36:
90:
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966:, several German ships were intercepted by Royal Navy units responding to the American reports. Of the 211 German merchant ships attempting return to Germany during the last four months of 1939, only 32 (37%) of the 85 ships leaving the western hemisphere through the declared neutrality zone were successful, while 100 (80%) of the 126 leaving other parts of the world successfully evaded Allied interception.
788:. Admiral Bristol insisted that all records be destroyed when an operation was completed. His staff believed he was following Presidential instructions to avoid revealing operations which might not have public-opinion approval. Efforts to document Support Force operations after the war were discouraged to avoid damaging world opinion as to the integrity of United States' neutrality.
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where belligerent warships and patrolling aircraft congregated around the United
Kingdom adjacent to Germany's oceanic trade routes. The United Kingdom and France controlled extensive overseas territories in 1939, while Germany had lost its colonial empire as war reparations in 1919. French and British empire seaports and airfields allowed
871:
The
Neutrality Patrol was a major focus of one of the world's largest navies for the first third of the Second World War. The Atlantic Squadron in that period consisted of three battleships, four heavy cruisers, 29 destroyers, and one aircraft carrier; and their primary mission was confirmed by its
290:
warships and aircraft to patrol around the world, while German warships controlled very few locations where they might safely refuel and resupply, and German military aircraft operations were effectively limited to occupied territory. The United
Kingdom and France had more warships than Germany; so
836:
ships entered the neutrality zone at their own risk, and ordered the U.S. Navy to attack any vessel threatening ships under
American escort. HX 150 sailed September 16, 1941, as the first convoy with American escort. ON 18 sailed September 24 as the first westbound convoy with American escort. The
285:
attempted to restrict their adversaries' ability to import raw materials and manufactured goods. The belligerent navies were deployed to intercept ships capable of carrying such imports. Ships evading enemy naval patrols in the open ocean faced a final gauntlet nearing the
European Atlantic coast
399:
The reporting of vessels by US forces gave a benefit to the
British. While the Germans, operating out of European bases, could take little advantage of information on shipping in the Americas, the Royal Navy had far greater access to the Atlantic and could send vessels from the UK, Canada or its
395:
service or the impression that an unneutral service was being performed. However, on
October 9, after discussion about delays in the process, President Roosevelt instructed the navy to transmit reports promptly in plain English; and the Neutrality Patrol began to do so on October 20.
383:
on 25 September. After considerable debate, the conference agreed the
Declaration of Panama on 2 October 1939, to extend the neutrality zone southwesterly parallel to the northeastern coast of South America approximately 300 miles (480 km) offshore.
129:
784:. Ships, planes, funding, and personnel were assigned in January and February, and operations began in March. Admiral Bristol remained in Washington, but material for the various bases was assembled and shipped from
122:
779:
At the beginning of 1941, President
Roosevelt secretly organized a protection-of-shipping task force 24, given the designation of Support Force, United States Atlantic Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral
115:
1385:
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872:
being redesignated the Patrol
Squadron on 1 November 1940. The Neutrality Patrol enhanced effectiveness of Allied patrols within the declared neutrality zone. On 12 July 1940, Assistant CNO
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359:(CNO) ordered the Atlantic Squadron to establish a combined air and ship patrol to observe and report the movements of ships of warring nations within a line extending east from
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314:, outnumbered German warships had shifted patrol areas away from the United Kingdom into the Atlantic to disperse opposing Allied naval forces. After refueling at
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off Bermuda on December 19 after six days of radioed position reports by three relays of Neutrality Patrol destroyers shadowing the liner since it departed
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To augment the fleet units already engaged in the Neutrality Patrol which President Roosevelt had placed around the eastern seaboard and Gulf ports, the
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391:. U.S. Navy ships were instructed to avoid making any report while in the vicinity of such ships to avoid performance of unneutral
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were obliged to stand aside while observing nearby merchant ships being sunk, and taking aboard seamen from the sunken ships.
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scrupulously followed international law, the loss of American export cargoes incensed Americans as neutral United States Navy
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257:. Roosevelt's initiation of the Neutrality Patrol, which in fact also escorted British ships, as well as orders to U.S. Navy
807:. In Newfoundland on August 9, 1941, President Roosevelt agreed to provide American destroyers as escorts for the Canada to
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sank five Allied merchant ships the following day in international waters off the coast of the United States. Although
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The initial CNO orders of September 4 directed the patrols to report the movements of ships of warring nations in
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a few days later, reasonably confident there were no German ships in position to intercept. The German freighter
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on October 24, 1940, and evaded pursuit attempts by Neutrality Patrol destroyers. The German freighter
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was ordered to Britain to standardize shipboard communications between British and American warships.
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265:, then "shoot on sight", meant American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance.
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by chance. The Neutrality Patrol similarly radioed position reports of the British RFA tanker
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in October 1939, based on straight lines between points about 300 nautical miles offshore.
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On September 3, 1939, the British and French declarations of war on Germany initiated the
1343:"Strict Neutrality – Britain and France at War with Germany: September 1939 – May 1940"
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declared the United States' neutrality on 5 September, and declared the naval patrol a
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1223:"THE U.S. NAVY, THE NEUTRALITY PATROL, AND ATLANTIC FLEET ESCORT OPERATIONS 1939-1941"
50:
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German warships relied upon concealment, speed, or disguise to avoid destruction.
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375:. The concept of a naval Neutrality Patrol within that zone was presented to a
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ship to avoid identification by the Neutrality Patrol. The German freighter
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patrolled the eastern Caribbean south of the 23rd parallel with aircraft of
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were most numerous and active in European coastal areas, while a few German
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246:
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For each incident of the neutrality patrol reporting a British ship in the
726:. The base was commissioned on April 7, 1941; and Carrier Division 3 (USS
705:
patrolled within 300 miles (480 km) of the coast between Newport and
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were assigned patrol station one along a northwest-southeast line off
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on September 4; and on September 11 President Roosevelt declared
900:. Roosevelt ordered all reports of the incident should indicate
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1386:"The Neutrality Patrol: To Keep Us Out of World War II? Part 2"
1367:"The Neutrality Patrol: To Keep Us Out of World War II? Part 1"
742:) began using the base the following day. By mid-June cruisers
574:
patrolled between the 34th and 38th parallels with aircraft of
111:
29:
27:
US escort service to merchant ships, prior to US entry in WWII
859:
was torpedoed and sunk on October 31, 1941, while escorting
1292:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
377:
Conference of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics
1269:
The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II
1048:(Report). U.S. Department of State. 1939. pp. 35–37
241:(CNO) established a combined air and ship patrol of the
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similarly evaded the Neutrality Patrol by sailing from
58:
307:intercepted Allied shipping on ocean trade routes.
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1009:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 132.
1294:. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
347:Map of the maritime security zone created by the
363:to 65 degrees west and thence south to the 19th
1307:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
1272:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1391:. Naval Historical Center, United States Navy
1372:. Naval Historical Center, United States Navy
123:
8:
1429:United States Navy and Coast Guard patrols
1384:Capt. William E. Scarborough, USN (Ret.).
1365:Capt. William E. Scarborough, USN (Ret.).
130:
116:
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77:Learn how and when to remove this message
718:Neutrality Patrols began operating from
974:
795:recommissioned 77 destroyers and light
488:were assigned patrol station zero from
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1214:
1212:
1136:"Escort-of-Convoy, Still the Only Way"
546:, between the 38th and 43rd parallels.
463:Patrol Zero: Destroyer division 18 of
1235:from the original on December 6, 2015
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1434:Neutrality (international relations)
853:on October 17, 1941. The destroyer
799:which had lain in reserve at either
455:embarked) formed a reserve force at
104:flying the Neutrality Patrol in 1940
1349:. Naval-History.net. Archived from
1347:United States Navy and World War II
528:, with aircraft of patrol squadron
400:overseas possessions to intercept.
1403:Neutrality (Declaration of Panama)
459:to support the following patrols:
100:dive bombers of scouting squadron
25:
1043:Foreign Relations, 1939, Volume V
771:south along the coast of Brazil.
920:on January 7, 1940, posing as a
34:
1228:. United States Naval Academy.
786:Naval Air Station Quonset Point
685:established a seaplane base in
59:check for citation inaccuracies
849:was torpedoed while escorting
724:Destroyers for Bases Agreement
658:supported by seaplane tenders
1:
1149:United States Naval Institute
890:intercepted the German liner
273:Upon declaration of war, the
1266:Cressman, Robert J. (2000).
1253:Cressman, pp.13-17&34-35
249:, on 4 September, President
243:United States Atlantic coast
492:south to the 40th parallel.
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863:with a loss of 100 lives.
169:African Slave Trade Patrol
1312:van der Vat, Dan (1988).
609:Patrols Seven and Eight:
549:Patrol Three: Destroyers
439:(with aircraft squadrons
357:Chief of Naval Operations
355:On 4 September 1939, the
261:first to actively report
239:Chief of Naval Operations
154:
1005:Grey, Edwyn A. (1972).
947:prevented German ships
585:Patrol Six: Destroyers
515:Patrol Two: Destroyers
495:Patrol One: Destroyers
393:radio direction finding
367:and seaward around the
1419:Battle of the Atlantic
826:ineffectively engaged
692:Patrol Nine: Cruisers
352:
232:Battle of the Atlantic
105:
1316:The Atlantic Campaign
1288:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1221:Hussey, Brian F. Jr.
1170:Cressman, p.50&51
1032:Morison, pp.14&15
767:were patrolling from
544:Newport, Rhode Island
349:Declaration of Panama
346:
316:Newport, Rhode Island
251:Franklin D. Roosevelt
92:
1320:. Harper & Row.
1141:Proceedings Magazine
1078:Cressman, pp. 17, 20
164:Mediterranean Patrol
1424:Maritime boundaries
940:on October 31; but
318:on 7 October 1916,
1301:Nimitz, Chester W.
1161:van der Vat, p.205
874:Robert L. Ghormley
793:United States Navy
353:
236:United States Navy
174:Great Lakes Patrol
159:West Indies Patrol
141:United States Navy
106:
1131:Carney, Robert B.
994:The History Place
782:Arthur L. Bristol
255:Neutrality Patrol
227:
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209:Neutrality Patrol
189:Bering Sea Patrol
87:
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18:Neutrality patrol
16:(Redirected from
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1405:, 3 October 1939
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1007:The Killing Time
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959:on November 15.
842:-class destroyer
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431:aircraft carrier
373:Windward Islands
305:merchant raiders
245:, including the
214:Greenland Patrol
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1393:. Retrieved
1374:. Retrieved
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
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1237:. Retrieved
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1050:. Retrieved
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928:sailed from
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856:Reuben James
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851:Convoy SC 48
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379:convened in
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49:that do not
45:may contain
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1052:20 November
914:Konsul Horn
811:portion of
687:Puerto Rico
409:Battleships
312:World War I
301:battleships
146:Coast Guard
1413:Categories
1395:2007-05-14
1376:2007-05-14
1357:2007-05-14
1260:References
934:Rio Grande
883:destroyer
881:Royal Navy
817:ON convoys
813:HX convoys
797:minelayers
758:Cincinnati
622:Tuscaloosa
333:destroyers
269:Background
259:destroyers
199:Rum Patrol
194:Ice Patrol
93:U.S. Navy
1305:Sea Power
942:USS
926:Helgoland
885:HMS
821:USS
805:San Diego
752:Milwaukee
744:USS
714:New bases
702:Vincennes
694:USS
660:USS
627:USS
614:USS
587:USS
551:USS
537:USS
517:USS
497:USS
465:USS
434:USS
429:with the
412:USS
329:Hans Rose
247:Caribbean
47:citations
1303:(1960).
1290:(1975).
1230:Archived
1133:(1970).
944:Plunkett
930:Colombia
906:Columbus
902:Hyperion
898:Veracruz
893:Columbus
887:Hyperion
769:Trinidad
739:Yorktown
611:Cruisers
499:Hamilton
426:New York
414:Arkansas
365:parallel
297:cruisers
67:May 2024
53:the text
1239:19 June
953:Phrygia
949:Orinoco
910:Patella
867:Results
840:Gleaves
809:Iceland
746:Memphis
720:Bermuda
662:Lapwing
647:Truxton
641:Simpson
595:Claxton
589:Babbitt
565:Decatur
519:Hopkins
369:Leeward
310:During
293:U-boats
283:Germany
263:U-boats
148:patrols
57:Please
1324:
1276:
1151:: 112.
1013:
922:Soviet
846:Kearny
736:, and
728:Ranger
696:Quincy
683:Thrush
679:Gannet
674:Thrush
671:, and
668:Gannet
644:, and
629:Broome
568:, and
553:Manley
482:, and
479:Benham
473:Jouett
451:, and
436:Ranger
423:, and
389:cipher
381:Panama
361:Boston
303:, and
288:Allied
281:, and
279:France
234:. The
95:Vought
51:verify
1389:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1147:(6).
1046:(PDF)
970:Notes
918:Aruba
916:left
829:U-652
823:Greer
764:Omaha
656:VP-51
652:VP-33
635:Borie
580:VP-53
576:VP-52
559:Barry
530:VP-54
505:Leary
485:Ellet
467:Davis
453:VS-42
449:VS-41
420:Texas
219:PIRAZ
102:VS-42
98:SBU-1
1322:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1241:2017
1054:2018
1011:ISBN
951:and
879:The
834:Axis
761:and
733:Wasp
699:and
681:and
654:and
619:and
602:and
592:and
578:and
532:and
525:Goff
522:and
502:and
445:VF-4
441:VB-4
371:and
321:U-53
144:and
803:or
539:Owl
326:K/L
1415::
1345:.
1211:^
1145:96
1143:.
1139:.
1092:^
1062:^
1025:^
977:^
819:.
755:,
749:,
730:,
677:.
665:,
638:,
632:,
562:,
556:,
476:,
470:,
447:,
443:,
417:,
299:,
277:,
1398:.
1379:.
1360:.
1330:.
1282:.
1243:.
1056:.
1019:.
709:.
689:.
606:.
582:.
512:.
131:e
124:t
117:v
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
61:.
55:.
20:)
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