1146:
189:
429:
Unlike the
Hawaiian taught in schools, the Niʻihau dialect maintains the variation between and , in addition to and . Some other pockets of speakers on Molokai and Maui have also been found to maintain the variant. While in the 1950s the Niʻihau dialect had free variation between and , recent
498:, is prestigious and associated with reading styles. The Bible in particular is always read with . The dissimilation pattern in colloquial Niʻihau may be due to an effort to preserve the Niʻihau dialect's distinctiveness from standard Hawaiian.
894:. However, they are not as tightly bound as the diphthongs of English, and may be considered vowel sequences. (The second vowel in such sequences may receive the stress, but in such cases it is not counted as a diphthong.) In fast speech,
295:
Today, the families with ancestry in Niʻihau who now live on western Kauaʻi use the same dialect as that spoken on Niʻihau, but some speakers refer to the speakers of the dialect outside of Niʻihau as speakers of Olelo Kauaʻi.
1036:
Research done by Newman (1951) suggests Niʻihau dialect being among the fastest spoken
Hawaiian dialects. He reported a Niʻihau woman having a reading speed of 170 words per minute whereas a man from
657:
have been described as becoming and , while when unstressed they are and . Parker Jones, however, did not find a reduction of /a/ to in the phonetic analysis of a young speaker from
1266:
913:
There are only a limited number of vowels which may follow long vowels, and some authors treat these sequences as diphthongs as well:
1324:
1246:
1043:
The fast pace of the Niʻihau dialect causes a number of phonemic reductions. Newman lists three examples of this phenomenon:
1438:
1433:
117:
102:
1418:
431:
645:, and the long vowels, if they are considered separate phonemes rather than simply sequences of like vowels, are
485:
is also extended to some loanwords. For example, the
English word 'cook' is reflected in Niʻihau Hawaiian as
239:
193:
The dialect is native to Niʻihau (dark red) and a significant Niʻihau diaspora lives on Kauaʻi (light red).
1145:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
989:
981:
964:
959:
950:
943:
936:
929:
914:
907:
903:
899:
895:
887:
883:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
840:
835:
830:
816:
811:
806:
789:
784:
775:
768:
761:
754:
722:
718:
714:
706:
702:
698:
670:
666:
662:
654:
650:
646:
642:
633:
628:
616:
611:
606:
601:
589:
584:
579:
574:
415:
410:
398:
377:
372:
367:
349:
344:
256:
97:
1159:
641:
Niʻihau retains the five pure vowels characteristic of
Hawaiian with few changes. The short vowels are
268:
112:
384:
213:
188:
122:
1396:
1388:
1294:
405:
322:
284:
227:
238:, where descendants of families from Niʻihau now live. Today, the Niʻihau dialect is taught in
1428:
1380:
1320:
1286:
1242:
891:
495:
362:
332:
280:
219:
127:
107:
1372:
1278:
1037:
317:
70:
1423:
327:
276:
272:
89:
1183:
264:
235:
156:
1412:
1400:
1298:
482:
1109:(macron) to indicate long vowels. The Hawaiian word /ʔoːlelo/ ("language") is spelt
1360:
658:
544:
539:
511:
507:
163:
569:
551:
530:
438:
appears when before other syllables containing the allophone: thus Niʻihau has
677:. Some grammatical particles vary between short and long vowels. These include
17:
1282:
1138:
726:
710:
623:
556:
339:
56:
46:
1384:
1290:
1133:
255:
The
Hawaiian language and its dialects (including Niʻihau) are a part of the
743:
596:
518:
451:
435:
176:
1102:
60:
1376:
1392:
260:
1106:
223:
514:
506:
Like the
Hawaiian taught in universities, ʻŌlelo Niʻihau has five
231:
27:
Dialect of the
Hawaiian language spoken on Niihau island, Hawaii
430:
observations suggest that and are currently found in largely
661:; so there is at least some variation in how /a/ is realised.
267:
and other parts of the world. It specifically belongs to the
1363:(2004). "*t to k: An Austronesian Sound Change Revisited".
491:, even though the word 'cook' does not have a in English.
494:
The allophone, represented in standard
Hawaiian and the
713:, which is generally not written. Between a front vowel
1344:(in French). Presses de l'Université Laval. p. 56.
1239:
Mai
Pukaiki Kula Maniania a Puuwai Aloha o ka Ohana
259:, which are a group of languages spoken throughout
174:
169:
153:
86:
76:
66:
52:
42:
32:
1342:Linguistic Composition of the Nations of the World
1271:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
271:subbranch, which also includes languages such as
1315:Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (2001).
1237:Wong, Annette Kuuipolani Kanahele (May 2020).
486:
473:
467:
461:
455:
445:
439:
218:'mother tongue') is a dialect of the
8:
902:tends to , conflating these diphthongs with
1218:: An Austronesian Sound Change Revisited".
226:, more specifically in its only settlement
1319:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 23.
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
187:
29:
1045:
919:
740:
528:
308:
1126:
1214:Blust, Robert (December 2004). "*t to
7:
1310:
1308:
1260:
1258:
460:'year', where standard Hawaiian has
434:in the modern Niʻihau dialect. The
1265:Parker Jones, ʻŌiwi (April 2018).
1160:"The Austronesian Language Family"
25:
1105:to represent glottal stops nor a
721:and a following non-front vowel (
1144:
1101:Niʻihau dialect does not use an
733:sound), which is never written.
705:and a following non-back vowel (
882:The short-vowel diphthongs are
1241:. University of Hawaii Press.
665:also tends to become next to
1:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
988:
963:
884:/iu,ou,oi,eu,ei,au,ai,ao,ae/
873:
868:
863:
858:
839:
834:
815:
810:
788:
697:"for". Between a back vowel
621:
594:
567:
403:
382:
360:
337:
1455:
432:complementary distribution
1283:10.1017/S0025100316000438
915:/oːu,eːi,aːu,aːi,aːo,aːe/
632:
627:
543:
538:
536:
371:
186:
37:
886:. In all except perhaps
222:spoken on the island of
1188:Encyclopedia Britannica
1040:read at a slower 120.
649:. When stressed, short
487:
474:
468:
462:
456:
446:
440:
240:Ke Kula Niihau O Kekaha
230:, and on the island of
208:
204:
1184:"Polynesian languages"
1117:in Standard Hawaiian.
921:Long diphthongs
673:, and another , as in
257:Austronesian languages
1340:D. McConnell, Grant.
1439:Kauai County, Hawaii
1434:Polynesian languages
1377:10.1353/ol.2005.0001
1073:'two of my sisters'
234:, specifically near
203:(Standard Hawaiian:
1365:Oceanic Linguistics
1220:Oceanic Linguistics
1164:linguistics.byu.edu
1047:
922:
747:
533:
311:
1046:
949: Ending with
942: Ending with
935: Ending with
928: Ending with
920:
892:falling diphthongs
774: Ending with
767: Ending with
760: Ending with
753: Ending with
741:
529:
309:
118:Eastern Polynesian
1419:Hawaiian language
1142:(25th ed., 2022)
1094:
1093:
1029:
1028:
880:
879:
639:
638:
496:Hawaiian alphabet
427:
426:
220:Hawaiian language
217:
198:
197:
103:Malayo-Polynesian
16:(Redirected from
1446:
1404:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1317:Hawaiian Grammar
1312:
1303:
1302:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1131:
1057:Niʻihau dialect
1048:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
991:
983:
966:
961:
952:
945:
938:
931:
923:
916:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
885:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
842:
837:
832:
818:
813:
808:
791:
786:
777:
770:
763:
756:
748:
724:
720:
716:
708:
704:
700:
672:
668:
664:
656:
652:
648:
647:/uː,iː,oː,eː,aː/
644:
635:
630:
618:
613:
608:
603:
591:
586:
581:
576:
534:
490:
481:This pattern of
477:
471:
465:
459:
449:
443:
417:
412:
400:
379:
374:
369:
351:
346:
312:
212:
191:
179:
159:
92:
82:(500 cited 1995)
30:
21:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1213:
1212:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1113:in Niʻihau and
1099:
1076:ʻelua oʻu kika
1034:
739:
725:), there is an
709:), there is an
527:
504:
307:
302:
293:
253:
248:
209:Olelo Matuahine
201:Niʻihau dialect
194:
175:
160:
155:
149:
133:Niʻihau Dialect
93:
90:Language family
88:
79:
78:Native speakers
38:Olelo Matuahine
33:Niʻihau Dialect
28:
23:
22:
18:Niʻihau dialect
15:
12:
11:
5:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1371:(2): 365–410.
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1332:
1325:
1304:
1277:(1): 103–115.
1254:
1247:
1229:
1199:
1175:
1151:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:hoʻotaii lumi
1088:
1087:hoʻokahi lumi
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:Standard Haw.
1052:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:Starting with
999:
998:
995:
992:
987:
984:
980:Starting with
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
962:
958:Starting with
955:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
898:tends to and
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
853:Starting with
850:
849:
846:
843:
838:
833:
829:Starting with
826:
825:
822:
819:
814:
809:
805:Starting with
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
783:Starting with
780:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
738:
735:
637:
636:
631:
626:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
565:
562:
559:
554:
548:
547:
542:
537:
526:
523:
503:
500:
425:
424:
421:
418:
413:
408:
402:
401:
396:
393:
390:
387:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
358:
355:
352:
347:
342:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
306:
303:
301:
298:
292:
289:
265:Southeast Asia
252:
251:Classification
249:
247:
244:
205:ʻŌlelo Niʻihau
196:
195:
192:
184:
183:
180:
172:
171:
170:Language codes
167:
166:
161:
157:Writing system
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Blust, Robert
1358:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1326:9780824824891
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:9780824880361
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1226:(2): 365–410.
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:elu aʻu tita
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
985:
979:
978:
974:
971:
968:
957:
956:
948:
941:
934:
927:
925:
924:
918:
911:
893:
852:
851:
847:
844:
828:
827:
823:
820:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
782:
781:
773:
766:
759:
752:
750:
749:
745:
736:
734:
732:
728:
712:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
660:
659:Hilo, Hawaiʻi
625:
622:
615:
610:
605:
600:
598:
595:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:
568:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
541:
535:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
513:
509:
501:
499:
497:
492:
489:
484:
483:dissimilation
479:
476:
470:
464:
458:
453:
448:
442:
437:
433:
422:
419:
414:
409:
407:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
376:
366:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
343:
341:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:
304:
299:
297:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
206:
202:
190:
185:
181:
178:
173:
168:
165:
162:
158:
152:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1368:
1364:
1353:Bibliography
1341:
1335:
1316:
1274:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1137:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1042:
1035:
1032:Speech Tempo
912:
890:, these are
881:
730:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
640:
531:Monophthongs
525:Monophthongs
505:
493:
480:
428:
294:
254:
200:
199:
132:
98:Austronesian
1084:'one room'
643:/u,i,o,e,a/
310:Consonants
207:, Niʻihau:
1413:Categories
1267:"Hawaiian"
1193:2019-12-20
1169:2019-12-20
1139:Ethnologue
1121:References
1097:Diacritics
1065:noho ʻana
744:diphthongs
737:Diphthongs
727:epenthetic
711:epenthetic
519:diphthongs
305:Consonants
269:Polynesian
113:Polynesian
1401:143013834
1385:0029-8115
1299:232350292
1291:0025-1003
1062:'living'
510:and five
452:inclusive
436:allophone
385:Fricative
300:Phonology
285:Marquesan
177:ISO 639-3
123:Marquesic
71:Hawaiians
67:Ethnicity
1429:Dialects
1134:Hawaiian
1051:English
1038:Kalapana
475:makahiki
457:makahiti
406:Sonorant
323:Alveolar
281:Tahitian
128:Hawaiian
1393:3623363
1068:nooana
997:
994:
986:
975:
972:
969:
953:
946:
939:
932:
848:
845:
824:
821:
800:
797:
794:
778:
771:
764:
757:
746:
517:, plus
444:'one',
423:
420:
395:
392:
389:
363:Plosive
357:
354:
333:Glottal
261:Oceania
228:Puʻuwai
224:Niʻihau
216:
108:Oceanic
57:Niʻihau
47:Hawaiʻi
1424:Niihau
1399:
1391:
1383:
1323:
1297:
1289:
1245:
1115:ʻōlelo
1107:kahakō
1103:ʻokina
742:Short
689:"at",
685:"of",
561:Front
515:vowels
502:Vowels
472:, and
463:kekahi
441:ketahi
318:Labial
291:Extent
277:Tongan
273:Samoan
246:Origin
236:Kekaha
232:Kauaʻi
61:Kauaʻi
53:Region
1397:S2CID
1389:JSTOR
1295:S2CID
1111:olelo
723:/aou/
707:/aei/
629:a~ɐ~ə
570:Close
564:Back
552:Front
540:Short
508:short
469:kākou
450:'we (
447:kātou
340:Nasal
328:Velar
164:Latin
1381:ISSN
1321:ISBN
1287:ISSN
1243:ISBN
908:/ou/
906:and
904:/ei/
900:/au/
896:/ai/
888:/iu/
693:and
681:and
675:Pele
653:and
624:Open
557:Back
545:Long
512:long
488:kute
454:)',
283:and
214:lit.
1373:doi
1279:doi
1136:at
1024:aːe
1019:aːo
1014:aːi
1009:aːu
1004:/a/
990:eːi
982:/e/
965:oːu
960:/o/
951:/e/
944:/o/
937:/i/
930:/u/
855:/a/
831:/e/
807:/o/
785:/i/
776:/e/
769:/o/
762:/i/
755:/u/
729:(a
719:/i/
717:or
715:/e/
703:/u/
701:or
699:/o/
671:/n/
667:/l/
663:/e/
655:/a/
651:/e/
602:ɛ~e
597:Mid
416:l~ɾ
411:w~v
373:t~k
1415::
1395:.
1387:.
1379:.
1369:43
1367:.
1307:^
1293:.
1285:.
1275:48
1273:.
1269:.
1257:^
1224:43
1222:.
1202:^
1186:.
1162:.
917:.
910:.
875:ae
870:ao
865:ai
860:au
841:ei
836:eu
817:oi
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