Ojos del Salado - Knowledge (XXG)

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of movement— and in 2014 there was ice in the summit crater and substantial glaciers on the eastern and southern slopes, which reached elevations below 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). There have been increases in ice area between 1974 and 1983 but between 1986 and 2000, ice area decreased by 40%. The melting of the ice is expected to produce an increased discharge at first, but eventually ice diminishes to the point that runoff will decline.

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flank, 450,000±60,000 for El Muerto, 340,000 ± 190,000 years for the summit rocks, and 230,000±40,000 years for El Fraile. Lava flows and a lava dome on the northern flank have yielded ages of 100,000 ± 17,000 and 35,000 years, respectively. The "El Quemado Ignimbrite" may be either 200,000 or less than 50,000 years old. The youngest dates reported are 30,000 years ago.

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first up dry valleys to Acqua di Vicuna at 4,950 metres (16,240 ft) elevation, to the El Arenal plateau at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) elevation and eventually along various routes to Ojos del Salado. The mountain is also accessible by vehicle, up to 6,650 metres (21,820 ft) or 5,900 metres (19,400 ft) elevation, through a dirt road built after a

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Ojos del Salado and the surrounding mountains draw fewer mountaineers than Aconcagua, with only several hundred climbers every year. Since the 1990s commercial tours have become important facilitators for ascents, and the number of climbers has increased in the 21st century. Ojos del Salado is one of

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Volcanic activity probably commenced 26 million, 3.3–1.5 million years ago or during the late Pleistocene. The 3.7±0.2 million years old Las Lozas Andesite may have been a precursor of Ojos del Salado. The oldest rocks of Ojos del Salado are 3.5–3.4 million years old dacites in the lower parts of the

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for the Chilean side and maintained the infrastructure there; after the end of the concession maintenance resumed in 2018. From Argentina, the path runs from Cazadero Grande (Quemadito hut) along a large creek to its origin at Aguas Calientes at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft). From there it continues

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There are no confirmed historical eruptions and the volcano is presently inactive. In November 1993, observers witnessed ash and steam columns on two separate days but no deformation of the volcano was observed by satellites during this occasion. An ash cloud observed on June 13, 2015, and which led

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has yielded ages of 1.53 ± 0.13, 1.2 ± 0.3 million and less than one million years ago for rocks in the northwestern part of Ojos del Salado, 1.08 ± 0.09 million years for flows underlying the summit, 1.08 ± 0.04 million years for the northern flank of Ojos del Salado, 700,000±50,000 for its western

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67,000 years ago produced extensive deposits on and around Ojos del Salado and in the valley between the two volcanoes; these were originally interpreted to have originated at Ojos del Salado. A pyroclastic flow erupted by Ojos del Salado descended the Cazadero valley and constitutes the "El Quemado

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4 kilometres (2.5 mi) away from the higher lake. Each has an area of 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft) and an estimated depth of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). Ephemeral lakes occur at 5,900–6,000 metres (19,400–19,700 ft) elevation, when meltwater from permafrost accumulates in

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Climbing parties in 1956 reported two glaciers on the northwestern slope, a 1958 report indicated that an ice body at 6,600 metres (21,700 ft) elevation descends into two branches and is followed at lower elevation by another glacier also with two branches—but in neither case with any evidence

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and snow. It either amounts to less than 150 millimetres (5.9 in) per year or reaches 300–500 millimetres (12–20 in) per year. Compared to sites farther north, precipitation falls primarily during winter, although snowfall is common in summer. Precipitation probably peaks at 5,500 metres

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of ice to rise above the top of the mountain and keeps most peaks in the area ice-free. Only farther south at Tronquitos does more extensive glaciation begin. Temporary ice and snow accumulations can be mistaken for glaciers, and glacier areas shown on maps are often actually immobile firn fields.

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Ignimbrite". Cerro Solo, whose emplacement was probably accompanied by intense pyroclastic flow activity, and lava domes in the summit region are of Pleistocene age. The long-term growth rate of Ojos del Salado amounts to 0.03–0.04 cubic kilometres per kiloare (0.0072–0.0096 cu mi/ka).

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Ojos del Salado; the former is a common term for "mountain" in Chile and the latter means "snowy", referring to snow-covered mountains. There are two summits, known as the eastern or Argentine and western or Chilean summit; both lie along the international boundary and get their names after the

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As Ojos del Salado is hidden behind and nested among many peaks of similar elevation, for centuries travellers and mountaineers paid little attention to the mountain. Its remoteness meant that for a long time, both its elevation and exact topography were unclear. The positions and names of the

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in the summit crater. Fed by permafrost and snowfields, it lies at 6,480–6,500 metres (21,260–21,330 ft) elevation. It is surrounded by fumaroles and covers an area of 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft). Waters in a creek flowing into this lake reach temperatures of 40.8 °C

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Grosse, Pablo; Ochi Ramacciotti, María Luisa; Escalante Fochi, Florencia; Guzmán, Silvina; Orihashi, Yuji; Sumino, Hirochika (September 1, 2020). "Geomorphology, morphometry, spatial distribution and ages of mafic monogenetic volcanoes of the Peinado and Incahuasi fields, southernmost Central

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Temperatures at lower elevations can exceed 10 °C (50 °F) but mean annual temperatures only reach −10 °C (14 °F). Mean winds at Laguna Verde reach maximum speeds of 8–10 metres per second (26–33 ft/s) in winter, on the mountaintops they can exceed 10 metres per second

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and prepare equipment before attempting an ascent. The mountain can be ascended from both the Argentine and the Chilean side, but owing to the better logistics most ascents occur from the Chilean side. The increasing mountaineering activities on Ojos del Salado have raised concerns about

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owing to its lower elevation and the absence of rock faces and ice, but the high elevation, cold, dry and windy weather and impassable terrain are common challenges for would-be climbers and only a third of all climbing attempts reach the summit. Would-be mountaineers need to consult

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that rises to 6,893 metres (22,615 ft), 6,879 metres (22,569 ft) or 6,887 metres (22,595 ft) elevation. It is the world's highest volcano and the second-highest summit of the Andes, and the highest summit in Chile. Ojos del Salado is not a single conical summit but a

562:, visible through a slope break from the western side, and/or a 2.5-kilometre-wide (1.6 mi) depression. The occurrence of a rift-like structure with numerous small craters has also been reported. Volcanic cones form a north-northeast trending alignment on the western flank. 882:

takes place at a shallow angle and volcanism is absent in the "Pampean flat-slab". The shallow angle may be a consequence of the subduction of submarine topography, such as the Copiapo Ridge at the northern end of the Juan Fernández Ridge at the southern margin of the gap.

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broke up and subduction speed increased. Initially between 26 and 11 million years ago activity was concentrated in the Maricunga region 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the Ojos del Salado region, where only small-volume volcanism took place and which constituted the

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Aszalós, Júlia Margit; Krett, Gergely; Anda, Dóra; Márialigeti, Károly; Nagy, Balázs; Borsodi, Andrea K. (September 2016). "Diversity of extremophilic bacteria in the sediment of high-altitude lakes located in the mountain desert of Ojos del Salado volcano, Dry-Andes".

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and so-called "infilled valleys" have been observed; they most likely form when buried ice and snow melt. The combined effect of erosion by the meltwater and the disappearance of ice volume creates cavities that collapse and form the valleys and pseudokarst landforms.

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refers to a river, Río Salado ("Salty River"), that a 1937 Polish expedition used to reach the mountain. It is unclear whether the name was already used before by a Chile-Argentina boundary commission. Another theory posits that the name means "salty eyes" or "salty

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ascended a mountain south of Ojos del Salado, which they mistook for the volcano. They stated that the peak may be higher than Aconcagua, which media reported as if it were proven fact. These measurements set off a debate whether Ojos del Salado was higher than

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Refugio Universidad de Atacama/Jorge Rojas at 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) elevation, from there a path goes to Refugio Tejos at 5,825 metres (19,111 ft) elevation and eventually to the summit of Ojos del Salado through scree-covered slopes and a steep

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Báez, W.; Bardelli, L.; Sampietro-Vattuone, M.M.; Peña Monné, J.L.; Bertea, E.; Cirer, M. (February 2024). "Revisiting the Holocene tephrochronology of northwestern Argentina: Insights from geochemical characterization of the tephras from the Tafí valley".

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and pyroclastic cones. Most of the volcanoes are remote and thus constitute a low hazard. Ojos del Salado is part of the CVZ and constitutes its southern boundary. South of the volcano volcanism ceased during the last six million years and until 32° south,

332:, with sparse ice cover. The complex extends over an area of 70–160 square kilometres (27–62 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,893 metres (22,615 ft) above sea level. Numerous other volcanoes rise around Ojos del Salado. 947:. Between 8–5 million years ago activity declined in the Maricunga region and increased in the Ojos del Salado region, until Maricunga volcanism ceased 4 million years ago. This shift coincided with a gradual flattening of the subduction process since the 634:

The landscape is dominated by volcanoes, many of Pleistocene or Holocene age, and is the highest volcanic region in the world. Young volcanoes have conical shapes and often feature summit craters. Travellers have called the region a "moonscape". There are

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In 1896, 1897 and 1903 the Chile-Argentina boundary commission identified a peak in the area and named it "Ojos del Salado"; according to a myth their "Ojos del Salado" was a much smaller mountain and the actual Ojos del Salado was their "Peak 'e'". The

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at this latitude. An alternative view is that the subducting Copiapo Ridge is actually located north of the lineament; this would be more consistent with the theory that the subduction of such ridges gives rise to gaps in the volcanic chain.

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lies; above that elevation it decreases to about 200 millimetres (7.9 in). Snow cover in the area is sporadic and quickly sublimates, which hinders its measurement; the average snow cover is less than 5 centimetres (2.0 in) thick.

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Chen, Jing; Kufner, Sofia-Katerina; Yuan, Xiaohui; Heit, Benjamin; Wu, Hao; Yang, Dinghui; Schurr, Bernd; Kay, Suzanne (October 2020). "Lithospheric Delamination Beneath the Southern Puna Plateau Resolved by Local Earthquake Tomography".

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to Argentina, lying about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the volcano, making it more accessible than many other volcanoes there. The region is uninhabited and lacks water resources; many parts are only accessible through dirt roads.

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crop out in its rim, which is lower on the northern side. A second 300–400-metre-wide (980–1,310 ft) crater lies just west of the summit crater. Reportedly, the summit is separated by a deep gap into two separate peaks. Thick short

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reached farther south during the Pleistocene but did not reach Ojos del Salado, allowing the development of glaciers only at more northern latitudes. Westerly winds did not regularly influence the climate at the volcano, either.

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in 1956. The expedition was hindered by bad weather conditions and a gust of wind stretching a measurement line may have almost frustrated the goal to determine the summit elevation of Ojos del Salado. The same party later used

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Rubiolo, Daniel; Pereyra, Fernando Xavier; Martínez, Liliana del Valle; Seggiaro, Raúl E.; Hongn, Fernando D.; Fernández Seveso, Fernando; Velasco, María S.; Sruoga, Patricia; Prieri, Ana; González Díaz, Emilio F. (2003).

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methods to establish the elevation of Ojos del Salado as 6,885.5 ± 3 metres (22,590.2 ± 9.8 ft) and lower than the 6,960 metres (22,830 ft) high Aconcagua. In 1989, Francesco Santon of the

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Grosse, Pablo; Orihashi, Yuji; Guzmán, Silvina R.; Sumino, Hirochika; Nagao, Keisuke (May 2018). "Eruptive history of Incahuasi, Falso Azufre and El Cóndor Quaternary composite volcanoes, southern Central Andes".

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and in 1991/1994 there were plans to make a national park on the Argentine side as well. As of 2020, the establishment of a "zone of touristic interest" encompassing Ojos del Salado was under discussion in Chile.

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The massif rises about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) above the surrounding terrain and covers an oval area of about 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi)–160 square kilometres (62 sq mi), consisting of

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The CVZ spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and contains about 1,100 recognized volcanoes, many of which are extremely old and are still recognizable owing to the low erosion rates in the region. Apart from

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Naranjo, José Antonio S.; Hevia, Francisco C.; Arcos, Rodrigo R.; Polanco, Edmundo V. (2019). Geología de las áreas Nevado Ojos del Salado y Cerro El Fraile, Región de Atacama (Report) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN.

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The volcano produced lava flows during the Holocene, which cover an area of 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi), as well as pumice deposits at Laguna Verde and elongated fractures in the summit region. A

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have been found at higher elevations and green growths have been reported from the summit region. As of 2007, there were no reports of plants in the waterbodies on Ojos del Salado. Salt, acid and cold-tolerant

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structure on the volcano. Climbers in 1957 reported that the fumaroles were noisy and the emissions intense enough that with unfavourable winds they could suffocate people. The fumaroles can be observed from

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After the Polish expedition, the mountain remained unclimbed until 1955, although expeditions went to its lower slopes and sometimes confused other peaks for Ojos del Salado. In that year an expedition from

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Seimon, Anton; Halloy, Stephan R. P.; Seimon, Tracie A. (May 2007). "Recent Observation of a Proliferation of Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix. in High-altitude Lakes of the Mount Everest Region: Comment".

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Haselton, Kirk; Hilley, George; Strecker, Manfred R. (March 1, 2002). "Average Pleistocene Climatic Patterns in the Southern Central Andes: Controls on Mountain Glaciation and Paleoclimate Implications".

6181:"Die Veränderungen von Klima und Umwelt in der Region Atacama (Nordchile) seit der Letzten Kaltzeit (Climate and Environmental Change in the Atacama Region (Northern Chile) since the Last Cold Maximum)" 1267:

75th out of 92, thus as a very low risk volcano. The latter has published hazard maps for the Chilean part of the volcano. Future eruptions would most likely produce lava domes, lava flows and minor

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have been encountered by climbers as early as 1937, in 1949 there were reportedly 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) high penitentes on Ojos del Salado. Penitentes are high ice spires which form when ice

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Seynova, I.B.; Chernomorets, S.S.; Dokukin, M.D.; Petrakov, D.A.; Savernyuk, E.A.; Lukashov, A.A.; Belousova, E.A. (2017). "Formation of water flow in lahars from active glacier-clad volcanoes".

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that emit sulfurous smokes. Polish climbers in 1937 first observed this activity, 200 metres (650 ft) below the summit and in the summit crater. Fumarolic activity appears to be linked to a

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such as the gullies and crater lakes and their conditions, and climatic conditions around Ojos del Salado have also led researchers to investigate it as a potential analogue to environments on

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formed by overlapping smaller volcanoes, with over 20 craters. Two edifices, less than 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) wide, flank the 1.3-by-0.5-kilometre-wide (0.81 mi × 0.31 mi)

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Bonatti, E.; Harrison, C. G. A.; Fisher, D. E.; Honnorez, J.; Schilling, J.-G.; Stipp, J. J.; Zentilli, M. (June 10, 1977). "Easter Volcanic Chain (southeast Pacific): A mantle hot line".

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about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,480 metres (21,260 ft)-6,500 metres (21,300 ft) within the summit crater and east of the main summit. This is the

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in the form of temperature anomalies which reach 4 K (7.2 °F) above background temperatures, but the steam plumes are poorly visible from the ground except from close distance.

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Mingari, Leonardo A.; Collini, Estela A.; Folch, Arnau; Báez, Walter; Bustos, Emilce; Osores, María Soledad; Reckziegel, Florencia; Alexander, Peter; Viramonte, José G. (June 9, 2017).

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Messerli, Bruno; Grosjean, Martin; Bonani, Georges; Bürgi, Andreas; Geyh, Mebus A.; Graf, Kurt; Ramseyer, Karl; Romero, Hugo; Schotterer, Ueli; Schreier, Hans; Vuille, Mathias (1993).

686:, which corresponds to a geographic (southern boundary of the Puna de Atacama) and tectonic discontinuity in the region. The lineament may be a consequence of the subduction of the 6890:(Report). Programa Nacional de Cartas Geológicas de la República Argentina 1:250.000 (in Spanish). Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales. 1422:

from the summit. In 1957, the official elevation of Ojos del Salado was 6,870 metres (22,540 ft) according to Argentina and 6,880 metres (22,570 ft) according to Chile.

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to recent volcanic rocks and volcano-sedimentary formations cover this basement. The topography at Ojos del Salado bears evidence of what may have been past magmatic uplift.

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An international highway between Argentina and Chile crosses north of the mountain. Ojos del Salado can be ascended from both countries; the first ascent was made in 1937 by

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Nagy, Balázs; Mari, László; Kovács, József; Nemerkényi, Zsombor; Heiling, Zsolt (2014). Kóródi, Tibor; Sansumné Molnár, Judit; Siskáné Szilasi, Beáta; Dobos, Endre (eds.).

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Kereszturi, A.; Aszalos, J. M.; Zs, Heiling; Igneczi, Á.; Zs, Kapui; Cs, Kiraly; Sz, Leel-Ossy; Szalai, Z.; Zs, Nemerkenyi; Pal, B.; Skulteti, A.; Nagy, B. (May 15, 2022).

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closed depressions. Such ponds may form in depressions at 6,380 metres (20,930 ft) elevation. Some of the lakes may be permanently frozen. Lakes might disappear with

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Ascent from the Chilean side is easier as the first refuge can be reached by car, but the actual climb is easier from the Argentine side. A dirt road departing from the

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There is no information on volcanic hazards at Ojos del Salado and volcanic hazards in the Central Volcanic Zone are poorly reconnoitred, but a 2018 presentation at the

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anomaly underneath the volcano that may constitute the pathway through which water emanating from the downgoing slab rises through the mantle and gives rise to melting.

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Mahlburg Kay, Suzanne; Mpodozis, Constantino (April 2002). "Magmatism as a probe to the Neogene shallowing of the Nazca plate beneath the modern Chilean flat-slab".

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Bertin, Daniel; Baez, Walter; Caffe, Pablo; Elissondo, Manuela; Lindsay, Jan M. (2018). Active volcanoes of the Central Andes: An Argentinean perspective (Report).

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Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M.; Clavero, J. (January 1, 2013).

6812:"Producción y distribución de bienes cerámicos durante la ocupación inca entre la región puneña de Chaschuil y el valle de Abaucán (Dpto. Tinogasta, Catamarca)" 5763:

GSA Field Guide 13: Field Trip Guides to the Backbone of the Americas in the Southern and Central Andes: Ridge Collision, Shallow Subduction, and Plateau Uplift

5239: 1414:, a value that was once again presented as proven by the press despite the unreliability of this technique. The Chilean party also claimed seeing the Argentine 1239:

and in the Tafí and Villa Vil areas of northwestern Argentina. Many volcanic rocks have a fresh appearance but there is no clear evidence of recent activity.

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volcano. Argentine geological maps define a "Ojos del Salado basal complex", which consists of a number of Miocene volcanoes that have erupted andesite and

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Detailed climate data do not exist for the area. The Puna de Atacama region has an extreme climate with strong wind, high elevation, a dry climate and high

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Williams, Richard S.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (1988). Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world: Professional Paper 1386 (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.

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El límite superior de aridez, límite de vegetación y el problema de los lagos, nevés y glaciares activos en el" Núcleo Arido" de la Cordillera Andina

8870: 8865: 8674: 5262:"Contribución al conocimiento de la vegetación de alta montaña en la zona del volcán Ojos del Salado (Tinogasta, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina)" 5062: 5758: 5408:"Regional Climate and Snow/Glacier Distribution in Southern Upper Atacama (Ojos del Salado) – an integrated statistical, GIS and RS based approach" 4545:"Effects of Active Volcanism on Bacterial Communities in the Highest-Altitude Crater Lake of Ojos del Salado (Dry Andes, Altiplano-Atacama Region)" 6400:

Geología de la región de Ojos del Salado Andes Centrales, 27°S: implicancias de la migración hacia el este del frente volcánico Cenozoico Superior

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have been recovered from sediments in the lakes on Ojos del Salado, consistent with microorganism samples from similar dry volcanic environments.

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In South America, there are about 200 volcanoes with evidence of eruptions during the Pleistocene and Holocene along the western coast, where the

7177: 5218: 7112: 5616: 5117:"The subduction of the Copiapó aseismic ridge, is the causing of the formation of metallic minerals deposits in north of Chile and Argentina?" 4647: 4480:

Peligros volcánicos de la zona norte de Chile, regiones de Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta y Atacama, Escala 1:250.000 y 1:3.000.000

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The large losses of animals and men during the crossing may have been the inspiration for the many death-themed mountain names in the region.

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The debate on the elevation and confusion about which mountain was Ojos del Salado and who climbed which peak prompted an expedition by the

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structure may have formed during an eruption that generated the pumice deposits on the lower slopes of the volcano, and there are potential

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Nagy, Balázs; Ignéczi, Ádám; Kovács-Székely, Ilona; Pereira, Sebastián Ruiz; Mihajlik, Gábor; Felkai, Péter; Mari, László (April 1, 2023).

8880: 5643: 7017: 6674: 7312: 6695:"Topographic constraints on magma accumulation below the actively uplifting Uturuncu and Lazufre volcanic centers in the Central Andes" 6502: 982:

developed in the area, especially east of Ojos del Salado. Pleistocene volcanism was limited to the Ojos del Salado area, where recent

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altered by wind erosion occur north of Ojos del Salado and some lava flows bear traces of glaciation. Research published in 2019 found

8302: 6887: 8905: 8820: 6839: 5957:"Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile" 1632:

Paso San Francisco one of the most important crossings of the Andes with over 8,100 people crossing in 2018 when the road was paved.

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on Ojos del Salado. However, there is no evidence of Pleistocene glacier advances in the region nor any indication of a Pleistocene

8681: 6655: 5927: 975:, Nevado Tres Cruces and Ojos del Salado, which together cover over half of the area. Apart from the large volcanoes, many smaller 753: 374:. The last eruption occurred around 750 CE; steam emissions observed in November 1993 may have constituted another eruptive event. 5720:

Kaufmann, Viktor (June 1998). "Topographic mapping of the volcano Nevado Ojos del Salado using optical and microwave image data".

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is more important than surface ice at Ojos del Salado. It is retreating but the insulating effect of the cover slows the retreat.

8477: 6100: 5877:"Wind-snow interactions at the Ojos del Salado region as a potential Mars analogue site in the Altiplano – Atacama desert region" 1667:

There are waterbodies at 6,600 metres (21,700 ft) elevation; if considered lakes they may be the highest lakes in the world.

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have been reported in the summit region. According to a 2020 publication, the mountain was being evaluated for the generation of

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Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber; Suárez, Mario E.; Ishman, Scott E.;

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El ridge Copiapó y su relación con la cadena volcánica ojos del salado-buena ventura, y con la zona de subducción plana pampeana

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Gimenez, Mario; Acosta, Gemma; Alvarez, Orlando; Pesce, Agustina; Lince Kinger, Federico; Folguera, Andres (November 1, 2019).

1382: 393: 165: 5470:"Islands of Life at 6000 M Altitude: The Environment of the Highest Autotrophic Communities on Earth (Socompa Volcano, Andes)" 5176: 1138:

A diverse flora and fauna has been described in the lower elevation regions south-southeast of Ojos del Salado. Birds such as

8850: 7626: 6222:"Climate Change and Natural Resource Dynamics of the Atacama Altiplano during the Last 18,000 Years: A Preliminary Synthesis" 5673:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010" 1553: 742: 5197: 1719:

occur south of Ojos del Salado but volcanoes there are more isolated and farther inland than these north of Ojos del Salado.

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The volcano lies in the middle of an over 80-kilometre (50 mi) long east–west trending chain of volcanoes that form a

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deposits north of it. Ojos del Salado may or may not have produced pyroclastic flows; the neighbouring Nevado Tres Cruces

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Aszalós, Júlia Margit; Szabó, Attila; Felföldi, Tamás; Jurecska, Laura; Nagy, Balázs; Borsodi, Andrea K. (June 1, 2020).

7550: 7541: 7523: 7496: 7436: 7409: 7400: 6627:"Cambios ambientales pleistoceno-holocénicos: Ocupación humana y uso de recursos en la Puna de Atacama (Norte de Chile)" 640: 115: 6758: 1792:

on the mountain in 1992 and Johan Reinhard likewise mentioned that there were no ruins on Ojos del Salado in that year.

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crossed the Andes at Ojos del Salado but did not mention it. Ojos del Salado is likewise absent from the 1861 plans of

6416: 659: 240: 7321: 5459:. 1era Reunión Grupo Periglacial Argentino (in Spanish). Vol. 83. Mendoza: IANIGLA. pp. 91–108 – via 1849:

Brunier 1989 discussed astronomical observations on Ojos del Salado rather than directly making an observatory there.

6656:"Der Ojos del Salado in der Atacama: Forschungsgeschichte und aktuelle Probleme im trockensten Hochgebirge der Erde" 5064:

EL MACIZO TRES CRUCES: UN COMPLEJO VOLCANICO LONGEVO Y POTENCIALMENTE ACTIVO EN LA ALTA CORDILLERA DE COPIAPO, CHILE

8733: 8089: 7658: 7123: 1558: 738: 703: 646: 6911: 4840: 41: 8840: 7976: 7619: 6912:"Parque Nacional Nevado de Tres Cruces, Chile: A Significant Coldspot of Biodiversity in a High Andean Ecosystem" 6826:(1992). "An archaeological investigation of Inca ceremonial platforms on the Volcano Copiapo, Central Chile". In 6417:"Shallow ground temperature measurements on the highest volcano on Earth, Mt. Ojos del Salado, Arid Andes, Chile" 1378: 723: 558:

that rise about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) above the surrounding terrain. The massif appears to feature a buried

378: 261: 8763: 8705: 6137:

Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems: Proceedings of the IAG Symposium GGHS2012, October 9-12, 2012, Venice, Italy

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Numerous record-high altitude attempts with vehicles have been carried out at Ojos del Salado, including with

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Winds are a significant nuisance for mountaineers, damaging equipment, blinding people and causing dangerous

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at the end. Ropes and supports are available. Between 2004 and 2015, a Chilean company held a mountaineering

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formed in the course of its growth. The volcano was also impacted by eruptions of its neighbour to the west,

8875: 8179: 6678: 5440: 5283:"Tectonic-volcanic discontinuity at latitude 27° south Andean Range, associated with Nazca Plate Subduction" 1824: 1443:-based positioning to determine an elevation of 6,900 ± 5 metres (22,638 ± 16 ft). 727:

The ice reaches thicknesses of only 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) and areal extents of a few hundred metres.

320:

on Earth and the highest peak in Chile. The upper reaches of Ojos del Salado consist of several overlapping

6522: 6040: 5759:"Field trip guide: Neogene evolution of the central Andean Puna plateau and southern Central Volcanic Zone" 5407: 1331:

used the Paso San Francisco as a major crossing of the Andes but there is no evidence of them building any

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of any kind in the world. Owing to its altitude and the desiccated climate, the mountain lacks vegetation.

8794: 8521: 7841: 7546: 5244: 5223: 5202: 5181: 5075: 4696: 1457: 1260: 1073:(33 ft/s) and can impede climbing attempts. Winds blow strongest in the afternoon. The winds produce 846: 838: 679: 228: 96: 64: 6179:

Messerli, Bruno; Grosjean, Martin; Graf, Kurt; Schotterer, Ueli; Schreier, Hans; Vuille, Mathias (1992).

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Field work at Ojos del Salado: a new high altitude extreme Mars analogue candidate site in Atacama desert

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offset volcanic rocks. The large dimensions of Ojos del Salado indicate that magmatism was focused here.

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lava flows make up the core 13 by 12 kilometres (8.1 mi × 7.5 mi) area of the volcano but

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Later Austrian climbers found out that the cairn was not located on the exact summit of Ojos del Salado.

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of South America, the mountain has extremely dry conditions, which prevent the formation of substantial

76: 8154: 8099: 6543:"The challenges of commercial mountaineering on the highest Volcanic Seven Summit, the Ojos del Salado" 6304:"Numerical simulations of windblown dust over complex terrain: the Fiambalá Basin episode in June 2015" 4466: 7555: 6523:

MAGASHEGYI KÖRNYEZETVÁLTOZÁS-MONITORING AZ OJOS DEL SALADÓN (6893 M): MÉRÉSSOROZAT–KEZDET ÉS KILÁTÁSOK

5956: 4965: 8318: 8194: 8164: 8134: 8094: 8031: 8016: 7906: 7768: 7642: 7559: 7514: 7505: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7454: 7445: 7418: 7391: 6827: 6770: 6706: 6431: 6315: 6141: 6075: 5968: 5888: 5831: 5806: 5729: 5684: 5562: 5513: 5378: 5332: 5294: 5261: 5128: 4977: 4927: 4864: 4806: 4763: 4734: 4705: 4659: 4610: 4556: 1785: 1453: 1426: 1367: 972: 854: 610: 382: 348: 265: 108: 100: 7113:

Ficha de Solicitud Declaración Zona de Interés Turístico (ZOIT) "Salar de Maricunga Ojos del Salado"

6693:

Perkins, Jonathan P.; Finnegan, Noah J.; Henderson, Scott T.; Rittenour, Tammy M. (August 1, 2016).

5793: 4784:. International Glaciological Conference VICC 2010 “Ice and Climate Change: A View from the South”. 1474: 1276: 1009:. Earlier in the geological history of the region more mafic magmas also erupted. The rocks contain 718:

in sheltered parts of the mountain, Ojos del Salado lacks substantial ice cover. This is due to the

478: 8778: 8748: 8119: 7723: 6140:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Vol. 141. Springer International Publishing. 5623: 1436: 1346: 979: 830: 687: 7537: 7299: 7284: 7273: 1275:. Effects would most likely be limited to the direct surroundings of the volcano, such as highway 706:

field at an altitude of approximately 6500 m on northern face of Ojos del Salado in summer of 2020

8252: 8084: 7811: 7463: 7414: 7382: 7164: 7094: 6997: 6786: 6642: 6477:

AZ OJOS DEL SALADO MONITORING VIZSGÁLATA: JÉG-ÉS VÍZJELENLÉT A FÖLD LEGSZÁRAZABB MAGASHEGYSÉGÉBEN

6455: 6290: 6249: 6208: 6167: 6027: 5914: 5863: 5820:"Unique and Potentially Mars-Relevant Flow Regime and Water Sources at a High Andes-Atacama Site" 5708: 5588: 5537: 5422: 5394: 5356: 5164: 5049: 5001: 4943: 4917: 4888: 4824: 4683: 4634: 4588: 4531: 1781: 1563: 1407: 1332: 1268: 1210: 1086: 924: 671: 493: 466: 421: 371: 91: 7501: 1819:

The topography of the region with the mountain rising sharply from a high-altitude region makes

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The Carboniferous is the geological period between 358.9 ±0.4 and 298.9 ±0.15 million years ago.

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was the highest mountain in South America which was eventually resolved in favour of Aconcagua.

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and vicuñas live in the valleys south of Ojos del Salado, and have drawn humans to the region.

766: 8555: 8242: 8199: 8174: 8036: 7713: 7678: 7663: 7242: 7223: 7183: 7154: 7084: 7051: 6989: 6957: 6938: 6891: 6866: 6835: 6745: 6724: 6634: 6605: 6564: 6492: 6447: 6380: 6333: 6282: 6241: 6200: 6157: 6115: 6019: 5984: 5939: 5906: 5855: 5847: 5774: 5745: 5700: 5657: 5580: 5529: 5491: 5348: 5310: 5269: 5156: 5101: 5092:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 265. Geological Society of America. 5041: 5018: 4993: 4880: 4713: 4675: 4626: 4580: 4572: 4523: 4515: 1764:

Historical eruptions may have been missed, however, due to the remote location of the volcano.

1199: 834: 682:. This chain of volcanoes appears to be part of the Ojos del Salado-San Buenaventura tectonic 7047: 6542: 5928:"Wulkany świata atrakcją turystyki górskiej w Ameryce Północnej, Ameryce Południowej, Afryce" 366:, during which it mainly produced lava flows. Activity was in two phases and a depression or 8257: 8247: 8169: 8149: 8104: 7981: 7946: 7708: 7683: 7532: 7427: 7309: 7198: 7146: 7076: 7043: 6981: 6778: 6714: 6597: 6554: 6439: 6372: 6323: 6274: 6233: 6192: 6149: 6083: 6009: 5976: 5952: 5896: 5839: 5819: 5766: 5737: 5692: 5649: 5570: 5521: 5481: 5386: 5340: 5302: 5146: 5136: 5132: 5093: 4985: 4935: 4872: 4814: 4810: 4767: 4742: 4667: 4618: 4564: 4544: 4507: 1533: 1466: 1461: 1342: 1312: 1228: 1074: 928: 892: 862: 857:. Where volcanic activity occurs, the subduction process releases fluids from the downgoing 567: 551: 535: 470: 465:

runs across the summit of the mountain in east-west direction. The Argentine part is within

415: 7009: 6263:"Water Availability, Protected Areas, and Natural Resources in the Andean Desert Altiplano" 1335:

on Ojos del Salado even though a number of such sites exist in the surrounding region. The

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The volcano developed in two stages, with the more recent one grown on top of the older. A

8723: 8593: 8074: 7911: 7733: 7673: 7593: 7528: 7474: 7316: 7289: 6415:

Nagy, Balázs; Ignéczi, Ádám; Kovács, József; Szalai, Zoltán; Mari, László (January 2019).

4836: 1820: 1728:

The Devonian is the geological period between 419.2 ±3.2 and 358.9 ±0.4 million years ago.

1541: 1485: 983: 964: 952: 823: 798: 790: 667: 617:

There are two lakes at 5,900 metres (19,400 ft) elevation on the northeastern slope,

555: 506: 501: 446: 329: 301: 298: 8768: 8139: 5672: 5653: 5551:"On the Pleistocene Snow-Line Depression in the Arid Regions of the South American Andes" 4819: 4794: 1484:

highway to Paso San Francisco heads south to Ojos del Salado, past Refugio Murray to the

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with little vegetation occurring above 4,600 metres (15,100 ft) elevation. However,

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The basement in the region crops out in the Cordillera Claudio Gay area, and consists of

396:. During the middle of the 20th century there was a debate on whether Ojos del Salado or 6774: 6710: 6589: 6435: 6319: 6145: 6079: 5972: 5892: 5835: 5810: 5733: 5688: 5566: 5517: 5382: 5336: 5298: 4981: 4931: 4868: 4738: 4663: 4614: 4560: 699: 8612: 8458: 7966: 7891: 6823: 1774: 1372: 1336: 935: 858: 623: 597:

2019, presumably because wind-driven phenomena overprint the effects of cryoturbation.

474: 454: 387: 270: 209: 6135: 6123: 6087: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1544:. A modified car was driven to an elevation of 6,688 metres (21,942 ft) in 2015. 17: 8814: 8789: 8743: 8718: 8214: 8209: 8189: 7821: 7693: 7168: 7140: 7098: 7001: 6459: 6171: 6031: 5918: 5867: 5712: 5600: 5592: 5398: 5360: 5344: 5306: 5168: 5005: 4947: 4828: 4687: 4638: 4592: 1695: 1419: 1363: 1195: 1066: 995: 956: 916: 900: 870: 590: 510: 424:", referring to mineral deposits on its flanks. The mountain is often referred to as 336: 233: 6790: 6303: 5541: 4989: 4535: 8650: 8631: 8574: 8400: 8262: 8224: 8001: 7941: 7866: 7519: 7423: 7405: 7396: 7059: 6899: 6845: 6407: 6403: 6390: 6366: 6091: 5784: 5486: 5469: 5460: 5087: 5071: 5061:

Gardeweg, M.C.; Clavero, J.; Mpodozis, C.; Pérez de A., C.; Villeneuve, M. (2000).

4470: 1712: 1597:

The Pleistocene is the geological period between 2.58 million and 11,700 years ago.

1573: 1568: 1390: 1350: 1339: 1244: 968: 944: 719: 598: 586: 450: 279: 255: 8753: 8666: 4244: 4242: 4240: 3480: 3478: 1271:

activity, and the presence of ice on the mountain makes it a potential source for

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and El Fraile are large lava domes on the flanks of Ojos del Salado, and produced

7326: 7304: 7278: 6345: 5980: 5901: 5876: 4622: 2669: 2667: 2639: 2637: 2111: 2109: 577:

sand fields on the northern flank. Above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) elevation

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Ojos del Salado is part of the High Andes and rises from the southern end of the

8799: 8439: 8420: 8371: 8219: 8069: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7861: 7668: 6737: 6601: 6196: 5757:

Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Coira, Beatriz; Mpodozis, Constantino (January 1, 2008).

3510: 3508: 3237: 3235: 3135: 3133: 1746:

The Oligocene is the geological period between 33.9 and 23.03 million years ago.

1514: 1510: 1328: 1264: 1224: 1030: 1026: 819: 775: 359: 7294: 6811: 6559: 5430: 5141: 5116: 1755:

The Miocene is the geological period between 23.03 and 5.333 million years ago.

457:

with an average elevation of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). The border between

8758: 8738: 8129: 7961: 7956: 7916: 7886: 7796: 7763: 7758: 7718: 7432: 7150: 7080: 6153: 6014: 5997: 5770: 5741: 5575: 5550: 5390: 4511: 3446: 3444: 3442: 2612: 2610: 2608: 1837: 1620: 1537: 1499: 1398: 1232: 1159: 1098: 1062: 1022: 1010: 1006: 960: 879: 853:; these are separated by belts without volcanic activity and form part of the 636: 582: 574: 563: 344: 325: 286: 7055: 6993: 6895: 6870: 6749: 6728: 6638: 6568: 6451: 6337: 6328: 6286: 6245: 6204: 6119: 6023: 5988: 5943: 5910: 5851: 5749: 5704: 5584: 5533: 5495: 5352: 5314: 5273: 5160: 5045: 4997: 4884: 4717: 4679: 4671: 4630: 4576: 4519: 2497: 2495: 2493: 1479: 1281: 483: 137: 124: 8713: 8079: 8064: 8041: 8006: 7986: 7971: 7826: 7806: 7585: 7578: 7510: 7459: 7450: 7378: 6794: 4746: 1716: 1642: 1411: 1403: 1304: 1050: 998: 920: 728: 683: 675: 650:

Volcanic Landscapes of the Central Andes. Shown are Nevado Ojos del Salado,

547: 543: 458: 397: 321: 309: 198: 84: 69: 7688: 5859: 4584: 4527: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3397: 3191: 3189: 3187: 2841: 2839: 1615:

The river does not actually originate on Ojos del Salado; according to the

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crossed the area in 1912/13 and 1913/14 but did not identify the mountain.

1263:

ranked it 14th of 38 Argentine volcanoes and the Chilean geological agency

1155: 585:, which is likely continuous at higher elevations and overlaid with a thin 6855:"Contribución al conocimiento de la zona del Ojos del Salado: (Catamarca)" 5843: 4568: 3033: 3031: 2826: 2824: 2739: 2737: 2451: 2449: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 873:, the CVZ includes numerous calderas, isolated lava domes and lava flows, 8490: 8390: 8267: 8204: 8144: 8114: 8021: 7951: 7881: 7876: 7846: 7816: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7728: 7492: 6782: 4939: 4785: 4465:. Actas del XIX Congreso Geológico Argentino (in Spanish). Vol. 20. 3174: 3172: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 1708: 1606:

The Holocene is the geological period between 11,700 years ago and today.

1518: 1431: 1295: 1248: 1243:

to a warnings about volcanic ash to aircraft turned out to be wind-blown

1143: 1132: 1078: 1046: 1034: 1002: 940: 908: 896: 802: 363: 6646: 6626: 6212: 6180: 5151: 5053: 5033: 4648:"Geology and geochemistry of the Ojos del Salado volcanic region, Chile" 3803: 2539: 2537: 2084: 2082: 1889: 8287: 8109: 8026: 8011: 7996: 7901: 7871: 7703: 7698: 6719: 6694: 6484: 6294: 6262: 6253: 6221: 6048:

Extrait des Comptes Rendus et Rapports. Assemblee Generale de Toronto 4

5622:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. Archived from 5240:"Highest altitude reached by a side-by-side utility task vehicle (UTV)" 2524: 2522: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2030: 2028: 2026: 1490: 1188: 1151: 1042: 1018: 948: 912: 904: 826: 806: 770: 762: 715: 655: 609:

Ojos del Salado hosts the highest lake in the world in the form of the

559: 531: 489: 367: 340: 317: 4892: 4852: 4778:

The glaciers of the Ojos del Salado-Tres Cruces Massifs, Atacama Andes

4415: 4413: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 2211: 2209: 8184: 8124: 7991: 7926: 7896: 7856: 7836: 7801: 7773: 6854: 6443: 5802: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1308: 1184: 1163: 1123: 1119: 1038: 1014: 963:, volcanism formed the edifices of Cerro Solo, El Fraile, Incahuasi, 794: 779: 526: 522: 518: 514: 54: 6759:"An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes" 6278: 6237: 5696: 3715: 3713: 3711: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2057: 2055: 7611: 7202: 6398:

Mpodozis, C; Kay, SM; Gardeweg, M; Coira, B (October 13–18, 1996).

5525: 5097: 4922: 4876: 865:

that eventually ascend to the surface and give rise to volcanism.

837:. Volcanic activity is localized in four major volcanic belts, the 7851: 7738: 7441: 4646:

Baker, P. E.; Gonzalez-Ferrán, O.; Rex, D. C. (February 1, 1987).

3911: 3779: 3702: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2295: 2293: 2291: 1655: 1578: 1415: 1386: 1272: 1147: 1109: 976: 752: 578: 462: 313: 305: 216: 202: 6376: 3361: 934:

Volcanism in the region commenced 26 million years ago, when the

7118:(Report) (in Spanish). Subsecretaría de Turismo. September 2019. 4478:

Alvaro, Amigo R.; Bertin, Daniel U.; Orozco, Gabriel L. (2012).

4368: 4332: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 3484: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 2566: 2564: 2115: 1789: 1778: 1685:

Several metres wide valleys that are filled with erosion debris.

1522: 1299: 1139: 1127: 1093: 1089:

rocks and megaripples at lower elevations, and redeposit snow.

1082: 874: 711: 639:

in the region, such as the Termas Laguna Verde at the shores of

352: 8670: 8494: 8291: 7615: 7330: 7067:

Siebert, Lee; Simkin, Tom; Kimberly, Paul (December 31, 2019),

5281:

Gonzalez-Ferran, O.; Baker, P. E.; Rex, D. C. (March 1, 1985).

4296: 3349: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 1166:

have been observed at 5,960 metres (19,550 ft) elevation.

6483:. VII. MAGYAR FÖLDRAJZI KONFERENCIA KIADVÁNYA (in Hungarian). 5603:(in Spanish). Gobernacion Provincial de Copiapó. July 14, 2021 3731: 3690: 3514: 3139: 3100: 2857: 2755: 1694:

Zentilli 1974 considered the volcano linked to the so-called "

1529: 1440: 1389:

but most of the maps and report they drafted were lost during

6596:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 207–302, 3987: 3985: 3421: 3325: 3301: 3241: 1869:

Direct virtual measurement with Google Earth, Line Ruler tool

1513:

have surveyed the volcano for the possibility of creating an

782:

are other structures generated by the melting of buried ice.

5406:

Gspurning, Josef; Lazar, Reinhold; Sulzer, Wolfgang (2006).

4853:"The American Alpine Club Expedition to the Ojos del Salado" 4392: 4227: 4225: 3072: 3070: 2616: 8333: 8279:

Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south

6261:

Messerli, Bruno; Grosjean, Martin; Vuille, Mathias (1997).

4776: 4026: 4024: 3618: 3495: 3493: 3207: 3151: 3006: 3004: 2943: 2941: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2673: 2643: 2501: 2163: 2161: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1698:

Hot Line" of volcanoes but they do not have a common magma.

4461:Álvarez, O; Giménez, M; Folguera, A; Spagnotto, S (2014). 3960: 3958: 3956: 3755: 3195: 3049: 2728: 1460:

mountaineering challenges. It is easier to ascend than an

1158:

occur in the Santa Rosa-Maricunga-Negro Francisco region.

7266:

Erstellung der Alpenvereinskarte "Nevado Ojos del Salado"

7126:(in Spanish). Subsecretaría de Turismo. February 13, 2020 6986:

10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[340:ROOAPO]2.0.CO;2

6744:. Asociación Argentina para el Progreso de las Ciencias. 6101:"Andy jako rejon eksploracji górskiej Polaków do 1989 r." 5260:

González, Juan A.; Würschmidt, A. E. (December 7, 2008).

4710:

RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics

3602: 3600: 2845: 2815: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 658:, along the Argentina-Chile border. Astronaut photo from 7274:

Complete description of Ojos del Salado in Andeshandbook

5198:"Driving to the highest altitude by car (petrol/diesel)" 4799:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

4140: 4138: 4113: 4111: 3875: 3863: 3767: 3678: 3555: 3543: 3385: 3112: 3037: 2983: 2893: 2803: 2743: 2555: 2455: 2387: 2282: 2179: 2100: 2088: 1979: 7010:"Ranking de los Volcanes Según impacto de peligrosidad" 6935:

Ancient America: Contributions to New World Archaeology

4795:"Public Buildings of North Chile's Desert Architecture" 4443: 3851: 3743: 3579: 3567: 3526: 3450: 3433: 3409: 3277: 3265: 2920: 2904: 2902: 2830: 2654: 2652: 2543: 2528: 2484: 2467: 2428: 2399: 2310: 2308: 2227: 2034: 6832:

Ancient America: Contribution to New World archaeology

5034:"La Ruta de D. Diego de Almagro a Chile: Preliminares" 4706:"Structural-and-Semantic Analysis of Oronyms of Chile" 4431: 4419: 4404: 3935: 3923: 3666: 3178: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1777:

was referenced in a 2002 publication to have found an

1349:

for a railway across Paso San Francisco. The explorer

7182:. Very Short Introductions. Oxford University Press. 6952:

Secor, R. J.; Kukathas, Uma; Thomas, Crystal (1999).

5219:"Highest altitude achieved on an electric motorcycle" 3815: 2215: 2061: 1918: 6371:(First ed.). The Geological Society of London. 6365:

Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes, eds. (June 12, 2007).

4754:

Brunier, Serge (October 1989). "Extreme Astronomy".

3469: 3337: 3313: 2881: 2869: 2716: 1998: 437:

country from which they can be more easily reached.

8777: 8704: 8642: 8623: 8604: 8585: 8566: 8547: 8528: 8469: 8450: 8431: 8412: 8382: 8363: 8344: 8325: 8233: 8055: 7782: 7649: 6816:

Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología

4216: 2148: 2146: 2144: 1385:reached the summit on February 26, 1937 and left a 358:Ojos del Salado was volcanically active during the 278: 254: 249: 239: 227: 222: 208: 194: 153: 114: 90: 75: 63: 53: 48: 34: 6402:. Congreso Geológico Argentino, 13. (in Spanish). 4485:(Report) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. Archived from 3899: 3719: 3630: 3373: 2587: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2073: 2046: 7075:, University of California Press, pp. 1–46, 6590:"Mountains and Plunging Plates: Subduction Zones" 5415:Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung 1619:map from 2004, the Rio Salado originates next to 994:Volcanic rocks erupted by Ojos del Salado form a 593:landforms were not conspicuous according to Nagy 347:. Despite the arid climate, there is a permanent 6910:Rundel, Philip W.; Kleier, Catherine C. (2014). 6039:Lliboutry, L.; González, O.; Simken, J. (1958). 5677:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2440: 2347: 2299: 2263: 1967: 1676:An early report of such lakes goes back to 1937. 955:and mantle properties that are reflected in the 6810:Ratto, Norma; Plá, Rita; Orgaz, Martín (2002). 3839: 2697: 2570: 5325:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5086:Harmon, Russell S.; Rapela, Carlos W. (1991). 5070:. IX CONGRESO GEOLOGICO CHILENO (in Spanish). 1823:difficult, and medical resources to deal with 1641:Relative to sea level; relative to base level 1001:-rich suite of dacitic rocks, with occasional 903:age. The rocks are intruded by and covered by 8682: 8506: 8303: 7627: 7342: 7239:Traumberge Amerikas: von Alaska bis Feuerland 6736:Picighelli, Cristian Sebastian (April 2023). 4003: 3289: 3226: 3124: 2366: 1890:International Commission on Stratigraphy 2018 431: 425: 409: 8: 7279:December 1, 2006, Star Trails at 19,000 Feet 6521:Nagy, Balázs; László, Mari; Zsolt, Heiling. 5801:. European Planetary Science Congress 2018. 4910:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 3991: 2971: 861:which trigger the formation of melts in the 5177:"Highest altitude achieved on a motorcycle" 4356: 3887: 2685: 8689: 8675: 8667: 8513: 8499: 8491: 8310: 8296: 8288: 7634: 7620: 7612: 7368: 7363: 7349: 7335: 7327: 7145:. Springer Geology. Springer Netherlands. 6669:. Heidelberger Geographische Gesellschaft. 6406:, Argentina. pp. 539–548 – via 5955:; Gutstein, Carolina S. (March 15, 2016). 5792:Kereszturi, Akos (September 16–21, 2018). 4775:Buchroithner, M. F. (February 1–3, 2010). 4320: 4231: 4102: 4066: 3947: 3499: 3253: 3163: 3076: 3061: 3010: 2947: 2932: 2772: 2167: 2017: 1439:in Italy, with Argentine assistance, used 31: 7124:"ZOIT Salar de Maricunga Ojos del Salado" 6834:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 145–172. 6718: 6625:Núñez, Lautaro; Grosjean, Martin (1994). 6558: 6327: 6013: 5900: 5642:Jacobsen, Dean; Dangles, Olivier (2017). 5617:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 5574: 5485: 5150: 5140: 5089:Andean Magmatism and Its Tectonic Setting 4921: 4818: 4793:Butelski, Kazimierz (December 10, 2020). 2995: 1955: 1784:on Ojos del Salado but the archaeologist 1235:, and may have deposited tephra over the 538:material covers much of the summit area. 8886:International mountains of South America 7290:Ojos del Salado Satellite Elevation Data 7176:Vincent, Warwick F. (January 25, 2018). 6068:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4964:Dobiński, Wojciech (September 1, 2020). 4603:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4344: 4308: 4054: 4030: 4015: 2791: 2513: 2251: 2239: 1118:Due to the dry climate, the region is a 698: 645: 4380: 4156: 4042: 3964: 2628: 1862: 1590: 761:Ice buried beneath sand and encased in 172: 6974:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 6654:Nüsser, Marcus; Dame, Juliane (2015). 5932:Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka I Rekreacja 4704:Bobylyova, E. S. (December 15, 2016). 4192: 4180: 4168: 4144: 4129: 4117: 4090: 3654: 3606: 3591: 3088: 3022: 2959: 2908: 2658: 2599: 2326: 2314: 1943: 1906: 1065:; the area is in or just south of the 959:of erupted volcanic rocks. During the 626:owing to the breakdown of permafrost. 185:Location on the Argentina–Chile border 7241:(in German). Bergverlag Rother GmbH. 6757:Pritchard, M. E.; Simons, M. (2004). 4204: 4078: 3744:Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985 3451:Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985 3434:Baker, Gonzalez-Ferrán & Rex 1987 3410:Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985 3278:Baker, Gonzalez-Ferrán & Rex 1987 3266:Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985 2921:Lliboutry, González & Simken 1958 2429:Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985 2400:Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985 2228:Baker, Gonzalez-Ferrán & Rex 1987 1114:Bouldery landscape of Ojos del Salado 414: 7: 7048:10.21782/EC1560-7496-2017-6(103-111) 6763:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6738:"Energía geotérmica en la Argentina" 6424:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 4297:Ministerio de Cultura y Turismo 2023 3976: 3667:Messerli, Grosjean & Vuille 1997 3642: 3179:Haselton, Hilley & Strecker 2002 1324:mountains were frequently confused. 643:, which are frequented by visitors. 7281:– NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day 3827: 3816:Siebert, Simkin & Kimberly 2019 3791: 2416: 2216:Siebert, Simkin & Kimberly 2019 2200: 2152: 1406:and thus the highest summit of the 5765:. Vol. 13. pp. 117–181. 5654:10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001 3470:Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006 3422:Geological Society of America 1991 3302:Geological Society of America 1991 3242:Geological Society of America 1991 2882:Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006 2870:Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006 2717:Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006 1999:Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006 1654:Cryoturbation landforms form when 1041:. Magma mixing phenomena produced 601:have left traces on the mountain. 25: 6308:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6267:Mountain Research and Development 6226:Mountain Research and Development 5818:Kereszturi, Ákos (June 1, 2020). 4652:Journal of the Geological Society 4217:Secor, Kukathas & Thomas 1999 1658:triggers deformation of the soil. 1092:Precipitation consists mostly of 951:and was accompanied by change in 573:Wind-driven erosion has produced 513:on its eastern and western side. 8462:(4,760 m or 15,617 ft) 8443:(4,852 m or 15,919 ft) 8424:(5,199 m or 17,057 ft) 8404:(4,634 m or 15,203 ft) 8394:(5,205 m or 17,077 ft) 8375:(5,959 m or 19,551 ft) 8356:(6,893 m or 22,615 ft) 8337:(8,611 m or 28,251 ft) 7592: 7577: 7179:Lakes: A Very Short Introduction 6888:Hoja Geológica 2769- IV Fiambalá 6041:"Les glaciers du désert chilien" 5345:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106966 3900:Alvaro, Bertin & Orozco 2012 3720:Alvaro, Bertin & Orozco 2012 3338:Mahlburg Kay & Mpodozis 2002 3314:Mahlburg Kay & Mpodozis 2002 2588:Seimon, Halloy & Seimon 2007 2074:Alvaro, Bertin & Orozco 2012 1218:Holocene and historical activity 1171:Nevado Tres Cruces National Park 722:of the region, which causes the 171: 164: 40: 8871:Mountains of Catamarca Province 8866:Volcanoes of Catamarca Province 8698:Highest points of South America 8654:(4,285 m / 14,058 ft) 8635:(4,367 m / 14,327 ft) 8616:(5,610 m / 18,406 ft) 8597:(5,636 m / 18,491 ft) 8578:(5,642 m / 18,510 ft) 8559:(5,895 m / 19,341 ft) 8540:(6,893 m / 22,615 ft) 8481:(2,209 m or 7,247 ft) 7220:The Andes: A Guide for Climbers 6859:Boletín de Estudios Geográficos 6547:Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 6350:Ministerio de Cultura y Turismo 5645:Ecology of High Altitude Waters 4990:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103301 4846:(Report). American Alpine Club. 4727:Journal of Geophysical Research 1383:Second Polish Andean Expedition 1357:Ascents and debate on elevation 7357:Tallest mountains of Argentina 6933:Saunders, Nicholas J. (1992). 5549:Hastenrath, Stefan L. (1971). 5487:10.1080/00040851.1991.12002843 5038:Revista de Historia de América 4955:Deutscher Alpenverein (2004). 4820:10.1088/1757-899x/960/2/022059 3631:González & Würschmidt 2008 2441:Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008 2348:Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008 2300:Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008 2264:Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008 2047:González & Würschmidt 2008 1554:List of volcanoes in Argentina 927:has yielded evidence of a low 394:Polish expedition in the Andes 1: 6088:10.1016/S0895-9811(02)00005-6 5468:Halloy, S. (August 1, 1991). 5323:Volcanic Zone of the Andes". 3679:Subsecretaría de Turismo 2020 2804:Subsecretaría de Turismo 2019 2101:Subsecretaría de Turismo 2019 2089:Subsecretaría de Turismo 2019 1980:Subsecretaría de Turismo 2019 1203: 1169:West of the volcano lies the 618: 416:[ˈo.xosd̪elsaˈla.ð̞o] 81:630.5 km (391.8 mi) 59:6,893 m (22,615 ft) 8896:Six-thousanders of the Andes 8826:Stratovolcanoes of Argentina 6853:Roig, Fidel Antonio (1955). 6742:Revista Ciencia e Tecnologia 6588:Neukirchen, Florian (2022), 5981:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.003 5902:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114941 5307:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90189-1 5015:Chile andinista: su historia 4959:(Map). 1:100000 (in German). 4623:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104745 4444:Guinness World Records 2020b 1968:Williams & Ferrigno 1988 492:west of the volcano and the 27:Highest volcano in the world 8901:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 8891:Highest points of countries 8861:Mountains of Atacama Region 8856:Volcanoes of Atacama Region 7237:Radehose, Eckehard (2002). 7069:"Data Criteria and Context" 6954:Aconcagua: A Climbing Guide 6602:10.1007/978-3-031-11385-7_4 6197:10.3112/erdkunde.1992.03.09 6108:Słupskie Prace Geograficzne 5648:. Oxford University Press. 5032:Erdmann, L. Strube (1963). 5017:(in Spanish). El Mercurio. 5013:Echevarría, Evelio (1999). 4712:(in Russian) (2): 123–127. 4432:Guinness World Records 2020 4420:Guinness World Records 2015 4405:Guinness World Records 2007 4004:Ratto, Plá & Orgaz 2002 3840:Pritchard & Simons 2004 2698:Jacobsen & Dangles 2017 2571:Jacobsen & Dangles 2017 1231:to have occurred 750 ± 250 1097:(18,000 ft) where the 745:in the intense insolation. 670:and includes the volcanoes 660:International Space Station 441:Geography and geomorphology 8922: 6956:. The Mountaineers Books. 6594:The Formation of Mountains 6560:10.15201/hungeobull.72.1.2 5474:Arctic and Alpine Research 5142:10.1016/j.geog.2019.04.007 3830:, Latest Activity Reports. 2062:Informacíon turística 2021 1919:Deutscher Alpenverein 2004 1711:-recent volcanoes such as 1559:List of volcanoes in Chile 1447:Mountaineering and tourism 316:border. It is the highest 8276: 7575: 7366: 7362: 7151:10.1007/978-94-017-7518-2 7081:10.1525/9780520947931-002 6154:10.1007/978-3-319-10837-7 6015:10.3189/S0022143000025181 5998:"The Origin of Penitents" 5996:Lliboutry, Louis (1954). 5926:Legienis, Henryk (2014). 5742:10.1080/10106049809354642 5576:10.3189/S0022143000013228 5455:Halloy, S. R. P. (1983). 5431:"Nevados Ojos del Salado" 5391:10.1007/s00445-018-1221-5 4966:"Permafrost active layer" 4512:10.1007/s00792-016-0849-3 3290:Moreno & Gibbons 2007 3227:Moreno & Gibbons 2007 3125:Núñez & Grosjean 1994 2367:Moreno & Gibbons 2007 724:equilibrium line altitude 488:runs between the city of 158: 39: 8906:Holocene stratovolcanoes 8821:Stratovolcanoes of Chile 6675:"Nevado Ojos del Salado" 6329:10.5194/acp-17-6759-2017 6134:Marti, Urs, ed. (2014). 5436:Global Volcanism Program 4672:10.1144/gsjgs.144.1.0085 4357:Nagy, László & Zsolt 3992:Rundel & Kleier 2014 2686:Nagy, László & Zsolt 1227:eruption was dated with 7139:Veress, Márton (2016). 6679:Oregon State University 6528:(Report) (in Hungarian) 6352:. Gobierno de Catamarca 5601:"Informacíon turística" 5441:Smithsonian Institution 5371:Bulletin of Volcanology 5133:2019G&G....10..471G 5121:Geodesy and Geodynamics 5074:, Chile. Archived from 4851:Carter, Adams (1957b). 4811:2020MS&E..960b2059B 4768:1989S&T....78..366B 4747:10.1029/JB082i017p02457 1825:acute mountain sickness 1788:reported an absence of 1645:is considerably higher. 1470:environmental impacts. 915:volcanic rocks and the 757:Ice buried beneath sand 8881:Argentina–Chile border 8836:Volcanic Seven Summits 8522:Volcanic Seven Summits 8056:Southern Volcanic Zone 7842:Andagua volcanic field 7650:Northern Volcanic Zone 7263:Fleischer, K. (2004). 7073:Volcanoes of the World 6818:(in Spanish). tomo 27. 6663:Universität Heidelberg 5805:, Germany: TU Berlin. 5722:Geocarto International 5506:The Journal of Geology 5245:Guinness World Records 5224:Guinness World Records 5203:Guinness World Records 5182:Guinness World Records 4957:Nevado Ojos del Salado 4697:University of Auckland 4321:Nüsser & Dame 2015 4232:Nüsser & Dame 2015 4103:Nüsser & Dame 2015 3196:Kereszturi et al. 2022 3050:Kereszturi et al. 2022 3011:Nüsser & Dame 2015 2948:Nüsser & Dame 2015 2933:Nüsser & Dame 2015 2773:Nüsser & Dame 2015 2203:, General Information. 2168:Nüsser & Dame 2015 2018:Nüsser & Dame 2015 1458:Volcanic Seven Summits 1261:University of Auckland 1115: 851:Austral Volcanic Zones 758: 707: 663: 432: 426: 410: 379:Jan Alfred Szczepański 295:Nevado Ojos del Salado 262:Jan Alfred Szczepański 260:February 26, 1937, by 97:Volcanic Seven Summits 18:Nevado Ojos del Salado 8851:Volcanic crater lakes 8234:Austral Volcanic Zone 8160:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 7832:Huambo volcanic field 7783:Central Volcanic Zone 7269:(Thesis) (in German). 7218:Biggar, John (2005). 6489:University of Miskolc 6099:Marek, Aneta (2016). 6002:Journal of Glaciology 5844:10.1089/ast.2018.2013 5771:10.1130/2008.0013(05) 5555:Journal of Glaciology 5268:(in Spanish): 47–60. 5081:on November 22, 2015. 4970:Earth-Science Reviews 4569:10.1089/ast.2018.2011 3854:, pp. 6759–6760. 1617:Deutscher Alpenverein 1113: 980:monogenetic volcanoes 756: 702: 649: 500:Ojos del Salado is a 8846:Andean Volcanic Belt 8831:Seven Second Summits 8319:Seven Second Summits 7769:Licto volcanic field 7315:May 5, 2019, at the 7310:Virtual Aerial Video 7036:"Earth's Cryosphere" 6905:on October 30, 2021. 6783:10.1029/2003GC000610 6368:The Geology of Chile 6346:"Seismiles Fimabalá" 5953:Pyenson, Nicholas D. 4940:10.1029/2019JB019040 3780:Gardeweg et al. 2000 3768:Mpodozis et al. 1996 3703:Gardeweg et al. 2000 3388:, pp. 539, 547. 3386:Mpodozis et al. 1996 3210:, pp. 124, 127. 3208:Messerli et al. 1993 3152:Messerli et al. 1993 3140:Messerli et al. 1992 2744:Mpodozis et al. 1996 2456:Mpodozis et al. 1996 2388:Mpodozis et al. 1996 1786:Nicholas J. Saunders 1454:Second Seven Summits 1427:American Alpine Club 1150:and mammals such as 1106:Vegetation and fauna 1085:, gravel pavements, 973:Nevado San Francisco 855:Pacific Ring of Fire 430:Ojos del Salado and 101:Seven Second Summits 6775:2004GGG.....5.2002P 6711:2016Geosp..12.1078P 6631:Estudios Atacameños 6508:on November 3, 2023 6436:2019PPPr...30....3N 6320:2017ACP....17.6759M 6146:2014gghs.book.....M 6080:2002JSAES..15...39M 5973:2016SedG..333...32L 5961:Sedimentary Geology 5893:2022Icar..37814941K 5836:2020AsBio..20..723K 5811:2018EPSC...12..216K 5734:1998GeoIn..13...53K 5689:2013GSLSP.380..161J 5567:1971JGlac..10..255H 5518:2002JG....110..211H 5383:2018BVol...80...44G 5337:2020JVGR..40106966G 5299:1985Tectp.112..423G 4982:2020ESRv..20803301D 4932:2020JGRB..12519040C 4869:1957GeoRv..47..240C 4857:Geographical Review 4739:1977JGR....82.2457B 4664:1987JGSoc.144...85B 4615:2024JSAES.13404745B 4561:2020AsBio..20..741A 4393:Aszalós et al. 2020 4383:, pp. 366–369. 3912:Seynova et al. 2017 3852:Mingari et al. 2017 3794:, Eruptive History. 3732:Rubiolo et al. 2003 3691:Rubiolo et al. 2003 3619:Aszalós et al. 2016 3556:Naranjo et al. 2019 3515:Rubiolo et al. 2003 3453:, pp. 429–428. 3424:, pp. 151–152. 3362:Perkins et al. 2016 3350:Álvarez et al. 2014 3326:Bonatti et al. 1977 3256:, pp. 218–219. 3113:Naranjo et al. 2019 3101:Rubiolo et al. 2003 2858:Le Roux et al. 2016 2846:Gimenez et al. 2019 2831:Mingari et al. 2017 2816:Gimenez et al. 2019 2756:Rubiolo et al. 2003 2676:, pp. 603–604. 2674:Aszalós et al. 2016 2646:, pp. 604–605. 2644:Aszalós et al. 2016 2617:Aszalós et al. 2020 2556:Naranjo et al. 2019 2502:Aszalós et al. 2016 2443:, pp. 168–169. 2283:Naranjo et al. 2019 2180:Naranjo et al. 2019 1437:University of Padua 1347:William Wheelwright 1029:, opaque minerals, 831:South America Plate 469:and the Chilean in 335:Being close to the 134: / 8155:Carrán-Los Venados 8100:Nevados de Chillán 8085:Descabezado Grande 7372: 7021:(in Spanish). 2019 6720:10.1130/GES01278.1 5423:University of Graz 4467:Córdoba, Argentina 4195:, pp. 93, 96. 3876:Bertin et al. 2018 3864:Bertin et al. 2018 3756:Grosse et al. 2018 3398:Grosse et al. 2020 2729:Grosse et al. 2018 1782:archeological site 1564:Lists of volcanoes 1502:accident in 1994. 1408:Western Hemisphere 1290:Fumarolic activity 1237:Bolson de Fiambala 1211:Radiometric dating 1116: 925:Seismic tomography 759: 708: 672:Nevado Tres Cruces 664: 494:Paso San Francisco 467:Catamarca Province 372:Nevado Tres Cruces 245:750 CE ± 250 years 105:Country high point 49:Highest point 8808: 8807: 8783:other territories 8661: 8660: 8556:Mount Kilimanjaro 8488: 8487: 8405: 8285: 8284: 8095:Nevado de Longaví 8037:Cueros de Purulla 8017:Cordón del Azufre 7679:Nevado del Tolima 7609: 7608: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7285:Andes information 7248:978-3-7633-3006-5 7229:978-0-9536087-2-0 7189:978-0-19-876673-5 7160:978-94-017-7516-8 7090:978-0-520-94793-1 6963:978-0-89886-669-8 6944:978-0-946897-48-3 6611:978-3-031-11384-0 6498:978-963-358-063-9 6386:978-1-86239-393-6 6314:(11): 6759–6778. 6163:978-3-319-10836-0 6129:on June 16, 2023. 5780:978-0-8137-0013-7 5663:978-0-19-873686-8 5107:978-0-8137-2265-8 5024:978-956-288-500-3 4756:Sky and Telescope 4733:(17): 2457–2478. 4492:on June 29, 2021. 4371:, pp. 25–27. 4335:, pp. 27–28. 2972:Buchroithner 2010 2872:, pp. 62–63. 1946:, pp. 74–75. 1534:electric vehicles 1467:weather forecasts 1075:aeolian landforms 943:to the Maricunga 893:sedimentary rocks 835:Peru-Chile Trench 614:(105.4 °F). 568:pyroclastic flows 552:pyroclastic cones 292: 291: 138:27.109°S 68.541°W 16:(Redirected from 8913: 8841:Active volcanoes 8790:Falkland Islands 8706:Sovereign states 8691: 8684: 8677: 8668: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8492: 8397: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8289: 8280: 8150:Mocho-Choshuenco 7684:Nevado del Huila 7643:Andean volcanoes 7636: 7629: 7622: 7613: 7596: 7581: 7369: 7364: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7270: 7252: 7233: 7206: 7193: 7172: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7119: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7063: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7014: 7005: 6967: 6948: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6898:. Archived from 6881: 6879: 6877: 6849: 6819: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6793:. Archived from 6753: 6732: 6722: 6705:(4): 1078–1096. 6689: 6687: 6685: 6670: 6660: 6650: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6562: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6501:. Archived from 6482: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6444:10.1002/ppp.1989 6421: 6411: 6394: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6341: 6331: 6298: 6257: 6216: 6191:(3/4): 257–272. 6175: 6130: 6128: 6122:. Archived from 6105: 6095: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6045: 6035: 6017: 5992: 5947: 5922: 5904: 5871: 5814: 5800: 5788: 5753: 5716: 5667: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5629:on July 31, 2018 5628: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5596: 5578: 5545: 5499: 5489: 5464: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5426: 5412: 5402: 5364: 5318: 5277: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5172: 5154: 5144: 5111: 5082: 5080: 5069: 5057: 5028: 5009: 4960: 4951: 4925: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4847: 4845: 4837:Carter, H. Adams 4832: 4822: 4789: 4783: 4771: 4750: 4721: 4700: 4691: 4642: 4596: 4539: 4493: 4491: 4484: 4474: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4369:Nagy et al. 2023 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4333:Nagy et al. 2023 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4285:Nagy et al. 2023 4282: 4276: 4273:Nagy et al. 2023 4270: 4264: 4261:Nagy et al. 2023 4258: 4252: 4249:Nagy et al. 2023 4246: 4235: 4229: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3888:SERNAGEOMIN 2019 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3804:Báez et al. 2024 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3580:Nagy et al. 2019 3577: 3571: 3568:Nagy et al. 2019 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3544:Nagy et al. 2014 3541: 3530: 3529:, pp. 9–10. 3527:Nagy et al. 2019 3524: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3497: 3488: 3485:Nagy et al. 2023 3482: 3473: 3467: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3374:Chen et al. 2020 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3182: 3176: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3115:, pp. 9–10. 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3038:Nagy et al. 2014 3035: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2984:Nagy et al. 2014 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2894:Nagy et al. 2014 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2776: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2544:Nagy et al. 2019 2541: 2532: 2529:Nagy et al. 2019 2526: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2488: 2485:Nagy et al. 2019 2482: 2471: 2468:Nagy et al. 2019 2465: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2419:, Photo Gallery. 2414: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2351: 2345: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2119: 2116:Nagy et al. 2023 2113: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2035:Nagy et al. 2019 2032: 2021: 2015: 2002: 1996: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1870: 1867: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1705: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1542:utility vehicles 1483: 1462:eight thousander 1376: 1343:Diego de Almagro 1313:geothermal power 1285: 1229:tephrochronology 1205: 1178:Eruption history 1077:such as aeolian 929:seismic velocity 911:associated with 799:U-shaped valleys 791:Lateral moraines 731:feeds streams. 695:Ice and glaciers 620: 556:volcanic craters 536:pyroclastic fall 487: 471:Copiapo Province 435: 429: 418: 413: 391: 343:and a permanent 330:volcanic craters 282: 274: 212: 175: 174: 168: 149: 148: 146: 145: 144: 143:-27.109; -68.541 139: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 44: 32: 21: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8782: 8773: 8700: 8695: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8638: 8619: 8600: 8594:Pico de Orizaba 8581: 8562: 8543: 8537:Ojos del Salado 8524: 8519: 8489: 8484: 8465: 8446: 8427: 8408: 8378: 8359: 8353:Ojos del Salado 8340: 8321: 8316: 8286: 8281: 8278: 8272: 8235: 8229: 8057: 8051: 8047:Ojos del Salado 7977:Aguas Calientes 7784: 7778: 7674:Nevado del Ruiz 7651: 7645: 7640: 7610: 7605: 7601:Ojos del Salado 7597: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7468: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7388:Ojos del Salado 7385: 7358: 7355: 7317:Wayback Machine 7262: 7259: 7249: 7236: 7230: 7217: 7214: 7209: 7196: 7190: 7175: 7161: 7138: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7101: 7091: 7066: 7033: 7024: 7022: 7012: 7008: 6970: 6964: 6951: 6945: 6937:. Oxbow Books. 6932: 6923: 6921: 6914: 6909: 6902: 6884: 6875: 6873: 6852: 6842: 6824:Reinhard, Johan 6822: 6809: 6800: 6798: 6797:on July 8, 2023 6756: 6735: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6658: 6653: 6624: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6587: 6582: 6573: 6571: 6540: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6462: 6419: 6414: 6397: 6387: 6364: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6301: 6279:10.2307/3673850 6260: 6238:10.2307/3673629 6219: 6178: 6164: 6133: 6126: 6103: 6098: 6065: 6056: 6054: 6043: 6038: 6008:(15): 331–338. 5995: 5950: 5938:(14): 137–148. 5925: 5874: 5817: 5798: 5791: 5781: 5756: 5719: 5697:10.1144/SP380.1 5670: 5664: 5641: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5604: 5599: 5561:(59): 255–267. 5548: 5502: 5467: 5454: 5445: 5443: 5429: 5410: 5405: 5367: 5321: 5280: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5175: 5114: 5108: 5085: 5078: 5067: 5060: 5040:(55/56): 1–26. 5031: 5025: 5012: 4963: 4954: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4850: 4843: 4841:Ojos del Salado 4835: 4792: 4781: 4774: 4753: 4724: 4703: 4694: 4645: 4599: 4542: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4238: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4067:Echevarría 1999 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3954: 3948:Picighelli 2023 3946: 3942: 3936:Jay et al. 2013 3934: 3930: 3924:Jay et al. 2013 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3500:Kereszturi 2018 3498: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3457: 3449: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364:, p. 1078. 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3328:, p. 2474. 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3254:Neukirchen 2022 3252: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3185: 3177: 3170: 3164:Hastenrath 1971 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3077:Kereszturi 2020 3075: 3068: 3062:Kereszturi 2020 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2833:, p. 6761. 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2779: 2771: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2577: 2569: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2491: 2483: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2373: 2365: 2354: 2346: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2289: 2281: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2122: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2024: 2016: 2005: 1997: 1986: 1982:, pp. 7–8. 1978: 1974: 1970:, p. 1122. 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1896: 1888: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1821:acclimatization 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1550: 1508: 1477: 1449: 1379:Jan Szczepański 1370: 1368:Justyn Wojsznis 1359: 1321: 1292: 1279: 1257: 1220: 1187:, partially in 1180: 1108: 1059: 1053:reaction rims. 1049:xenocrysts and 992: 967:, El Muertito, 889: 871:stratovolcanoes 824:Antarctic Plate 816: 788: 786:Past glaciation 751: 697: 668:drainage divide 652:Cerro El Cóndor 632: 607: 507:complex volcano 502:dormant volcano 481: 447:Puna de Atacama 443: 411:Ojos del Salado 406: 392:, members of a 385: 383:Justyn Wojsznis 302:complex volcano 280: 268: 266:Justyn Wojsznis 210: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179:Ojos del Salado 176: 142: 140: 136: 133: 128: 125: 123: 121: 120: 107: 103: 99: 82: 35:Ojos del Salado 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8919: 8917: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8876:Atacama Desert 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8813: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8613:Mount Damavand 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8478:Mount Townsend 8473: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8459:Puncak Mandala 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8395: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7967:Purico complex 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7471: 7469: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7271: 7258: 7257:External links 7255: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7234: 7228: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7203:10.3133/pp1386 7194: 7188: 7173: 7159: 7142:Covered Karsts 7136: 7120: 7109: 7089: 7064: 7042:(6): 103–111. 7031: 7006: 6980:(2): 340–341. 6968: 6962: 6949: 6943: 6930: 6907: 6882: 6861:(in Spanish). 6850: 6840: 6820: 6807: 6754: 6733: 6690: 6671: 6651: 6622: 6610: 6585: 6580: 6538: 6518: 6497: 6471: 6412: 6395: 6385: 6362: 6342: 6299: 6273:(3): 229–238. 6258: 6232:(2): 117–127. 6217: 6176: 6162: 6131: 6096: 6063: 6036: 5993: 5948: 5923: 5872: 5830:(6): 723–740. 5815: 5789: 5779: 5754: 5717: 5683:(1): 161–185. 5668: 5662: 5639: 5613: 5597: 5546: 5526:10.1086/338414 5512:(2): 211–226. 5500: 5480:(3): 247–262. 5465: 5452: 5427: 5403: 5365: 5319: 5293:(1): 423–441. 5287:Tectonophysics 5278: 5257: 5236: 5215: 5194: 5173: 5127:(6): 471–476. 5112: 5106: 5098:10.1130/spe265 5083: 5058: 5029: 5023: 5010: 4961: 4952: 4904: 4877:10.2307/211595 4863:(2): 240–250. 4848: 4833: 4790: 4772: 4751: 4722: 4701: 4692: 4643: 4597: 4555:(6): 741–753. 4540: 4506:(5): 603–620. 4494: 4475: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4409: 4397: 4395:, p. 752. 4385: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4347:, p. 142. 4337: 4325: 4313: 4311:, p. 141. 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4236: 4221: 4209: 4207:, p. 184. 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4159:, p. 240. 4149: 4134: 4122: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4069:, p. 167. 4059: 4047: 4035: 4033:, p. 170. 4020: 4018:, p. 170. 4008: 4006:, p. 276. 3996: 3981: 3979:, p. 334. 3969: 3967:, p. 241. 3952: 3940: 3938:, p. 169. 3928: 3926:, p. 164. 3916: 3914:, p. 106. 3904: 3902:, Mapa1,Mapa2. 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3782:, p. 292. 3772: 3770:, p. 542. 3760: 3748: 3746:, p. 435. 3736: 3724: 3707: 3705:, p. 293. 3695: 3683: 3671: 3669:, p. 236. 3659: 3657:, p. 104. 3647: 3645:, p. 325. 3635: 3623: 3621:, p. 612. 3611: 3609:, p. 248. 3596: 3594:, p. 252. 3584: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3546:, p. 453. 3531: 3519: 3504: 3489: 3474: 3455: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3412:, p. 440. 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3304:, p. 141. 3294: 3292:, p. 148. 3282: 3270: 3268:, p. 425. 3258: 3246: 3244:, p. 140. 3231: 3229:, p. 147. 3212: 3200: 3183: 3181:, p. 221. 3168: 3166:, p. 263. 3156: 3154:, p. 124. 3144: 3142:, p. 265. 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3091:, p. 465. 3081: 3079:, p. 736. 3066: 3064:, p. 726. 3054: 3042: 3040:, p. 455. 3027: 3015: 3000: 2998:, p. 334. 2996:Lliboutry 1954 2988: 2986:, p. 461. 2976: 2964: 2952: 2937: 2925: 2923:, p. 298. 2913: 2898: 2896:, p. 454. 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2848:, p. 474. 2835: 2820: 2818:, p. 471. 2808: 2796: 2777: 2760: 2748: 2746:, p. 539. 2733: 2721: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2663: 2648: 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 742. 2604: 2592: 2590:, p. 341. 2575: 2560: 2548: 2533: 2518: 2506: 2504:, p. 603. 2489: 2472: 2460: 2458:, p. 546. 2445: 2433: 2431:, p. 436. 2421: 2404: 2402:, p. 434. 2392: 2390:, p. 545. 2371: 2369:, p. 154. 2352: 2350:, p. 168. 2331: 2319: 2304: 2302:, p. 169. 2287: 2268: 2266:, p. 167. 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2205: 2184: 2172: 2157: 2120: 2105: 2093: 2078: 2066: 2051: 2039: 2022: 2003: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1958:, p. 125. 1956:Bobylyova 2016 1948: 1923: 1911: 1894: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1842: 1829: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1775:Johan Reinhard 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1700: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1647: 1634: 1625: 1608: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1507: 1504: 1475:Chile Route 31 1448: 1445: 1358: 1355: 1320: 1317: 1291: 1288: 1277:Chile Route 31 1256: 1253: 1219: 1216: 1191:environments. 1179: 1176: 1107: 1104: 1058: 1055: 991: 988: 957:isotope ratios 936:Farallon Plate 888: 885: 815: 812: 787: 784: 778:landforms and 750: 749:Subsurface ice 747: 696: 693: 631: 628: 624:climate change 606: 603: 599:Mass movements 479:Chile Route 31 477:. The highway 475:Atacama Region 455:Atacama Desert 442: 439: 405: 402: 290: 289: 284: 276: 275: 258: 252: 251: 247: 246: 243: 237: 236: 231: 225: 224: 220: 219: 214: 206: 205: 196: 192: 191: 184: 178: 177: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 151: 150: 118: 112: 111: 94: 88: 87: 79: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 57: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8918: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8801: 8800:South Georgia 8798: 8796: 8795:French Guiana 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586:North America 8584: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529:South America 8527: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8509: 8504: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364:North America 8362: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345:South America 8343: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8306: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8190:Michinmahuida 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:San Francisco 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7942:Aucanquilcha‎ 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7822:Hualca Hualca 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652:(6° N – 3° S) 7648: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7137: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7020: 7019: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6920: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6841:9780946897483 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6665:(in German). 6664: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6633:(11): 11–24. 6632: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6524: 6519: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6478: 6472: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6363: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110:(in Polish). 6109: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6053: 6050:(in French). 6049: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5934:(in Polish). 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5625: 5618: 5614: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805:(2): 022059. 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500:Extremophiles 4495: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4359:, p. 51. 4358: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345:Legienis 2014 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4323:, p. 75. 4322: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4309:Legienis 2014 4305: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4287:, p. 37. 4286: 4281: 4278: 4275:, p. 32. 4274: 4269: 4266: 4263:, p. 29. 4262: 4257: 4254: 4251:, p. 24. 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4234:, p. 74. 4233: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4219:, p. 23. 4218: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4183:, p. 85. 4182: 4177: 4174: 4171:, p. 83. 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4147:, p. 78. 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132:, p. 74. 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120:, p. 77. 4119: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4105:, p. 72. 4104: 4099: 4096: 4093:, p. 88. 4092: 4087: 4084: 4081:, p. 88. 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4057:, p. 54. 4056: 4055:Kaufmann 1998 4051: 4048: 4045:, p. 18. 4044: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031:Reinhard 1992 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016:Saunders 1992 4012: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3950:, p. 33. 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3866:, p. 15. 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3842:, p. 10. 3841: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3818:, p. 11. 3817: 3812: 3809: 3806:, p. 12. 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3758:, p. 20. 3757: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734:, p. 45. 3733: 3728: 3725: 3722:, p. 23. 3721: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3693:, p. 36. 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3633:, p. 59. 3632: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3582:, p. 10. 3581: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3558:, p. 10. 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3517:, p. 46. 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3487:, p. 25. 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3472:, p. 62. 3471: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3436:, p. 90. 3435: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3376:, p. 15. 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3340:, p. 48. 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3316:, p. 49. 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3280:, p. 95. 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3127:, p. 16. 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103:, p. 44. 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3052:, p. 10. 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3025:, p. 98. 3024: 3019: 3016: 3013:, p. 71. 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2974:, p. 35. 2973: 2968: 2965: 2962:, p. 94. 2961: 2956: 2953: 2950:, p. 69. 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2935:, p. 70. 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2911:, p. 89. 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2884:, p. 69. 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2860:, p. 46. 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2794:, p. 53. 2793: 2792:Kaufmann 1998 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2775:, p. 66. 2774: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758:, p. 56. 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2719:, p. 61. 2718: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2700:, p. 41. 2699: 2694: 2691: 2688:, p. 53. 2687: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2661:, p. 75. 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2631:, p. 15. 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2602:, p. 93. 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2573:, p. 21. 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2546:, p. 14. 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:Dobiński 2020 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2470:, p. 15. 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2329:, p. 91. 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317:, p. 90. 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2285:, p. 26. 2284: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254:, p. 63. 2253: 2252:Kaufmann 1998 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240:Butelski 2020 2236: 2233: 2230:, p. 85. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 12. 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2182:, p. 40. 2181: 2176: 2173: 2170:, p. 67. 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2118:, p. 28. 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2103:, p. 16. 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2049:, p. 48. 2048: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2020:, p. 68. 2019: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2001:, p. 60. 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1909:, p. 76. 1908: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1827:are far away. 1826: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773:The explorer 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420:Pacific Ocean 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1319:Human history 1318: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1197: 1196:somma volcano 1192: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1067:Arid Diagonal 1064: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997: 996:calc-alkaline 989: 987: 985: 981: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Choiyoi Group 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:Carboniferous 898: 894: 886: 884: 881: 876: 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825: 821: 813: 811: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 785: 783: 781: 777: 772: 768: 764: 755: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 730: 725: 721: 717: 713: 705: 701: 694: 692: 689: 688:Copiapo Ridge 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 661: 657: 653: 648: 644: 642: 638: 629: 627: 625: 615: 612: 604: 602: 600: 596: 592: 591:Cryoturbation 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 539: 537: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511:summit crater 508: 503: 498: 495: 491: 485: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 440: 438: 434: 428: 423: 417: 412: 403: 401: 399: 395: 389: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337:Arid Diagonal 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 288: 285: 283: 281:Easiest route 277: 272: 267: 263: 259: 257: 253: 248: 244: 242: 241:Last eruption 238: 235: 234:stratovolcano 232: 230: 229:Mountain type 226: 221: 218: 215: 213: 207: 204: 200: 197: 193: 167: 157: 152: 147: 119: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 93: 89: 86: 80: 78: 74: 71: 68: 66: 62: 58: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8779:Dependencies 8728: 8663: 8651:Mount Sidley 8649: 8632:Mount Giluwe 8630: 8611: 8592: 8575:Mount Elbrus 8573: 8554: 8536: 8535: 8476: 8457: 8438: 8419: 8401:Dufourspitze 8399: 8389: 8370: 8352: 8351: 8332: 8140:Quetrupillán 8046: 8002:Llullaillaco 7867:Huaynaputina 7600: 7599: 7598: 7584: 7583: 7558:(6.239 m) - 7549:(6.280 m) - 7540:(6.335 m) - 7531:(6.380 m) - 7522:(6.384 m) - 7513:(6.409 m) - 7504:(6.414 m) - 7495:(6.436 m) - 7486:(6.460 m) - 7477:(6.510 m) - 7472: 7462:(6.570 m) - 7453:(6.621 m) - 7444:(6.670 m) - 7435:(6.710 m) - 7426:(6.739 m) - 7424:Llullaillaco 7417:(6.748 m) - 7408:(6.759 m) - 7406:Cerro Bonete 7399:(6.793 m) - 7397:Monte Pissis 7390:(6.893 m) - 7387: 7381:(6.962 m) - 7376: 7322:Guided Peaks 7265: 7238: 7219: 7212:Bibliography 7178: 7141: 7128:. Retrieved 7102:, retrieved 7072: 7060:ResearchGate 7058:– via 7039: 7035: 7023:. Retrieved 7016: 6977: 6973: 6953: 6934: 6922:. Retrieved 6918: 6900:the original 6874:. Retrieved 6862: 6858: 6846:Academia.edu 6844:– via 6831: 6828:Saunders, N. 6815: 6799:. Retrieved 6795:the original 6766: 6762: 6741: 6702: 6698: 6682:. Retrieved 6666: 6662: 6630: 6615:, retrieved 6593: 6572:. Retrieved 6553:(1): 23–40. 6550: 6546: 6530:. Retrieved 6510:. Retrieved 6503:the original 6476: 6463:. Retrieved 6427: 6423: 6408:ResearchGate 6404:Buenos Aires 6399: 6391:ResearchGate 6389:– via 6377:10.1144/goch 6367: 6354:. Retrieved 6349: 6311: 6307: 6270: 6266: 6229: 6225: 6188: 6184: 6136: 6124:the original 6111: 6107: 6092:ResearchGate 6090:– via 6074:(1): 39–57. 6071: 6067: 6055:. Retrieved 6051: 6047: 6005: 6001: 5964: 5960: 5935: 5931: 5884: 5880: 5827: 5824:Astrobiology 5823: 5794: 5785:ResearchGate 5783:– via 5762: 5728:(2): 53–64. 5725: 5721: 5680: 5676: 5644: 5631:. Retrieved 5624:the original 5605:. Retrieved 5558: 5554: 5509: 5505: 5477: 5473: 5461:ResearchGate 5456: 5444:. Retrieved 5434: 5418: 5414: 5374: 5370: 5328: 5324: 5290: 5286: 5265: 5249:. Retrieved 5243: 5228:. Retrieved 5222: 5207:. Retrieved 5201: 5186:. Retrieved 5180: 5152:11336/156053 5124: 5120: 5088: 5076:the original 5072:Puerto Varas 5063: 5037: 5014: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4913: 4909: 4896:. Retrieved 4860: 4856: 4802: 4798: 4777: 4759: 4755: 4730: 4726: 4709: 4658:(1): 85–96. 4655: 4651: 4606: 4602: 4552: 4549:Astrobiology 4548: 4503: 4499: 4487:the original 4471:ResearchGate 4469:– via 4462: 4439: 4427: 4400: 4388: 4381:Brunier 1989 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4157:Carter 1957b 4152: 4125: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4043:Erdmann 1963 4038: 4011: 3999: 3994:, p. 3. 3972: 3965:Carter 1957b 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3878:, p. 4. 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3587: 3575: 3570:, p. 7. 3563: 3551: 3522: 3502:, p. 1. 3429: 3417: 3405: 3400:, p. 2. 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3352:, p. 2. 3345: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3203: 3198:, p. 3. 3159: 3147: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3057: 3045: 3018: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2928: 2916: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2811: 2806:, p. 9. 2799: 2751: 2731:, p. 4. 2724: 2693: 2681: 2629:Vincent 2018 2624: 2595: 2558:, p. 7. 2551: 2531:, p. 9. 2516:, p. 6. 2509: 2487:, p. 3. 2463: 2436: 2424: 2395: 2322: 2259: 2247: 2242:, p. 1. 2235: 2223: 2175: 2096: 2091:, p. 6. 2076:, p. 7. 2069: 2042: 2037:, p. 4. 1975: 1963: 1951: 1914: 1865: 1845: 1832: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1713:Cerro Bonete 1703: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1650: 1637: 1628: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1574:Monte Pissis 1569:Llullaillaco 1527: 1509: 1472: 1450: 1424: 1395: 1391:World War II 1360: 1351:Walter Penck 1340:conquistador 1326: 1322: 1293: 1258: 1245:volcanic ash 1241: 1221: 1209: 1193: 1181: 1168: 1137: 1117: 1091: 1071: 1060: 993: 969:Falso Azufre 933: 890: 867: 829:beneath the 817: 789: 769:, erosional 760: 737: 733: 720:arid climate 709: 680:Cerro Blanco 665: 641:Laguna Verde 633: 630:Surroundings 616: 608: 594: 587:active layer 572: 540: 499: 453:next to the 451:high plateau 444: 407: 376: 357: 353:highest lake 334: 294: 293: 256:First ascent 211:Parent range 29: 8440:Mount Tyree 8421:Mount Kenya 8372:Mount Logan 8236:(49°–55° S) 8220:Mate Grande 8070:Tupungatito 8058:(33°–46° S) 7937:Olca-Paruma 7932:Irruputuncu 7922:Tata Sabaya 7862:Pichu Pichu 7792:Quimsachata 7785:(14°–27° S) 7669:Cerro Bravo 7547:La Majadita 7415:Tres Cruces 7300:Summit post 7295:Peak bagger 7130:October 23, 7104:October 22, 7025:October 24, 7018:SERNAGEOMIN 6924:October 22, 6876:October 16, 6865:: 319–336. 6801:October 30, 6684:October 15, 6617:February 3, 6574:December 6, 6532:October 24, 6512:October 23, 6465:October 15, 6430:(1): 3–18. 6356:December 6, 5633:February 3, 5607:October 23, 5446:October 15, 5251:January 25, 5230:January 25, 5209:January 25, 5188:January 25, 4193:Carter 1957 4181:Carter 1957 4169:Carter 1957 4145:Carter 1957 4130:Carter 1957 4118:Carter 1957 4091:Carter 1957 3655:Halloy 1983 3607:Halloy 1991 3592:Halloy 1991 3089:Veress 2016 3023:Halloy 1983 2960:Halloy 1983 2909:Carter 1957 2659:Carter 1957 2600:Halloy 1983 2327:Carter 1957 2315:Carter 1957 1944:Carter 1957 1907:Carter 1957 1538:motorcycles 1517:there. The 1515:observatory 1511:Astronomers 1478: [ 1371: [ 1280: [ 1265:SERNAGEOMIN 1225:rhyodacitic 1160:Chinchillas 1031:plagioclase 1027:hypersthene 1011:phenocrysts 990:Composition 820:Nazca Plate 776:Pseudokarst 710:Except for 637:hot springs 611:crater lake 482: [ 386: [ 360:Pleistocene 349:crater lake 269: [ 141: / 116:Coordinates 65:Parent peak 8815:Categories 8643:Antarctica 8432:Antarctica 8180:Hornopirén 8165:Casablanca 8135:Villarrica 8130:Sollipulli 8090:Cerro Azul 7962:Licancabur 7957:Sairecabur 7917:Guallatiri 7907:Parinacota 7887:Purupuruni 7797:Auquihuato 7764:Tungurahua 7759:Chimborazo 7719:Reventador 7694:Doña Juana 7484:Nacimiento 7433:Mercedario 6769:(2): n/a. 6114:: 83–104. 6057:August 18, 5887:: 114941. 5331:: 106966. 4976:: 103301. 4923:1912.00854 4609:: 104745. 4205:Marti 2014 4079:Marek 2016 1857:References 1838:wind chill 1621:Cerro Solo 1506:Other uses 1500:helicopter 1495:concession 1333:structures 1305:satellites 1294:There are 1099:cloud base 1063:insolation 1023:hornblende 1007:rhyodacite 961:Quaternary 880:subduction 743:sublimates 739:Penitentes 714:and small 583:permafrost 575:megaripple 564:Cerro Solo 548:lava flows 544:lava domes 345:snow cover 326:lava flows 322:lava domes 129:68°32′28″W 126:27°06′32″S 8769:Venezuela 8714:Argentina 8470:Australia 8200:Corcovado 8120:Lonquimay 8080:Calabozos 8065:Tupungato 8042:Incahuasi 8007:Lastarria 7987:Chiliques 7827:Sabancaya 7807:Sara Sara 7724:Pichincha 7659:Paipa-Iza 7586:Aconcagua 7560:Catamarca 7556:Los Patos 7515:Catamarca 7511:Antofalla 7506:Catamarca 7502:El Cóndor 7488:Catamarca 7479:Catamarca 7475:El Muerto 7460:Tupungato 7455:Catamarca 7451:Incahuasi 7446:Catamarca 7419:Catamarca 7392:Catamarca 7379:Aconcagua 7305:Peak list 7222:. Andes. 7169:199492881 7099:226546635 7056:1560-7496 7002:130181788 6994:1938-4246 6919:fs.fed.us 6896:0328-2333 6871:0374-6186 6750:0009-6733 6729:1553-040X 6699:Geosphere 6639:0716-0925 6569:2064-5147 6460:135460843 6452:1099-1530 6338:1680-7316 6287:0276-4741 6246:0276-4741 6205:0014-0015 6172:124740135 6120:1641-8468 6032:129096835 6024:0022-1430 5989:0037-0738 5967:: 32–49. 5944:1899-7228 5919:246848278 5911:0019-1035 5868:219604978 5852:1531-1074 5750:1752-0762 5713:129450763 5705:0305-8719 5593:222394688 5585:0022-1430 5534:1537-5269 5496:0004-0851 5399:134869390 5377:(5): 44. 5361:225294953 5353:1872-6097 5315:0040-1951 5274:2346-9641 5169:197559051 5161:1674-9847 5046:0034-8325 5006:225304017 4998:0012-8252 4948:208527680 4885:0016-7428 4829:230590177 4718:2411-1236 4688:130046594 4680:0016-7649 4639:266392853 4631:1873-0647 4593:219604666 4577:1531-1074 4520:1433-4909 3977:Roig 1955 3643:Roig 1955 1717:Incapillo 1643:Mauna Loa 1519:landforms 1412:barometer 1404:Aconcagua 1381:from the 1366:climbers 1296:fumaroles 1269:explosive 1144:flamingos 1079:sediments 1051:amphibole 999:potassium 965:El Muerto 921:Oligocene 909:rhyolites 767:Cryokarst 729:Meltwater 704:Penitente 684:lineament 676:Incahuasi 459:Argentina 408:The name 398:Aconcagua 310:Argentina 199:Argentina 154:Geography 85:Aconcagua 77:Isolation 70:Aconcagua 55:Elevation 8759:Suriname 8749:Paraguay 8734:Colombia 8391:Dykh-Tau 8268:Fueguino 8253:Aguilera 8205:Mentolat 8115:Callaqui 7952:Zapaleri 7882:Yucamane 7877:Tutupaca 7847:Chachani 7817:Coropuna 7812:Solimana 7754:Quilotoa 7749:Cotopaxi 7744:Illiniza 7729:Antisana 7551:San Juan 7542:La Rioja 7524:San Juan 7497:La Rioja 7493:Veladero 7437:San Juan 7410:La Rioja 7401:La Rioja 7313:Archived 6791:18453316 6647:25674629 6213:25646405 6185:Erdkunde 5860:32525739 5542:18111576 5425:: 59–71. 5054:20138561 4898:March 7, 4839:(1957). 4788:, Chile. 4786:Valdivia 4585:32525737 4536:16839088 4528:27315168 3828:GVP 2021 3792:GVP 2021 2417:GVP 2021 2201:GVP 2021 2153:OSE 2021 1709:Pliocene 1548:See also 1432:geodetic 1418:and the 1251:valley. 1249:Fiambala 1200:air fall 1152:guanacos 1133:bacteria 1047:pyroxene 1035:pyroxene 1003:andesite 984:faulting 941:back-arc 905:granites 897:Devonian 847:Southern 839:Northern 827:subducts 803:snowline 763:moraines 716:glaciers 364:Holocene 341:glaciers 287:Scramble 250:Climbing 195:Location 83:to 8764:Uruguay 8739:Ecuador 8719:Bolivia 8624:Oceania 8451:Oceania 8243:Lautaro 8195:Chaitén 8175:Calbuco 8110:Copahue 8027:Peinado 8012:Lazufre 7997:Socompa 7902:Taapaca 7872:Ticsani 7714:Cayambe 7704:Azufral 7699:Galeras 7664:Romeral 7464:Mendoza 7383:Mendoza 6830:(ed.). 6771:Bibcode 6707:Bibcode 6485:Miskolc 6432:Bibcode 6316:Bibcode 6295:3673850 6254:3673629 6142:Bibcode 6076:Bibcode 5969:Bibcode 5889:Bibcode 5832:Bibcode 5807:Bibcode 5730:Bibcode 5685:Bibcode 5563:Bibcode 5514:Bibcode 5379:Bibcode 5333:Bibcode 5295:Bibcode 5129:Bibcode 4978:Bibcode 4928:Bibcode 4865:Bibcode 4807:Bibcode 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