886:
a windy dry season (December to April) and a wet season. As a result of greater seasonal variation, there are more localized geographies on the
Pacific slope and vegetation consists of grasses mixed with tropical forest cover. Small perennial streams and larger rivers run on both sides of the continental divide and are used for bathing, laundry, and drinking. In the region most travel is done on foot or horseback as there are few year-round access roads leading into the comarca (the first ever starting out as a mine access road that runs up to Buäbti and continues to Escopeta, the location of the Cerro Colorado mine) from San Felix, a city connected to the interamericana highway via Las Cruces.
986:
which land resources are allocated is based on the kinship system. Ownership rights to unclaimed land are established through occupation and farming, although very little fertile land in the comarca remains unclaimed. Members of a kinship group collectively own land, but those who live in the village on the land control it. Undeniable rights to this collectively owned land belong to each member of the kinship group, while borrowed rights are often extended to the members of a spouses family, although these rights can be revoked. In this way, social organization shapes the pattern of economic life and livelihood for most Guaymí. The most common crops grown in the comarca Ngäbe-Buglé (
890:
111:
1008:
region of Panama is known for high quality shade-grown, and in some cases, organic coffee. The Guaymí also harvest seasonal vegetables grown at higher altitudes. Women also participate in the informal economy by making chacaras, naguas and jewelry to sell, and some men sew pants or weave hats to do the same. Social capital is again salient to participation in the informal economy as relationships provide people with new opportunities to make money; social capital can even be a mechanism used to attract help from both governmental and non-governmental organizations.
1017:
expecting mothers. Attempts to generate capital by becoming a migrant worker also have negative social effects including added strains on family structure and increased pressure on women to provide for their children alone. The dispersed nature of the population also makes existing medical care hard to access, and a general lack of potable water and sanitation services cause a myriad of health problems. Lack of sufficient infrastructure and under provision of social services by the government is often the root of many problems that plague the most rural areas.
973:
994:, grow seasonally along with cacao, all of which supplement the Guaymí diet. Meat is rarely eaten although many families keep cows, pigs, ducks, and chickens (mostly egg laying); sardines are a common staple and hojaldras (fried Panamanian bread) are sometimes eaten for breakfast. Most farming is done on land cleared using slash and burn techniques, and due to growing population pressures, this land is rarely left fallow for sufficient time, so crop yields tend to decrease over time.
126:
1025:
although it is legal because the property rights of subsurface resources belong to the state, poses a great environmental threat as waste materials from extraction and processing pollute local watersheds. Although they may provide temporary income, mining endeavors also have many adverse social and cultural effects in the comarca and most natives are opposed to mineral exploitation on their lands.
1529:
878:
36:
1021:
of them speak
Spanish than men. Levels of secondary education are also low in the comarca Ngäbe-Buglé as children are financially limited and transportation to secondary schooling presents a great challenge for many families. As a result, only ~18% of children ages 15–19 in the comarca Ngöbe-Buglé have schooling beyond the sixth grade.
1020:
Prevalence of poor
Spanish skills is also an issue as Guaymí people are often unaware of legal rights and hence either fail to communicate complaints or to use the paths of legal recourse available to them when it would be beneficial to do so. This condition especially affects women because far fewer
1007:
including health and nutrition, the labor force is rather unskilled. As a result, many men serve as migrant agricultural workers or leave the comarca to seek other types of informal jobs. 2008. Many men work during the coffee harvest in the
Chiriqui Highlands including Boquete and Santa Clara. This
985:
As the Ngäbe-Buglé typically practice subsistence agriculture, definitions of land ownership and use are of pinnacle importance to every household, especially as population increases in proportion to arable land in the comarca and productive land is degraded by excessive use. The intricate system on
968:
Social capital and reciprocity networks formed through a kinship system are important for reducing economic and social resource vulnerability while creating opportunity for families to cooperate and take advantage of more opportunities that will help them and other members of their kinship group get
885:
Ngäbe-Buglé comarca is characterized by mountainous terrain, steep slopes and generally nutrient poor soil with high rock content, all characteristics that make farming difficult. On the
Caribbean slope there is no dry season and tropical forest dominates the landscape; on the Pacific slope there is
1024:
Finally, many Guaymí communities are threatened by environmental degradation caused by both farming and government or corporate exploitation of their land. The Cerro
Colorado copper deposit, one of the world's largest deposits of copper ore is located in the comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. Mining in the area,
1016:
The Ngäbe-Buglé experience much adversity as a result of contemporary conditions. As localized problems of land and crop shortage grow into a more generalized issue, and it becomes more difficult to generate capital in a shrinking labor market, malnutrition is prevalent, especially in children and
859:
possess exclusive land rights and considerable administrative autonomy. Within comarcas, people elect a
General assembly, governor, and any number of regional and local leaders, although the government still controls public expenditure and tax revenues within the territory. The comarca Ngäbe-Buglé,
868:
on their ancestral lands. The territory is made up of land previously belonging to the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, and
Veraguas, and divided into seven districts (listed above with capitals); the capital of the entire comarca is Büäbti, located in the Müna district. As the Ngäbe-Buglé
918:
family. Collectively, these two groups make up the largest indigenous population in Panama. Note the difference in spelling of Ngäbe and Ngöbe; the two variations depend on local dialects. The vowel low-back-rounded sound indicated by ä does not exist in
Spanish and is confused with "o". (Since
1002:
As subsistence agriculture becomes less and less reliable, the Guaymí people have started to participate in the cash economy, which provides some relatively accessible alternatives for generating capital and obtaining necessary amenities and resources. Labor is one abundant resource the Guaymí
869:
population tends to identify more with their communities than with an ethnicity and is distributed rather unevenly, the political organization that prompted the formation of their comarca is fairly unusual, but nonetheless demonstrates a powerful capacity to influence government actions.
935:
in Ngäbere), are sturdy bags made from plant fibers. They are used both as storage units and to transport materials. Occasionally you can even see infants being transported in a chácara. Some women also make these bags to sell so they may participate in the informal economy.
919:
newspapers know the vowel should have a dieresis on it they often misspell it as "ö".) The sound represented by "ä" is virtually similar to the sound "aw" in the word "saw". The spelling Ngäbe, used here, is the more widely spread (/correct) spelling in Ngäbere.
927:
The Guaymí generally live in houses supported by sticks with a grass or zinc roof and dirt floor, wealthier families may have a cement floor. In each house a platform under the roof is used for food storage and there are a number of raised bed platforms.
964:
was once common among the Ngäbe-Buglé as the number of wives and children a man has signifies prestige. It is no longer common since supporting multiple wives and large families is increasingly difficult.
901:
Although closely associated and collectively referred to as the Guaymí, the Ngäbe and Buglé are two separate linguistic/indigenous groups whose languages are mutually unintelligible. The larger group, the
954:) and embroidered bands around the waist and bottom. Women generally do not wear shoes. These items are usually made at home with hand crank sewing machines and, like chácaras, sold for extra income.
1443:
1626:
990:) are corn, rice, beans, otoe, bananas, and coffee although people also grow tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables in smaller gardens at home. Fruits such as mangos, oranges,
957:
The filing of teeth to a point using a machete sharpener is not uncommon among Guaymí men and women, although the practice is generally carried out in more traditional areas.
1675:
950:
Guaymí men typically wear homemade multi-colored pants, straw hats and rubber boots, while women wear full bright colored dresses with shoulder and neckline adornments (
1436:
1103:
1179:
1134:
110:
57:
44:
1429:
860:
located in north western Panama, was formed in 1997 both as a latent result of government promise and of considerable political pressure from the
530:
1680:
478:
960:
Families are usually rather large and often groups of women live close together so they can assist each other when caring for children.
1665:
1148:
889:
837:
750:
833:
809:
125:
557:
536:
1043:
856:
842:
825:
797:
1670:
49:
1567:
865:
1110:
1593:
380:
1510:
1577:
1470:
855:
Starting in 1972, the
Panamanian government was required to establish comarcas, demarcated regions in which
474:
347:
308:
791:
969:
by. Marriage and kinship relations also play a large part in determining land ownership and use rights.
991:
470:
972:
1607:
1475:
600:
417:
351:
1612:
1500:
1452:
1221:
668:
548:
460:
439:
1556:
1505:
1490:
621:
574:
363:
987:
1515:
1485:
1480:
1173:
1128:
915:
596:
495:
355:
443:
1495:
1055:
805:
783:
726:
718:
712:
651:
631:
540:
447:
367:
332:
592:
1155:
861:
505:
435:
911:
742:
722:
695:
674:
635:
359:
213:
144:
1401:
1386:"Panamá: Pueblos Indígenas y derechos constitucionalse en América Latina: un panorama"
1044:
http://www.organojudicial.gob.pa/cendoj/wp-content/blogs.dir/cendoj/ley-33-de-2012.pdf
1659:
1534:
1004:
817:
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746:
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584:
604:
1421:
766:
754:
734:
552:
17:
647:
758:
703:
690:
588:
427:
408:
1385:
1079:
1524:
907:
829:
509:
487:
466:
431:
1641:
1628:
1572:
1224:
Minority Rights Group International, December 2008. Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
877:
643:
544:
513:
285:
482:
346:. It was created in 1997 from lands formerly belonging to the provinces of
35:
378:
Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca is sub-divided into 3 sub-regions, 9 districts and 70
961:
903:
762:
298:
1549:
821:
813:
738:
565:
342:
208:
97:
1456:
944:
778:
774:
770:
686:
678:
522:
501:
452:
423:
337:
1409:
The Cerro Colorado Copper Project and the Guyamí Indians of Panama
971:
888:
876:
613:
580:
517:
608:
1425:
1418:. Chicago: The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
1416:
Ngawbe: Tradition and Change Among the Western Guyamí of Panama
1191:
1189:
1056:"TelluBase—Panama Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"
290:
254:
29:
1404:. Santiago-Gothenburg: January 2001. Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
864:, united by threats of natural resource exploitation and
1039:
1037:
1080:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
1591:
1544:
1463:
307:
297:
284:
276:
268:
260:
253:
245:
237:
232:
224:
219:
206:
198:
193:
150:
140:
132:
82:
1400:Aguilar, Renato, and Guillermo García-Huidobro.
1003:possess, although due to poor education and low
1411:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cultural Survival.
1292:
1290:
939:Families have a few large cooking pots called
1437:
8:
910:, while the smaller group, the Buglé, speak
1676:States and territories established in 1997
1444:
1430:
1422:
79:
386:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1336:
1334:
1262:
1260:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1033:
558:Santa Catalina o Calovébora (Bledeshia)
306:
296:
283:
252:
231:
218:
192:
160:
139:
131:
122:
104:
1178:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1171:
1133:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1126:
336:) is the largest and most populous of
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1306:
1304:
1302:
331:
275:
267:
259:
244:
236:
228:6,968 km (2,690 sq mi)
223:
205:
197:
149:
7:
1232:
1230:
531:Santa Catalina o Calovébora District
25:
1527:
124:
109:
34:
255:GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
48:may be too short to adequately
947:, a corn drink, in the house.
873:Physical geography and climate
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1681:1997 establishments in Panama
1367:Aguilar and García-Huidobro 2
1310:Aguilar and García-Huidobro 4
1195:Aguilar and García-Huidobro 5
1402:"Panama: Indigenous Peoples"
1407:Gjording, Chris N. (1981).
27:Indigenous region of Panama
1697:
914:; both are members of the
358:. The capital is known as
1522:
1414:Young, Philip D. (1971).
866:environmental degradation
701:
563:
406:
123:
105:
94:
1388:Retrieved on 2010-01-26.
374:Administrative divisions
1012:Adversity and modernity
277: • Per capita
89:Kätärä Teri Ngäbe Bugle
1453:Provinces and comarcas
977:
893:
882:
333:[ˈŋɡoβeβuˈɣle]
1084:hdi.globaldatalab.org
998:Economy and resources
975:
892:
880:
249:30/km (79/sq mi)
1642:8.76972°N 81.73389°W
601:Emplanada de Chorcha
246: • Density
1666:Ngöbe-Buglé Comarca
1638: /
669:Nole Duima District
366:and Llano Tugrí in
87:Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé
84:Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca
18:Ngäbe-Buglé comarca
1671:Comarcas of Panama
1647:8.76972; -81.73389
1599:Comarcas indígenas
1550:Comarcas indígenas
978:
894:
883:
343:comarcas indígenas
272:$ 700 million
269: • Total
238: • Total
225: • Total
1621:
1620:
1608:Kuna de Madugandí
976:We walk in Beauty
916:Chibchan language
857:indigenous groups
848:
847:
496:Jirondai District
418:Kankintú District
322:
321:
261: • Year
199: • Body
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1688:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1613:Kuna de Wargandí
1560:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1154:. Archived from
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1109:. Archived from
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1041:
931:Chácaras (called
652:Quebrada de Loro
461:Kusapín District
387:
335:
330:
318:
128:
113:
98:Comarca indígena
80:
77:Comarca indígena
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1656:
1655:
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1644:
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1627:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1459:
1450:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:"Archived copy"
1147:
1146:
1142:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:"Archived copy"
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1078:
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1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1014:
1000:
983:
925:
899:
897:Cultural groups
875:
853:
622:Mironó District
593:Cerro de Patena
575:Besikó District
396:(Subdivisions)
376:
328:
316:
315:
189:
159:
158:
119:
118:
117:
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101:
90:
88:
85:
78:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1658:
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1618:
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1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Emberá-Wounaan
1564:
1562:
1546:Province-level
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1471:Bocas del Toro
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1298:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1197:
1185:
1140:
1095:
1071:
1047:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1010:
999:
996:
982:
979:
943:and many keep
924:
921:
898:
895:
881:Kiki Waterfall
874:
871:
852:
849:
846:
845:
840:
795:
792:Ñürüm District
787:
786:
781:
723:Alto Caballero
716:
708:
707:
699:
698:
696:Cerro Iglesias
693:
675:Cerro Iglesias
672:
664:
663:
658:
625:
617:
616:
611:
597:Camarón Arriba
578:
570:
569:
561:
560:
555:
534:
526:
525:
520:
499:
491:
490:
485:
464:
456:
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450:
421:
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404:
403:
397:
394:Corregimientos
391:
381:corregimientos
375:
372:
348:Bocas del Toro
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230:
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217:
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214:Silvia Carrera
211:
204:
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202:Tribal Council
200:
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187:
184:
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175:
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95:
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86:
83:
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52:the key points
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33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1664:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1594:Corregimiento
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1535:Panama portal
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1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
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1435:
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1428:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1161:on 2017-03-23
1157:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1116:on 2011-12-13
1112:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:human capital
997:
995:
993:
989:
980:
974:
970:
966:
963:
958:
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
937:
934:
929:
922:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
896:
891:
887:
879:
872:
870:
867:
863:
858:
850:
844:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:Alto de Jesús
803:
802:Agua de Salud
799:
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1578:Naso Tjër Di
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1511:Panamá Oeste
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1163:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1143:
1118:. Retrieved
1111:the original
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1087:. Retrieved
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1063:. Retrieved
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843:Buenos Aires
810:Cerro Pelado
798:Buenos Aires
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735:Cerro Puerco
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553:Valle Bonito
529:
494:
479:Río Chiriquí
459:
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407:
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341:
324:
323:
151:Subdivisions
96:
63:
47:
45:lead section
1645: /
1583:Ngäbe-Buglé
1319:Gjording 20
1296:Gjording 13
1245:Gjording 21
1061:. Tellusant
862:Ngäbe-Buglé
838:El Piro Nº2
759:Sitio Prado
751:Peña Blanca
636:Hato Corotú
589:Cerro Banco
549:San Pedrito
440:Piedra Roja
325:Ngäbe-Buglé
157:9 Districts
145:Llano Tugrí
133:Established
1660:Categories
1633:81°44′02″W
1557:Indigenous
1501:Los Santos
1395:References
1376:Gjording 4
1165:2017-03-23
1120:2017-03-23
1089:2018-09-13
1065:2024-01-11
923:Daily life
818:El Paredón
731:Cerro Caña
683:Hato Chamí
661:Hato Pilón
656:Salto Dupí
628:Hato Pilón
510:Guariviara
471:Bahía Azul
233:Population
194:Government
180:Nole Duima
66:March 2021
1630:8°46′11″N
1573:Guna Yala
1559:regions")
1464:Provinces
1340:Young 152
1328:Young 149
1284:Young 178
1266:Young 108
988:Ngobeland
826:Guayabito
648:Hato Julí
644:Hato Jobo
545:Loma Yuca
537:Bledeshia
514:Man Creek
475:Cañaveral
390:District
286:Time zone
186:Bledeshia
50:summarize
1516:Veraguas
1476:Chiriquí
1358:Young 81
1349:Young 60
1275:Young 12
1254:Young 18
1222:"Guaymí"
1174:cite web
1129:cite web
981:Land use
962:Polygamy
906:, speak
834:El Peñón
784:Chichica
719:Chichica
704:Kädridri
691:Jädaberi
632:Cascabel
428:Kankintú
409:Ño Kribo
400:Cabecera
356:Veraguas
352:Chiriquí
340:'s five
329:Spanish:
168:Kankintú
165:Jirondai
1496:Herrera
1236:Young 4
912:Buglére
908:Ngäbere
851:History
830:Güibale
822:El Piro
814:El Bale
605:Nämnoní
566:Nidrini
488:Kusapín
467:Kusapín
444:Calante
432:Guoroní
402:(Seat)
368:Spanish
360:Buäbiti
280:$ 3,200
241:212,084
209:Cacique
171:Kusapín
141:Capital
1596:-level
1506:Panamá
1491:Darién
1457:Panama
945:chicha
941:pailas
779:Mreeni
775:Dikeri
771:Kikari
743:Maraca
727:Bagama
687:Susama
679:Lajero
523:Samboa
502:Samboa
483:Tobobé
453:Bisira
448:Tolote
436:Mününí
424:Bisira
364:Guaymí
354:, and
338:Panama
317:medium
311:(2017)
174:Mirono
162:Besiko
1486:Colón
1481:Coclé
1159:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
1029:Notes
992:nance
952:nagua
904:Ngäbe
763:Umaní
747:Nibra
614:Soloy
581:Soloy
518:Tuwai
314:0.560
303:PA-NB
183:Ñürün
1180:link
1135:link
767:Diko
755:Roka
739:Krüa
609:Niba
506:Büri
264:2023
220:Area
177:Münä
136:1997
115:Flag
1455:of
933:kra
362:in
309:HDI
291:UTC
1662::
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327:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
