in space
305:Twitter under Elon Musk
4694:Billionaire space race
4625:Acquisition of Twitter
4589:Shivon Zilis (partner)
4116:Cognitive neuroscience
2400:Experimental Neurology
2306:July 29, 2019, at the
2056:July 20, 2019, at the
1583:July 17, 2019, at the
1110:Precision Neuroscience
747:
706:biocompatible material
573:
4684:Elon Musk filmography
4647:Tesla, Inc. criticism
4564:Kimbal Musk (brother)
4264:Simulation hypothesis
3693:. September 1, 2020.
3636:on September 12, 2020
3599:MIT Technology Review
2000:MIT Technology Review
1408:MIT Technology Review
1001:MIT Technology Review
745:
645:, the head of Musk's
571:
61:; 8 years ago
4569:Lyndon Rive (cousin)
4084:Electrocorticography
4077:Scientific phenomena
4049:Sensory substitution
3667:on September 6, 2020
2699:– via YouTube.
1935:. February 7, 2021.
1080:Electrocorticography
1012:Thiago Arzua of the
1007:Newcastle University
4559:Tosca Musk (sister)
4549:Family of Elon Musk
4059:Synthetic telepathy
3758:. SAE Media Group.
3605:on January 18, 2022
2863:. December 11, 2022
2077:. August 25, 2020.
1895:. 26 November 2018.
1587:Elizabeth Lopatto,
1373:Wall Street Journal
1191:Wall Street Journal
1046:2014 FIFA World Cup
639:Fremont, California
588:, sometimes called
506:Fremont, California
123:Number of employees
88:Fremont, California
23:
4615:Boring test tunnel
4554:Maye Musk (mother)
4411:The Boring Company
4274:Walk Again Project
4193:J. C. R. Licklider
4131:Neural engineering
3561:"Full Page Reload"
3036:The Economic Times
2335:J Med Internet Res
2199:. April 14, 2021.
2138:. April 13, 2021.
1918:. 7 November 2017.
1869:. 31 January 2017.
1652:. January 30, 2024
1542:The New York Times
1085:Experience machine
1051:Walk Again Project
927:spinal cord injury
802:. You can help by
748:
615:surgical insertion
598:fictional universe
574:
411:Boring Test Tunnel
329:In popular culture
289:The Boring Company
59:June 21, 2016
4720:
4719:
4669:Awards and honors
4314:
4313:
4254:Human enhancement
4183:Douglas Engelbart
4111:Cognitive science
3837:. October 8, 2014
3110:Mehrotra, Dhruv.
2830:Popular Mechanics
1865:. Robert Ferris,
1833:. 1843 Magazine.
1704:. July 19, 2022.
1445:Los Angeles Times
1193:. July 18, 2022.
990:who invented the
895:In October 2023,
861:(USDA) regarding
820:
819:
586:human enhancement
483:
482:
192:Awards and honors
184:
183:
151:
150:
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4710:
4709:
4584:Grimes (partner)
4484:The Space Barons
4455:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4318:
4302:
4301:
4290:
4289:
4213:Miguel Nicolelis
4152:Brain transplant
4071:
4034:Neuroprosthetics
3973:
3966:
3959:
3950:
3915:
3914:
3912:Official website
3898:
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3736:
3716:
3707:
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3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3663:. Archived from
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3632:. Archived from
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3601:. Archived from
3590:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3515:. August 5, 2024
3505:
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3468:
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3405:
3400:. March 20, 2024
3390:
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3379:
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3333:
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3328:
3322:The Conversation
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2687:. Numenta, Inc.
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2197:The Psychologist
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1914:. Tyler Lacoma,
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1893:Business Insider
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1507:. May 11, 2019.
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1255:"NEURALINK CORP"
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1183:
1177:
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1150:
1075:Cortical implant
1042:opening ceremony
1038:Miguel Nicolelis
925:due to cervical
815:
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631:Pioneer building
475:
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446:Tesla and unions
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4640:Block in Brazil
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4515:Return to Space
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4242:
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4095:Neuroplasticity
4090:Neural ensemble
4072:
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4039:Neurotechnology
3994:Biomechatronics
3982:
3977:
3939:Andrew Huberman
3910:
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3883:
3881:Further reading
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3864:(in Portuguese)
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3725:Massive Science
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3513:The Independent
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3224:Mr. Informatico
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1591:. 16 July 2019.
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800:needs expansion
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490:neurotechnology
488:is an American
486:Neuralink Corp.
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4178:Charles Stross
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4162:Mind uploading
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3904:External links
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3540:Neuralink Blog
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2618:(11): e16344.
2598:
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2508:(10): e16194.
2488:
2463:10.1101/578542
2441:
2406:(1): 115â126.
2390:
2348:10.1101/703801
2341:(10). e16194.
2316:
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2153:
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2026:Slate Magazine
2012:
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1963:Conger, Kate.
1950:
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1916:Digital Trends
1897:
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1100:Motor function
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1095:Mind uploading
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914:
911:
886:brain swelling
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718:surgical robot
713:
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674:animal testing
665:
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643:Jared Birchall
629:, sharing the
582:brain diseases
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4738:Transhumanism
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4674:Legal affairs
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4269:Transhumanism
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4238:Edward Boyden
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3999:Brain implant
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2314:18 July 2019.
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2312:TechBrackets.
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1130:Transhumanism
1128:
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1123:
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1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Neurorobotics
1103:
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1081:
1078:
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1070:Brain implant
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913:Human testing
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811:November 2023
805:
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798:This section
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647:family office
644:
640:
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632:
628:
623:
620:
616:
611:
609:
608:Iain M. Banks
605:
604:
599:
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591:
590:transhumanism
587:
583:
578:
570:
563:
558:
556:
554:
553:visual cortex
550:
545:
542:
541:euthanization
537:
535:
534:United States
531:
527:
522:
517:
515:
511:
510:Austin, Texas
507:
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436:Twitter Files
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