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Nevanlinna theory

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in 1976. Another direction was concentrated on the study of various subclasses of the class of all meromorphic functions in the plane. The most important subclass consists of functions of finite order. It turns out that for this class, deficiencies are subject to several restrictions, in addition to
2702: 3368: 1027: 2054: 3628:
A substantial part of the research in functions of one complex variable in the 20th century was focused on Nevanlinna theory. One direction of this research was to find out whether the main conclusions of Nevanlinna theory are best possible. For example, the
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This article describes mainly the classical version for meromorphic functions of one variable, with emphasis on functions meromorphic in the complex plane. General references for this theory are Goldberg & Ostrovskii, Hayman and
3010: 3188: 2867: 1407: 821: 2484: 2395:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcl}T(r,fg)&\leq &T(r,f)+T(r,g)+O(1),\\T(r,f+g)&\leq &T(r,f)+T(r,g)+O(1),\\T(r,1/f)&=&T(r,f)+O(1),\\T(r,f^{m})&=&mT(r,f)+O(1),\,\end{array}}} 1195: 3579: 1972: 3477: 1299: 1638: 805: 1608:, in which the meromorphic function is defined, is finite, the Nevanlinna characteristic may be bounded. Functions in a disc with bounded characteristic, also known as functions of 586: 202: 432: 1492: 1071:
which is the area of the whole Riemann sphere. The result can be interpreted as the average number of sheets in the covering of the Riemann sphere by the disc |
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called it "one of the few great mathematical events of (the twentieth) century." The theory describes the asymptotic distribution of solutions of the equation
3150:
of the Riemann sphere. However, there is a very different explanations of this 2, based on a deep analogy with number theory discovered by Charles Osgood and
1612:, are exactly those functions that are ratios of bounded analytic functions. Functions of bounded type may also be so defined for another domain such as the 2878: 3363:{\displaystyle \delta (a,f)=\liminf _{r\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {m(r,a,f)}{T(r,f)}}=1-\limsup _{r\rightarrow \infty }{\dfrac {N(r,a,f)}{T(r,f)}}.\,} 3058:. Much better estimates of the error term are known, but Andre Bloch conjectured and Hayman proved that one cannot dispose of an exceptional set. 2726: 3131:). A similar proof also applies to many multi-dimensional generalizations. There are also differential-geometric proofs which relate it to the 1310: 1022:{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{r}{\frac {dt}{t}}\left({\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{|z|\leq t}{\frac {|f'|^{2}}{(1+|f|^{2})^{2}}}dm\right)=T(r,f)+O(1),\,} 4247: 4213: 4179: 4145: 4112: 4031: 3997: 1036:
is the area element in the plane. The expression in the left hand side is called the Ahlfors–Shimizu characteristic. The bounded term
2697:{\displaystyle N_{1}(r,f)=2N(r,f)-N(r,f')+N\left(r,{\dfrac {1}{f'}}\right)=N(r,f)+{\overline {N}}(r,f)+N\left(r,{\dfrac {1}{f'}}\right).\,} 3633:
of Nevanlinna theory consists in constructing meromorphic functions with pre-assigned deficiencies at given points. This was solved by
3155: 3643: 1101: 4317: 3417:. The Second Fundamental Theorem implies that the set of deficient values of a function meromorphic in the plane is at most 76: 3054:)), outside a set of finite length i.e. the error term is small in comparison with the characteristic for "most" values of 4301: 4283: 3968: 3750: 3604:
Nevanlinna theory is useful in all questions where transcendental meromorphic functions arise, like analytic theory of
3140: 2425:) tends to infinity. These algebraic properties are easily obtained from Nevanlinna's definition and Jensen's formula. 4296: 4278: 3146:
The proofs of Nevanlinna and Ahlfors indicate that the constant 2 in the Second Fundamental Theorem is related to the
1869: 3427: 1786:{\displaystyle \quad N(r,a,f)=N\left(r,{\dfrac {1}{f-a}}\right),\quad m(r,a,f)=m\left(r,{\dfrac {1}{f-a}}\right).\,} 4137: 3728: 3495: 1609: 1234: 1095:
The role of the characteristic function in the theory of meromorphic functions in the plane is similar to that of
3620:, and complex hyperbolic geometry, which deals with generalizations of Picard's theorem to higher dimensions. 3132: 4273: 3397:) tends to infinity (which is always the case for non-constant functions meromorphic in the plane). The points 729: 3772: 705:{\displaystyle m(r,f)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{0}^{2\pi }\log ^{+}\left|f(re^{i\theta })\right|d\theta .\,} 3843: 3100: 3061:
The Second Fundamental Theorem allows to give an upper bound for the characteristic function in terms of
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Arithmetic geometry. Lectures given at the C.I.M.E summer school, Cetraro, Italy, September 10--15, 2007
3605: 4234:(2011). "Diophantine approximation and Nevanlinna theory". In Corvaja, Pietro; Gasbarri, Carlo (eds.). 3697: 3655: 2459:) but without taking multiplicity into account (i.e. we only count the number of distinct poles). Then 100: 3099:
Nevanlinna's original proof of the Second Fundamental Theorem was based on the so-called Lemma on the
345:{\displaystyle N(r,f)=\int \limits _{0}^{r}\left(n(t,f)-n(0,f)\right){\dfrac {dt}{t}}+n(0,f)\log r.\,} 3835: 3613: 3147: 108: 29: 3848: 3609: 3483: 3093: 2042: 720: 92: 3951: 3823: 3685: 3639: 3482:
where the summation is over all deficient values. This can be considered as a generalization of
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The geometric meaning of the Ahlfors—Shimizu characteristic is the following. The inner integral
84: 123: = ∞). Subsequent generalizations extended Nevanlinna theory to algebroid functions, 4243: 4209: 4175: 4141: 4108: 4070: 4027: 3993: 3960: 3809: 3742: 3673: 3647: 1428: 124: 4253: 4219: 4185: 4163: 4151: 4060: 4051: 4037: 4003: 3897: 3853: 3174:
The defect relation is one of the main corollaries from the Second Fundamental Theorem. The
1613: 558:{\displaystyle N(r,f)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\log \left({\frac {r}{|a_{k}|}}\right)+n(0,f)\log r.\,} 132: 128: 21: 4096: 3911: 1583:{\displaystyle \rho (f)=\limsup _{r\rightarrow \infty }{\dfrac {\log ^{+}T(r,f)}{\log r}}.} 4257: 4239: 4223: 4205: 4189: 4171: 4155: 4129: 4092: 4088: 4041: 4023: 4007: 3989: 3907: 3681: 3617: 1201: 136: 104: 33: 3839: 3677: 3486:. Many other Picard-type theorems can be derived from the Second Fundamental Theorem. 3136: 1860: 1056: 96: 4087:, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 162, Berlin, New York: 4311: 3764: 3651: 2059: 88: 3857: 3720: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3634: 3005:{\displaystyle (k-2)T(r,f)\leq \sum _{j=1}^{k}{\overline {N}}(r,a_{j},f)+S(r,f),\,} 1593:
Functions of finite order constitute an important subclass which was much studied.
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A second method of defining the Nevanlinna characteristic is based on the formula
4082: 3135:. The Second Fundamental Theorem can also be derived from the metric-topological 17: 3077:
is a transcendental entire function, using the Second Fundamental theorem with
4231: 4197: 4015: 3981: 3889: 3688:. Intensive research in the classical one-dimensional theory still continues. 3489:
As another corollary from the Second Fundamental Theorem, one can obtain that
3151: 4074: 180:) be the number of poles, counting multiplicity, of the meromorphic function 3418: 2862:{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{k}m(r,a_{j},f)\leq 2T(r,f)-N_{1}(r,f)+S(r,f).\,} 3092:
takes every value infinitely often, with at most two exceptions, proving
1402:{\displaystyle \log M(r,f)\leq \left({\dfrac {R+r}{R-r}}\right)T(R,f),\,} 2048:
The characteristic function has the following properties of the degree:
4065: 3902: 3884: 2474:) is defined as the Nevanlinna counting function of critical points of 355:
This quantity measures the growth of the number of poles in the discs |
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tends to infinity, so the First Fundamental Theorem says that the sum
3826:(1982). "Meromorphic solutions of algebraic differential equations". 4049:
Nevanlinna, Rolf (1925), "Zur Theorie der Meromorphen Funktionen",
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the defect relation (Norair Arakelyan, David Drasin, Albert Edrei,
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Other main contributors in the first half of the 20th century were
3955: 3676:. This extension is the main tool of Complex Hyperbolic Geometry. 1079:. Then this average covering number is integrated with respect to 3937:
Valiron, G. (1931). "Sur la dérivée des fonctions algébroïdes".
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Nevanlinna Theory and Its Relation to Diophantine Approximation
3158:. On this analogy with number theory we refer to the survey of 68:) which measures the rate of growth of a meromorphic function. 3584:
which generalizes the fact that a rational function of degree
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varies. A fundamental tool is the Nevanlinna characteristic
2041:. The first Fundamental theorem is a simple consequence of 1190:{\displaystyle \log M(r,f)=\log \max _{|z|\leq r}|f(z)|\,} 2037:), tends to infinity at the rate which is independent of 4238:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 2009. Berlin: 4202:
Diophantine Approximations and Value Distribution Theory
1989:. For non-constant meromorphic functions in the plane, 3956:
Meromorphic functions of one complex variable. A survey
3373:
By the First Fundamental Theorem, 0 ≤ 
3154:. According to this analogy, 2 is the exponent in the 107:. In its original form, Nevanlinna theory deals with 3498: 3430: 3305: 3191: 2881: 2729: 2669: 2581: 2487: 2057: 1872: 1755: 1685: 1641: 1528: 1495: 1346: 1313: 1237: 1104: 824: 732: 589: 435: 292: 205: 3806:
Nevanlinna theory and complex differential equations
2707:The Second Fundamental theorem says that for every 1055:, counting multiplicity (that is, the parts of the 4132:; Gubler, Walter (2006). "13. Nevanlinna Theory". 3573: 3471: 3362: 3004: 2861: 2696: 2394: 1966: 1785: 1582: 1401: 1293: 1189: 1021: 799: 704: 557: 344: 3139:, which can be considered as an extension of the 4204:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1239. 3289: 3214: 1967:{\displaystyle T(r,f)=N(r,a,f)+m(r,a,f)+O(1),\,} 1512: 1139: 1047:is the spherical area of the image of the disc | 3965:Distribution of values of meromorphic functions 3747:Distribution of values of meromorphic functions 3885:"The inverse problem of the Nevanlinna theory" 3472:{\displaystyle \sum _{a}\delta (a,f)\leq 2,\,} 1204:. In fact, it is possible to directly compare 3574:{\displaystyle T(r,f')\leq 2T(r,f)+S(r,f),\,} 8: 4136:. New Mathematical Monographs. Vol. 4. 1294:{\displaystyle T(r,f)\leq \log ^{+}M(r,f)\,} 1855:of Nevanlinna theory states that for every 111:of one complex variable defined in a disc | 4064: 3986:Introduction to complex hyperbolic spaces 3901: 3847: 3725:Meromorphic functions and analytic curves 3570: 3497: 3468: 3435: 3429: 3359: 3304: 3292: 3229: 3217: 3190: 3001: 2962: 2939: 2933: 2922: 2880: 2858: 2813: 2767: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2693: 2668: 2626: 2580: 2492: 2486: 2387: 2332: 2258: 2058: 2056: 1963: 1871: 1782: 1754: 1684: 1640: 1535: 1527: 1515: 1494: 1398: 1345: 1312: 1290: 1263: 1236: 1186: 1181: 1164: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1103: 1018: 959: 949: 944: 935: 918: 913: 899: 896: 883: 875: 874: 860: 840: 834: 829: 823: 796: 731: 701: 675: 648: 635: 630: 611: 588: 554: 509: 503: 494: 488: 472: 461: 434: 402:repeated according to multiplicity. Then 341: 291: 236: 231: 204: 3030:For functions meromorphic in the plane, 1486:of a meromorphic function is defined by 1040:(1) is not important in most questions. 3709: 3178:of a meromorphic function at the point 800:{\displaystyle T(r,f)=m(r,f)+N(r,f).\,} 3715: 3713: 2409:is a natural number. The bounded term 3592: − 2 < 2 3143:to the coverings of infinite degree. 164:be a meromorphic function. For every 7: 3924: 3870: 3159: 144: 155: 3421:and the following relation holds: 3299: 3224: 3163: 1522: 14: 4170:. SpringerBriefs in Mathematics. 1067:times). This area is divided by 156:Nevanlinna's original definition 4134:Heights in Diophantine Geometry 4107:. World Scientific Publishing. 3941:. Vol. 59. pp. 17–39. 3858:10.1070/RM1982v037n04ABEH003967 3088: = ∞, we obtain that 2720:on the Riemann sphere, we have 1712: 1642: 119:or in the whole complex plane ( 4020:Survey of Diophantine geometry 3684:extended Nevanlinna theory to 3672:extended Nevanlinna theory to 3564: 3552: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3502: 3456: 3444: 3413:) > 0 are called 3349: 3337: 3329: 3311: 3296: 3273: 3261: 3253: 3235: 3221: 3207: 3195: 2995: 2983: 2974: 2949: 2912: 2900: 2894: 2882: 2852: 2840: 2831: 2819: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2754: 2648: 2636: 2620: 2608: 2560: 2543: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2354: 2338: 2319: 2306: 2300: 2291: 2279: 2266: 2246: 2233: 2227: 2218: 2206: 2197: 2185: 2172: 2154: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2114: 2105: 2093: 2080: 2065: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1924: 1915: 1897: 1888: 1876: 1734: 1716: 1664: 1646: 1559: 1547: 1519: 1505: 1499: 1392: 1380: 1335: 1323: 1287: 1275: 1253: 1241: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1165: 1152: 1144: 1126: 1114: 1012: 1006: 997: 985: 956: 945: 936: 926: 914: 900: 884: 876: 790: 778: 769: 757: 748: 736: 684: 665: 605: 593: 539: 527: 510: 495: 451: 439: 394:in the punctured disc 0 < | 326: 314: 283: 271: 262: 250: 221: 209: 1: 3969:American Mathematical Society 3751:American Mathematical Society 3658:, Alan Weitsman and others). 3654:, Joseph Miles, Daniel Shea, 3141:Riemann–Hurwitz formula 811:Ahlfors–Shimizu version 32:. It was devised in 1925, by 3828:Russian Mathematical Surveys 2944: 2631: 194:Nevanlinna counting function 4297:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 4279:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 4274:"Value-distribution theory" 3027:) is a "small error term". 723:for meromorphic functions) 367:increases. Explicitly, let 127:, holomorphic maps between 4334: 4138:Cambridge University Press 4081:Nevanlinna, Rolf (1970) , 3958:, appeared as appendix to 3729:Princeton University Press 3385:) ≤ 1, if 3182:is defined by the formula 3133:Gauss–Bonnet theorem 2429:Second fundamental theorem 1228:) for an entire function: 572: = max(log  3963:; Ostrovskii, I. (2008). 3745:; Ostrovskii, I. (2008). 1853:First Fundamental Theorem 1620:First fundamental theorem 717:Nevanlinna characteristic 151:Nevanlinna characteristic 28:is part of the theory of 4290:Petrenko, V.P. (2001) , 4272:Petrenko, V.P. (2001) , 3156:Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem 1479:is a rational function. 131:of arbitrary dimension, 3939:Bull. Soc. Math. France 3773:Oxford University Press 2413:(1) is negligible when 2001:) tends to infinity as 1977:where the bounded term 1800: = ∞, we set 3954:and J. Langley (2008). 3883:Drasin, David (1976). 3575: 3473: 3364: 3101:logarithmic derivative 3006: 2938: 2863: 2750: 2698: 2396: 1968: 1787: 1584: 1403: 1295: 1191: 1023: 801: 706: 559: 477: 346: 241: 4318:Meromorphic functions 4292:"Nevanlinna theorems" 3769:Meromorphic functions 3576: 3474: 3365: 3007: 2918: 2864: 2730: 2699: 2447:) in the same way as 2397: 1969: 1788: 1585: 1404: 1296: 1192: 1024: 802: 707: 560: 457: 347: 227: 109:meromorphic functions 99:, Tatsujiro Shimizu, 30:meromorphic functions 4242:. pp. 111–224. 4140:. pp. 444–478. 4026:. pp. 192–204. 3614:holomorphic dynamics 3496: 3428: 3189: 3148:Euler characteristic 2879: 2727: 2485: 2055: 1870: 1639: 1493: 1311: 1235: 1102: 822: 730: 715:Finally, define the 587: 576:, 0). Then the 433: 203: 168: ≥ 0, let 3840:1982RuMaS..37...61E 3804:Ilpo Laine (1993). 3686:algebroid functions 3624:Further development 3081: = 3 and 3073:). For example, if 839: 643: 93:Frithiof Nevanlinna 4084:Analytic functions 4066:10.1007/BF02543858 3903:10.1007/BF02392314 3698:Vojta's conjecture 3674:holomorphic curves 3656:Oswald Teichmüller 3640:Alexandre Eremenko 3571: 3469: 3440: 3360: 3354: 3303: 3228: 3103:, which says that 3002: 2859: 2694: 2683: 2595: 2392: 2390: 1981:(1) may depend on 1964: 1783: 1772: 1702: 1580: 1575: 1526: 1399: 1371: 1291: 1187: 1163: 1063:times are counted 1019: 825: 797: 702: 626: 578:proximity function 555: 342: 306: 192:. Then define the 125:holomorphic curves 101:Oswald Teichmüller 85:Edward Collingwood 4249:978-3-642-15944-2 4215:978-3-540-17551-3 4181:978-981-10-6786-0 4168:Nevanlinna Theory 4164:Kodaira, Kunihiko 4147:978-0-521-71229-3 4114:978-981-02-4402-6 4033:978-3-540-61223-0 3999:978-0-387-96447-8 3810:Walter de Gruyter 3648:Anatolii Goldberg 3596:critical points. 3431: 3353: 3288: 3277: 3213: 3137:theory of Ahlfors 2947: 2682: 2634: 2594: 1771: 1701: 1574: 1511: 1475:) if and only if 1429:rational function 1370: 1200:in the theory of 1138: 966: 868: 853: 624: 515: 381:, ...,  305: 133:quasiregular maps 129:complex manifolds 26:Nevanlinna theory 4325: 4304: 4286: 4261: 4227: 4193: 4159: 4130:Bombieri, Enrico 4118: 4103:Ru, Min (2001). 4099: 4077: 4068: 4052:Acta Mathematica 4045: 4011: 3973: 3972: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3905: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3717: 3618:minimal surfaces 3580: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3518: 3484:Picard's theorem 3478: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3439: 3415:deficient values 3369: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3332: 3306: 3302: 3278: 3276: 3256: 3230: 3227: 3162:and the book by 3094:Picard's Theorem 3042:) = o( 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2967: 2966: 2948: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2818: 2817: 2772: 2771: 2749: 2744: 2711:distinct values 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2670: 2635: 2627: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2582: 2559: 2497: 2496: 2438: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2337: 2336: 2262: 2043:Jensen's formula 1973: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1756: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1686: 1614:upper half-plane 1596:When the radius 1589: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1562: 1540: 1539: 1529: 1525: 1416: >  1408: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1358: 1347: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1268: 1267: 1202:entire functions 1196: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1168: 1162: 1155: 1147: 1070: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1020: 978: 974: 967: 965: 964: 963: 954: 953: 948: 939: 924: 923: 922: 917: 911: 903: 897: 895: 894: 887: 879: 869: 861: 854: 849: 841: 838: 833: 806: 804: 803: 798: 721:Jensen's formula 711: 709: 708: 703: 691: 687: 683: 682: 653: 652: 642: 634: 625: 623: 612: 564: 562: 561: 556: 520: 516: 514: 513: 508: 507: 498: 489: 476: 471: 390:be the poles of 351: 349: 348: 343: 307: 301: 293: 290: 286: 240: 235: 137:minimal surfaces 22:complex analysis 4333: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4308: 4307: 4289: 4271: 4268: 4250: 4240:Springer-Verlag 4230: 4216: 4206:Springer-Verlag 4196: 4182: 4172:Springer-Verlag 4162: 4148: 4128: 4125: 4123:Further reading 4115: 4102: 4089:Springer-Verlag 4080: 4048: 4034: 4024:Springer-Verlag 4014: 4000: 3990:Springer-Verlag 3980: 3977: 3976: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3849:10.1.1.139.8499 3822: 3821: 3817: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3694: 3682:Georges Valiron 3631:Inverse Problem 3626: 3602: 3511: 3494: 3493: 3426: 3425: 3333: 3307: 3257: 3231: 3187: 3186: 3172: 3170:Defect relation 3087: 2958: 2877: 2876: 2809: 2763: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2552: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2465: 2434: 2431: 2389: 2388: 2346: 2341: 2328: 2313: 2312: 2274: 2269: 2240: 2239: 2180: 2175: 2148: 2147: 2088: 2083: 2053: 2052: 1868: 1867: 1760: 1747: 1743: 1690: 1677: 1673: 1637: 1636: 1622: 1563: 1531: 1530: 1491: 1490: 1451: log  1359: 1348: 1341: 1309: 1308: 1259: 1233: 1232: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1068: 955: 943: 925: 912: 904: 898: 870: 859: 855: 842: 820: 819: 813: 728: 727: 671: 661: 657: 644: 616: 585: 584: 499: 493: 484: 431: 430: 389: 380: 373: 294: 246: 242: 201: 200: 158: 153: 105:Georges Valiron 34:Rolf Nevanlinna 12: 11: 5: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4287: 4267: 4266:External links 4264: 4263: 4262: 4248: 4228: 4214: 4194: 4180: 4160: 4146: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4113: 4100: 4078: 4046: 4032: 4012: 3998: 3975: 3974: 3944: 3929: 3917: 3875: 3863: 3815: 3796: 3794:Ru (2001) p.61 3787: 3778: 3756: 3734: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3678:Henrik Selberg 3664:, Joachim and 3644:Wolfgang Fuchs 3625: 3622: 3601: 3598: 3582: 3581: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3480: 3479: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3371: 3370: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290:lim sup 3287: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3215:lim inf 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3171: 3168: 3119:) =  3085: 3013: 3012: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2870: 2869: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2715: 2705: 2704: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2463: 2430: 2427: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2021:) +  1975: 1974: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1861:Riemann sphere 1836:) =  1812:) =  1794: 1793: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1621: 1618: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513:lim sup 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1467:) =  1447:) ~  1410: 1409: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1302: 1301: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1198: 1197: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1092: 1089: 1083:with weight 1/ 1057:Riemann sphere 1030: 1029: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 977: 973: 970: 962: 958: 952: 947: 942: 938: 934: 931: 928: 921: 916: 910: 907: 902: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 867: 864: 858: 852: 848: 845: 837: 832: 828: 812: 809: 808: 807: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 713: 712: 700: 697: 694: 690: 686: 681: 678: 674: 670: 667: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 641: 638: 633: 629: 622: 619: 615: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 580:is defined by 566: 565: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 519: 512: 506: 502: 497: 492: 487: 483: 480: 475: 470: 467: 464: 460: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 385: 378: 371: 353: 352: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 304: 300: 297: 289: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 245: 239: 234: 230: 226: 223: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 157: 154: 152: 149: 97:Henrik Selberg 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4330: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4059:(1–2): 1–99, 4058: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3896:(1): 83–151. 3895: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3785:Ru (2001) p.5 3782: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3652:Walter Hayman 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3356: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2872:This implies 2855: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632:, and define 1631: 1628: ∈  1627: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600:of the disc | 1599: 1594: 1577: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1175: 1169: 1159: 1156: 1148: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1015: 1009: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 988: 982: 979: 975: 971: 968: 960: 950: 940: 932: 929: 919: 908: 905: 891: 888: 880: 871: 865: 862: 856: 850: 846: 843: 835: 830: 826: 818: 817: 816: 810: 793: 787: 784: 781: 775: 772: 766: 763: 760: 754: 751: 745: 742: 739: 733: 726: 725: 724: 722: 718: 698: 695: 692: 688: 679: 676: 672: 668: 662: 658: 654: 649: 645: 639: 636: 631: 627: 620: 617: 613: 608: 602: 599: 596: 590: 583: 582: 581: 579: 575: 571: 551: 548: 545: 542: 536: 533: 530: 524: 521: 517: 504: 500: 490: 485: 481: 478: 473: 468: 465: 462: 458: 454: 448: 445: 442: 436: 429: 428: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 384: 377: 370: 366: 362: 358: 338: 335: 332: 329: 323: 320: 317: 311: 308: 302: 298: 295: 287: 280: 277: 274: 268: 265: 259: 256: 253: 247: 243: 237: 232: 228: 224: 218: 215: 212: 206: 199: 198: 197: 195: 191: 187: 184:in the disc | 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 150: 148: 146: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:Otto Frostman 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4295: 4277: 4235: 4201: 4167: 4133: 4104: 4083: 4056: 4050: 4019: 3988:. New York: 3985: 3964: 3961:Goldberg, A. 3947: 3938: 3932: 3920: 3893: 3888: 3878: 3866: 3834:(4): 61–95. 3831: 3827: 3824:Eremenko, A. 3818: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3768: 3759: 3746: 3743:Goldberg, A. 3737: 3731:. p. 8. 3724: 3670:Lars Ahlfors 3666:Hermann Weyl 3662:Henri Cartan 3660: 3635:David Drasin 3630: 3627: 3606:differential 3603: 3600:Applications 3593: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3488: 3481: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3145: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3014: 2871: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2047: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1610:bounded type 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1303: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1094: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1031: 814: 716: 714: 577: 573: 569: 567: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 382: 375: 368: 364: 360: 356: 354: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 159: 141: 120: 116: 112: 81:Henri Cartan 73:Lars Ahlfors 70: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 38:Hermann Weyl 25: 18:mathematical 15: 4232:Vojta, Paul 4198:Vojta, Paul 4016:Lang, Serge 3982:Lang, Serge 3952:A. Eremenko 3925:Lang (1987) 3871:Lang (1987) 3160:Lang (1987) 1455:; in fact, 145:Lang (1987) 77:André Bloch 4258:1258.11076 4224:0609.14011 4190:1386.30002 4156:1115.11034 4042:0869.11051 4008:0628.32001 3890:Acta Math. 3808:. Berlin: 3765:Hayman, W. 3704:References 3612:equations 3610:functional 3401:for which 3152:Paul Vojta 2478:, that is 2433:We define 1471:(log  1431:of degree 1091:Properties 4302:EMS Press 4284:EMS Press 4075:0001-5962 3844:CiteSeerX 3523:≤ 3460:≤ 3442:δ 3433:∑ 3419:countable 3300:∞ 3297:→ 3286:− 3225:∞ 3222:→ 3193:δ 3164:Ru (2001) 2945:¯ 2920:∑ 2916:≤ 2889:− 2807:− 2783:≤ 2732:∑ 2632:¯ 2538:− 2178:≤ 2086:≤ 1765:− 1695:− 1568:⁡ 1542:⁡ 1523:∞ 1520:→ 1497:ρ 1364:− 1339:≤ 1318:⁡ 1270:⁡ 1257:≤ 1157:≤ 1136:⁡ 1109:⁡ 889:≤ 872:∫ 866:π 827:∫ 696:θ 680:θ 655:⁡ 640:π 628:∫ 621:π 546:⁡ 482:⁡ 459:∑ 333:⁡ 266:− 229:∫ 20:field of 4312:Category 4200:(1987). 4166:(2017). 4018:(1997). 3984:(1987). 3767:(1964). 3723:(1943). 3692:See also 3516:′ 2679:′ 2591:′ 2557:′ 1412:for any 1059:covered 909:′ 719:by (cf. 4097:0279280 3912:0585644 3836:Bibcode 3721:H. Weyl 2443:,  1997:,  1859:in the 1435:, then 568:Let log 426:), and 374:,  16:In the 4256:  4246:  4222:  4212:  4188:  4178:  4154:  4144:  4111:  4095:  4073:  4040:  4030:  4006:  3996:  3927:ch.VII 3910:  3846:  3176:defect 3015:where 2405:where 1216:) and 1032:where 103:, and 3588:has 2 1484:order 1427:is a 363:, as 52:, as 4244:ISBN 4210:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4142:ISBN 4109:ISBN 4071:ISSN 4028:ISBN 3994:ISBN 3873:p.39 3680:and 3668:and 3608:and 1985:and 1851:The 1796:For 1624:Let 1604:| ≤ 1482:The 1304:and 1075:| ≤ 1051:| ≤ 418:) - 398:| ≤ 359:| ≤ 188:| ≤ 160:Let 135:and 115:| ≤ 48:) = 4254:Zbl 4220:Zbl 4186:Zbl 4152:Zbl 4061:doi 4038:Zbl 4004:Zbl 3898:doi 3894:138 3854:doi 1848:). 1832:,∞, 1824:), 1808:,∞, 1565:log 1533:log 1423:If 1315:log 1261:log 1140:max 1133:log 1106:log 646:log 543:log 479:log 422:(0, 330:log 196:by 36:. 4314:: 4300:, 4294:, 4282:, 4276:, 4252:. 4218:. 4208:. 4184:. 4174:. 4150:. 4093:MR 4091:, 4069:, 4057:46 4055:, 4036:. 4022:. 4002:. 3992:. 3967:. 3908:MR 3906:. 3887:. 3852:. 3842:. 3832:37 3830:. 3771:. 3749:. 3727:. 3712:^ 3650:, 3646:, 3642:, 3616:, 3166:. 3113:f' 3096:. 2045:. 1863:, 1616:. 1420:. 1087:. 1045:dm 1034:dm 406:= 147:. 139:. 95:, 91:, 87:, 83:, 79:, 75:, 64:, 24:, 4260:. 4226:. 4192:. 4158:. 4117:. 4063:: 4044:. 4010:. 3971:. 3914:. 3900:: 3860:. 3856:: 3838:: 3812:. 3775:. 3753:. 3594:d 3590:d 3586:d 3568:, 3565:) 3562:f 3559:, 3556:r 3553:( 3550:S 3547:+ 3544:) 3541:f 3538:, 3535:r 3532:( 3529:T 3526:2 3520:) 3513:f 3509:, 3506:r 3503:( 3500:T 3466:, 3463:2 3457:) 3454:f 3451:, 3448:a 3445:( 3437:a 3411:f 3409:, 3407:a 3405:( 3403:δ 3399:a 3395:f 3393:, 3391:r 3389:( 3387:T 3383:f 3381:, 3379:a 3377:( 3375:δ 3357:. 3350:) 3347:f 3344:, 3341:r 3338:( 3335:T 3330:) 3327:f 3324:, 3321:a 3318:, 3315:r 3312:( 3309:N 3294:r 3283:1 3280:= 3274:) 3271:f 3268:, 3265:r 3262:( 3259:T 3254:) 3251:f 3248:, 3245:a 3242:, 3239:r 3236:( 3233:m 3219:r 3211:= 3208:) 3205:f 3202:, 3199:a 3196:( 3180:a 3129:f 3127:, 3125:r 3123:( 3121:S 3117:f 3115:/ 3111:, 3109:r 3107:( 3105:m 3090:f 3086:3 3083:a 3079:k 3075:f 3071:a 3069:, 3067:r 3065:( 3063:N 3056:r 3052:f 3050:, 3048:r 3046:( 3044:T 3040:f 3038:, 3036:r 3034:( 3032:S 3025:f 3023:, 3021:r 3019:( 3017:S 2999:, 2996:) 2993:f 2990:, 2987:r 2984:( 2981:S 2978:+ 2975:) 2972:f 2969:, 2964:j 2960:a 2956:, 2953:r 2950:( 2942:N 2935:k 2930:1 2927:= 2924:j 2913:) 2910:f 2907:, 2904:r 2901:( 2898:T 2895:) 2892:2 2886:k 2883:( 2856:. 2853:) 2850:f 2847:, 2844:r 2841:( 2838:S 2835:+ 2832:) 2829:f 2826:, 2823:r 2820:( 2815:1 2811:N 2804:) 2801:f 2798:, 2795:r 2792:( 2789:T 2786:2 2780:) 2777:f 2774:, 2769:j 2765:a 2761:, 2758:r 2755:( 2752:m 2747:k 2742:1 2739:= 2736:j 2717:j 2713:a 2709:k 2691:. 2687:) 2676:f 2672:1 2666:, 2663:r 2659:( 2655:N 2652:+ 2649:) 2646:f 2643:, 2640:r 2637:( 2629:N 2624:+ 2621:) 2618:f 2615:, 2612:r 2609:( 2606:N 2603:= 2599:) 2588:f 2584:1 2578:, 2575:r 2571:( 2567:N 2564:+ 2561:) 2554:f 2550:, 2547:r 2544:( 2541:N 2535:) 2532:f 2529:, 2526:r 2523:( 2520:N 2517:2 2514:= 2511:) 2508:f 2505:, 2502:r 2499:( 2494:1 2490:N 2476:f 2472:f 2470:, 2468:r 2466:( 2464:1 2461:N 2457:f 2455:, 2453:r 2451:( 2449:N 2445:f 2441:r 2439:( 2436:N 2423:f 2421:, 2419:r 2417:( 2415:T 2411:O 2407:m 2385:, 2382:) 2379:1 2376:( 2373:O 2370:+ 2367:) 2364:f 2361:, 2358:r 2355:( 2352:T 2349:m 2344:= 2339:) 2334:m 2330:f 2326:, 2323:r 2320:( 2317:T 2310:, 2307:) 2304:1 2301:( 2298:O 2295:+ 2292:) 2289:f 2286:, 2283:r 2280:( 2277:T 2272:= 2267:) 2264:f 2260:/ 2256:1 2253:, 2250:r 2247:( 2244:T 2237:, 2234:) 2231:1 2228:( 2225:O 2222:+ 2219:) 2216:g 2213:, 2210:r 2207:( 2204:T 2201:+ 2198:) 2195:f 2192:, 2189:r 2186:( 2183:T 2173:) 2170:g 2167:+ 2164:f 2161:, 2158:r 2155:( 2152:T 2145:, 2142:) 2139:1 2136:( 2133:O 2130:+ 2127:) 2124:g 2121:, 2118:r 2115:( 2112:T 2109:+ 2106:) 2103:f 2100:, 2097:r 2094:( 2091:T 2081:) 2078:g 2075:f 2072:, 2069:r 2066:( 2063:T 2039:a 2035:f 2033:, 2031:a 2029:, 2027:r 2025:( 2023:m 2019:f 2017:, 2015:a 2013:, 2011:r 2009:( 2007:N 2003:r 1999:f 1995:r 1993:( 1991:T 1987:a 1983:f 1979:O 1961:, 1958:) 1955:1 1952:( 1949:O 1946:+ 1943:) 1940:f 1937:, 1934:a 1931:, 1928:r 1925:( 1922:m 1919:+ 1916:) 1913:f 1910:, 1907:a 1904:, 1901:r 1898:( 1895:N 1892:= 1889:) 1886:f 1883:, 1880:r 1877:( 1874:T 1857:a 1846:f 1844:, 1842:r 1840:( 1838:m 1834:f 1830:r 1828:( 1826:m 1822:f 1820:, 1818:r 1816:( 1814:N 1810:f 1806:r 1804:( 1802:N 1798:a 1780:. 1776:) 1768:a 1762:f 1758:1 1752:, 1749:r 1745:( 1741:m 1738:= 1735:) 1732:f 1729:, 1726:a 1723:, 1720:r 1717:( 1714:m 1710:, 1706:) 1698:a 1692:f 1688:1 1682:, 1679:r 1675:( 1671:N 1668:= 1665:) 1662:f 1659:, 1656:a 1653:, 1650:r 1647:( 1644:N 1630:C 1626:a 1606:R 1602:z 1598:R 1578:. 1571:r 1560:) 1557:f 1554:, 1551:r 1548:( 1545:T 1537:+ 1517:r 1509:= 1506:) 1503:f 1500:( 1477:f 1473:r 1469:O 1465:f 1463:, 1461:r 1459:( 1457:T 1453:r 1449:d 1445:f 1443:, 1441:r 1439:( 1437:T 1433:d 1425:f 1418:r 1414:R 1396:, 1393:) 1390:f 1387:, 1384:R 1381:( 1378:T 1374:) 1367:r 1361:R 1356:r 1353:+ 1350:R 1343:( 1336:) 1333:f 1330:, 1327:r 1324:( 1321:M 1288:) 1285:f 1282:, 1279:r 1276:( 1273:M 1265:+ 1254:) 1251:f 1248:, 1245:r 1242:( 1239:T 1226:f 1224:, 1222:r 1220:( 1218:M 1214:f 1212:, 1210:r 1208:( 1206:T 1183:| 1179:) 1176:z 1173:( 1170:f 1166:| 1160:r 1153:| 1149:z 1145:| 1130:= 1127:) 1124:f 1121:, 1118:r 1115:( 1112:M 1085:t 1081:t 1077:t 1073:z 1069:π 1065:k 1061:k 1053:t 1049:z 1038:O 1016:, 1013:) 1010:1 1007:( 1004:O 1001:+ 998:) 995:f 992:, 989:r 986:( 983:T 980:= 976:) 972:m 969:d 961:2 957:) 951:2 946:| 941:f 937:| 933:+ 930:1 927:( 920:2 915:| 906:f 901:| 892:t 885:| 881:z 877:| 863:1 857:( 851:t 847:t 844:d 836:r 831:0 794:. 791:) 788:f 785:, 782:r 779:( 776:N 773:+ 770:) 767:f 764:, 761:r 758:( 755:m 752:= 749:) 746:f 743:, 740:r 737:( 734:T 699:. 693:d 689:| 685:) 677:i 673:e 669:r 666:( 663:f 659:| 650:+ 637:2 632:0 618:2 614:1 609:= 606:) 603:f 600:, 597:r 594:( 591:m 574:x 570:x 552:. 549:r 540:) 537:f 534:, 531:0 528:( 525:n 522:+ 518:) 511:| 505:k 501:a 496:| 491:r 486:( 474:n 469:1 466:= 463:k 455:= 452:) 449:f 446:, 443:r 440:( 437:N 424:f 420:n 416:f 414:, 412:r 410:( 408:n 404:n 400:r 396:z 392:ƒ 387:n 383:a 379:2 376:a 372:1 369:a 365:r 361:r 357:z 339:. 336:r 327:) 324:f 321:, 318:0 315:( 312:n 309:+ 303:t 299:t 296:d 288:) 284:) 281:f 278:, 275:0 272:( 269:n 263:) 260:f 257:, 254:t 251:( 248:n 244:( 238:r 233:0 225:= 222:) 219:f 216:, 213:r 210:( 207:N 190:r 186:z 182:f 178:f 176:, 174:r 172:( 170:n 166:r 162:f 121:R 117:R 113:z 66:f 62:r 60:( 58:T 54:a 50:a 46:z 44:( 42:f

Index

mathematical
complex analysis
meromorphic functions
Rolf Nevanlinna
Hermann Weyl
Lars Ahlfors
André Bloch
Henri Cartan
Edward Collingwood
Otto Frostman
Frithiof Nevanlinna
Henrik Selberg
Oswald Teichmüller
Georges Valiron
meromorphic functions
holomorphic curves
complex manifolds
quasiregular maps
minimal surfaces
Lang (1987)
Jensen's formula
Riemann sphere
entire functions
rational function
bounded type
upper half-plane
Riemann sphere
Jensen's formula
Picard's Theorem
logarithmic derivative

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